TOEFL TEST
KODE SOAL
ETSA-V3
Section One
Listening Comprehension
1. (A) Drive the woman to the store. 8. (A) She’s studying for an accounting
(B) Move the woman’s car. exam.
(C) Get his car out of the woman’s way. (B) She’s been working in the library a
(D) Park his car in the driveway. lot.
(C) She’ll be going to the library after
2. (A) He agrees with the woman’s choice. her exams.
(B) He doesn’t want spicy food. (D) She has more exams than he does.
(C) He wants the salad to be fresh.
(D) Garlic is his favorite flavor. 9. (A) He’s already too hot.
(B) He hasn’t received a fuel bill yet.
3. (A) He’s not the one to blame. (C) He can’t afford to turn the heat up.
(B) Somebody just left. (D) He has no more sweaters.
(C) He has been looking for the key.
(D) Somebody is knocking at the door. 10. (A) Drive to work.
(B) Go to the golf course.
4. (A) Wipe the snow off his boots. (C) Try to fix the car.
(B) Turn on the radio. (D) Take care of himself.
(C) Unpack his suitcase.
(D) Take his boots with him. 11. (A) She probably won’t go to the dinner.
(B) She doesn’t know what time the
5. (A) She doesn’t think the news is bad. dinner is.
(B) She heard the news quite recently. (C) The dinner won’t last too long.
(C) She is the only one who has heard (D) It’s time that Arthur retired.
the news.
(D) She found the newspaper article 12. (A) He’ll telephone again at lunchtime.
earlier. (B) He didn’t have time for lunch.
(C) He had wanted to ask the woman
6. (A) She took a lot of photographs. out.
(B) She’d like to take many more (D) He didn’t have the woman’s phone
vacations. number.
(C) She missed taking many of the
pictures she wanted. 13. (A) He lives near the woman.
(D) She spent too much money on her (B) The woman should come to his
vacation. house.
(C) The woman should take today off.
7. (A) Driving would be cheaper than (D) He can’t keep their appointment.
taking the train.
(B) The train is faster than traveling by 14. (A) The bookshelf won’t fit in the
car. kitchen.
(C) They should cancel the trip. (B) The man will give the woman some
(D) It would be a good idea to start books.
driving early. (C) The woman will help the man soon.
(D) The man doesn’t know where to put
the bookshelf.
15. (A) Put a stamp on his letter. (D) Her laundry didn’t dry.
(B) Make his letter shorter.
(C) Keep working on the letter. 23. (A) The tutor wasn’t seriously hurt.
(D) Send the letter as it is. (B) She could tutor the man in math.
(C) It’s a good idea to get a tutor.
16. (A) He’s very hungry. (D) She’s sure Professor Anderson is a
(B) He doesn’t like fish. good tutor.
(C) He doesn’t have much appetite.
(D) He likes to eat most things. 24. (A) He doesn’t like the newspaper job.
(B) He isn’t enthusiastic about his job.
17. (A) Find a part-time job as a tutor. (C) He will leave his job if he’s not
(B) Meet him after work to study. promoted.
(C) Use her salary to pay the tuition. (D) His job is going well.
(D) Allow herself plenty of time for
studying. 25. (A) Laura probably spoke with Donald.
(B) He’ll give the message to Laura.
18. (A) She wanted the man to read the (C) He took a message for Laura.
book. (D) Laura wasn’t able to reach Donald.
(B) She no longer needed the book.
(C) She had been looking for the book. 26. (A) She promises to help the man learn
(D) She thought the man’s book was physics.
wonderful. (B) She can’t find the article she has to
read.
19. (A) She had a hard day yesterday. (C) She found the conclusions to be very
(B) She needs to make more coffee. promising.
(C) She drinks too much coffee. (D) She disagrees with the article’s
(D) She wasn’t able to see him logic.
yesterday.
27. (A) She doesn’t know much about
20. (A) He used insect spray to control the painting.
mosquitoes. (B) She should have started sooner.
(B) He was wearing short sleeves when (C) She ought to know when the class
he got bitten. begins.
(C) He finds working in the garden (D) She worries too much.
relaxing.
(D) Some plants in the garden irritated 28. (A) Learn more about caring for cats
his skin. before bringing one home.
(B) Choose a good name for the kitten.
21. (A) The audience seemed to like the (C) Give the cat away since he can’t
concert. keep it.
(B) She was satisfied with her seat. (D) Keep the kitten in his dorm room.
(C) More people attended the concert
than expected. 29. (A) They don’t usually get much mail.
(D) She was pleased to be asked to (B) They just moved to a new address.
perform. (C) They pick up their mail at the post
office.
22. (A) She got caught in the rain. (D) They are looking forward to
(B) She took the wrong bus. receiving the letter.
(C) Some tea spilled on her.
30. (A) He goes to every movie that comes 37. (A) Travel to that library to get it.
out. (B) Pay to use it.
(B) He would go with her to the movie. (C) Read it in the graduate school
(C) He had already seen the movie. library.
(D) He wasn’t going to go to the movie. (D) Order the material from the
publisher.
31. (A) The students needed off campus
jobs. 38. (A) Advice about landscaping.
(B) The theater department needed more (B) Hints about saving to buy a house.
talented students. (C) Photographs of the homes of famous
(C) The opera company was looking for people.
volunteers. (D) Plans for houses.
(D) The new dean thought it would
provide good experience for the 39. (A) Nineteenth-century American
students. painting.
(B) American architectural history.
32. (A) Work with an opera troupe. (C) Introduction to economics.
(B) Work part-time for the dean. (D) Eighteenth-century American
(C) Perform on the radio. society.
(D) Submit their suggestions to the dean.
40. (A) There was a shortage of architects.
33. (A) A good singing voice. (B) They included plans for elaborate
(B) A commitment to the project for two houses.
semesters. (C) Builders could not work without one.
(C) An academic concentration in theater (D) They were relatively inexpensive.
arts.
(D) A certain grade point average. 41. (A) People who restore old houses.
(B) People who sell houses.
34. (A) To choose a topic for a term paper. (C) People who design new houses.
(B) To type some research materials. (D) People who want to buy a house.
(C) To find material not available at the
main library. 42. (A) To study its geography.
(D) To learn to use the computers there. (B) To help at an archaeological dig.
(C) To take a vacation with friends.
35. (A) An analysis of early presidential (D) To do research for a physics project.
elections.
(B) A comparison of political journals. 43. (A) Its shape.
(C) The use of computers in calculating (B) Its size.
election results. (C) Its location.
(D) The impact of television on recent (D) Its brightness.
presidential elections.
44. (A) Smaller circles.
36. (A) It is quite general. (B) Bands of color.
(B) Most of the information he needs (C) "A large white disc.
will be found in newspapers. (D) Curved legs of light.
(C) She thinks he should change it.
(D) It should take a very short time to
find material on it.
45. (A) It had never been seen before. 49. (A) Practical experience.
(B) It was in the student’s imagination. (B) Extra income.
(C) It would stay there for days. (C) Course credit.
(D) It was fairly common. (D) Tuition reduction.
46. (A) A halo. 50. (A) It’s difficult to get to know one’s
(B) A sunspot. patients.
(C) A sun dog. (B) Income tends to be relatively low.
(D) A rainbow. (C) It’s difficult to gain the respect of the
community.
47. (A) Nursing students. (D) There is very little business for
(B) Undergraduate college students. specialists.
(C) The graduating class at a medical
school.
(D) First-year medical students.
48. (A) More people would apply to medical
school.
(B) Understaffed areas would gain more
physicians.
(C) Students would finish medical
school in three years.
(D) More students would enter specialty
areas.
Section Two
Structure and Written Expression
1. Andy Warhol was ------ in the Pop Art 6. A grass-eating, river-dwelling mammal,
movement who was known for his multi the hippopotamus ------ to the pig.
image silkscreen paintings.
(A) being related
(A) that one of a leading figure (B) is related
(B) a leading figure (C) relate
(C) leading figures (D) relating
(D) 'who leads figures
7. Woodrow Wilson ------ as governor of
2. Even with vast research, there is still a New Jersey before he was elected
great deal that is known about the President of the United States in 1912.
workings of the human brain.
(A) to have served
(A) neither (B) who has served
(B) none (C) serving
(C) no (D) served
(D) not
8 ------- fish in Great Salt Lake, but its
3 ------- the United States consists of many waters do contain small brine shrimp.
different immigrant groups, many
(A) Why no
sociologists believe there is a distinct
(B) No
national character.
(C) Not only
(A) In spite of (D) There are no
(B) Despite
(C) Even though 9. An etude is a short musical composition
(D) Whether written especially ------ a particular
technique.
4. Typically, ------- in meadows or damp
(A) enable students practicing
woods and bloom in the spring.
(B) enables students practicing
(A) wild violets grow (C) enable students to practice
(B) wild violets growth (D) to enable students to practice
(C) growing wild violets
(D) the growth of wild violets 10. Seldom ------games been of practical use
in playing real games.
5. The art works of Madlyn-Ann Woolwich
(A) theories of mathematics
are characterized by strong, dark colors
(B) theorized as mathematics
and fine attention to patterns of light-----
(C) has the mathematical theory of
-- the viewer’s eye.
(D) the mathematical theory has
(A) that attract
(B) when attracted
(C) which attraction
(D) attract to
11. The city of Kalamazoo, Michigan, 14. The United States consists of fifty states,
derives its name from a Native American —-— has its own government.
word ------ “bubbling springs.”
(A) each of which
(A) meant (B) each they
(B) meaning (C) they each
(C) that it meant (D) each of
(D) whose meaning
15. Though smaller than our solar system, a
12. Jet propulsion involves ------ of air and quasar, which looks like an ordinary star,
fuel, which forms a powerful exhaust. emits more light ------ galaxy.
(A) a mixture is ignited (A) than an entire
(B) to ignite a mixture (B) entirely as
(C) a mixture of igniting (C) that the entire
(D) the ignition of a mixture (D) entirely than
13. Salt is manufactured in quantities that
exceed those of most,------ , other
commercial chemicals.
(A) of all not
(B) not if all are
(C) are not all
(D) if not all
16. People usually wear clothing why two basic purposes — warmth and decoration.
A B C D
17. In 1890 Kate Hurd-Mead became medical director of the Bryn Mawr School for girls,
A B
one of a first schools in the United States to initiate a preventive health program.
C D
18. Superior to all others woods for shipbuilding, teak is also used for furniture, flooring, and
A B C D
general construction.
19. Weather is the transitory expression of climate that can change great from day to day or
A B C D
season to season.
20. Archaeological investigations indicate that control of fire is an extremely old technical
A B
attainment, though the time, place, and mode of his origin may never be learned.
C D
21. Paul Revere designing the metal plates on which the first paper money in the United
A B C D
States was printed.
22. It was after shortly microscopes were introduced at the beginning of the seventeenth
A B C
century that microorganisms were actually sighted.
D
23. Until the 1840’s, practically the only pioneers who had ventured to the western United
A B C
States were trappers and a little explorers.
D
24. Medical research indicates but large amounts of histamines can be responsible for colds,
A B C D
hay fever, and other respiratory reactions.
25. Yttrium is a silvery, metallic element used in the made of red phosphors for television
A B C D
picture tubes.
26. Tropical forests exist close the equator, where both high temperatures and abundant
A B C D
rainfall occur year-round.
27. The ease with which houseplants can grown causes them to be popular among amateur
A B C D
horticulturists.
28. Paintings of a religious, ceremonial, or history character tend to elevate their subjects
A B C
above the level of ordinary existence.
D
29. According to classical musical tradition, the term “sonata” is given to those works are
A B C
written for solo piano or for a solo wind or stringed instrument.
D
30. Precisely because photographs are produced by mechanical devices, a camera’s images
A B
now seem to some artists the perfect means for expression the modem era.
C D
31. The discovery of the magnetic effects of coils made possible to measure an electric current.
A B C D
32. Since the 1950’s the city of Baltimore has financed several major programs of urban
A B
renew, including rebuilding the Inner Harbor.
C D
33. For at least 4,000 years, Native American artists adorned rocks, cliff walls, and caves
A B
in the American Southwest with an amazing various of symbolic figures.
C D
34. Animal researchers have identified many behavioral patterns associated with selection
A B
a place to live, avoiding predators, and finding food.
C D
35. Average world temperatures have risen on half a degree Celsius since the mid-nineteenth
A B C D
century.
36. The plan connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie by a canal was first proposed in
A B C
the late eighteenth century.
D
37. Why certain plants contain alkaloids remains a mystery, although botanists have
A B C
formulated a number of theory to explain it.
D
38. Dimness of light will not harm the eyes any more than taking a photograph in dimly
A B C D
light can harm a camera.
39. Contemporary film directors, some of them write the scripts for, act in, and even produce
A B
their own motion pictures, are thereby assuming ever more control of their art.
C D
40. Petroleum it is composed of a complex mixture of hydrogen and carbon.
A B C D
Section Three
Reading Comprehension
Question 1 – 6
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had
taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function, and who thought of
buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic whole that
Line included the land, the community, and the society. In a very real way the houses of
(5) colonial New England and some of the southern plantations had been functional, but
Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the authoritative principle for
public as well as for domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple
in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such
(10) miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among
them the famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax
Company building in Racine, Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 2 is 4. The passage mentions that all of the
closest in meaning to which of the following structures were built by
following? Wright EXCEPT
(A) Taken seriously (A) factories
(B) Criticized (B) public buildings
(C) Memorized (C) offices
(D) Taken offence (D) southern plantations
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings 5. Which of the following statements best
differ from most of those built by earlier reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s
architects? architectural principles?
(A) They were built on a larger scale. (A) Beautiful design is more important
(B) Their materials came from the than utility.
southern United States. (B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be
(C) They looked more like private derived from traditional designs.
homes. (C) A building should fit into its
(D) Their designs were based on how surroundings.
they would be used. (D) The architecture of public buildings
does not need to be revolutionary.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple
because it
(A) was Wright’s first building
(B) influenced the architecture of
subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional
ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever
designed
Question 6 – 16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all directions with
little regard for any underlying terrain and those that are confined by terrain to a
particular path.
Line The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover whole
(5) continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000 square
kilometers of land covered with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When
portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean, they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the mountains
in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It was about 3
(10) kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are only two sheets
left on Earth, those covering Greenland and Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers less than
50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are rare nowadays,
there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the Queen Elizabeth
(15) Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and sizes
generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are typically identified
by the landform that controls their flow. One form of mountain glacier that resembles
an ice cap in that it flows outward in several directions is called an ice field. The
(20) difference between an ice field and an ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice
field is somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and thus does not have the domelike
shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell, St. Elias, and Chugach
mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of mountain
(25) glaciers: the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in depressions in the
surface of the land and have a characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers,
bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves around their comers, and falls over cliffs.
6. What does the passage mainly discuss? 8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so
named for which of the following
(A) Where major glaciers are located reasons?
(B) How glaciers shape the land
(C) How glaciers are formed (A) They are confined to mountain
(D) The different kinds of glaciers valleys.
(B) They cover large areas of land.
7. The word “massive” in line 4 is closest in (C) They are thicker in some areas than
meaning to in others.
(D) They have a characteristic circular
(A) huge shape.
(B) strange
(C) cold 9. According to the passage, ice shelves can
(D) recent be found
(A) covering an entire continent
(B) buried within the mountains
(C) spreading into the ocean
(D) filling deep valleys
10. According to the passage, where was the 14. The word “subtle” in line 20 is closest in
Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest? meaning to
(A) Alaska (A) slight
(B) Greenland (B) common
(C) Alberta (C) important
(D) Antarctica (D) measurable
11. The word “rare” in line 13 is closest in 15. All of the following are alpine glaciers
meaning to EXCEPT
(A) small (A) cirque glaciers
(B) unusual (B) ice caps
(C) valuable (C) valley glaciers
(D) widespread (D) ice fields
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), 16. Which of the following types of glaciers
ice fields resemble ice caps in which of does the author use to illustrate the two
the following ways? basic types of glaciers mentioned in line
1?
(A) Their shape
(B) Their flow (A) Ice fields and cirques
(C) Their texture (B) Cirques and alpine glaciers
(D) Their location (C) Ice sheets and ice shelves
(D) Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
13. The word “it” in line 19 refers to
(A) glacier
(B) cap
(C) difference
(D) terrain
Question 17 – 26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa
suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus robustus may
have made and used primitive tools long before the species became extinct 1 million
Line years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity’s
(5) direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its
successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of
South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940’s.
The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about
(10) 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and
two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones
from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a
(15) “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had previously been found
only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus robustus an opposable
thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers
also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same
layers of sediments.
(20) Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built— more “robust” in anthropological
terms— than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, and massive crushing
and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground
plant parts. They walked upright, which would have allowed them to carry and use
tools. Most experts had previously believed that Homo habilis were able to supplant
(25) Australopithecus robustus because the former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate
superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that
researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their
reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier
and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able to
make more sophisticated tools.
17. It can be inferred from the first 19. Which of the following does the author
paragraph that all of the following may mention as the most important recent
have made and used tools EXCEPT discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
(A) Australopithecus robustus (A) Tools
(B) Homo erectus (B) Teeth
(C) Homo habilis (C) Plant fossils
(D) Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors (D) Hand bones
18. The word “extensive” in line 10 is 20. What does the third paragraph mainly
closest in meaning to discuss?
(A) numerous (A) Features of Australopithecus
(B) exposed robustus’ hand
(C) ancient (B) Purposes for which hominids used
(D) valuable tools
(C) Methods used to determine the age 24. What does the author suggest is unclear
of fossils about Australopithecus robustus?
(D) Significant plant fossils found in
layers of sediment (A) Whether they used tools
(B) What they most likely ate
21. It can be inferred from the description in (C) Whether they are closely related to
the last paragraph that Australopithecus humans
robustus was so named because of the (D) Why they became extinct
species’
25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 28 is
(A) ancestors closest in meaning to
(B) thumb
(C) build (A) impact on
(D) diet (B) dependence on
(C) tolerance of
22. The word “supplant” in line 24 is closest (D) discovery of
in meaning to
26. Where in the passage does the author
(A) exploit mention the materials from which tools
(B) displace were made?
(C) understand
(D) imitate (A) Lines 9-11
(B) Lines 13-14
23. The word “them” in line 25 refers to (C) Lines 17-19
(D) Lines 23-24
(A) tools
(B) Homo habilis
(C) Australopithecus robustus
(D) experts
Question 27 – 38
The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These
hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most
dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there
Line remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy,
(5) pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused by
the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or
cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the
1920’s and 1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the
microbe hunters.
(10) In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was
essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or
another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with
energy for growth and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of
(15) hunters who are tracking genes— the blueprints for each of the enzymes— and are
discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseases— diabetes, cystic fibrosis.
These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify
and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for
the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for
(20) agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters
will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will
dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades
of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be
(25) neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the
functions of the brain; What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.
27. What is the main topic of the passage? (D) produced
(A) The microbe hunters 30. Which of the following can be cured by
(B) The potential of genetic engineering a change in diet?
(C) The progress of modem medical
research (A) Tuberculosis
(D) The discovery of enzymes (B) Cholera
(C) Cystic fibrosis
28. The word “which” in line 4 refers to (D) Pellagra
31. The word “strived” in line 10 is closest
(A) diseases in meaning to
(B) microbe
(C) cholera (A) failed
(D) diphtheria (B) tried
(C) experimented
29. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is (D) studied
closest in meaning to
(A) investigated
(B) blamed
(C) eliminated
32. How do vitamins influence health? 36. The author implies that the most
important medical research topic of the
(A) They are necessary for some future will be
enzymes to function.
(B) They protect the body from (A) the functions of the brain
microbes. (B) inherited diseases
(C) They keep food from spoiling. (C) the operation of vitamins
(D) They are broken down by cells to (D) the structure of genes
produce energy.
37. Which of the following best describes
33. In the third paragraph, the author the author’s tone in the last paragraph of
compares cells that have been the passage?
genetically altered by biotechnicians to
(A) Critical
(A) gardens (B) Speculative
(B) factories (C) Appreciative
(C) hunters (D) Emotional
(D) spotlights
38. With which of the following statements
34. The word “them” in line 18 refers to would the author be most likely to
agree?
(A) cells and plants
(B) hormones (A) The focus of medical research will
(C) genes change in the next two decades.
(D) gene hunters or genetic Engineers (B) Medical breakthroughs often depend
on luck.
35. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line (C) Medical research throughout the
24 is closest in meaning to twentieth century has
been dominated by microbe hunters.
(A) receive the most attention (D) Most diseases are caused by
(B) go the furthest defective genes.
(C) conquer territory
(D) lighten the load
Question 39 – 50
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources
that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials
that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer
Line goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil— the basic ingredients of
(5) industrial growth— were plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise,
organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth
of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the
United States looked like a spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting all important
(10) sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.
The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major
centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine
tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the
(15) nineteenth century— always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs.
The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered
the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the
increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the
new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand
(20) and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from
American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part
from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants
from eastern and southern Europe— most of whom were originally poor fanners but
(25) who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous
expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most
part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be
financed in their own “money market.”
39. What does the passage mainly discuss? 41. Why does the author mention “a
spider’s web” in line 9?
(A) The history of railroads in the
(C) Factors that affected industrialization (A) To emphasize the railroad’s
in the United States consumption of oil and coal
(D) The role of agriculture in the (B) To describe the complex structure of
nineteenth century United States the railway system
(B) The major United States industrial (C) To explain the problems brought on
centers by railway expansion
(D) To describe the difficulties involved
40. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is in the distribution of raw materials
closest in meaning to
42. The word “themselves” in line 12 refers
(A) minerals to
(B) products
(C) methods (A) sources
(D) components (B) centers
(C) railroads
(D) places
43. According to the passage, all of the 47. Which of the following is NOT true of
following were true of railroads in the United States farmers in the nineteenth
United States in the nineteenth century century?
EXCEPT that
(A) They lost some jobs because of
(A) they connected important industrial mechanization.
cities (B) They were unable to produce
(B) they were necessary to the sufficient food for urban areas.
industrialization process (C) They raised their productivity by
(C) they were expanded in a short time using new machinery.
(D) they used relatively small quantities (D) They sold food to European
of natural resources countries.
44. According to the passage, what was one 49. The word “ran” in line 21 is closest in
effect of the improvement of machine meaning to
tools?
(A) operated
(A) Lower manufacturing costs (B) hurried
(B) Better distribution of goods (C) constructed
(C) More efficient transportation of (D) owned
natural resources
(D) A reduction in industrial jobs 48. According to the passage, what did the
United States supply to European cities?
45. According to the passage, who were the
biggest consumers of manufactured (A) Machine tools
products? (B) Money
(C) Raw materials
(A) Railway workers (D) Agricultural produce
(B) Farmers
(C) City dwellers 50. Where in the passage does the author
(D) Europeans mention the financial aspect of industrial
expansion?
46. The word “nourished” in line 17 is (A) Lines 1-2
closest in meaning to (B) Lines 11-12
(C) Lines 19-20
(A) protected (D) Lines 25-28
(B) fed
(C) housed
(D) paid