Basic Electrical Engg 21ELE13/23

MODULE – 4
Prepared

Dept. of EEE 4a) Three phase induction Motors:

HKBK College of Engg Bangalore 4b) Three phase synchronous generators

4A)THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS:

 Concept of rotating magnetic field,

 Principle of operation,
 Constructional features of motor,
 Types – squirrel cage and wound rotor,
 Slip and problems on slip,
 Significance of slip, applications.

4B)THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS:

 Principle of operation,
 Constructional details of salient and non-salient pole generators,
 Synchronous speed,
 Frequency of generated voltage,
 Emf equation, with concept of winding factor (excluding the derivation and calculation of winding
factors).

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INTRODUCTION
 An Induction Motor (IM) is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating
device by means of electromagnetic induction.
 An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical power in its rotor (rotating part).
 In a DC motor this power is supplied to the armature directly from a DC source, while in an induction
motor this power is induced in the rotating device.
 An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stator (stationary part) is
essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side.
 Induction motors are widely used, especially polyphone induction motors, which are frequently used in
industrial drives.
 Induction motors are now the preferred choice for industrial motors due to their rugged construction,
absence of brushes (which are required in most DC motors) and the ability to control the speed of the
motor.

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CONCEPT OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD :

Consider 3-phase, 2 pole stator having three similar windings aa', bb', and cc' displaced in space by 120°,
supplied with 3-phase ac supply as shown below.

Due to the current flowing in each phase displaced from each other by 120° produces an alternating flux which
is assumed to be sinusoidal in nature. The fluxes produced by each phase φ1, φ2, and φ3 are also displaced by
120° from each other.
The instantaneous values of fluxes with respect to time is given by,

φ1 = φm Sin θ
φ2 = φm Sin (θ - 120⁰)
φ3 = φm Sin (θ - 240⁰)
Where φm = maximum value of the flux due to any phase. The waveforms of these fluxes and their phase
representation are shown [Link] three fluxes together give rise to the effect of rotating flux called Rotating
Magnetic Field. At any instant, the resultant flux, φr is the phasor sum of the fluxes of the three phases ( φ1, φ2,
and φ3 ) at that instant. Let us see four different instants 0 (0⁰), 1 (60⁰), 2 (120⁰), and 3(180⁰) as shown in the
above waveform.

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i. when θ = 0⁰ (at point 0) :

At point 0 on the waveform i.e., at 0⁰, the value of φ1 is,

The value of φ2 is,

The value of φ3 is,

Since φ1 = 0, the resultant of φ2 and φ3 can be found out by reversing φ2 and adding it with φ3 as shown below.

ii. When θ = 60⁰ (at point 1) :

At point 1 on the waveform i.e, at 60⁰, the value of φ1 is,

The value of φ2 is,

The value of φ3 is,

since φ3 = 0, the resultant of φ1 and φ2

can be found out by reversing φ2
and adding it with φ1 as shown
below.

From the figure Resultant flux φr, Therefore at 60⁰, the magnitude of resultant flux φr = 1.5 φm. Here we can
notice that the magnitude of φr is the same as that of the previous, also the phasor has rotated clockwise through
an angle of 60⁰.

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iii. When θ = 120⁰ (At point 2) :

At point 2 on the waveform i.e, at 120⁰, the value of φ1 is,

The value of φ2 is,

The value of φ3 is,

Since φ2 = 0, the resultant of φ1 and φ3 can be found out by reversing φ3 and adding it with φ1 as shown below

iv. When θ = 180⁰ (At point 3) :

At point 3 on the waveform i.e, at 180⁰, the value of φ1 is,

The value of φ2 is,

The value of φ3 is,

Since φ1 = 0, the resultant of φ2 and φ3 can be found out by reversing φ3 and adding it with φ2 as shown
below.

From the figure Resultant flux φr, Hence φr = 1.5 φm but has rotated clockwise through an additional angle of
60⁰ or 180⁰ from the start. From the above, it is clear that, The resultant flux is of constant magnitude and
having a value of 1.5 φm i.e., φr = 1.5 φ[Link] resultant flux rotates at the synchronous speed, Ns is given by
Ns = 120*f/P rpm Where f = supply frequency .P = number of poles of the stator winding. Therefore,
when a 3-phase supply is fed to a 3-phase stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude
rotating at synchronous speed is produced

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Three phase Induction motor working principle

1. When the 3 phase stator winding is energized from a 3 phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is
produced which rotates around the stator at synchronous [Link] (a)

2. The rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors, which as stationary. Due to this flux cutting,
EMFs are induced in the rotor conductors. As rotor circuit is short circuited, therefore, currents start
flowing in it. fig (b)
3. Now, as per Lenz's law “the direction of induced current will be such that it opposes the very cause that
produced it”
4. Here, the cause of emf induction is the relative motion between the rotating field fig (c) and the
stationary rotor conductors. Hence, to reduce this relative motion, the rotor starts rotating in the same
direction as that of the stator field and tries to catch it but, can never catch it due to friction and windage
and therefore emf induction continues and motor keeps rotating.
5. Thus, principle of 3 phase induction motor also explains why rotor rotates in same direction as the
rotating field and why induction motor is self starting.
6. When rotor winding is short-circuited with no resistance in series, it is called a squirrel cage induction
motor and when rotor winding is shorted through a resistance in series, it is called slip ring induction
[Link] be the type, working principle basically remains the same.

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3 Phase Induction Motor Construction:

1. Three-phase Induction motor motors consist of a stator and a rotor and between which no electrical connection
exists. These stator and rotors are constructed with the use of high-magnetic core materials in order to reduce
hysteresis and eddy current losses.

2. Stator frame can be constructed using cast iron, aluminum, or rolled steel.
3. The stator frame provides necessary mechanical protection and support for stator laminated core, windings, and
other arrangements for ventilation.
4. The windings are of copper wire insulated with varnish fitted into insulated slotted laminations.
5. The stator is wounded with three-phase windings which are overlapped with one another at a 120-degree phase
shift fitted into slotted laminations.
6. The six ends of the three windings are brought out and connected to the terminal box so that these windings are
excited by three-phase main supply.
7. A typical motor consists of two parts namely stator and rotor like other type of motors.
8. An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to produce a rotating magnetic field,
9. An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.
10. These windings have high-insulation resistance and high resistance to the saline atmosphere, moisture,
alkaline fumes, oil, and grease, etc.
11. Whichever suits the voltage level, these windings are connected in either star or delta connections.

STATOR

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Types of rotors induction motor is Squirrel-cage type rotor & Slip-ring-type rotor:

SQUIRREL CAGE TYPE ROTOR:. The rotor in the slip-ring type consists of heavy aluminum or copper bars shorted on
both ends of the cylindrical rotor. The shaft of the induction motor is supported on two bearings at each ends to ensure free
rotating within the stator and to reduce the friction. It consists of a stack of steel laminations evenly spaced slots that are
punched around of its circum ference into which un-insulated heavy aluminum or copper bars are placed.

SLIP-RING-TYPE ROTOR: A slip-ring-type rotor consists of three-phase windings that are internally starred at one end,
and the other ends are brought outside and connected to the slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft. And for developing a high-
starting torque these windings are connected to rheostat with the help of carbon brushes. This external resistor or rheostat is used
at the starting period only. Once the motor attains the normal speed, the brushes are short-circuited, and the wound rotor works
as a squirrel cage rotor.

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3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR SLIP :

 When the motor is excited with a three-phase supply, three-phase stator winding produces a rotating magnetic field
with 120 displacements at a constant magnitude which rotates at synchronous speed. This changing magnetic field
cuts the rotor conductors and induces a current in them according to the principle of Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction. As these rotor conductors are shorted, the current starts to flow through these conductors.
 In the presence of the magnetic field of the stator, rotor conductors are placed, and therefore, according to the Lorenz
force principle, a mechanical force acts on the rotor conductor. Thus, all the rotor conductors force, i.e., the sum of
the mechanical forces produces torque in the rotor which tends to move it in the same direction of the rotating
magnetic field.
 This rotor conductor’s rotation can also be explained by Lenz’s law which tells that the induced currents in the rotor
oppose the cause for its production, here this opposition is rotating magnetic field. This result the rotor starts rotating
in the same direction of the stator rotating magnetic field. If the rotors speed more than the stator speed, then no
current will induce in the rotor because the reason for rotor rotation is the relative speed of the rotor and stator
magnetic fields. This stator and the rotor field difference are called slip. This how a 3-phase motor is called an
asynchronous machine due to this relative speed difference between the stator and the rotors.
 The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating stator field and the actual rotor speed N is called
slip. It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed i.e.,
% Slip = (Ns - Nr)/Ns *100

S = (Ns - Nr)/Ns
I. The quantity Ns Nr is sometimes called slip speed.
II. When the rotor is stationary (i.e., Nr = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %.
III. In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 0.1% to 3% so that it is
essentially a constant-speed motor

 When the stator is stationary, Nr=0; so the slip becomes 1 or 100%.

 When Nr is at synchronous speed, the slip becomes zero; so the motor never runs at synchronous speed.
 The slip in the 3 phase induction motor from no load to full load is about 0.1% to 3%; that’s why the induction
motors are called as constant-speed motors.

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FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT OR EMF:Frequency of rotor current- When the rotor is stationary,
rotor conductor is being cut by the rotating flux at NS. So the frequency of rotor current is same as the slip. But when
conductor is started rotating, the frequency of rotor current depends on the relative speed between NS and Nr.

We know that, NS=120f/P

fr=S*f Hz
Where fr=Frequency of rotor current
f=frequency of supply

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SIGNIFICANCE OF SLIP IN INDUCTION MOTOR

 Slip of induction motor plays an important role in the operation of the induction motor. The torque produced by the
induction motor is directly proportional to induction motor slip. At no-load induction motor requires small torque to
meet with the frictional, iron and other losses, therefore slip is small.
 When the motor is loaded, greater torque is required to drive the load, therefore, slip increases and rotor speed
decreases slightly. Thus induction motor slip adjusts itself to such a value so as to meet the required driving torque.
 At standstill N = 0 hence s = 1 whereas at N = Ns, s = 0 (imaginary condition)

 APPLICATION OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS:

 Pumps and submersible.

 Pressing machine.
 Lathe machine.
 Grinding machine.
 Conveyor.
 Flour mills.
 Compressor.
 And other low mechanical power applications.

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4B).THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS:

Principle of operation, Constructional details of salient and non-salient pole generators, Synchronous
speed, Frequency of generated voltage, EMF equation, with concept of winding factor (excluding the
derivation and calculation of winding factors).

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INTRODUCTION:

Three Phase Synchronous Generators (3 Phase-Alternator)

 A synchronous generator is a synchronous machine which converts mechanical power into AC electric power
through the process of electromagnetic induction.
 Synchronous generators are also referred to as alternators or AC generators. The term "alternator" is used since
it produces AC power. It is called synchronous generator because it must be driven at synchronous speed to
produce AC power of the desired frequency.
 A synchronous generator can be either single-phase or poly-phase (generally 3phase).
 Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. They supply the electric power
used by all sectors of modern societies: industrial, commercial, agricultural, and domestic.
 Synchronous generators usually operate together (or in parallel), forming a large power system supplying electrical
energy to the loads or consumers.
 Synchronous generators are built in large units, their rating ranging from tens to hundreds of megawatts.
 For high-speed machines, the prime movers are usually steam turbines employing fossil or nuclear energy
resources.
 Low-speed machines are often driven by hydro-turbines that employ waterpower for generation.
 Smaller synchronous machines are sometimes used for private generation and as standby units, with diesel engines
or gas turbines as prime movers.
 According to the arrangement of the field and armature windings, synchronous machines may be classified as
rotating-armature type or rotating-field type.
 Construction of Synchronous Generator or Alternator as alternator consists of two main parts viz.
 Stator – The stator is the stationary part of the alternator. It carries the armature winding in which the voltage is
generated. The output of the alternator is taken form the stator.
 Rotor – The rotor is the rotating part of the alternator. The rotor produces the main field flux.

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Stator Construction of Alternator

 The stator of the alternator includes several parts, viz. the frame, stator core, stator or armature windings,
and cooling arrangement.
 The stator frame may be made up of cast iron for small-size machines and of welded steel for large-size
machines.
 The stator core is assembled with high-grade silicon content steel laminations. These silicon steel
laminations reduce the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the stator core.
 The slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator core. A 3-phase armature winding is put in these slots.
 The armature winding of the alternator is star connected. The winding of each phase is distributed over
several slots. When current flows through the distributed armature winding, it produces an essential
sinusoidal space distribution of EMF.

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TYPES OF ROTOR & CONSTRUCTION

The rotor of the alternator carries the field winding which is supplied with direct current through two slip rings
by a separate DC source (also called exciter). The exciter is generally a small DC shunt generator mounted on
the shaft of the alternator.
For the alternator, there are two types of rotor constructions are used viz. the salient-pole type and the
cylindrical rotor type.
SALIENT POLE ROTOR:

 The term salient means projecting. Hence, a salient pole rotor consists of poles projecting out from the
surface of the rotor core.
 This whole arrangement is fixed to the shaft of the alternator as shown in the figure.
 The individual field pole windings are connected in series such that when the field winding is energized by
the DC exciter, the adjacent poles have opposite polarities.
 The salient pole type rotor is used in the low and medium speed (from 120 to 400 RPM) alternators such as
those driven by the diesel engines or water turbines because of the following reasons −
 The construction of salient pole type rotor cannot be made strong enough to withstand the mechanical
stresses to which they may be subjected at higher speed.
 If the salient field pole type rotor is driven at high speed, then it would cause windage loss and would tend
to produce noise.
 Low speed rotors of the alternators possess a large diameter to provide the necessary space for the poles. As
a result, the salient pole type rotors have large diameter and short axial length.

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Cylindrical Rotor

 The cylindrical rotors are made from solid forgings of high-grade nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel.
 The construction of the cylindrical rotor is such that there are no-physical poles to be seen as in the salient
pole rotor.
 In about two-third of the outer periphery of the cylindrical rotor, slots are cut at regular intervals and parallel
to the rotor shaft.
 The field windings are placed in these slots and is excited by DC supply. The field winding is of distributed
type.
 The unspotted portion of the rotor forms the pole faces.
 It is clear from the figure of the cylindrical rotor that the poles formed are non-salient, i.e., they do not
project out from the rotor surface.
 The cylindrical type rotor construction is used in the high-speed (1500 to 3000 RPM) alternators such as
those driven by steam turbines because of the following reasons −
 The cylindrical type rotor construction provides a greater mechanical strength and permits more accurate
dynamic balancing.
 It gives noiseless operation at high speeds because of the uniform air gap.
 The flux distribution around the periphery of the rotor is nearly a sine wave and hence a better EMF
waveform is obtained.
 A cylindrical rotor alternator has a comparatively small diameter and long axial length. The cylindrical rotor
alternators are called turbo-alternators or turbo-generators. The alternators with cylindrical rotor have
always horizontal configuration installation.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR:

An alternator or synchronous generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, i.e., when the flux linking
a conductor changes, an EMF is induced in the conductor. When the armature winding of alternator subjected to the
rotating magnetic field, the voltage will be generated in the armature winding.

When the rotor field winding of the alternator is energized from the DC exciter, the alternate N and S poles are
developed on the rotor. When the rotor is rotated in the anticlockwise direction by a prime mover, the armature
conductors placed on the stator are cut by the magnetic field of the rotor poles. As a result, the EMF is induced in the
armature conductors due to electromagnetic induction. This induced EMF is alternating one because the N and S poles
of the rotor pass the armature conductors alternatively.

The direction of the generated EMF can be determined by the Fleming’s right rule and the frequency of it is
given by,

Where, Ns is the synchronous speed in RPM

P is the number of rotor poles.

The magnitude of the generated voltage depends upon the speed of rotation of the rotor and the DC field
excitation current. For the balanced condition, the generated voltage in each phase of the winding is the same but differ
in phase by 120° ELECTRICAL.

EMF EQUATION OF ALTERNATOR:The emf induced by the alternator or synchronous generator is three-phase
alternating in nature. Let us derive the mathematical equation of emf induced in the alternator.

Let,Z = number of conductors in series per phase.

Z = 2T, where T is the number of coils or turns per phase. One turn has two coil sides or conductor as shown in the
below diagram.

P=Number of poles.

f = frequency of induced emf in Hertz

Φ = flux per pole in webers.

Kp = pitch factor,

Kd = distribution factor,

Kf = Form factor

N = Speed of the rotor in rpm(revolutions per minute)

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N/60 = Speed of the rotor in revolutions per second.

Time taken by the rotor to complete one revolution,dt = 1/(N/60)= 60/N second Single turn coil

In one revolution of the rotor, the total flux Φ cut the by each conductor in the stator poles, dΦ = ΦP weber
By faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the emf induced is proportional to rate of change of flux

RMS value of EMF per phase = Form factor x Average value of induced emf = 1.11 x 4 Φ f T

RMS value of EMF per phase(E) = 4.44 Φ f T volts

The obtained above equation is the actual value of the induced emf for full pitched coil or concentrated coil.

However, the voltage equation gets modified because of the winding factors.

Eph=4.44 Kp Kd Φ f T Volts

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PITCH FACTOR: (Kp)

DISTRIBUTION FACTOR (Kd,)

Winding factor = Distribution factor (K d,) * pitch factor: (Kp)

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