Multi-Winding Transformer

Implement multi-winding transformer with taps

Library

Simscape / Electrical / Specialized Power Systems / Power Grid Elements

Description

The Multi-Winding Transformer block implements a transformer where the number of

windings can be specified for both the primary (left side windings) and the secondary (right
.side windings)

The equivalent circuit of the Multi-Winding Transformer block is similar to the one of the

Linear Transformer blocks and the saturation characteristic of the core can be specified or
not. See the Saturable Transformer block reference pages for more details on how the
.saturation and the hysteresis characteristic are implemented

The equivalent circuit of a Multi-Windings Transformer block with two primary windings and
.three secondary windings is shown in the next figure
You can add equally spaced taps to the first primary winding (the upper-left winding) or to
the first secondary winding (the upper-right winding). The equivalent circuit of a Multi-
Winding Transformer block with one primary winding and eight taps on the first of the two
.secondary windings is shown in the next figure

The winding terminals are identified by the corresponding winding number. The first winding
is the first one on the primary side (upper-left side) and the last winding is the last one on
the secondary side (bottom-right side). The polarities of the windings are defined by a plus
.sign

The tap terminals are identified by their winding number followed by a dot character and
the tap number. Taps are equally spaced so that voltage appearing at no load between two
consecutive taps is equal to the total voltage of the winding divided by (number of taps +1).
The total winding resistance and leakage inductance of a tapped winding is equally
.distributed along the taps

Parameters

Configuration Tab

Number of windings on left side

Specifies the number of windings on the primary side (left side) of the transformer. Default
.is 1

Number of windings on right side

Specifies the number of windings on the secondary side (right side) of the transformer.
.Default is 3

Tapped winding
Select no taps (default) if you don't want to add taps to the transformer. Select taps on
upper left winding to add taps to the first winding on the primary side of the transformer.
Select taps on upper right winding to add taps to the secondary winding on the right side of
the transformer. The number of taps is specified by the Number of taps (equally
.spaced) parameter

Number of taps (equally spaced)

This parameter is not enabled if the Tapped winding parameter is set to no taps. Default
.is 2

If theTapped winding parameter is set to taps on upper left winding, you specify the number
.of taps to add to the first winding on the left side

If theTapped winding parameter is set to taps on upper right winding, you specify the
.number of taps to add to the first winding on the right side

Saturable core

If selected, implements a saturable transformer. See also the Saturation

.characteristic parameter on the Parameters tab. Default is cleared

Simulate hysteresis

Select to model hysteresis saturation characteristic instead of a single-valued saturation

curve. This parameter is enabled only if the Saturable core parameter is selected. Default is
.cleared

Hysteresis Mat file

The Hysteresis Mat file parameter is enabled only if the Simulate hysteresis parameter is

.selected

Specify a .mat file containing the data to be used for the hysteresis model. When you open
the Hysteresis Design Tool of the Powergui, the default hysteresis loop and parameters
saved in the [Link] file are displayed. Use the Load button of the Hysteresis Design
tool to load another .mat file. Use the Save button of the Hysteresis Design tool to save your
.model in a new .mat file

Measurements

Select Winding voltages to measure the voltage across the winding terminals of the
.Saturable Transformer block

Select Winding currents to measure the current flowing through the windings of the
.Saturable Transformer block

Select Flux and excitation current (Im + IRm) to measure the flux linkage, in volt seconds
.(V.s), and the total excitation current including iron losses modeled by Rm

Select Flux and magnetization current (Im) to measure the flux linkage, in volt seconds (V.s),
.and the magnetization current, in amperes (A), not including iron losses modeled by Rm

Select All measurement (V, I, Flux) to measure the winding voltages, currents, magnetization
.currents, and the flux linkage
 .Default is None

Place a Multimeter block in your model to display the selected measurements during the
.simulation

In the Available Measurements list box of the Multimeter block, the measurements are

.identified by a label followed by the block name

Label Measurement

:U_LeftWinding_1 Winding voltages

:U_TapWinding_2.1:U_RightWinding_1

:I_LeftWinding_1 Winding currents

:I_TapWinding_2.1:I_RightWinding_1

:Iexc Excitation current

:Imag Magnetization current

:Flux Flux linkage

Parameters Tab

Units

Specify the units used to enter the parameters of the Multi-Winding Transformer block.
Select pu to use per unit. Select SI to use SI units. Changing the Units parameter
from pu to SI, or from SI to pu, will automatically convert the parameters displayed in the
mask of the block. The per unit conversion is based on the transformer rated power Pn in
VA, nominal frequency fn in Hz, and nominal voltage Vn, in Vrms, of the windings. Default
.is pu

Nominal power and frequency

The nominal power rating, in volt-amperes (VA), and nominal frequency, in hertz (Hz), of the
transformer. Note that the nominal parameters have no impact on the transformer model
.when the Units parameter is set to SI. Default is [75e3 60]

Winding nominal voltages

Specify a vector containing the nominal RMS voltages, in Vrms, of the windings on the left
side, followed by the nominal RMS voltages of the windings on the right side. You don't have
.to specify the individual tap nominal voltages. Default is [ 14400 120 120 120 ]

Winding resistances

Specify a vector containing the resistance values of the windings on the left side, followed by
the resistance values of the windings on the right side. You don't have to specify the
individual tap resistances. Default is [ 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005] when the Units parameter
.is pu and [13.824 0.00096 0.00096 0.00096] when the Units parameter is SI

Winding leakage inductances

Specify a vector containing the leakage inductance values of the windings on the left side,
followed by the leakage inductance values of windings on the right side. You don't have to
specify the individual tap leakage inductances. Default is [ 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 ] when
the Units parameter is pu and [0.14668 1.0186e-05 1.0186e-05 1.0186e-05] when
.the Units parameter is SI

Magnetization resistance Rm

The magnetization resistance Rm, in ohms or in pu. Default is 50 when the Units parameter

.is pu and 1.3824e+05 when the Units parameter is SI

Magnetization inductance Lm

The Magnetization inductance Lm parameter is not accessible if the Saturable

.core parameter on the Configuration tab is selected

The magnetization inductance Lm, in Henry or in pu, for a nonsaturable core. Default
.is 50 when the Units parameter is pu and 366.69 when the Units parameter is SI

Saturation characteristic

This parameter is accessible only if the Saturation core parameter on the Configuration tab

.is selected

The saturation characteristic for the saturable core. Specify a series of current/ flux pairs (in
pu) starting with the pair (0,0). Default is [ 0,0 ; 0.0024,1.2 ; 1.0,1.52 ] when
the Units parameter is pu and [0 0;0.017678 64.823;7.3657 82.109] when
.the Units parameter is SI

Advanced Tab

The Advanced tab of the block is not visible when you set the Simulation type parameter of
the powergui block to Continuous, or when you select the Automatically handle discrete
solver parameter of the powergui block. The tab is visible when you set the Simulation type
parameter of the powergui block to Discrete, and when the Automatically handle discrete
.solver parameter of the powergui block is cleared

Break Algebraic loop in discrete saturation model

When selected, a delay is inserted at the output of the saturation model computing
magnetization current as a function of flux linkage (the integral of input voltage computed
by a trapezoidal method). This delay eliminates the algebraic loop resulting from trapezoidal
discretization methods and speeds up the simulation of the model. However, the delay
introduces a one simulation step time delay in the model and can cause numerical
oscillations if the sample time is too large. The algebraic loop is required in most cases to get
.an accurate solution

When cleared (default), the discretization method of the saturation model is specified by
.the Discrete solver model parameter

Discrete solver model

.Select one of these methods to resolve the algebraic loop

Trapezoidal iterative—Although this method produces correct results, it is not 
®
recommended because Simulink  tends to slow down and may fail to converge
(simulation stops), especially when the number of saturable transformers is
increased. Also, because of the Simulink algebraic loop constraint, this method
cannot be used in real time. In R2018b and previous releases, you used this method
.when the Break Algebraic loop in discrete saturation model parameter was cleared

Trapezoidal robust—This method is slightly more accurate than the Backward Euler 

robust method. However, it may produce slightly damped numerical oscillations on
.transformer voltages when the transformer is at no load

Backward Euler robust—This method provides good accuracy and prevents 

.oscillations when the transformer is at no load

The maximum number of iterations for the robust methods is specified in

the Preferences tab of the powergui block, in the Solver details for nonlinear
elements section. For real time applications, you may need to limit the number of iterations.
Usually, limiting the number of iterations to 2 produces acceptable results. The two robust
solvers are the recommended methods for discretizing the saturation model of the
.transformer

For more information on what method to use in your application, see Simulating Discretized
.Electrical Systems

Examples

The power_OLTCregtransformer example uses three Multi-Winding Transformer blocks to

.implement a three-phase On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformer

Introduced before R2006a

 ================================================================

Mutual Inductance

Implement inductances with mutual coupling

Library

Simscape / Electrical / Specialized Power Systems / Passives

Description

The Mutual Inductance block can be used to model two- or three-windings inductances with

equal mutual coupling, or to model a generalized multi-windings mutual inductance with
.balanced or unbalanced mutual coupling

If you choose to model two- or three-windings inductances with equal mutual coupling, you
specify the self-resistance and inductance of each winding plus the mutual resistance and
:inductance. The electrical model for this block in this case is given below

If you choose to model a general mutual inductance, specify the number of self-windings
(not just limited to 2 or 3 windings) plus the resistance and inductance matrices that define
.the mutual coupling relationship between the windings (balanced or not)

Equations

The resistance and inductance matrices are defined as

R=[R1RmRmR2]

and

,L=[L1LmLmL2]
:where

.R is the resistance 

.R1 is the self-resistance of resistor R1 

.R2 is the self-resistance of resistor R2 

.Rm is the mutual resistance, such that Rm<R1 and Rm<R2 

.L is the inductance 

.L1 is the self-inductance of inductor L1 

.L2 is the self-inductance of inductor L2 

Lm is the mutual inductance, such that Lm≤GL1⋅L2 

Parameters

:Two or Three Windings Inductances with Equal Mutual Coupling

Type of mutual inductance

Select Two or Three windings with equal mutual terms to implement a three-phase mutual
.inductance with equal mutual coupling between the windings. This is the default

Winding 1 self impedance

The self-resistance and inductance for winding 1, in ohms (Ω) and henries (H). Default is [1.1
.1.1e-03]

Winding 2 self impedance

The self-resistance and inductance for winding 2, in ohms (Ω) and henries (H). Default is [ 1.1
.1.1e-03]

Three windings Mutual Inductance

If selected, implements three coupled windings; otherwise, it implements two coupled

.windings. Default is cleared

Winding 3 self impedance

The Winding 3 self impedance parameter is not available if the Three windings Mutual

Inductance parameter is not selected. The self-resistance and inductance in ohms (Ω) and
.henries (H) for winding 3. Default is [ 1.1 1.1e-03]

Mutual impedance

The mutual resistance and inductance between windings, in ohms (Ω) and henries (H). The
mutual resistance and inductance corresponds to the magnetizing resistance and inductance
on the standard transformer circuit diagram. If the mutual resistance and reactance are set
to [0 0], the block implements three separate inductances with no mutual coupling. Default
.is [1.0 1.0e-03]

The mutual inductance can be expressed as a relationship between two self inductances as
,Lm = k*sqrt(L1*L2)

.where k is the coupling coefficient (−1 ≤ k ≤ 1)

Measurements

.Select Winding voltages to measure the voltage across the winding terminals

.Select Winding currents to measure the current flowing through the windings

.Select Winding voltages and currents to measure the winding voltages and currents

.Default is None

Place a Multimeter block in your model to display the selected measurements during the
.simulation

:Generalized Mutual Inductance

Type of mutual inductance

Select Generalized mutual inductance to implement a multi windings mutual inductance

.with mutual coupling defined by an inductance and a resistance matrix

Number of windings

.The number of self inductances. Default is 3

Inductance matrix L

The inductance matrix, in Henrys, that define the mutual coupling relationship between the
self windings. It must be a N-by-N symmetrical matrix. Default is [1.0 0.9 0.9 ; 0.9 1.0 0.9; 0.9
.0.9 1.0 ] * 1e-3

Resistance matrix R

The resistance matrix, in ohms, that define the mutual coupling relationship between the
self windings. It must be a N-by-N symmetrical matrix. Default is [1.0 0.9 0.9 ; 0.9 1.0 0.9; 0.9
. 0.9 1.0 ]

Measurements

.Select Winding voltages to measure the voltage across the winding terminals

.Select Winding currents to measure the current flowing through the windings

.Select Winding voltages and currents to measure the winding voltages and currents

.Default is None

Place a Multimeter block in your model to display the selected measurements during the
.simulation

In the Available Measurements list box of the Multimeter block, the measurements are

.identified by a label followed by the block name
 Label Measurement

:Uw1 Winding voltages

:Iw1 Winding currents

Limitations

If you choose to model two or three windings inductances with equal mutual coupling, the
:following restrictions apply

.R1, R2, ..., RN ≠ RmL1, L2, ..., LN≠ Lm

Negative values are allowed for the self- and mutual inductances as long as the self-
.inductances are different from the mutual inductance

Windings can be left floating (not connected by an impedance to the rest of the circuit).
However an internal resistor between the floating winding and the main circuit is
automatically added. This internal connection does not affect voltage and current
.measurements

Examples

The power_mutual example uses three coupled windings to inject a third harmonic voltage

.into a circuit fed at 60 Hz

See Also

Linear Transformer, Saturable Transformer, Three-Phase Mutual Inductance Z1-Z0

Introduced before R2006a