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Model Exam AP -
Parvathy- Gold

([Link] ([Link]
id=[Link])
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1. A modern power semiconductor device IGBT combines the

characteristics of

A BJT and MOSFET

B FCT and GTO

C SCR and MOSFET

D SCR and BJT

Solution

IGBT incorporates the advantages of both BJT and MOSFET. BJT has
better ON state performance while the switching performance is poor. A
MOSFET has the advantages of higher commutation speed and better
switching performance. Thus IGBT possess both low conduction loss and
low switching losses.

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2. If the time delay of an AND gate is 3ns, delay of an OR gate is 2ns and
delay of a NOT gate is 1ns, what will be the total propagation delay for
the generation of sum output of half adder?

A 10 ns

B 8 ns

C 6 ns

D 4 ns

Solution

Sum output of Half Adder, S ¯ ¯

= A ⊕ B = A B + AB

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Here, A
¯
and B
¯
will produce simultaneously. Also A
¯
B and AB will
¯

produce simultaneously.

So, the total propagation delay = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6 ns

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3. Which winding will provide the higher emf for a D.C. generator when
the number of poles and the number of armature conductors are
fixed?

A Wave winding

B Lap winding

C Depends on other features of design

D Either of (A) and (B) above

Solution
ϕZN P
Emf for DC generator = 60A
Volts.
Where number of parallel paths,
A= 2 for wave winding
A= P for lap winding
Therefore, when Z and P are fixed emf is high for wave winding.

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4. Given autocorrelation equals r at time t = 0 , then Power Spectral

Density equals:

A r for all frequencies

r at f
B
= 0

C 2
r
for all frequencies

r
at f
D 2

= 0

Solution

PSD and autocorrelation are Fourier transform pairs . Fourier transform a

delta function in time domain is constant that spans frequency domain.

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5. For 4 bit parallel adder, what is the delay for producing result in terms
of t where t represents propagation delay of a single gate ?
pd pd

A tpd

B 2tpd

C 4tpd

D 8tpd

Solution

For n bit parallel adder, delay for producing result = 2nt pd where t pd

represents propagation delay of a single gate .

Hence delay = 8t pd

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6. The clipping level in op-amp is determined by

A AC supply voltage

B Reference voltage

C Control voltage

D Input voltage

Solution
The clipping level is determined by the reference voltage which should be
less than the input voltage range of an op-amp.

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7. Which of the statement is True about magnetron ?

A. Ordinarily operated mode in magnetron oscillator is π mode .

B. Total phase shift around magnetron cavity is π

A A

B B

C Both A and B

D None of the above

Solution
Total phase shift around magnetron cavity is an integral multiple of \(2\pi\)

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8. A DC shunt motor drives a load at rated voltage and excitation. If load

torque is doubled, the motor speed would

A increase slightly

B decrease slightly

C become double

D become half

Solution

For shunt motor \(\tau \ \alpha I_{a} \)

\(E_{b} = V - I_{a}R_{a} \rightarrow (1) \ and \ E_{b} \ \alpha \ N\)

Thus armature current is doubled when torque is doubled which reduces

back emf slightly as per equation 1

This slight reduction in back emf reduces the speed slightly

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9. What is the function of low pass filter in phase-locked loop?

A Removes high frequency noise

B Tracks the voltage changes

C Improves low frequency noise

D Changes the input frequency

Solution
The output voltage of a phase detector is a dc voltage and is often referred
to as error voltage. This output is applied to the low pass filter which
removes the high frequency noise and produces a dc level.

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10. A JFET has the disadvantage of

A noisy

B processing positive temperature coefficient

C having low input impedance

D having small gain-bandwidth product

Solution
FETs combine the many advantages of both BJTs and vacuum tubes.
Some of their advantages are high input impedance, small size, long
life, etc.
Disadvantages include small gain-bandwidth product and handling
damage.

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11. Optocouplers can be used to isolate __ circuits from higher power

circuits and to remove electrical noise from signals.

A Low-power

B High power

C Digital

D None of these

Solution

Optocouplers can be used to isolate low-power circuits from higher power

circuits and to remove electrical noise from signals. Optoisolators are most
suited to digital signals but can also be used to transfer analog signals.

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12. A 5-bit asynchronous binary counter is made up of five flip-flops,

each with a 12 ns propagation delay. The total propagation delay
(tp(total)) is

A 12 ms

B 24 ns

C 48 ns

D 60 ns

Solution

Since a counter is constructed using flip-flops, therefore, the propagation

delay in the counter occurs only due to the flip-flops. Each bit has
propagation delay = 12ns. So, for 5 bits = 12ns X 5 = 60ns.

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13. The equation used for experimental measurement of viscosity is

A Darcy equation

B Stokes equation

C Fanning equation

D Hagen Poiseuille equation

Solution
The derivation of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow in
straight, circular pipes is based on the following two assumptions:
The viscous property of fluid follows Newton’s law of viscosity.
There is no relative motion between fluid particles and solid
boundaries, that is, no slip of fluid particles at the solid boundary.
Hence option D is correct.

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14. Which among the following represents the condition of reciprocity for
transmission parameters?

A A=D

B AD-BC=1

C A=-D

D AD-BC=-1

Solution

ABCD parameters are called transmission parameter or chain

parameters. It is used for analysis of circuit.
A network is said to be reciprocal if the ratio of the response to the
excitation is invariant to an interchange of the positions of the
excitation and response of the network.
AD-BC=1
Generalized equation of the transmission parameters
\(V_1=AV_2+BI_2\)
\(I_1=CV_2+DI_2\)
When port 2 shorted
\(V_2=0,I_2=-I_2, V_1=V_s\)
So, \(\frac{-I_2}{V_s}=\frac 1B\)
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\(V_1=0,I_1=-I_1,V_2=V_s\)
\(-I_1=\frac{AD-BC}{B}V_s\)
From these two, we get
AD-BC=1

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15. Find the Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohms) across the load
terminals A-B.

A 10

B 15

C 20

D 25

Solution

To get Thevenin's equivalent resistance, short circuit voltage source

and open current source.
Then equivalent resistance \(R_{eq}= (2||(1+1))+3+2+4+5\\
=15\Omega\)

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16. What are the minimum number of 2- to -1 multiplexers required to

generate a 2- input AND gate and a 2- input Ex-OR gate?

A 1 and 2

B 1 and 3

C 1 and 1

D 2 and 2

Solution

2- input AND gate using 2- to -1 MUX is given by

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2- input Ex-OR gate using 2- to -1 MUX is given by;

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17. According to maximum power transfer theorem , when is the

maximum power absorbed by one network from another network?

A The impedence of one of the network is half of that of other.

B
The impedence of one of the network is the complex conjugate of other.

C The impedence of one of the network is equal to that of other.

D Only the resistive part of both are equal.

Solution

For maximum power transfer,

\(Z_L=Z_S^*\)
Where, \(Z_L=R_L+jX_L\) and \(Z_S=R_S+jX_S\)
\(R_L=R_S\) and \(X_L=-X_S\)

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18. For the linear circuit shown in figure I is the current flowing through
R.
V=20V when R=infinity. I=4A when R=0. Find the value of current I
when R=5ohm.

A 1A

B 2A

C 3A

D 4A

Solution

From the given data, \(V_{oc}=V_{R=\infty }=V_{Th}=20V\)

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\(I_{sc}=I_{R=0}=4A\)
\(R_{Th}=V/I=20/4=5\Omega\)
Thevenin's equivalent resistance will be in series to given
resistance(R=5)
Then Current I throgh R=20/(5+5)=2A

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19. Identify the feedback amplifier with small input impedance and large
output impedance

A Transconductance amplifier

B Voltage amplifier

C Current amplifier

D Transresistance amplifier

Solution

A Current amplifier is an electronic circuit that increases the magnitude of

current of an input signal by a fixed multiple, and feeds it to the
succeeding circuit/device. This process is termed as current amplification
of an input signal.

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20. Routh Hurwitz criterion cannot be applied when the characteristic

equation of the system containing coefficient’s which are

A Exponential function of s

B Sinusoidal function of s

C Complex

D Exponential and sinusoidal function of s and complex

Solution

Routh Hurwitz criterion cannot be applied when the characteristic equation

of the system containing coefficients which are exponential, sinusoidal and
complex function of s.

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21. Which one of the following is the TF of a linear system whose output
is \(t^2e^{-t}\) for a unit step input

A \(s/(s+1)^3\)

B \(2s/(s+1)^3\)

C \(1/s(s+1)\)

D \(2s/s(s+1)^2\)

Solution

\(r(t) = \:input = u(t); R(s) = 1/s\)

\(Output = t^2 e^{-t} ; Y(s) = \frac{2}{(s+1)^3}\)

\(TF = \frac{Y(s)}{R(s)} = \frac{2s}{(s+1)^3}\)

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22. Serial port of 8051 is

A Simplex

B Half duplex

C Full duplex

D None of these

Solution
A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of
two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one
another in both directions. In a full-duplex system, both parties can
communicate with each other simultaneously.
In an 8051, serial port can transmit and receive simultaneously.

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23. Which of the following stmnt is true about Von-Neumann

Architecture ?

A Uses one memory for both instructions and data

B Separate storage and separate buses for instruction and data

C
A computer system with two or more CPUs with each one sharing the common
main memory as well as peripherals

D None of the above

Solution

This architecture is proposed by john von-neumann.

The memory we have a single read/write memory available for
read and write instructions and data.
When we talk about memory, it is nothing but the single location
which is used for reading and writing instructions for the data and
instructions are also present in it.
Data and instructions are stored in a single read/write memory
within the computer system.

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24. Transient free conditions are possible only for

A AC Excitation

B DC Excitation

C Either A or B

D None of these

Solution

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25. The circuit shown consists of J-K flipflops, each with an active low
asynchronous reset (\(\bar R_d\) input). The counter corresponding
to this circuit is

A A modulo 5 binary up counter

B A modulo 6 binary down counter

C A modulo 5 binary down counter

D A modulo 6 binary up counter

Solution

All the flipflops are in toggle mode \(Q_{n+1}=\bar Q_n\)

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So for every clock pulse flipflop will change its state

Clock is connected to \(Q_0\) (LSB), sequence will be \
(Q_2Q_1Q_0\)
Q is connected to falling edge so its an n up counter.
NAND gate is connected to \(\bar R_d\) input reset
So when NAND output is zero, all flipflops will go back to reset
state. NAND output =0 when \(Q_2,Q_0=1,1\)
So \(Q_2Q_1Q_0=101\) or 111, in up counter 101 state occurs first.
So counter counts up 101, at the same moment it go to 000 state.
So total states we can see are from 000 to 100. Hence modulo 5 up
counter

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26. Gain of an antenna can be defined as the product of

A Radiation intensity in that direction and total radiated power

B Antenna efficiency and directivity

C Radiation intensity in that direction and average radiated power

D None of these

Solution
Gain of an antenna is given by:

G = \(\eta \:D\)
Where, \(\eta \:\rightarrow\) Antenna effieciency and D \
(\rightarrow\:\)Directivity

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27. The protocol used in TCP/IP for dynamic address assignment is :

A ARP

B RARP

C DHCP

D ICMP

Solution

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28. Which among the following is the reason for the depletion layer of the
tunnel diode to be very small?

A Dopants are high

B It’s used at very high-frequency ranges

C Uses positive conductance property

D Tunneling effect

Solution

The tunnel diode is also highly doped. Its doping concentration varies
within a small scale. So it's an abrupt diode. For these reasons, the
depletion region is small.

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29. Externally powered transducers are called\(\textit{___}\) transducers.

A Null

B Active

C Power

D Passive

Solution
The passive transducer produces a change in some passive electrical
quantity, such as capacitance, resistance, or inductance, as a result of
stimulation.
Passive transducers usually require additional electrical energy.

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30. The equivalent of common gate amplifier is given. If \(g_m\) is

transconductance of MOSFET, \(r_o\) is the internal small signal
output resistance, \(R_{in}\) is input resistance . Then find voltage
gain \(\frac{V_o}{V_s}\)?

A \(\frac{r_o+R_L}{r_o}\)

B \(\frac{R_{in}}{R_{in}+r_o}\)

C \(\frac{R_L}{R_s+R_{in}}\)

D \(\frac{R_{in}}{R_s+R_L}\)

Solution

Voltage gain \(A_v=\frac{V_o}{V_s}\)

\(A_v=\frac{I_0R_L}{I_{in}(R_s+R_{in})}\)
\(I_0\approx I_{in}\)
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Then \(A_v=\frac{R_L}{R_s+R_{in}}\)

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31. The GaAs tunnel diodes have

A Low peak voltage to valley point ratio

B High peak voltage to valley point ratio

C Lowest negative differential resistance

D Low tunnel current

Solution
Tunnel diode is a type of semiconductor diode that has effectively
"negative resistance" due to the quantum mechanical effect called
tunneling.
It can be used in oscillators and amplifiers.
Tunnel diodes are made from germanium or gallium arsenide due to
their highest peak voltage to valley point swing.

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32. What do phase shift oscillators, Wien bridge oscillators and Twin T
oscillators have in common?

A They use RC frequency control

B They use amplifier gain to overcome feedback loss

C They have sine output

D All of the above

Solution

The oscillators mentioned in question are RC low frequency

oscillators, hence all factors are common if η = 0.6
Hence option (D) is correct.

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33. Widely used type of ADC is ?

A Counter type

B Flash Type

C Successive Approximation Type

D Dual Slope Type

Solution
The SAR is fast, accurate and easy to make so its most widely used.

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34. The ADC with fixed conversion time ?

A SAR

B Counter Type

C Time-Interleaved

D Dual Slope

Solution
Option A is the correct answer.

The ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) with a fixed conversion

time is commonly known as a "Successive Approximation Register"
(SAR) ADC.
The SAR ADC is a type of ADC that uses a binary search algorithm
to convert an analog input signal into a digital output.

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35. In a weighted resistor DAC, the largest resistor value will correspond
to ?

A Bit \(2^{n}\)

B Bit n

C Bit \(2^{0}\)

D Bit 0

Solution

In a weighted resistor DAC, we use weighted resistors, the resistor weights

are set such that, the value of bit \(B_{n-1}\) is R, bit \(B_{n-2}\) is 2R
and bit \(B_{0}\) is \(2^{n-1}\) R. So the largest value of resistance will
correspond to bit 0 or \(B_{0}\).

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36. For a typical long transmission lines the characteristic impedance is

A Inductive in nature along with resistive component

B Capacitive in nature along with resistive component

C Resistive innature

D
Can be either inductive, capacitive or resistive depending on the length of
transmission line

Solution

A transmission line of finite length (lossless or lossy) that is

terminated at one end with an impedance.
The impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance appears to
the source like an infinitely long transmission line.
They produces no reflections.

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38. The DTFT(Discrete Time Fourier Transform) of a discrete time

signal is periodic with period :

A 2\(\pi\)

B \(\pi\)

C \(\infty\)

D None of the above

Solution

DTFT generates a continuous spectrum. Due to discrete-time nature of the

original signal, the DTFT is preiodic with period 2\(\pi\).

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39. Which of the following is /are advantage/s of Pulse code modulation?

A
Interconnection is possible between radio links, switching center with out
decoding

B Simple circuitary

C Requires small band width

D All of the above

Solution

ADVANTAGES

Minimum noise interference

Easy to generate
Less expensive
Interconnection is possible between radio links, switching center
without decoding.
Optical waveguide used

Disadvantages

Requires complex circuitry

Requires large bandwidth
Inter symbol interference is present
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40. A system with open loop transfer function 4/s(s+2) has an order of :

A 4

B 2

C 1

D 0

Solution
The order of the system is defined by the number of independent energy
storage elements in the system, and intuitively by the highest order of the
linear differential equation that describes the system.

In a transfer function representation, the order is the highest exponent in

the transfer function.,Here highest exponent is [Link] 2nd order system.

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41. A system whose damping ratio is 0.99 will be an ---------- system.

A Critically damped

B Undamped

C Overdamped

D Underdamped

Solution
The damping ratio is a dimensionless measure describing how oscillations
in a system decay after a disturbance. Many systems exhibit oscillatory
behavior when they are disturbed from their position of static equilibrium

The damping ratio is a system parameter, denoted by ζ (zeta), that can vary
from undamped (ζ = 0), underdamped (ζ < 1) through critically damped (ζ
= 1) to overdamped (ζ > 1).

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42. The steady state error for a type 1 system with unit step input is :

A 1/1+Kp

B 1/Kp

C 1

D 0

Solution
The steady state error for different inputs is given by:

input Type-0 Type1 Type-2

Unit step 1/1+Kp 0 0

Unit ramp \( \infty \) 1/\( K_{v} \) 0

Unit parabolic \( \infty \) \( \infty \) 1/\( K_{a} \)

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43. With reference to error analysis of control systems, the term

“acceleration error constant” stands for

A Ramp error constant

B Parabolic error constant

C Step error constant

D Position error constant

Solution

Acceleration error constant is a measure of the steady-state error of the

system when the input is parabolic function.

Velocity error constant is a measure of the steady-state error of the system

when the input is ramp function.

Type of input: Input: r(t)

Parabolic: A.u(t).t2/2

Ramp: A.t.u(t)

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44. In an LED the entire process of data reception, shifting, latching and
decoding are synchronized and controlled by a -------.

A FPGA display control module

B Clock

C Shift register

D m- line decoder

Solution

FPGA contains a buffer memory which temporarily saves and shifts

the input image data to the controller in synchronisation with the
clock.
Display controller received data from buffer memory. Voltage level
that is pixel extraction, binary coded Modulation and
synchronisation are controlled by the display controller.
The clock signal shifts the pixel value given by data input for a row
in the shift register.
When one row is completed the latch signal shifts it through the
parallel output to the particular row whose address is decoded by
decoder.
In an LED the entire process of data reception, shifting, latching and
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control module.

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45. What is the amplitude of the displacement current density inside a

typical metallic conductor where f = 1kHz , \( \sigma = 5 \times
10^{7} \) mho/m , \( \varepsilon_{r} \) = 1 and the conduction current
density is \( \bar{J} = 10^{7} sin(6283t -444z) \)\( \hat{a_{x}} \)\(
A/m^{2} \) .

A 11 \( nA/m^{2} \)

B 5.5 \( pA/m^{2} \)

C 6.5 \( \mu A/m^{2} \)

D 2.3 \( mA/m^{2} \)

Solution

\( \bar{J} \) =\( \sigma \bar{E} \)

\( \Rightarrow \)\( \bar{E} \) = \( \frac{\bar{J} }{\sigma} \)
\( \bar{J_{d}} \) = \( \varepsilon_{0}\varepsilon_{r} \)\(
\frac{\partial \bar{E} }{\partial t} \) =\( \frac{
\varepsilon_{0}\varepsilon_{r}}{ \sigma} \)\( \frac{\partial \bar{J}
}{\partial t} \) <br> =\( \frac{\varepsilon_{0}}{ 5 \times 10^{7} }
\times 10^{7} \times 6283 cos(6283t -444z) \)\( \hat{a_{x}} \) <br>
= \( 11.126cos(6283t -444z) \hat{a_{x}} \) \( nA/m^{2} \)
Hence amplitude is 11.126 \( nA/m^{2} \)

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46. The amplitude of a random signal is uniformly distributed between -5

V and 5 [Link] the signal to quantization noise ratio required in
uniformly quantizing the signal is 43.5 dB, the step of the
quantization is approximately

A 0.033 V

B 0.05 V

C 0.0667 V

D 0.10 V

Solution

\(SNR=1.76+6n\)
\(43.5=1.76+6n\)
\(6n=43.5-1.76\Rightarrow n=7\)
No. of quantization level is \(2^{7}=128\)
Step size required is \(\frac{V_{H}-V_{L}}{128}=\frac{5-(-5)}
{128}\approx 0.0667\)

Hence option (c) is correct answer.

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47. The electron and hole concentrations in an intrinsic semiconductor

are \( n_{i} \) and \( p_{i} \) [Link] doped with a p-type
material,these change to n and p [Link]

A \( n + p = n_{i} + p_{i} \)

B \( n + n_{i} = p + p_{i} \)

C \( n \times p = n_{i} \times p_{i} \)

D \( n \times p_{i} = n_{i} \times p \)

Solution

Intrinsic carrier concentration are \( n_{i} = p_{i} \)

According to mass action law \( n \times p = n_{i}^{2} \)
\( n \times p = n_{i} \times p_{i} \)

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48. Which of the following is true for TEM wave in rectangular

waveguides?

A
Waves propagate along the axis of the guide with E/H completely transverse to
the axis of the guide

B
Waves propagate along the axis of the guide with E/H fields that are in all
possible directions between the guide walls

C
Waves propagate in all possible directions and have E/H field lines in all possible
directions between the guide walls

D None of these

Solution

EM wave cannot propagate in Rectangular waveguide.

The longitudinal transmission of electromagnetic waves through a
rectangular waveguide leads to waves reflecting from the conducting
walls.
The total reflection inside the rectangular waveguide results in either
an electric field or magnetic field component in the direction of
propagation.
So all the three statements are wrong.

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49. Using the incremental low frequency small-signal model of the MOS
device, the Norton equivalent resistance of the following circuit is

A \( \frac{r_{ds} + R}{1 + g_{m}r_{ds}} \)

B \( r_{ds} + R + g_{m}r_{ds}R \)

C \( r_{ds} + \frac{1}{g_{m}} + R \)

D \( r_{ds} + R \)

Solution

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\( V_{x} = - v_{gs} \) \( \cdots(1) \)

\( R_{in} = \frac{V_{x}}{I_{x}}\) \( \cdots(2) \)
Applying KCL at node “S” we get \( I_{x} + i_{d} = 0 \) \( \cdots(3)
\)
Apply KVL around loop (1) we get \( i_{d} = \frac{-V_{x}(1 +
g_{m}r_{ds})}{r_{ds} + R} \)
Substituting “i_{d}” in equation (3) we get
\( R_{in} = \frac{r_{ds} + R}{1 + g_{m}r_{ds}} \)

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50. Statement 1: For radar system, antennas with a large beam width are
preferred over narrow beam antennas.

Statement 2: Narrow beam antennas give more accurate position of

the objects.

A Both statements are correct

B Both statements are wrong

C Only statement 1 is correct

D Only statement 2 is correct

Solution

If a narrow beam width antenna is used in radar, the target’s direction can
be accurately given by the angular position of the antenna. Hence narrow
beam antennas give more accurate position of the objects.

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51. Consider a scalar magnetic potential , \( V_{m} = 2 x^{2} + 4x -

2y^{2}A \) in a certain region of free space . Then the vector force
exerted on a straight wire segment in the region if it extends from
origin to point (1,0,0) and carries 5A in the \( \hat{a_{x}} \) direction

A Zero

B \( 5\mu N \)

C \( 5N \)

D \( 20\mu N \)

Solution

\( \bar{H} = -\bar{\bigtriangledown}V_{m} \)
=\( \left \lfloor -(4x+4)\hat{a_{x}}+ (4y)\hat{a_{y}}\right \rfloor \)\
( A/m \)
\( \bar{H} = \left \lfloor -(4x+4)\hat{a_{x}}+ (4y)\hat{a_{y}}\right
\rfloor \)\( A/m \)
\( \bar{B} = 4\mu_{0} \left \lfloor -(x+1)\hat{a_{x}}+
y\hat{a_{y}}\right \rfloor Wb/m^{2}\)
\( \bar{dF} = I \bar{dL}\times \bar{B}\)
\( \bar{dL} = dx \hat{a_{x}} \)
\( \bar{dF} = (5 dx \hat{a_{x}} )\times 4\mu_{0} \left \lfloor -

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(x+1)\hat{a_{x}}+ y\hat{a_{y}}\right \rfloor \)
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\( = 20 \mu_{0} dx y \hat{a_{z}}\)
\(\therefore\: F = \int \bar{dF} = \int_{0}^{1} 20 \mu_{0} y
\hat{a_{z}} dx| y = 0 \)

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52. If energy is taken from AC side of the inverter and sends it back to
the DC side then it is known as

A Motoring mode operation

B Braking mode operation

C Regenerative mode operation

D None of these

Solution

If energy is taken from AC side of the inverter and sends it back to the DC
side then it is known as regenerative mode operation

In the regeneration inverter mode, it can recycle regeneration energy

generated by decelerating traction

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53. What are the different ways to classify an Intrusion Detection System
(IDS) ?

A Zone based IDS

B Host and Network based IDS

C Network and Zone based IDS

D Level based IDS

Solution

An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a network security

technology originally built for detecting vulnerability exploits
against a target application or computer.
A network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) detects
malicious traffic on a network. NIDS usually require promiscuous
network access in order to analyze all traffic, including all unicast
traffic.
A host-based IDS is an intrusion detection system that monitors the
computer infrastructure on which it is installed, analyzing traffic and
logging malicious behavior. An HIDS gives you deep visibility into
what's happening on your critical security systems.

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54. Which sublayer of the data link layer performs data link functions
that depend upon the type of medium?

A Logical link control sublayer

B Media access control sublayer

C Network interface control sublayer

D Error control sublayer

Solution

Media access control (MAC) deals with transmission of data packets

to and from the network-interface card, and also to and from another
remotely shared channel.
The MAC sublayer also prevents collision using protocols like
CSMA/CD.

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55. In the IPv4 addressing format, the number of networks allowed

under Class C addresses is

A \( 2^{14} \)

B \( 2^{7} \)

C \( 2^{21} \)

D \( 2^{24} \)

Solution

For class C address, size of network field is 24 bits.

The higher order bits of the first octet of IP addresses of class C are
always set to 110.
The remaining 21 bits are used to determine network ID.
So, number of networks allowed under class C= \( 2^{21} \)

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56. S1: The MOSFET combines the areas of field effect & MOS
technology
S2: MOSFET is a voltage controlled device.

A Both S1 and S2 are CORRECT

B Both S1 and S2 are WRONG

C S1 is CORRECT, but S2 is WRONG

D S2 is CORRECT, but S1 is WRONG

Solution

A power MOSFET is a specific type of metal–oxide–semiconductor

field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designed to handle significant
power levels.
The design of power MOSFETs was made possible by the evolution
of MOSFET and CMOS technology, used for manufacturing
integrated circuits since the 1960s.

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57. In a venturimeter the flow is 0.15\(m^3/s\) when the differential

pressure is 81kN/m\(^2\). What is the flow when the differential
pressure is 225kN/m\(^2\)?

A 1.25\(m^3/s\)

B 2.15\(m^3/s\)

C 0.25\(m^3/s\)

D 0.50\(m^3/s\)

Solution

We have the relation, \(Q\alpha \sqrt{\Delta P}\)

From this, \(\frac{Q_1}{Q_2}=\frac{\sqrt{\Delta P_1}}
{\sqrt{\Delta P_2}}\)
We have, \(Q_1=0.15m^3/s,\Delta P_1=81kN/m^2,\Delta
P_2=225kN/m^2\)
Substituting all this values, \(Q_2=0.25m^3/s\)

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58. If G(s)=\( \frac{K}{s(s+1)} \),What are the angles of the asymptotes

for the root loci?

A \( 45^0 ,90^0\)

B \( 90^0 ,180^0\)

C \( 180^0 ,270^0\)

D \( 90^0 ,270^0\)

Solution

Angle of Asymptotes=\( \frac{(2q+1)180^0}{P-Z} \)

Here P - Z = 2
\( \therefore \) For q = 0,1.
Angles are \( 90^0 ,270^0 \)

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59. When the gain margin is positive and phase margin is negative,the
system is \( \textit{..........} \)

A Stable

B Unstable

C Oscillatory

D Highly stable

Solution

Gain margin GM is defined as the negative of the magnitude in dB,

at phase cross over frequency.
Phase Margin of a system is defined as: PM = 180° + \( ϕ_{gc} \)
The stability of the control system is based on the relation between
gain margin and phase margin as:

Gain Margin (GM) Phase Margin (PM) Nature

Positive Positive Stable

Zero Zero Marginally Stable

Negative Negative Unstable

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Gain Margin (GM) Phase Margin (PM) Nature

Positive Negative Untable

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60. The following circuit implements a two-input AND gate using two
2−1 multiplexers.

What are the values of X\( _{1} \),X\( _{2} \),X\( _{3} \)?

A X\( _{1} \) = b, X\( _{2} \) = 0, X\( _{3} \) = a

B X\( _{1} \) = b, X\( _{2} \) = 1, X\( _{3} \) = b

C X\( _{1} \) = a, X\( _{2} \) = b, X\( _{3} \) = 1

D X\( _{1} \) = a, X\( _{2} \) = 0, X\( _{3} \) = b

Solution
f = X\( _{3} \) (\( \bar{X _{3} } \) b + X\( _{1} \) a) + \( \bar{X
_{3} } \) X\( _{2} \)

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f = a(\( \bar{b} \).b + b a) + \( \bar{a} \) . 0 = a.b

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61. Which of the following mapping technique will provide simpler

hardware, simple instruction set and provides all addressing modes?

(i) Memory mapped I/O

(ii) Isolated I/O

A (i) only

B (ii) only

C Both (i) and (ii)

D Neither (i) nor (ii)

Solution

Memory mapped I/O provides

Simple hardware
Simple instruction set
All address modes available.

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62. Match List 1(semiconductor parameters) with List 2 (Physical

process) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists.

List 1 List 2

A. Impurity Concentration 1. Recombination

B. Carrier mobility 2. Band to Band transistion

C. Carrier lifetime 3. Scattering

D. Intrinsic carrier concentration 4. Ion implantation

A A-3,B-4,C-2,D-1

B A-4,B-3,C-2,D-1

C A-3,B-4,C-1,D-2

D A-4,B-3,C-1,D-2

Solution

(a) Impurity concentration is added in the process of ion-implantation by

adding dopants.

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(b) When the temperature increases lattice vibrations increases, so the free
\( e^{-} \) present in crystal collides with atoms and mobility of carriers
changes. This is called scattering mechanism.

(c) When the carrier moves freely, after it's life time it falls from
conduction band and recombination takes place.

(d) When the temperature increases, band to band transition takes place
and electron hole pairs generated which is known as intrinsic carrier
concentration.

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63. Which parameter is unity for unit impulse signal?

A Area

B Amplitude

C Frequency

D Time period

Solution
The area under unit impulse function is unity. It can be seen as a
rectangular puse with width is negligible and the height is infinitely
large and area as one.

It is defined between limits negative infinity to positive infinity with

\( \delta(t)dt=1 \).

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64. Quantity flowmeters are also called as

A Cubic meter

B Volumetric meter

C Acceleration meter

D Area meter

Solution
A flow meter is a device used to measure the volume or mass of a
gas or liquid.
Flow meters are referred to by many names, such as flow gauge,
flow indicator, liquid meter, flow rate sensor, etc. depending on the
particular industry.
They are used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or volumetric flow
rate of a liquid or a gas.

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65. Ridged waveguides are advantageous over rectangular waveguides in

their:

A Attenuation

B Cost

C Easy of construction

D Ability to work at lower frequency

Solution

Ridged Waveguides tend to have a lower impedance and wider

bandwidth in their fundamental mode when compared to regular
rectangular waveguides.
They also have a lower cut-off frequency and have lower power
handling capabilities.
They offer higher bandwidth in comparison to the conventional
waveguides.

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66. Find the even component of the signal, x(t)=cost+sint+costsint+\

(sin^2\)t

A cost+sint

B sint+cost+(\(\frac{1+cos2t}{2}\))

C cost+sintcost

D cost+\(\frac{1-cos2t}{2}\)

Solution

We know that, \(x_e(t)=\frac{x(t)+x(-t)}{2}\)

\(x_e(t)\)=cost+\(sin^2t\)
We know, \(sin^2t=\frac{1-cos2t}{2}\)
\(x_e(t)=cost+(\frac{1-cos2t}{2}\))

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67. In \(\textit{_______}\) system, the output depends upon future input

also

A Causal

B Non-causal

C Both A and B

D None of the above

Solution

A causal system is one whose output depends only on the present

and the past inputs.
A noncausal system's output depends on the future inputs.
In a sense, a noncausal system is just the opposite of one that has
memory.

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68. A DC-DC buck converter operates in continuous conduction mode. It

has 48 V input voltage and it feeds a resistive load of 24 Ω. The
switching frequency of the converter is 250 Hz. If switch-on duration
is 1 ms, the load power is

A 6W

B 12W

C 24W

D 48W

Solution

\(V_s=48V, R=24\Omega,f_s=250Hz,T_{ON}=DT=1ms\)
Time period \(T=\frac 1{f_s}=4ms\)
Duty cycle \(D=\frac{T_{ON}}T=\frac14\)
Output voltage \(V_o=DV_s=12V\)
Output current \(I_o=\frac {V_o}R=0.5A\)
Power \(P=V_oI_o=6W\)

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69. Consider the following statements for dynamic characteristics of a

measurement system:

1. Fidelity is defined as the degree to which a measurement system

indicates changes in the measured quantity without any
dynamic error.
2. Dynamic error is the difference between the true value of the
quantity changing with time and the value indicated by the
measurement system if no static error is assumed.
3. Measuring lag is the retardation in the response of a
measurement system to changes in the measured quantity.

Which of the above statements are correct?

A A and B

B A and C

C A ,B and C

D B and C

Solution

Fidelity:- It is defined as the ability of system to reproduce the

output in the same form as input.
It is the degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in
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70. Which of the following transducer is used for displacement

measurement?

A Hall effect transducer

B Piezo electric transducer

C Encoder

D All of the above.

Solution

Hall Effect transducers can be used to measure linear and angular

displacement and magnetic field.
Physical quantities like mechanical stress or force can be measured
directly by using a piezoelectric transducer.
The encoder is also called rotary transducer. Rotary sensors are used
in all areas of industry.

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71. When both inputs of JK flipflops are high, the output will \
(\textit{__}\).

A Invalid

B Change

C Not change

D Toggle

Solution

In JK flipflop when both inputs are high the output toggles ie,it
changes from high to low and low to high periodically when both
inputs are high.
Jk flipflop is the most widely used flipflop.
the sequencial operation of the JK flipflop is same as for the SR
flipflop with the same SET and RESET input.
The Jk flipflop does not the invalid state of the SR flipflop when
both inputs are high.

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72. A 3 bit ripple counter is constructed using three T flipflops to do the

binary counting .The three flipflops have T inputs fixed at \
(\textit{__}\).

A 0,0 and 1

B 1,0 and 1

C 0,1 and 1

D 1,1 and 1

Solution

Ripple counter is designed to do the binary counting either in up or

down mode.
In this counter ,flipflops are working under toggle mode,to perform
the counting.
The input of every flipflop is set to logic 1 such that the output of
every flipflop toggles the next flipflop whenever the clock is
applied.
Asynchronuous counter is used for frequency division.

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73. For a DT sequence x[n] = {3, 4, 2, 1), the value of following

convolution will be y(n)= x(n-1) * x( n+1)

A {9, 24, 28, 22, 12, 4, 1}

B (1, 4, 12, 22, 28, 24, 9)

C {3, 10, 22, 30, 22, 10, 3}

D {5,6,7,8,7,6,5}

Solution

With respect to time shifting property, convolution of (x(n-1),

x(n+1))= convolution of (x(n) x(n))
So perform the convolution of given sequence with itself
Result is {9, 24, 28, 22, 12, 4, 1}

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74. The migration of charge carriers from higher density to lower density
is called \(\textit{__}\).

A Drift current

B Diffusion current

C Applied elecrtric field current

D None of the above

Solution

Diffusion is a natural phenomenon.

Diffusion is mainly due to the concentration gradient and is always
negative.
Diffusion current is calculated by I= -q \( D_{p} \ \frac{dp}{dx} \)

Where \( D_{p} \) is hole diffusion current and q is the charge.

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75. If 3nA is the reverse current of a silicon diode at \( 25^{o} \)c. what
will be the typical reverse current at \( 45^{0} \)c ?

A 3 nA

B 6 nA

C 9 nA

D 12 nA

Solution

The reverse saturation current of the diode increases with a increase

in the temperature.
If the reverse saturation current is \( I_{01} \) at temperature \(
T_{1} \) and \( I_{02} \) at temperature \( T_{2} \) then

\( I_{02} \) = \( I_{01} \ \times \) \( 2^{(T_{2} - T_{1})/10} \) .

Given \( I_{01} \) = 3 nA at \( T_{1} \) = \( 25^{0}c \) At \( T _{2}

\) = \( 45^{0} \) the reverse saturation current will be

\( I_{02} \)= 3 \( \times \) \( 2^{(45 - 25)/10} \) =12 n A.

Reverse saturation current is a part of reverse current in a

semiconductor diode caused by diffusion of minority carriers from
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76. In computer Architecture, ISA stands for?

A INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE

B INSTRUCTION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

C INFORMATION SET ARCHITECTURE

D INFORMATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Solution
An Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is part of the abstract model of
a computer that defines how the CPU is controlled by the software.
The ISA acts as an interface between the hardware and the software,
specifying both what the processor is capable of doing as well as
how it gets done.

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77. Which is the force balancing equation of a mass element (where x =

displacement) ?

A M \( \frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial t^2} \)

B M \( \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} \ \)

C M \( \times \)X

D Any of the above

Solution

Consider an ideal mass element [Link] a force be appplied on it.

The mass will offer an oppsing force which is propotional to
accelaration of the body.
Let ,f = applied force , \( f_{m} \) = opposing force due to mass

Here, \( f_{m} \) \( \propto \) \( \frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial t^2} \), \(

f_{m} \) = M \( \frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial t^2} \) By Newton's
second law f = \( f_{m} \) = M \( \frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial t^2} \)

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78. The output of a linear system to a unit step input u(t) is \( t^{2}
e^{-2t} \). The system function H(s) is?

A \( \frac{2s}{(s+2)^3} \)

B \( \frac{2s}{(s+2)^2} \)

C \( \frac{s}{(s+2)^3} \)

D \( \frac{2s}{(s)^3} \)

Solution

\( X(s)=\frac{1}{s} \)
\( Y(s) = \frac{2}{(s+2)^3} \)
H(s)=\( \frac{Y(s)}{X(s)} \)
So H(s)=\( \frac{2s}{(s+2)^3} \)

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79. Measurement of thermodynamic property temperature is based upon

A Zeroth law of thermodynamics

B First law of thermodynamics

C Second law of thermodynamics

D None of the above

Solution
Zeroth law of thermodynamics:
When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with body B , and also
seperately with Body C, then B and C will be in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
It is the basic law which defines the concept of temperature.

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80. If a mechanical system consist of two mass elements then the number
of differential equation governing the system is \(\textit{__}\).

A 2

B 4

C 3

D 1

Solution

Translational mechanical systems move along a straight line.

It consist of three basic elements,they are mss,spring and dash pot.
If a force is applied to a mechanical translational system, then it is
opposed by opposing force due to mass ,elasticity and friction of the
system.

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81. The input given to an ideal OP-AMP integrator circuit is

The correct output of the integrator circuit is :

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Solution

An integrator is basically an inverting amplifier where we replace

feedback resistor with a capacitor of suitable value.
Output of the integrator \(V_0=\frac{-1}{RC}\int V_i dt\)

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The op-amp integrator circuit is:

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82. In a h-parameter model of BJT, the input and output sections are
modelled as?

A Voltage sources

B Current sources

C Input section as current source and output section as voltage source

D Input section as voltage source and output section as current source

Solution

H parameters encapsulate all the important linear characteristics of

the circuit, so they are very useful for simulation purposes.

A h-parameter model of BJT, Input section as current source and

output section as voltage source

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83. Manometers are normally limited to measurement of differential

pressure \(\textit{___}\)

A Greater than 30 psi

B Less than 30 psi

C Greater than 50 psi

D Less than 0.3 psi

Solution

Manometers are the simpler, most direct and most accurate of all
pressure measuring means.
Normally limited to measurement of differential pressure less than
30 psi.
Liquid column manometer is the commonly used type.

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84. 16 bit registers of 8051 microcontroller:

A Program counter

B Data pointer

C Register A

D Both A and B

Solution
8051 microcontroller has two 16 bit registers DPTR and PC.

Program counter (PC): The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte

address which tells the 8051 where the next instruction to execute is
found in memory. It is used to hold 16 bit address of internal RAM,
external RAM or external ROM locations. When the 8051 is
initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time
an instruction is executed.

Data pointer register (DTPR): It is a 16 bit register used to hold

address of external or internal RAM where data is stored or result is
to be stored. It is used to store 16 bit data. It is divided into2- 8bit
registers, DPH-data pointer higher order and DPL-data pointer lower

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order. Each register can be used as general purpose register to store

8 bit data and can also be used as memory location. DPTR does not
have single internal address

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85. Stability factor of voltage divider bias is :

A \(\beta+1\)

B \(\frac{\beta+1}{1+\beta(\frac{R_{E}}{{R_{E}+R_{TH}}})}\)

C \(\beta\)

D None of these

Solution
Stability factor of voltage divider bias is \(S = \frac{\beta+1}
{1+\beta(\frac{R_{E}}{{R_{E}+R_{TH}}})}\)
It is independent of collector resistance.
Stability factor is least for voltage divider bias.

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86. Which of the following addressing modes are suitable for program
relocation at run time ?

(i) Absolute addressing

(ii) Based addressing

(iii) Relative addressing

(iv) Indirect addressing

A (i) and (iv)

B (i) and (ii)

C (ii) and (iii)

D (i), (ii) and (iv)

Solution

Program relocation at run time transfer complete block to some

memory locations.
This requires as base address and block should be relatively
addressed through this base address.
This require both base address and relative address. So( C) is correct
option.

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Absolute addressing mode and indirect addressing modes is used for

one instruction at one time, not for whole block.
So both are not suitable for program relocation at run time.

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87. Find the current through \(5\Omega\) resistance in network given

below

A 15A, B TO A

B 5A, A TO B

C 5A, B TO A

D 15A, A TO B

Solution

From A to B
\(I_{1}=\frac{5}{1}=5A\)
\(I_{2}=10A\)
Total=10+5=15A
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From B to A,
15A should pass through \(5\Omega\) resistor.

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88. The main difference between a CISC and a RISC processor is/are
that a CISC processor has \(----\).

A A smaller number of micro instructions

B Fixed length instruction format

C Fewer addressing modes

D Less registers.

Solution

CISC has large number of micro instructions, variable length of

instruction format and larger number of addressing modes.
In RISC, all operations are done within registers of CPU.
Therefore, number of registers needed in RISC is more then CISC.

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89. The vector potential at the position defined by the vector \(\vec{r}\) in
a uniform magnetic field is?

A \(\vec{A}= \vec{B}\times \vec{r}\)

B \(\vec{A}= 3(\vec{R}\times \vec{B})\)

C \(\vec{A}= \frac{1}{6}(\vec{B}\times \vec{r})\)

D \(\vec{A}= \frac{1}{2}(\vec{B}\times \vec{r})\)

Solution

Magnetic vector potential (often called A) is the vector quantity

defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field.

\(\vec{A}= \bigtriangledown\times \vec{B}\)

The vector potential at the position defined by the vector \(\vec{r}\)

in a uniform magnetic field is obtained as;

\(\vec{A}= \frac{1}{2}(\vec{B}\times \vec{r})\)

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90. If X(z) is the z transform of x(n)with ROC R, then z transform of n

x(n) is

A \( -z \frac{d X(z)}{dz} \) with ROC = R

B \( \frac{ X(z)}{z} \) with ROC = R

C \( -z \frac{d X(z)}{dz} \) with ROC = R/z

D None of the above

Solution

If X(z) is the z transform of x(n)with ROC R, then according to

differentiation in Z domain property
Z transform of n x(n) is \( -z \frac{d X(z)}{dz} \) with ROC = R
Option A is correct

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91. Find inverse Z transform of

\( X(z)= 1+z^{-1} \)

A \( x[n]=δ[n]+δ[n−1] \)

B \( x[n]=u[n]+u[n−1] \)

C \( x[n]=2δ[n] \)

D \( x[n]=δ[n]+δ[n+1] \)

Solution

Given \( X(z)= 1+z^{-1} \)

Finding inverse z transform of individual terms
\( x[n]=δ[n]+δ[n−1] \)

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92. Choose the correct answer for IoT.

A Network of physical objects embedded with sensors

B Network of virtual objects

C Network of objects in the ring structure

D Network of sensors

Solution
The Internet of things describes physical objects with sensors,
processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and
exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or
other communications networks.
In simple terms, the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the digitally
connected universe of smart devices
The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as
gain complete control over their lives.
software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

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93. Which of the following statements is/are true?

1. Power electronic devices are highly reliable.

2. Power electronic devices are operated in saturation and cut off.
3. Power electronic devices are used for amplification

A 1 and 2

B 2 and 3

C 1 and 3

D All of these

Solution

Power electronic devices are operated in saturation and cut off

regions where analog electronic devices are used for amplification
purpose.
Power electronic devices are highly reliable and efficient .
It has fast response and long life .

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94. The matched filter receiver is a \( \textit{______} \) receiver.

A Linear time invariant

B Linear time variant

C Both A and B

D None of the Above

Solution
The matched filter receiver is a linear time invariant receiver.
A filter generates an output to maximize the output peak power ratio
to mean noise power within its frequency response then it is called a
matched filter.
In telecommunications, it is the optimal linear filter used to increase
the SNR or signal-to-noise ratio in the existence of additive
stochastic noise.
The matched filter maximizes the SNR of the filtered signal and has
an impulse response that is reverse time-shifted version of the input
signal.

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96. Consider the following statements regarding Carbon Nanotubes:

1. Carbon nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of carbon,

having a diameter measuring on the micrometer scale.
2. Carbon Nanotube (CNT) textiles have been developed that
exhibit high electrical conductivity and a level of toughness
about 50 times higher than copper films, currently being used
in electronics.
3. CNTs are at least 100 times stronger and 6 times heavier than
steel and hence are used to strengthen many materials.

Which among the above statements is/are incorrect?

A 2 only

B 1 and 2 only

C 1 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3

Solution

Carbon nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of carbon, having

a diameter measuring on the nanometre scale. Hence statement 1 is
incorrect.
Researchers have developed thin Carbon Nanotube (CNT) textiles
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about 50 times higher than copper films, currently being used in

electronics. Statement 2 is correct
CNTs are at least 100 times stronger than steel, but only one-sixth
as heavy, This makes carbon nanotube fibres ideal for strengthenig
almost any material.

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97. Consider the following statements with reference to Neural Networks.

1. Neural networks mimic human/animal brains with the use of

data.
2. Deep networks are the neural networks used for deep learning
algorithms.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A 1 only

B 2 only

C Both 1 and 2

D Neither 1 nor 2

Solution

Option C is the correct answer.

Neuron is the building block of the brain and it inspired computer

scientists from the 1950s to make a computer perform tasks like a
brain does.
A neural network is a series of algorithms that endeavours to
recognize underlying relationships in a set of data through a process
that mimics the way the human/animal brain operates.
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In this sense, neural networks refer to systems of neurons, either

organic or artificial in nature.
As such, they tend to resemble the connections of neurons and
synapses found in the brain.
Neural networks with several process layers are known as "deep"
networks and are used for deep learning algorithms.
They are used in a variety of applications in financial services,
from forecasting and marketing research to fraud detection
and risk assessment.

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98. Let the signal \(x(t) =10cos (10.5Wt)\) is passed through an LTI
system having impulse response \(h(t) = \pi (\frac{sin Wt}{\pi
t})^{2}cos(10 W t)\). The output of the system is

A \((\frac{15W}{4})cos (10.5Wt)\)

B \((\frac{15W}{2})cos (10.5Wt)\)

C \((\frac{15W}{8})cos (10.5Wt)\)

D \((15W)cos (10.5Wt)\)

Solution

h(t) is real and even.

When sinusoidal signal apply to LTI system having real and even
impulse response, then output will also be sinusoidal.
\(y(t) = H(W)|_{W = 10.5 W} . 10cos (10.5Wt)\)
\(h(t) =f(t)cos(10 W t)\)
\(f(t) = \pi (\frac{sin Wt}{\pi t})^{2}\)

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In frequency domain f(t) can be represent as \(F(W)\) by taking its

fourier transform.

\(H(W) = \frac{1}{2}[F(W + 10W)+F(W-10W)]\)

At \(W = 10.5W, H(W) = \frac{3}{8}W\)

\(y(t) = \frac{3}{8}W.10cos (10.5Wt) = \frac{15}{4}Wcos
(10.5Wt)\)

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99. Let an input x[n] having discrete time Fourier transform \

(X(e^{j\Omega}) = 1 - e^{-j\Omega} + 2e^{-3j\Omega}\) be passed
through an LTI system. The frequency response of the LTI system is \
(H(e^{j\Omega}) = 1 - \frac{1}{ 2}e^{-2j\Omega}\). The output y[n] of
the system is

A
\(\delta[n] + \delta[n-1] - \frac{1}{2}\delta[n-2] - \frac{5}{2}\delta[n-3]+
\delta[n-5]\)

B
\(\delta[n] - \delta[n-1] - \frac{1}{2}\delta[n-2] - \frac{5}{2}\delta[n-3]+
\delta[n-5]\)

C
\(\delta[n] - \delta[n-1] - \frac{1}{2}\delta[n-2] + \frac{5}{2}\delta[n-3]-
\delta[n-5]\)

D
\(\delta[n] + \delta[n-1] + \frac{1}{2}\delta[n-2] +\frac{5}{2}\delta[n-3]+
\delta[n-5]\)

Solution

\(y[n] = x[n] * h[n]\)

\(Y(e^{j\Omega}) = X(e^{j\Omega})H(e^{j\Omega}) = [1 - e^{-
j\Omega} + 2e^{-3j\Omega}].[1 - \frac{1}{ 2}e^{-2j\Omega}] = 1 -
e^{-j\Omega} + 2e^{-3j\Omega} - \frac{1}{ 2}e^{-2j\Omega} +
\frac{1}{ 2}e^{-3j\Omega} - e^{-5j\Omega} = 1 - e^{-j\Omega}-
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\frac{1}{ 2}e^{-2j\Omega}+ \frac{5}{ 2}e^{-3j\Omega} -

e^{-5j\Omega} \)
Taking IDTFT, \(y[n] = \delta[n] - \delta[n-1] - \frac{1}{2}\delta[n-
2] + \frac{5}{2}\delta[n-3]- \delta[n-5]\)

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100. d'Arsonval meter is an example of:

A Recording instruments

B Indicating instrument

C Null type instrument

D Non linear instrument

Solution
Indicating instruments are instruments which measure analog
electrical quantities.
The measurand is converted into a proportional deflecting torqu
which moves a pointer over a dial.
A controlling torque provided by a spring type mechanism balances
and holds the pointer at the position corresponding to the deflecting
force.
The d'Arsonval meter is a PMMC instrument and hence it comes
under the category of indicating instruments.

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