0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views17 pages

Body Fluids and Circulation Overview

The document provides notes on body fluids and circulation. It discusses the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems, including the antigens and antibodies involved, inheritance patterns, common blood types, and compatibility for blood transfusions. It also describes the open and closed circulatory systems, components of blood vessels like arteries, veins and capillaries, and the layers of artery and vein walls.

Uploaded by

Kisna gupta
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views17 pages

Body Fluids and Circulation Overview

The document provides notes on body fluids and circulation. It discusses the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems, including the antigens and antibodies involved, inheritance patterns, common blood types, and compatibility for blood transfusions. It also describes the open and closed circulatory systems, components of blood vessels like arteries, veins and capillaries, and the layers of artery and vein walls.

Uploaded by

Kisna gupta
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Ed(BIOLOGY)

&ODVVWK

Contents
127(6

Body Fluids & Circulation

Plot No. 46, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota, (Rajasthan) Pin code : 324005.
Help Desk : 09214233303 | 09214233343 |
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

%RG\IOXLGDQGFLUFXODWLRQ

%ORRGJURXSV
‰ $%2JURXSLQJ
‰ %ORRGJURXSVRIW\SH$%$%2

9 'LVFRYHU\ $%2 ±/RUG.DUO/DQGVWHLQHU 

9 'LVFRYHU\ $% 'HFDVWHOOR 6WXUOL

9 %DVLV±SUHVHQFHDEVHQFHRIWZRVXUIDFHDQWLJHQVDJJOXWLQRJHQVJO\FRSURWHLQV $DQG% RQ5%&VXUIDFH

™ ,QKHULWDQFHRI$%2EORRGJURXSV0XOWLSOH$OOHOLVP

ƒ DOOHOHV,$ 'RPLQDQW ,% GRPLQDQW ,2 UHFHVVLYH

ƒ *HQRW\SHV
 ,$,$ KRPR]\JRXV ±EORRGJURXS$
 ,$,2 KHWHUR]\JRXV ±EORRGJURXS$
 ,%,% +202=<*286 ±EORRGJURXS%
 ,%,2 +(7(52=<*286 EORRGJURXS%
 ,$,% &2'20,1$1&( EORRGJURXS$%
 ,2,2²²²²²²²²²²²²²EORRGJURXS2

,$
ƒ 3KHQRW\SHV
EORRG*URXS$%$%2

9 ,QSODVPDVHUXP±QDWXUDODQWLERGLHV$JJOXWLQLQV SURWHLQ

™ $QWLJHQ$QWLERG\5HDFWLRQ
'
1
ƒ 'XULQJPLVPDWFKHGEORRGWUDQVIXVLRQUHDFWLRQEHWZHHQGRQRU5%&DQWLJHQDQGUHFLSLHQWSODVPDDQWLERG\¶
DJJOXWLQDWLRQRIEORRGFOXPSLQJGHVWUXFWLRQRI5%&¶
6,
 $QDHPLD GHFUHDVHG5%&&RXQW GHFUHDVHG+E
 -DXQGLFH GXHWRELOLUXELQRYHUORDG

9 %HVWEORRGWUDQVIXVLRQVDPHEORRGJURXS
9 8QLYHUVDOGRQRU±2YH ODFNVERWKDQWLJHQ$ %
2

9 8QLYHUVDOUHFLSLHQW±$%YH /DFNVERWKDQWLD DQWLEDQWLERG\


9 0RVWFRPPRQEORRGJURXS2YH
9 /HDVWFRPPRQEORRGJURXS±$%YH
2

%ORRG*URXS $QWLJHQVRQ $QWLERGLHV 'RQRU¶V


(7

*URXS
5%& VXUIDFH ,Q3ODVPD FDQUHFHLYH
EORRGIURP
$ $ $QWLE $2

% % $QWLD %2
$% $% 1LO $%$%2
2 1LO $QWLD 2
$QWL E

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

™ $%2,QFRPSDWLELOLW\

ƒ %HWZHHQµ2¶0RWKHU PDWHUQDODQWLERG\ DQGQRQ2%ORRGJURXSRIIHWXV IHWDODQWLJHQ

ƒ $QWLDDQGDQWLE EORRGJURXS$ % ,J0W\SH FDQWFURVVSODFHQWD

ƒ $QWLDDQGDQWLE EORRGJURXS2 ,J*W\SH FDQFURVVSODFHQWD

ƒ &OXPSLQJRIIHWDO5%&¶)HWDODQDHPLDDQGMDXQGLFH +HPRO\WLFGLVHDVHRIQHZERUQ

‰ 5KEORRGJURXSLQJ

9 'LVFRYHU\±/DQGVWHLQHUDQG:HLQHU 
9 %DVLVSUHVHQFHDEVHQFHRI5KDQWLJHQ'DQWLJHQRQ5%& VLPLODUWRRQHLQ5KHVXVPRQNH\5%&
9 &RQWUROOHGE\*HQH''RPLQDQWJHQH¶H[SUHVVLQERWKKRPR]\JRXV KHWHUR]\JRXV '''G LHLIRQHRIWKH
JDPHWHSRVVHVVJHQHRI5KIDFWRURII6SULQJZLOOEHDOZD\V5K9H
9 5KYH¶5KDQWLJHQSUHVHQWRQ5%&6XUIDFH 
9 5K±YH¶5KDQWLJHQDEVHQWRQ5%&6XUIDFH 
9 ,Q,QGLDUDWLRRI5KLV±
5K±
5K±±
9 5KYHEORRGGRHVQRWFRQWDLQDQWLERG\DJDLQVWLWQDWXUDOO\

,$
9 ,I5K±YHEORRGJHWVH[SRVHGWR5KYHEORRG$QWL±5K$QWL±'$QWLERG\JHWVIRUPHG ,J*7\SHFDQFURVV
SODFHQWD
9 2QVXEVHTXHQWH[SRVXUHWR5KYHEORRG¶$J$EUHDFWLRQ¶+HPRO\VLV¶DQDHPLD MDXQGLFH

¾ (U\WKUREODVWRVLVIRHWDOLV
9
9
9
5K±YHPRWKHUDQG5KYHIHWXV H[FHSWILUVWSUHJQDQF\DOOFDQEHDIIHFWHG
5HDFWLRQEHWZHHQ5KDQWLJHQRQIHWDO5%& $QWL5KDQWLERG\RIPDWHUQDOEORRG
&OXPSLQJRIIHWDO5%&¶
6HYHUHDQDHPLDDQGMDXQGLFH IHWXV
'
1
9 $OO5KYHIHWXVDUHVDIH
9 )LUVW5KYHIHWXVVDIH
9 6XEVHTXHQW5KYHIHWXV816$)(
6,
9 $YRLGHGE\DQWL5KDQWL'DQWLERG\LQMHFWLRQ 5KRJDP WRPRWKHUZLWKLQKUVRIGHOLYHU\¶6HHNRXWIHWDO
5%& 5KYH LQPRWKHUVEORRG¶GHVWUR\WKHVHIHWDO5%&
2

ƒ &LUFXODWRU\V\VWHP

 2SHQ W\SH
 &ORVHG W\SH
2

2SHQW\SH &ORVHGW\SH
(7

 ,Q WKLV EORRG LV SXPSHG E\ KHDUW SDVVHV WKURXJK ODUJH YHVVHOV  %ORRG LV SXPSHG E\ KHDUW LQWR FORVHG QHWZRUN RU EORRG YHVVHOV
LQWR ODUJH RSHQ VSDFHV RU ERG\ FDYLWLHV FDOOHG EORRG VLQXVHV

 7LVVXHV DUH LQ GLUHFW FRQWDFW ZLWK FLUFXODWLQJ IOXLG  7LVVXH DUH QRW LQ GLUHFW FRQWDFW ZLWK FLUFXODWLQJ IOXLG
(J  /HHFK$UWKRSRGV PRVW PROOXVF  +HPLFKRUGDWHV
(J  $QQHOLGV H[FHSW OHHFK  &ODVV &HSKDORSRGD RI PROOXVF
&KRUGDWHV

¾ %ORRGYHVVHOV±DUWHU\YHLQVFDSLOODU\

 &DSLOODU\
9 ILQHVWGLDPHWHU
9 WKLQQHVW EORRG YHVVHO
9 6LPSOHVTXDPRXVHSLWKHOLXP HQGRWKHOLXP
9 H[FKDQJHRFFXUVEHWZHHQEORRGDQGWLVVXH SHUYLRXVZDOO
9 3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ
&DSLOODU\V\VWHPGLVFRYHUHGE\0DUFHOOR0DOSLJKL


5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

 $UWHU\DQGYHLQ±OD\HU

$ 7XQLFDH[WHUQDDGYHQWLWLD±RXWHUPRVWORRVH&7 FROODJHQHODVWLQILEUHV ORQJLWXGLQDOPVILEUHSURYLGHVWUHQJWK


FRQWDLQVQHUYHVDQGµ9DVD9DVRUXP¶

1RWHYDVDYDVRUXPEORRGYHVVHORIEORRGYHVVHO

% 7XQLFDPHGLDPLGGOHWKLFNHVWFLUFXODUVPRRWKPXVFOH VRPHHODVWLQILEUHV

& 7XQLFDLQWHUQDLQQHUPRVWOD\HU6LPSOHVTXDPRXVHSLWKHOLXP

,$
'
1
6,
2
2
(7

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

$57(5< 9(,1

 ,W FDUULHV EORRG IURP WKH KHDUW WR WKH RUJDQV ,W FDUULHV EORRG IURP RUJDQV WR WKH KHDUW

 $OO WKH DUWHULHV FDUU\ SXUH EORRG H[FHSW SXOPRQDU\ DUWHU\ ZKLFK $OO WKH YHLQV FDUU\ LPSXUH EORRG H[FHSW SXOPRQDU\ YHLQ ZKLFK FDUULHV
FDUULHV LPSXUH EORRG SXUH EORRG

 ƒ7([WHUQD WKLQQHU ƒ7([WHUQD WKLFNHU


ƒ70HGLD WKLFNHU ƒ70HGLD WKLQQHU
ƒ/XPHQ FRQVWULFWHG ƒ/XPHQ ZLGH
ƒ%ORRG IORZV ZLWK D KLJK SUHVVXUH VSHHG ƒ,Q WKH YHLQ EORRG IORZV ZLWK D ORZ SUHVVXUH VSHHG

 $UWHULHV DUH GHHSO\ VLWXDWHG LQ WKH ERG\ H[FHSWUDGLDO RI ZULVW 9HLQV DUH VXSHUILFLDO MXVW EHORZ WKH VNLQ
FDURWLG RI QHFN

 :DOOV (ODVWLF DQG 1RQ&ROODSVLEOH :DOOV ,QHODVWLF DQG &ROODSVLEOH

 9DOYHV DUH DEVHQW LQ WKH ZDOOV RI DUWHULHV :DOO RI YHLQV FRQWDLQ YDOYHV XQLGLUHFWLRQDO IORZ RI EORRG

 7KHVH DUH SLQNLVK RU EULJKW UHG LQ FRORU 7KHVH DUH GHHS UHG RU EOXLVK LQ FRORU

 ,Q FXW DUWHU\  EORRG IORZ LV -HUN\ ,Q FXW YHLQ  EORRG IORZ LV 8QLIRUP

,$
'
1
6,
2
2
(7

6LQJOH&LUFXODWLRQLQ9HQRXV+HDUWRI)LVK

+($57
'HR[\JHQDWHG 'HR[\JHQDWHG
EORRG EORRG

*LOOV
2[\JHQDWHG
EORRG
%RG\3DUWV

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

,$
)LVKHV $PSKLELD
' 5HSWLOHV &URFRGLOH
$YHV
1
0DPPDOV
1RRIKHDUW&KDPEHUV    
6,
$WULD    

9HQWULFOHV    
2

7\SH RIFLUFXODWLRQ 6LQJOH ,QFRPSOHW ,QFRPSOHW 'RXEOH


H'RXEOH 'RXEOH &LUFXODWLRQ
2

9 $UWHULDOKHDUW±SUDZQV
9 9HQRXVKHDUW±ILVKHV
(7

¾ +XPDQ+HDUW
9 0HVRGHUPDO
9 /RFDWLRQ±WKRUDFLFFDYLW\EHWZHHQWZROXQJVWLOWHGWROHIW PHGLDVWLQXPVSDFH
9 6L]H±FOHQFKHGILVW
9 6KDSH7ULDQJXODU
9 :HLJKWJP PDOH JP IHPDOH
9 8SSHUEURDGHU%DVH
9 /RZHUQDUURZ$SH[
9 3HULFDUGLXP±GRXEOHOD\HUHGSHULWRQLXP RXWHUSDULHWDODQGLQQHUYLVFHUDO
9 3HULFDUGLDOFDYLW\DQGIOXLG±SUHYHQWVIULFWLRQ

™ :DOORIKHDUW±OD\HUHG
 2XWHUZDOO(SLFDUGLXPYLVFHUDOSHULFDUGLXP RXWHUPRVWOD\HURIKHDUW
 0LGGOHZDOO0\RFDUGLXP WKLFNHVWFDUGLDFPXVFOHV
 ,QQHUZDOO(QGRFDUGLXP VLPSOHVTXDPRXVHSLWKHOLXP

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6
™ 1RWH(QGRFDUGLXPDQG(QGRWKHOLXPDUH(QGRGHUPDO

™ 3HULFDUGLXP±GRXEOHOD\HUHGSHULWRQHXP

 ,QQHU6HURXVSHULFDUGLXP RXWHUSDULHWDODQGLQQHUYLVFHUDOHSLFDUGLXP

 2XWHU)LEURXVSHULFDUGLXPILEURXV&7

9 3HULFDUGLDOFDYLW\ EHWZHHQSDULHWDODQGYLVFHUDOSHULFDUGLXP ILOOHGZLWK

9 3HULFDUGLDOIOXLG±SUHYHQWVIULFWLRQVKRFNDEVRUEHUDFWVDVOXEULFDQW

([WHUQDO6WUXFWXUHRIKXPDQKHDUW

 *URRYHV6XOFLL
D &RURQDU\VXOFXVKRUL]RQWDOFRQWDLQVFRURQDU\YHLQ EHWZHHQ5$DQG59

E ,QWHUYHQWULFXODUVHSWXP DQW SRVW WKLFNHUPXVFXODUZDOOKDV&RURQDU\$UWHU\

F ,QWHUDWULDOVHSWXPQRWYLVLEOHFOHDUO\WKLQQHUZDOO

 &KDPEHUV7KLFNHVW/DUJHVWFKDPEHU/9
D 7ZRDWULD VPDOOWKLQQHUXSSHUFKDPEHU

,$
E 7ZRYHQWULFOHV ODUJHUWKLFNHUORZHUFKDPEHUV

 9HVVHOV

D 6XSHULRUYHQHFDYD 69& ²²EULQJGHR[\%ORRGIURPXSSHUERG\WR5$


E
F
G
H
3XOPRQDU\YHLQ  ²²²EULQJR[\JHQDWHG%ORRGIURP/XQJVWR/$
3XOPRQDU\DUWHU\²²FDUU\GHR[\%ORRGIURP59WR/XQJV
'
,QIHULRUYHQHFDYD ,9& ²²EULQJGHR[\%ORRGIURPORZHUERG\WR5$

6\VWHPLFDRUWD²²²²²FDUU\R[\JHQDWHG%ORRGIURP/9WRERG\RUJDQV
1
 /LJDPHQWXPDUWHULRVXV
6,
ƒ /LJDPHQWRXV
ƒ 5HPDLQVRI'XFWXVDUWHULRVXVEHWZHHQSXOPRQDU\DQGV\VWHPLFDRUWDLQHPEU\RIHWDOKHDUW WRE\SDVVOXQJV

¾ ,QWHUQDO6WUXFWXUHRIKXPDQKHDUW
2

¾ YHVVHOVRSHQLQJV

ƒ 5$±69&3UHFDYDO +DYHUVLDQYDOYH ,9&3RVWFDYDO (XVWDFKLDQYDOYH &RURQDU\VLQXVYHLQ 7KHEHVLDQYDOYH


2

ƒ /$±UHFHLYHV3XOPRQDU\YHLQVIURPERWKOXQJV QRYDOYHV
ƒ 593XOPRQDU\DUWHU\ SXOPRQDU\VHPLOXQDUYDOYH
ƒ /96\VWHPLFDRUWD DRUWLFVHPLOXQDUYDOYH
(7

 9DOYHVWRSUHYHQWEDFNIORZRIEORRG

ƒ 5LJKWDWULRYHQWULFXODUYDOYH±WULFXVSLG PXVFXODUIODSVFXVSV
ƒ /HIW$9YDOYH±ELFXVSLGPLWUDOYDOYH FXVSV
ƒ 3XOPRQDU\VHPLOXQDUYDOYH FXVSV ±59DQGSXOPRQDU\DUWHU\
ƒ $RUWLFVHPLOXQDUYDOYH FXVSV ±/9DQGDRUWD

 &KDPEHUZDOOV

™ $WULDOZDOO
‡ 0XVFXOLSHFWLQDWLWUDQVYHUVHPXVFXODUULGJHV
 )RVVDRYDOLV
9 GHSUHVVLRQLQSRVWHULRULQWHUDWULDOVHSWXP
9 UHPQDQWRI)RUDPHQRYDOHRIIHWDOKHDUW EHWZHHQ5$ /$ 

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6
™ 9HQWULFXODUZDOO

 &ROXPQDH7UDEHFXODH&DUQDHVPDOOPXVFXODUULGJHV

 3DSLOODU\PXVFOHV

 &KRUGDH7HQGRQDH

9 &ROODJHQRXVFRUGVDWWDFKHGWRSDSLOODU\PXVFOH IODSVRI$99DOYH
9 SUHYHQWVYDOYHHYHUVLRQLQWR$WULXPGXULQJYHQWULFXODUFRQWUDFWLRQ

,$
'
1
¾ 6SHFLDOPXVFXODWXUHRIKHDUWQRGDOWLVVXHV
6,
ƒ *HQHUDWLRQDQGFRQGXFWLRQRI,PSXOVH $3
ƒ 0\RJHQLF±LPSXOVHJHQHUDWLRQE\LQFDUGLDFPXVFOH P\RFDUGLXP
ƒ $XWRH[FLWDEOHGRHVQ¶WQHHGH[WHUQDOVWLPXODWLRQIRU,PSXOVHJHQHUDWLRQ
2

 6LQRDWULDOQRGH 6$1
 $WULRYHQWULFXODUQRGH $91
 %XQGOHRI+LV
2

 3XUNLQMHILEUHV

 6LQRDWULDOQRGH 6$1 ±
(7

ƒ 5LJKWXSSHUFRUQHURI5$QHDU69&2SHQLQJ
ƒ DXWRH[FLWDEOH
ƒ PLQ
ƒ ,QLWLDWHV PDLQWDLQKHDUWUDWH
ƒ 3DFHPDNHURI+HDUW
ƒ UHVSRQVLEOHIRU$WULDOFRQWUDFWLRQ

 $WULRYHQWULFXODUQRGH $91 

ƒ /RZHUOHIWFRUQHUZDOORI5$QHDU$9VHSWXP
ƒ *HQHUDWHLPSXOVHDWPLQ
ƒ 3DFHVHWWHURIKHDUW

ƒ 'HOD\RIVHFRQGWROHWYHQWULFOHVILOOHGFRPSOHWHO\ZLWK EORRGIURPDWULD

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

 %XQGOHRI+LV$9%XQGOH

ƒ 5HFLHYHLPSXOVHIURP$91
ƒ 5LJKWDQGOHIWEXQGOHEUDQFK
ƒ (PHUJHRQWRSRILQWHUYHQWULFXODUVHSWXP

 3XUNLQMHILEUHVPLQXWHWKURXJKRXWYHQWULFXODUPXVFXODWXUH
™ 1RWH
9 PLQ
9 5HVSRQVLEOHIRUYHQWULFXODUFRQWUDFWLRQ
9 $91(OHFWULFDOJDWHZD\WRYHQWULFOHV
9 &RQWUDFWLRQ²)LUVW5$WKHQ/$WKHQ9HQWULFOHV

™ +HDUW%HDW5\WKPLFFRQWUDFWLRQDQGUHOD[DWLRQRI+HDUW

™ +HDUW5DWH +HDUWEHDWVSHUPLQXWH

™ +HDUWUDWHLQYHUVHO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRERG\VL]H

ƒ )HWXV PLQ
ƒ 1HZERUQ PLQ

,$
ƒ $GXOWV PLQXWH
ƒ 5DW PLQ
ƒ (OHSKDQW PLQ
ƒ %OXHZKDOHPLQ 0,1,080

'
¾ 5HJXODWLRQRIKHDUWUDWH$XWRUHJXODWHGE\QRGDOWLVVXH
$ 1HUYRXVUHJXODWLRQ±FDUGLDFFHQWHULQPHGXOODREORQJDWDE\$16


1
&DUGLRDFFHOHUDWRU\XQLW±LQFUHDVH+5E\V\PSDWKHWLFQHUYHVVWUHQJWKRIYHQWULFXODUFRQWUDFWLRQFDUGLDFRXWSXW
ƒ 'XULQJH[HUFLVHWHPSHPHUJHQF\HPRWLRQV
6,
 &DUGLRLQKLELWRU\XQLWGHFUHDVH+5E\SDUDV\PSDWKHWLFQHUYHV $FKQHXURWUDQVPLWWHU YHQWULFXODUFRQWUDFWLRQ
VWUHQJWKFDUGLDFRXWSXW
ƒ 1RUPDOVOHHSUHOD[HGUHVW
2

% +RUPRQDOUHJXODWLRQ

9 $GUHQDOPHGXOODU\KRUPRQHV DGUHQDOLQHQRUDGUHQDOLQ LQFUHDVHKHDUWUDWHFDUGLDFRXWSXW


2

9 $FKGHFUHDVHKHDUWUDWH
9 7K\UR[LQKRUPRQH±LQFUHDVHKHDUWUDWH&2 LQGLUHFWDFWLRQE\LQFUHDVHG%05
(7

™ 1RWH

ƒ ,QFUHDVHGSRWDVVLXPDQGVRGLXPLRQV¶GHFUHDVH+5
ƒ ,QFUHDVHGFDOFLXPLRQV¶,QFUHDVH+5

™ &DUGLDFF\FOH

ƒ &\FOLFDOHYHQWVEHWZHHQEHJLQQLQJRIRQHKHDUWEHDW EHJLQQLQJRIQH[WKHDUWEHDW
ƒ 2QHFDUGLDFF\FOH VHFRQGV VHFRQGV
ƒ SKDVHV&RQWUDFWLRQ 6\VWROH $6 96 5HOD[DWLRQ 'LDVWROH $' 9'

ƒ 7KUHHHYHQWV±
 $WULDOV\VWROH VHFRQGV
 9HQWULFXODUV\VWROH VHFRQGV
 -RLQWGLDVWROH VHFRQGV

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

 $WULDOV\VWROHGXHWR6$1DFWLYLW\ VHFRQG

D %ORRGLVSXPSHGLQWRUHVSHFWLYHYHQWULFOHV
E (XVWDFKLDQYDOYH ,9& 7KHEHVLDQYDOYH &RURQDU\YHLQ +DYHUVLDQYDOYH 69& SXOPRQDU\YHLQRSHQLQJVFORVH
F 5LJKWDQGOHIW$99DOYHV WULFXVSLGDQGPLWUDOYDOYH RSHQ
G 9HQWULFOHVDUHLQGLDVWROH UHOD[HG
H 5DSLGUGYHQWULFXODUILOOLQJ

 9HQWULFXODUV\VWROHVXESKDVHV VHFRQG
$ ,VRYROXPHWULFFRQWUDFWLRQ
D &ORVXUHRI$99DOYHVDWEHJLQQLQJRIYHQWULFXODUFRQWUDFWLRQILUVWKHDUWVRXQGSURGXFHG
E 6HPLOXQDUYDOYHVUHPDLQFORVHG

% 3HULRGRIHMHFWLRQ
D 6HPLOXQDUYDOYHV SXOPRQDU\ DRUWLF RSHQ
E %ORRGIORZIURPYHQWULFOHVLQWRSXOPRQDU\DUWHU\DQGV\VWHPLFDRUWD

™ $WULDDUHLQGLDVWROH UHOD[HG

 -RLQW'LDVWROH VHFRQG DOOFKDPEHUVDUHLQGLDVWROH UHOD[HG VXESKDVHV

,$
$ ,VRYROXPHWULF5HOD[DWLRQ
D 6HPLOXQDUYDOYHVFORVXUHDWEHJLQQLQJRIYHQWULFXODUGLDVWROHQGKHDUWVRXQGSURGXFHG '8%%
E $99DOYHVUHPDLQFORVHG

% 5DSLGYHQWULFXODUILOOLQJ$99DOYHVRSHQLQJ DWULDUHOD[HG

& 'LDVWDVLV6ORZYHQWULFXODUILOOLQJGXHWRJUDYLW\
'
1
&$5',$&&<&/((9(176
6,
9HQWULFXODU %HJLQVWR5HOR[ 6/9DOYHFORVHV
'LDVWROH

(MHFWLRQ3KDVH 6'XEE

2

$99DOYHDOUHDG\FORVHG
6/9DOYHVRSHQ
.D,VRYROXPHULF5HOD[DWLRQ
,VRYXOXPHULF&RQWUDFWLRQ
2

$99DOYHVRSHQ
6HPLOXQDU9DOYHVUHPDLQVFORVHG
VW5DSLGILOOLQJSKDVH
6/8%%
(7

$99DOYHVFORVHG
/DVW5DSLG)LOOLQJ
QGVORZ9HQWULFXODU
9HQWULFOH 3KDVHGXWR
ILOOLQJ'LDVWDVLV
6\VWROH6WDUWV $WULDO6\VWROH

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

$75,$/
6<672/(
V

&203/(7(
&$5',$&
',$672/(V 9(175,&8/$5
6<672/(V

727$/3(5,2'2)&<&/( V

)LJ6WDJHVRI&DUGLDFF\FOH

,QDVLQJOHFDUGLDFF\FOHRIPDQ
 $WULDOV\VWROH VHF
 $WULDOGLDVWROH VHF
VHF
 9HQWULFXODUV\VWROH VHF
 9HQWULFXODUGLDVWROH VHF VHF

,$
ƒ 'XUDWLRQEHWZHHQVWDQGQGKHDUWVRXQG VHFRQG
ƒ 'XUDWLRQEHWZHHQQGDQGVWKHDUWVRXQG VHFRQG
ƒ +HDUW VRXQG E\ 6WHWKRVFRSH

™ 9HQWULFXODUILOOLQJ
'
1
D VWUDSLGILOOLQJ$FWLYH GXHWR$WULDOV\VWROH

E QGUDSLGILOOLQJ±3DVVLYH MRLQWGLDVWROH
6,
F UGVORZILOOLQJGLDVWDVLV±3DVVLYH MRLQWGLDVWROH

9 6WURNHYROXPH PO
9 (QGGLDVWROLFYROXPH ('9 PO
2

9 (QGV\VWROLFYROXPH (69  ('969 PO


9 &DUGLDFRXWSXW 69 +5 OLWUHPOSHUPLQXWH
9 (MHFWLRQIUDFWLRQ 69('9  
2

9 %RG\KDVDELOLW\WRDOWHU69DQG+5WKHUHE\FDUGLDFRXWSXW
9 &2RIDWKOHWHKLJKHUWKDQRUGLQDU\PDQ

¾ (&* (OHFWUR&DUGLR*UDP 
(7

9 *UDSKLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIHOHFWULFDODFWLYLW\RIKHDUWGXULQJDFDUGLDFF\FOH
9 0DFKLQH±(OHFWURFDUGLRJUDSK
9 VW(&*UHFRUGHGE\:DOOHU
9 )DWKHURIHOHFWURFDUGLRJUDSK\±(LQWKRYDQ
9 6WDQGDUG(&*±OHDGV RQHWRHDFKZULVW DQG RQHWROHIWDQNOH
9 3ZDYH'HSRODUL]DWLRQHOHFWULFDOH[FLWDWLRQRIDWULDFRQWUDFWLRQRIERWKDWULD
9 456FRPSOH[±'HSRODUL]DWLRQRIYHQWULFOHVZKLFKLQLWLDWHVYHQWULFXODUFRQWUDFWLRQ7KHFRQWUDFWLRQVWDUWVVKRUWO\
DIWHU4DQGPDUNVEHJLQQLQJRIV\VWROH
9 7±ZDYH5HSRODUL]DWLRQRIYHQWULFOHUHWXUQRIYHQWULFOHIURPH[FLWHGWRQRUPDOVWDWHYHQWULFXODUMRLQWUHOD[DWLRQ
WKHHQGRI7ZDYHPDUNVWKHHQGRIV\VWROH

ƒ +HDUWUDWH QXPEHURI456LQ(&*

ƒ *UHDWFOLQLFDOVLJQLILFDQFH

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

'LDJUDPPDWLF3UHVHQWDWLRQRID6WDQGDUG(&*

$WULD 9HQWULFOHV5HOD[HG
$99DOYHV&ORVH
9HQWULFXODUSUHVVXUH'HFUHDVH ,VRYROXPHWULF9HQWULFXODU
6HPLOXQDU9DOYHV&ORVH 5HOD[DWLRQ
6+HDUW6RXQG+HDUGDV
6HPLOXQDU9DOYHV&ORVH %ORRG(QWHUV$WULDIURP6\VWHPLF
DQG3XOPRQDU\&LUFXODWLRQV
3UHVVXUHVLQ$WULD,QFUHDVHV

,$
%ORRG0RYHVLQWR3XOPRQDU\
7UXQNDQG$RUWD
3UHVVXUHLQ$WULD([FHHGV9HQWULFXODU
3UHVVXUHVDQG$99DOYHV2SHQ
3UHVVXUHVLQ9HQWULFOHV5LVH5DSLGO\ %ORRG0RYHVLQWR9HQWULFOHV
:KHQ9HQWULFXODU3UHVVXUHV([FHHG 3DVVLYH)LOOLQJRI9HQWULFOHV2FFXUV
3UHVVXUHLQ9HQWLFOHV
$RUWLFDQG3XOPRQDU\3UHVVXUHVWKH
6HPLOXQDU9DOYHV2SHQ

' ,QFUHDVHV6OLJKWO\
1
9HQWULFOHV&RQWUDFW 6LQRDWULDO1RGH)LUHV
3UHVVXUHVLQ$WULD'URS 3:DYHRQ(&*
,VRYROXPHWULF9HQWULFXODU $9YDOYHV&ORVH
&RQWUDFWLRQ $WULD'HSRODUL]HDQG&RQWUDFW
6+HDUW6RXQG+HDUG
$FWLYH9HQWULFXODU)LOOLQJ2FFXUV
DV$99DOYHV&ORVH
6,
'HSRODUL]DWLRQ6SUHDGV
WR9HQWULFOHV
456&RPSOH[RQ(&*
2

¾ 'RXEOHFLUFXODWLRQ
2

9 3XOPRQDU\DQGV\VWHPLFFLUFXODWLRQ
(7

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

/81*6
'HR[\JHQDWHG 2[\JHQDWHG
EORRG 6PDOOHU&LUFXLW EORRG
 3XOPRQDU\FLUFXLW

5$ /$
+($57
59 /9
'HR[\JHQDWHG
EORRG 2[\JHQDWHG
*UHDWHU&LUFXLW
EORRG
 6\VWHPLFFLUFXLW

%RG\3DUWV

,$
'
1
6,
2
2
(7

¾ &RURQDU\V\VWHP±
9 FLUFXODWLRQRIEORRGWRDQGIURPFDUGLDFPXVFXODWXUH

$ &RURQDU\$UWHU\±SDLU 57 /7


9 $ULVHIURPDVFHQGLQJDRUWD
9 6XSSO\R[\JHQDWHGEORRGWRKHDUWZDOOPXVFOHV

% &RURQDU\9HLQSDLU 57 /7


9 &ROOHFWGHR[\JHQDWHGEORRGIURPKHDUWZDOOPXVFOHV
9 -RLQDQGRSHQLQWR&RURQDU\6LQXVLQ5$
9 +DYH7KHEHVLDQ9DOYH

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

¾ +HSDWLFSRUWDOV\VWHP

¾ &KDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHRIDOOYHUWHEUDWHV

9 KHSDWLFSRUWDOYHLQFDUULHVEORRG GHR[\JHQDWHGQXWULHQWULFKEORRG IURPLQWHVWLQHWROLYHUEHIRUHGHOLYHULQJWR


V\VWHPLFFLUFXODWLRQ
9 /LYHUUHFLHYHV

D +HSDWLFDUWHU\EULQJR[\JHQDWHGEORRGIURPDRUWD
E +HSDWLFSRUWDOYHLQEULQJGHR[\JHQDWHGQXWULHQWULFKEORRGIURPDOLPHQWDU\FDQDO

¾ +\SRWKDODPRK\SRSK\VHDOSRUWDOV\VWHP

ƒ +\SRSK\VHDOSRUWDOYHLQ
RIIORDGVK\SRWKDODPLFQHXURKRUPRQHVUHOHDVLQJIDFWRUVLQWRDQWHULRUSLWXLWDU\K\SRSK\VLV

¾ 5HQDOSRUWDOV\VWHP

ƒ :HOOGHYHORSHGLQILVKDQGDPSKLELD
ƒ 5HGXFHGLQUHSWLOHVDQGELUGV
ƒ $EVHQWLQPDPPDOV KXPDQ

,$
ƒ 2IIORDGGHR[\JHQDWHGQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHULFKEORRGIURPSRVWHULRUERG\DQGORZHUOLPEVLQWRNLGQH\

™ 3XOVH

ƒ :DYHRIGLVWHQVLRQIHOWLQZDOORIDUWHU\IROORZLQJHYHU\YHQWULFXODUV\VWROH
ƒ
ƒ
'
)HOWDWVXSHUILFLDODUWHU\±5DGLDODUWHU\ ZULVW &DURWLGDUWHU\ QHFN WHPSOHVDQNOHV
8VHGWRPHDVXUH+5
1
™ %ORRG3UHVVXUH $UWHULDO%3 3UHVVXUHH[HUWHGE\EORRGRQZDOOVRIEORRGYHVVHOV

‡ 6\VWROLF%3XSSHUOLPLWYHQWULFOHVFRQWUDFWHGPD[LPDOO\3XPSLQJSUHVVXUH PP+J
6,
‡ 'LDVWROLF%3ORZHUOLPLWYHQWULFOHVIXOO\UHOD[HGUHVWLQJSUHVVXUH PP+J

™ %3PHDVXUHGE\µ6SK\JPRPDQRPHWHU¶
™ 3XOVH3UHVVXUH 6\VWROLF%3'LDVWROLF%3 PP+J
2

'LVRUGHUVRIFLUFXODWRU\V\VWHP

 +LJKEORRGSUHVVXUH +\SHUWHQVLRQ PRUHWKDQRUHTXDOWRRQUHSHDWHGFKHFNV


2

9 1RUPDO± V\VWROLFGLDVWROLFSUHVVXUH
9 &DXVHREHVLW\GLDEHWHVDWKHURVFOHURVLVVWUHVVHWF
(7

9 /HDGVWRKHDUWGLVHDVHVDQGDIIHFWVYLWDORUJDQVOLNHEUDLQDQGNLGQH\ 6LOHQW.LOOHU

 7DFK\FDUGLD±+5!PLQ

 %UDG\FDUGLD+5PLQ

 %OXH%DE\6\QGURPH

ƒ 'XHWR3DWHQW'XFWXV$UWHULRVXVDQG3DWHQW)RUDPHQ2YDOH
ƒ 0L[LQJRIR[\JDQGGHR[\J%ORRG¶EORRGDQGVNLQRIFKLOGDSSHDUVEOXLVK¶F\DQRVLV¶HYHQGHDWK

 5KHXPDWLF+HDUW'LVHDVH 5+' ±

ƒ GDPDJHWRYDOYHVGXHWRWR[LQVSURGXFHGE\6WUHSWRFRFFXVEDFWHULD 5KHXPDWLF)HYHU

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

 $UUK\WKPLDDEQRUPDO+5GXHWR6$1GDPDJH

ƒ 7W$UWLILFLDO3DFHPDNHU \HDUOLIH

D /LWKLXPKDOLGHEDWWHU\ 3XOVHJHQHUDWRUPLQ EHORZFROODUERQHVXEFXWDQHRXVO\


E /HDGV
F 6LOLFRQFKLS(OHFWURGHSODFHGLQGRUVDOZDOORIKHDUW

 +HDUW%ORFN±DEQRUPDOZRUNLQJRIFRQGXFWLQJV\VWHPRIKHDUW
6$1EORFN$91%ORFN%%%

 &RURQRU\DUWHU\GLVHDVH &$' DWKHURVFOHURVLV

ƒ 1DUURZLQJRIOXPHQRIDUWHULHV FRURQDU\ GXHWRGHSRVLWRIFDOFLXPIDWFKROHVWHURODQGILEURXVWLVVXH 3ODTXH


IRUPDWLRQ ¶%ORRGIORZREVWUXFWHG¶LQFUHDVHG%3
ƒ '[$QJLRJUDSK\ UDGLRRSDTXHG\HLQMHFWLRQLQWREORRGYHVVHO
ƒ 7W  $QJLRSODVW\ %DOORRQLQJVWHQWLQJ
 &RURQDU\$UWHU\%\SDVV*UDIWLQJ
&$%* ±6DSKHQRXVYHLQ LQWHUQDOPDPPDU\DUWHU\

 $QJLQDSHFWRULV$QJLQD

,$
9 $FXWHFKHVWSDLQGXHWRODFNRIR[\JHQ QRHQRXJK2 WRKHDUWPXVFOHV V\PSWRP
9 0RUHFRPPRQDPRQJPLGGOHDJHGDQGHOGHUO\
9 2FFXUVGXHWRFRQGLWLRQVWKDWHIIHFWEORRGIORZ

 +HDUWDWWDFN0\RFDUGLDO,QIDUFWLRQ±

'
6XGGHQGDPDJHRIKHDUWPXVFOH SDUWRIPV E\LQDGHTXDWHEORRGVXSSO\ UHGXFHG2VXSSO\

 +HDUWIDLOXUH&RQJHVWLYHKHDUWIDLOXUH &+)


1
9 ,QDELOLW\RIKHDUWWRSXPSVXIILFLHQWEORRGWRPHHWERG\QHHGV LQDGHTXDWHEORRGVXSSO\
9 6\PSWRPVEUHDWKOHVVQHVVWLUHGQHVVDVFLWHVVZHOOLQJLQOHJVFRQJHVWLRQRIOXQJV PDLQV\PSWRP
6,
 &DUGLDFDUUHVW±KHDUWVWRSVEHDWLQJ
7W&DUGLR3XOPRQDU\5HVXVFLWDWLRQ &35 
+HDUWUDWHUHVSLUDWRU\UDWH

2



9 %ORRGFDSLOODU\V\VWHPGLVFRYHU\0DUFHOOR0DOSLJKL
2

9 /DUJHVWDUWHU\±DRUWD
9 /DUJHVWYHLQ±LQIHULRUYHQDFDYD
9 )LUVWKHDUWWUDQVSODQWLQZRUOG±
(7

'U&KULVWLDQ%HUQDUG 
9 )LUVWKHDUWWUDQVSODQWLQ,QGLD±
'U39HQXJRSDO $,,06

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

%/22' /<03+

 ,W IRUPV FLUFXODWRU\ V\VWHP ,W IRUPV O\PSKDWLF V\VWHP

 5%&VSODWHOHW 3UHVHQW 5%&V SODWHOHWV $EVHQW

 1HXWURSKLOV PRUH /\PSKRF\WHV LQ ODUJHVW DPRXQW

 6ROXEOH SURWHLQV LQ ODUJH DPRXQW EXW 6ROXEOH SURWHLQV LQ VPDOO DPRXQW EXW LQVROXEOH
LQVROXEOH SURWHLQV LQ VPDOO DPRXQW SURWHLQV LQ ODUJH DPRXQW

 2 QXWULHQWV LQ ODUJH DPRXQW EXW &2 2 QXWULHQWV LQ VPDOO DPRXQW &2 LQ ODUJH
YHU\ OHVV DPRXQW

 ,W LV RI UHG FRORU ,W LV RI FRORUOHVV -XVW OLNH ZDWHU

 0RUH :%& /HVVHU :%&

,$
 &ORWWLQJ WLPH  OHVV &ORWWLQJ WLPH  &RPSDUDWLYHO\ PRUH KDOI RI
SODVPD SURWHLQV

'
ƒ /\PSKFDSLOODULHVMRLQWRIRUPO\PSKYHVVHOV
ƒ /DFWHDOV±O\PSKFDSLOODULHVLQLQWHVWLQDOYLOOLPLON\ZKLWHFRORUDEVRUSWLRQRIIDWDQGGUDLQVO\PSKLQWR&LVWHUQD
&K\OL

 5LJKWO\PSKDWLFGXFW
1
6,
 /HIWWKRUDFLFO\PSKDWLFGXFW±ODUJHVWO\PSKDWLFYHVVHOILUVWGUDLQVLQWR&LVWHUQD&K\OL EHKLQGGLDSKUDJP WKHQ
LQWROHIW6XEFODYLDQYHLQ

™ 0XOWLSOHYDOYHVLQO\PSKDWLFYHVVHOV EHDGHGDSSHDUDQFH
2

™ O\PSKDWLFV\VWHPFROOHFWVWLVVXHIOXLGDQGGUDLQVLWEDFNWRWKHPDMRUYHLQV
2
(7

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH
%2'<)/8,'6127(6

™ /\PSKQRGHV

ƒ /\PSKRLGWLVVXHSUHVHQWLQSDWKRIO\PSKDWLFGXFWV
ƒ 0D[LQQHFND[LOODJURLQ
ƒ 5HWLFXODU&7

™ )XQFWLRQV

 $FWVDVµO\PSKILOWHU¶
 5HPRYHVSDWKRJHQDQGFDQFHUFHOOV
 3URGXFWLRQ PDWXUDWLRQ RIO\PSKRF\WHV SRXULQWRO\PSK
 6HFUHWLRQRIDQWLERGLHV SODVPDFHOOV
 'HIHQFH RIERG\

™ /\PSKRUJDQV

ƒ WRQVLOVDSSHQGL[WK\PXVJODQGVSOHHQ

™ 6SOHHQPHVRGHUPDO

ƒ /DUJHVW/\PSKQRGHRIERG\

,$
ƒ /HIWXSSHUTXDGUDQWRIDEGRPHQODWHUDOWRVWRPDFK
ƒ 5HGSXOS VWRUHG5%&  :KLWHSXOS O\PSKRF\WHVPDFURSKDJHHWF
ƒ &RUGVRI%LOOURWKELJEORRGYHQRXVVLQXVHV

ƒ )XQFWLRQV


$FWVDVEORRGILOWHU
6WRUHV5%&/\PSKRF\WHVHWF
%ORRG%DQNRI%RG\ '
1
 $FWVDVµ*UDYH\DUGRI5%&¶ 'HVWUR\ROG5%&
 0HWDEROLVPRI+E
 5HF\FOLQJRI,URQ
6,
 3URGXFWLRQRIO\PSKRF\WHV
 6HFUHWLRQRIDQWLERGLHV
 (U\WKURSRHLWLFRUJDQ LQHPEU\RQLFOLIH

ƒ 5%&ILOWHULQJDSSDUDWXVRIERG\ VSOHHQOLYHU
2

ƒ %ORRGILOWHULQJDSSDUDWXVRIERG\ VSOHHQOLYHUNLGQH\
2
(7

3ORW1R,QIURQWRI6N\OLQH$SDUWPHQWV&RUQHU%XLOGLQJ 
5DMHHY*DQGKL1DJDU.RWD 5DMDVWKDQ 3LQFRGH

You might also like