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Module 1 Notes

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Module 1 Notes

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Manish Uchiha
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\SE 2 RENEWABLE ENER@N Sources BE563 MODULE - of 4 A. Caupee of Enexgy Scavcity. At pwepent the whele world ie io the quip oF entegs | gearcity, Several counties, inctstiog Endic oe a Facing Varioug aprecicted dibbicaltiee gow WE techno Eerie ree ee Nevelopment becaate of enewsy Praag? * qrany mere thinge. However. Chey hare been puether Complicated by Che energy degendance on the othe s Count wer - / ose Enewyy VPC Ecenavio Jodicate thal how equadity Ceponat & ecgnomical)> con be achiered, BoA poptation ip ubibeaing AOA A OED Q apoH pogubation VF Jowced toy BANE ith the Roh © 2 Tetmaining Enesys: | etd ag The Following parte my be conpide pind pot car pee ak entry peas ity: G) Dncxtssiog pogubotion | en atu Worldwide population pe ME SEONG “9 : nerra\ ace , LHepe Pol wlationg ost evenly d ne wekbunde ee Ghost the Cangene popebben mm A by ‘euwoPt. wate followed by gout Apia. Bren Sy e PL so padeton ¢ Congumphion, A-Developing counted. wT 2 jo LR- Developed courtsie a cota 3 6 Jabion ‘t enegdy 5 Congamgtion ish) ° fate a0 ans® RIS Joao ia Figuetd t Popabadtion R enerryy conpampion (Cenesay councdd). (i) Lacacaning enesyy unage os canpanption* ; An incertae in the wosld Popaldtion and conpequert newtape In LNCTY Conpumption jacatapep enesgy demande maingoldp. These ig a gtzain on Ppt furle poch ag oil ae and coak due ty ote Conpumgtion =which thea ‘ Ga tum con pub a ptesin, om Ove woher & onyger peqoustee by canting pollution. egamples Lighting Reooing - domeptt © appliancep -televipiong Compdrerg oC art \nceentinp Ja modeon Way of Uke. (i) Voeen Ohetmbebion of eatagy eLkeumces Gov quaghicad dighabudion ig The main conpidersion For an Unevendly digkdnabon of Fossil FJE Ccoal oil gar Rrracleay) Renewable enesgy douse ave algo Pprcad oot unevenly. . Cloudineag in eqrakuriad weging weducep per seadiation, Tareppded wind. These awe vesy teu sites withthe beget pore ot jee sthermod_, iden oF OCean themed, Ea La Pew denpely popebted wegion or aes hoe ne pignficante lscally available enengy Dorrees ot ohh. W Lock of Techotest keashent” yte. th ok gees Cones So SFI Despite EF ee they axtiack ane & abun dance, having enegy F ee we ae oo ae be the Lace oF Kemousledge of a ghee) EERNPNDBAN 7 nqohkabion & velizediton. Becavpe of tthe lack of techai coh Jenoosledge Bepoueee® on Ok procesped in =i exote enriched Cound eR a eno wet ned A vaedk ™ developed Counbuep. © fers Tok wapteactost eneegy La ebplerte enesable, GY options feaneibs wd Qeloy in Camm i PPENING, of pone plaka eregy Wa) Woekeyt oF tnesgy: CARS GA Peo Dighn bubion pypttm. e BNataml cata mitheg W. Magee Accident: A) Mipeellaneoup factors Wlce perere nek Bamnmery ov) CAs winter. ; al R. Solution te Enewgy Scarcity ov Enesgy wtgounces. Following divectiong phould be fy gtemically diverted to tackle the gignbe enesgy crunch problema, THe Polrtimp ave, (i) tfnimizing population guowth eyplsitation & hemesping the Lawge ubilization of enon R unknown EneTyy REPEWOAN A, GD Move towards Renewable ~epourcesp. Gi) Qevetopment> of Cnesgy Converpion techatqnep be convest | bosic enesyy avoilable Posen Caewgy wetpewsrege to Uqable Powers of enesyy - puch thet Vb 19 ey tre qeoeenle, Control , tranpfort .Q otilize. Qu) Keep “the nes enesgy pybiem pollstion Ree ag er ap peppible, ctheseby envitonmentl, accep table 8 human being . > perform, enewyy aw dit and Energy management Wi) Rewelopmenk of cheat & vweblable energy phorage Py prema the phoul& be Independent of Aerweign {mpack. Qid Qos enexyy CBR citnk, productB . WH) Lighry conbeole , Eager Gaid acces RQ EAteyy Poudetion S. Factete Affecting Enexgy Repousce, Qevelog ment The Following Five factowp thal male energy xegource development mowe ditficuit than noomally wealized | W) Enexgy ex Fret tubatitution or geale of phigt Today» there ig no readily available enewyy wepources thed ig Large enough te pubptitete Por foppil faele ot wequipite geabe. (i) Enexyy Density! The amont of enexgy contained fra unit of material obfect fnesyy wepource fp teamed Me ct = ma = yee ee \ aR enewgy denpitys Foc example , the eneayy dengity of | god qaatity coal ip beice a6 high (ig, 15~30 M5 [eg ap cre of crude oil (rey ba 4SeT eg). a ee obtain an epaivetert outtpab » weplacement “oR « voit o gil fuel with appronimabely aky of phytomaga coll be raha ty qubebitete poli d biokued. “Thape weadities would be weplected Ga the repedve capacity . copt Q opesabion of the weqpived Cafrugtsuctuse, . CObE Gi) Powex Gensitys Power density we ferp te the wate. oF enexyy production pex unit of eurth’5 aven and veually eaprenped tn Wett® per pynowe mekere (Wierd) Oustag te dergthy pened of Foumabion [Farm bronapa te coal then fromm coal to hydrocarbon) rpg! Juel depopite azean extraordinarily concen twted fource of high qality enesgy. They ase. corm monty Poodaced with power den pitien of oor) 1S Ow 10> Wyth of coal ow hydwocarbon Pld & hence onhy Bmal\ Land Arey Ast wtapived to paprly Enormoup enexgy Pows Bigenagy _enesgy pooduction hag densities below’ Wied, Lobe denpity of electwrity produced by Gates &uiad ip beloo Lowa, Only_phstowltaic electricity gertsction can deliver Laeger than do althaugn tre cope R peeieemance art the congtenicks| of mpage vblizetion- Gy) Dovtermi trency! Geowing demand For Fuele, eneagy; RB edectvicity BWactustee daily R peaponally fo coodem Civilization. Ravther » the bape load which te defined ae tthe mi nics SNES, wetqnined meeting the demand of Nas een Incstapirg, the Sgn ner hand, a RQ MUeeet polow wadiction are Iatemmbteak 2 tar Axor Peacki cable They can never " dativer high load ctor p - Photovoltaic electai. quecmbion ig PEM Fo negtigible te StHeY any, meaniagbell averageg. The annual bead racks pot wind Jenraiion Gn couttTieS with velatively Lawge copacitig art LOATH « Uo fos tunately -we Brill lacie the meangl 3 fue gtering wind ov Bolow —qenewbed Reckaidl a Laxye geale. a) Gecgaprics’ energy Diptwbsion Ana lenous , there aire vaewen digkn bing, at Lope l rele and nem “pball duelp (Solow wind ey). Clea dingsa | ia The Vqpatusind zone weANcts awect polew vadick whole ¢tactcheg of continent hap tapedhiciedk tsind. These ave very few piteg othr Toe begt qotenkiad. Sure qeotherceh PHdab ae ocean enemgy Comverplons , Boped on the abovementioned Give bapit conpldewt= long , CHEGY TTY Con be Conpidered foppible, probable AR practicable agp ptr “yable 4+ Table 4. Eotssy options . Souwce p Solar ‘fight Solay heak Nig. a Waker powe if & ISIIIIISIIS | SISIS]S]S Probable Practicable \ Fusion Fispioo MHD Geo thermo Biomaby Sea warty Sea tidee STEC Theymiont X a - | Theemeelectate Supe: 5 genane “Pang faemer | ey 6 ICISISIS|SISIAISYS The earth wotation veferg to the Fpinning of the eavth on itp axips one rwotatlon takeg exactly AGH and tp called amean fBolaw day. + The owbit gthe earth armnd the pan Ie called earth wevolrtion, Ee complete one cycle, celeptial motion tukeg [Link] dayé- —> The eavths ovbit axvound the pun ip nok ciwulay bub elliptical, An elipbico orbit coupes the earth's eh eae pada hb [ dieteree Brom the pun te vary annually. | + THE annucd Variotion in the digtance Leon “the Fin doeg inttuence the amount of Belay yaviotion qnkeecepted by the earth by appsoxinately 8% . Marcel ao $$ pine lane. y Kaw20/24 Saghree 7 mane 5 edie Qe HS IGUaeeBodkmy Pehelion as & Aanuary3 fee Recember Sept 29/23 solgtice ~ =. Qec UPL Fig3- San carth geometry. Om Donny 3 the earth comey clopebt te the Bun Cae = ilo Kilometerg) called penhetion . me The tweth Te hevthege Fem the fan oy ety GM called « Aphedion: ’ Poo Piyart3 the Follestnp cmebapions axe dedved- G) The earth orbity ammnd the fen 18 elliptical osith « caean centee te centee diptance Boom the Sin IG appenin ately 4-108 mileB Ci-Sx1 0% ke) - Ca) while the, earth makes itp daily xstetion Ryposty ngwlBen, the per alpe wetatey on ite anig approimabely once even) mort, (ii) Tre cacti ante of wttettion 18 adtays Inclined abe an angie of 22-5° Progen che ecliptt ¢ on\pe Ci) The Bar ie [0d Himeg Larger im diameter than the each - W) Digtance Fuser the pun te the earth voweptiay over the ant wage djptance This couse “the pola a t ] weaching the eavth to vasy 43% darigg a qenws The, * enewyy TR wecelved ak ItG peak om 10 January & lowest on 18 cpedy. a Qi) The ‘parn appeawp to mave acwgy the Pky in an arc Pum eapt to weet, owing te the sstation of the eatth armind itp novth— pout anip- @w) Viewing “the Gun Boer “the. average miles, TE pubkends an ast of 0-S3° (32min). 4. Leayerg of the Bundy The sun can be divided jateo Frllowsing Pla Layers 1. Cowe BR. Radiative Zone ZB. Convection 200e 4. Photopphere. s. Cuovmopphewe 6. Cosma. Corson ae onvection Zore Radiation zone Cove Photepphere Chaomepp ewe Pigne de: “Lagern ofthe pan £tnbetior, Core, 4- Tre lanewmopt Layer of. the Ban 18 called the core. witha dengity ef eog/em®. which it 19 Hmeg that of lead. the cove might be expected te be paid. Howeves, Che cowe’® Leempesabuxe of Ysyo0000° keepe te in a ganenus ate Ty thE come, fupion weactiong produce enesyy Ja the Loom of gamma way d & aeutsinog. Gamma wayg rt | photong cwith high enewyy & high Frequency . | The neuitwineg avt extremely nenveactive . Solar covebope .- Tt compiptd wadiative envelape Q convection envelope. outpide of the coxe 1 “he walidine envelope pohich iB Buwsmaded by A convection envelope, The temperature if Gmillion kelvin. The cose contain 4o% ofthe pur’e mags, FA 107% Qethe wlume, here ah golod envelope hap 607 of the mapg in de% githe volume, _ “The Solar envelope puth pracgpare entre cove L maintsing the cose’s, cemmpewoteee + photopphere:— The phote sphere te the Zone Farm ahich j the panbighh ip beth geen Z emitted. The phetogphere ip & cormparaively “thin Lager OF locas “pRepprne Gappep Puvowunding Jone envelpe. DE Tg endy o Feu tandaed bilometaca thick EaVt a Leenperthine off Sood’C + Cimgrmesppherts- During an eclippe a wed ciecle can gometineg be Been sotpide the pun thip ciecle Te called The Clrrarmoyphere LTE ved col ing AR cauped by the abundance © of hydeyyen The chrom phese’? heenp howeves iP Fooole poorich Ip hette an “the of the protopehere, 5 Cosoag The outer mont” layer af the pun ig called the compa. The compa ip very Thing faint hex Port. vey Uitiats to odpene Favor the eorvth: Typically we The copra Avs a tote gold eclippe can obpene oe upirg cosonagwagh Lellepcope: ihe Te comme eur. The high shempe sakuree ab the comme tapi ag a millionkilomebers Can fuste ING to move op es hor. ¥ 3 lee and thei¥ welationships 1 Ha odes +o underptand pow te collect ene © aay Prom the pun, one mugt firpt beable te predick the Reliion of the pun welative te the collection device. : B. Eaxth-Son An Ci) Howe Angle (ua)i- The hous angle it the angulay digtance between the mesidian of the obpewver and the mesdian ewhope plane containg the Bun. uN obpesve'® mendian Figh) Roo orgle&): Hour angle ig 2e8e at olay Noon (12:08) + Hour ange fnewtapes by [s® evey hout, An eppreepion te cobeabade “the howe angle Pare where bg = Solar time in hour ek a Siace ecowth makep ont wevatution on itBE ONE ie ath tren Lsmminates onill he eqod te ci akon. are Mowe angle) can be calewtoted simply apayteer_ where ty = tere To pminrkee oF tex locod polar nom » sae i gold tire tp after plo NOON. ve ik gem Bere ty LePere golar acon. Ag(ii) & wou Piglid) Varedi on of howe angle tus) deh. Cc : Bangle Caltutake hour angle “wher it if Bh after foler noon Sol; Solax Ame = Lat =lStoe ao wo = isx (te-?) evs xls-12) =4s° Example & Cadendade hous angle when TE Tp Aho min bePave Folav 200+ Sol} Solar time = 1a — [ah 2emia] = V*40 a thew tee Qityo = 4.666% hours. Thewe=Gomia “ = is x(tp ia) So Yomin? % 6664 = to= —L atin = ASH (4.666% 13) [ot y tost -3s° -4c° abr lie= 3s (Wi) Equakion of Teme (EOT)~ Bor ig the ditheence befrueen the local apporiat Solar time and the fecal mean polar time. The actual ET, which 1% mecthemmadicol defined of oppaxent goler SGene pminaB mean polar Hime, varies plightyy carat year ducts Vaio Hong in Che eavth'p eccentticity. g gbtiqnity and in the Lime of the golybicep and eaprinoxep - Howee ty Pow a ceatsy. etther pide og the year 2000, jt may be appsorieted by “the. -Fesomata. por = 4eF pea (28) = 3-63 DNC BIIB.F) ja mioukeg Frovther Bienplipied BE EBT = 1-89 8028) ESEcoeB US BING _® eohert Ge B60CN=B) 4 in degeee —G , 365 Another Promula for eer agteoxrimbed of. 5.8 poker A Sle x C0419) [Link]~2)] ke 2k 365 Be BR CLA) HE BIN CA ~ 0 ie the toeL number of dayg of the year eK, O=l on Jant 2 1233 fo Febo, Noter Daring leap year February month will have 24 dag An approximation Pre colcdating the ut ta minatey ip given by Woolf (ia6ey £ ip accuwate to within abot 30% duviag doy bight hours = = O-ASB Kcop (Xd) ~ FSX Bin(ola) — 3.6 4ecoplay) —4-aaexgin@sd)s Cla minates) © Lohere, the angle iy) ig defined apa junctioo® nm. X= 360 x Cn~1) Cia deqaeep) BESSAYA a enumbes of doyp Counted form January 1, Gui) Reclfration angle ($)+- The declination angle ©) bebeen the wayp of the? of the pun ig the angle an and the plane of the earthy equator. North palenig Teopic of cancex—q_ Pe Sun wry equcte: Arctic civwele Peopic of Vines pan ea Reclinedtion arple(&) . Arter 3c, + aan eqetiriet fotane at —— San wey Fig lll) Qectination arple(8). NM. ctunianm. woo — At solpticeg [the angl — se a gle between the aad the plane of the eavth’e equ sea of The pun pnogiraer VDAME Ud 23" 26, Bite SESS FARE! ak THE nowthem famees soletice Sc 33°26! ak the gouthem fammer polgtice - Seo ab eqpinex TE a fine tp dwaws between the cerbet of the earth and the Pua, then “the arglt between thig dine & the eaxth'g eqetudel lane 1 cabled “the declination angle ®. The declinodion angle obtamed a% sinG) & o-rraascet [e-A@583 xen-199}| ©) can b& eappas xia toby Se = G HAeesrpio Ree cl 36S ne etd number of days. (i) Latitude angle CO). the Labitube angle) ig the ale bebueen a Sine drawn Faaren & pein: onthe easth'p poface tothe center of The eavth 2 the eacth’t eqpaturiel plane.” The faterpection of the eqpatonial plane usvth the punyace of “the. eavth -farmp the equetue RIB dept wetked a O letitude. = bdsteteagle Yo = sole a Bien hy ange by < how ang le. G = daclinehion angle 1. &= Solar altitude agle 2 Ft te defined ag the ang] ty solar al Bituce a9 e pedween the Ccenbsal way fam the pun Pane hovigonte® plane containing Che obpesver BP Slope angles Tee detjned ap the angle ebeeen tilted & hosigontod parhacea 3. Y= surface azimuth angles Et ip the angle made Ta the hosigetal plane belueen the Line due pout & the projection & of the auemad be “the prehace on the hovizented plane &- Vs escler arinath anges Tt ig the angle made fa hosigowtod plane dediueen the Dine due pouth & the projection Q Sine of pite horgonted plane: S. G= Reclination angle bot terthe aqgle made by the Line feining the centee of the gun & earth woth 1 ae ost t poojection onthe ey’ ae plore: 6. ge fag et Tactdence t The anglt oR jacidence of awry to a pusface 1 preagused ag the aveseace Inagle between the Ay BUR Named vector of the preface, at the poink of jnterpection 3. Op = Zenith angle yr ik Binpy “the cormnplernent abthe eddtabe angle cw). of the Pan on the goer - O= Laditude angle 2 The Lditude angle (4) ig the angle, hedween & Dine dean Fron & poink om he earthe pueyice Te Centos Qtr earth &the eadthS eqpbitonel plane qe bs = Hoe angle a The how argl® ig the arg uloy dgtance ketueen the mendian of the obpeney the mesidian whope Plane contain the PY: g Te hag been egtabliphed Grek, cogp = BOX Cainscosp + CoSS COSY + Coss - Bi np) Ato Sth (cos & Cases “CoS —PinG cosy Bing) + CopS Boy pinwinP Tacidence ale(@) Lan be jurthey The eapecppin por Birep ified ab ae Rue how gendal paopace. J Slept pee angle of deace © becomem Zenith aryle Ge ofthe gun = cosh .cosS oper + BOP BING \nci o> \cot Oz Ror ver tind qretace, Bed o &then —coSh Bin Copy + cops Bisy-Biata [cose = Binh [Link] copes » Suns lo. Sanwipe, Bungek, Day tength eqpoctions 2 polar time, The tanwipe, equation can be Uped to dewve the time of qunnpe & punpel fire ang Pele dectiontion & latitude In-tesmp oh local Boler time (LST) when Fan wpe & punpe o OC Lohert logs 2 how angle br evthey panige Coshen VE vole i pte’ owe, Banpe Leashes Ave value ig taken). earth de Latitude of The SopewWer: Ba the $= a4 declimotion angle. tetth each Is? ek Leng itade eqnralend teh, tne qunniee & peel, Sener lecod Eolee NEY Vp devdved AR We ie oes ie cop! (tang mu ten®) doy ight hour =a Cdey Sergth equation) . la, Leal Sola mes Tt 1e the me baped onthe angutoh protion of the Tn accept the BEY. “Loco folartine, LST = Staaderdtime + Te 6a Gahtxt Te = Time Corvection -factuw in minutes, SHES TS ptandawd time 2 4 X LL sry Tlergitude oF lecofien + ECT EEA Fadia, Standard time 22.5°S Teale now noon LST Ve defined ap hen Ahe pun in the highenk in gky . Lepm = Local phandowd medalan tone coca alee Lis = Longitude of Lecattion in degree, Edt = EDT in minutes (eyntion af time] QS calculate zenith agle of the pun ade Lucknow €2 6.950 N) at J i30am om February lb,20td_ BOl5 Count total nambew af yp Barn Tan trea tM Febwuary [6 2012, - 3a Feb 16 dose a Ot “ b =acasN oe N= Gt days. . aklon angi we pub Bro To Pind declinttten Angle ee in \ 360 X Qetrta}] g = asusx are 365. sate Ge ards x Bin Bée xCasierta)] eee cabal 3 Se ~ 3Bés Se lags? 2-18 Capparnmimateby). howe angle, wo = isxlbe-t cpa Uzeam = qn howrB weltsx[a-s-1aj Fe become gies ne 8 beRowe” Bolarnown | , oe w ook en | tm = [dioe —9236 =HlSb minds, woe LkIse = -33-S° To Rnd zenttn agle. . Cos = Binhx(BinS esp LcosS Copy copes BB) 3— CoSch (coB S Cope cosh Bin© Bp) t-Cod Ss BI: Bw ‘EINE Pod -P=o? then 6 becomes Se . Len andy Foe nowt. 2”. coS OD = tosh copS copes + Bind BINS. cabded Zenitr age yaacasy« = coe (6.95) Copl-V3) copl-398) +F G ) cep v gin(-13) Cot Oz = O° S84 o §=Ogea cog (0 S84) 83> Find the. Golas aititude angle abadh after deen on 1 Bancacla fis a dty- oabich Ve Locatet of QG4SN latitude. Rod punwee & punpel howe & tone doy Length - Sale, Aho. of day @ = Jan at Feb) Fhe +Tave(!) mB LF 2AkS HY BOFBIA = SS dey s, para ber2) May l30) a Feb ar dey , ecorpe aold it \eap yer The declination angle on Dane a x $= asks Bmr)\ 360% Qe $1s3 Bes hour angle ob 2h Lire minnteg) after local pelo noon e lyte = Lyir0 +38 qr qe * Pe ade-y Szeniraglt: CopOgz = Coplio ek) =Binedl + cosB a = BIN copS Cope + Bin Bins cos Oz = CoER- Bing = cop hp coe Scopes t Ping BINS Binds coplasas) copa al) cop {36) 4p Brlas-35)- Bielaarsys) Bin ee O-BB4S \(0- aus) = 6 ase? = BO Doy Sight / oy beagth = axTn =an Acot \(—ton p xtan®) ad cof VE tanfass) xtanlaa. va 4y\ Dou le a Eater S21 84 rd oe Sun Wpe = latow — 13:53 a = Sah "ged =Sxiat aeame Sun Sek = l\drov 4 13:5% ee HA how = 7 SUSI GF. ag pay 8 Few acity located at 80-50 longitule , calculate the polar tame, OS March (5) 20) a& lo:20am Tadian Branderd time: a; “The number oR dayp on Moreh is cousted From January 4, 20t\ A= 31¥28tis = tedye EOoT= 4.93 BinaB —FS3eRB ~hSBinw Wo Bee Cn-3)) = 6.4 (in degrees) | 36s Eor = = 487 Pin Q@x-6.q) ~HTBCOBCE-9) —LSBinl<-4) Ber = — TEs mind e Lo col Solay UUme LST = Tadian ptandadtine T Te} Te = Coveection YactUnr. in esjiaat™s To = Hex [ ber = longibaeat brestion || +0 take ~ Bign: Letn=82S enter [tas - aoe] +Gr6S) baa Bese Te me 19 6S tt LST = Frain Prer dard time A Te = Loyyo — V6 ity (Est = lovta.3sam| SP eet te we ee tare — in Te eyption Te EOt vp He Valor take ra Te eqaation: in Te Cun = — 1 12. Solar Enewyy Reaching the Earth's Surface. 4 | PSoler wadiatio 1g electswmagnetic sadiation emitted by the pun. The Bolax radiation that seachep om diffexent Lecadiong of eavth degentg on fevered factors pach ag acogeaphic location Hime. Feapon , Leca® Land gcape, Lecad \weother ett, F When guadighh pappeg thomgh the octmopphere it | Te pubjected to abgesption , pro tceriog aad weflection by ober molecules, Waller vapour, lord duck, pattebaES Foorgt Fiwvey etc, B® Tre -wa vation gntenpity on the surface of ie aprerinctely 623niet Wet. HR The Polaw eneBy weaching the periphery of the earth’ atmopphere ip congidered to be conpiantk Jrealt poactiot parpopes BIB Enoen ag the qoled_ Comets: 7 “ine PUN Ro energy gtowed on the earth eath year by the , c Jake of Yratiakion of hot polar wy 8% ok the average HK Solow enexgsy retachirp earth Parkes with variations ak Gola twradiance achemgh wavelengh 18 cs a Bolav rea diottion preteen - The ppecemury BM EING cm earth Purface dnided into Ss egiomg: 19 {acataping oder of anarelength [Lweelegth es cane Le ULtaamilel wange CLT qpang’ azange oPoipm voor B-UUeworite’ gange B tT POreatpm eee ssi TL sp geeky abponed by the ctmopghese it Pep weHpoBbee Fre tre phetochems coll sstaction tating bo the psodaction of Ane Ozone Laye OR 3. Witwvelled wpe Az EE fant BBS pm ee OHM, ce, Nipible range co aght + rt Praag S36p mmm ONE tpi man Cyt. vipible co the ye v ere orgs Dhig S. Enfrayted wages EE ent oO oR ppMBible “fos an impowtank Part o& “the clectwomagn chic L radiation Chatweathee the easth. Sar aa ai ta. awided ro cthece typey on the bog of (a) Enfaavtd —A ) Fofeastd— & QD Taheused—¢ LOLA be BGI 5 VG pen bo 3-0 AM Bop To low pe, Ye The Gtandacd value Foe polar congiant 7g take 2g (33 te L364 W]e. Reconpe the eavth’s os bit 4g Bhiqntly Nipticod, Che fotentity Of, polar wadiation received oukpide the Cathy atmogphese Varite ag tre jywhe of Ane earth fun diptances The falar ivwadiance varieg AEB AY- WTR Tre mori Ywoadlance occuriry atthe pesshetion. given by We =Ts¢ ae 6o% Oe Wp = eptwater reebok pal Vreadiance oubpide, akmne pened. The coping effect pelea tothe concept of entetorstgtio£ restart brsadiance) Fatlip ona peace pewebled tothe groan ite Pe Vea selow menih argyle Vv Sees, be earth Limits of cot odmowphert Fig, conic Rae . 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