NAVIGATION

1. With reference to the figure below, the symbol appearing on a South African
1:1000000 aeronautical chart indicates:

23°W

a. An isogonal

2. Runway 03 in use, surface wind 090/20. The crosswind component is

a. 17kts

3. Overhead HEIDELBERG VOR (HGV), (S26°42’ E028°18’), en route DURBAN

INTERNATIONAL (S29°58’ E030°58’), TAS 120kts, W/V 100/15. The mean magnetic
heading to steer is:
a. 160° (M)

4. A practical method used to reduce the effects of convergency when measuring

bearings on a Lambert’s Conformal Conic Chart is to:
a. Measure the bearing at the mid meridian

5. Airfield elevation 2800ft, QNH 1023. The pressure altitude is:

a. 2500ft

6. An aircraft is flying from Alpha to Bravo, total distance 96nm. After flying for 40nm a fix
is obtained which places the aircraft 3nm right of the track. The track error is:
a. 4.5°

7. Runway 25 in use, surface wind 190/15. The crosswind component is:

a. 13kts

8. An aeronautical chart which portrays the earth’s feature with a little distortion, is
known as:
a. Orthomorphic

9. On Lambert’s Conformal Conic Projection:

a. The scale is only correct at the standard parallels

[Link] aircraft is flying from Alpha to Bravo. After flying for 45nm, the aircraft is 4nm left
of track. The track error is:
a. 5.3°

[Link] airspeed(TAS) is:

a. RAS corrected for temperature and altitude
[Link] 90kts, W/V 355/20, Track 145° (T). The drift is:
a. 6° right

[Link] aircraft in the southern hemisphere is to maintain a constant heading of 360° (M)
using a magnetic compass. If the airspeed is decreased the compass would:
a. Continue to show the same heading

[Link]:
a. Is greater at high latitudes than it is at lower latitudes

[Link] scale of a chart is expressed as 15cm to 25nm. As a representative fraction, this is:
a. 1:308833

[Link] reference for the measurement of longitude is:

a. Greenwich meridian

[Link] aircraft in the southern hemisphere is to maintain a constant heading of 270° (M)
on a magnetic compass. If the aircraft’s airspeed is decreased, the compass would:
a. Show an apparent turn to the north

[Link] aircraft is flying from COOKHOUSE NDB (S32°45’ E025°49’) to GEORGE (S34°00’
E022°23’), drift 10°R. The relative bearing required from the COOKHOUSE NDB to
maintain the track is:
a. 192°

[Link] a chart constructed using Lambert’s Conformal Conic projection, a rhumb line
track:
a. Will always cut every meridian at the same angle

20.W/V 290/15, TAS 90kts, Track 320° (T). The drift is:
a. 5° right

[Link] scale on a Lambert’s Conformal Conic Projection is correct:

a. Only at the standard parallels

[Link] is defined as:

a. Being 15 minutes before the start of official night

23.W/V 290/15, TAS 90kts, Track 320° (T). The ground speed is:
a. 77kts

[Link] elevation 1850ft, QNH 1008. The pressure altitude is:

a. 2000ft
[Link] the term Orthomorphic is applied to an aeronautical chart, it means that:
a. Meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude cut each other at 90°

[Link] 225° (T), drift 5° right, TAS

[Link] aircraft is flying from A 32°E in an easterly direction to B 38°E along the 18°S
parallel. The aircraft:
a. Is flying along a rhumb line track

[Link] a visual fix at S26°20’ E021°15’ at 0925UTC an aircraft flied direct to

KEETMANSHOOP (S26°32’ E018°17’) TAS 120, tailwind 12kts. The ETA for
KEETMANSHOOP is:
a. 1042UTC

[Link] reference to the figure below, appearing on a South African 1: 1000 000
aeronautical chart. The dotted box outline around the aerodrome name means:

a. It is a customs aerodrome

[Link] 29 in use, surface wind 040/15. The aircraft would have a :

a. 5kt tailwind

[Link] official day ends at 1910, the time of sunset is:

a. 1855

[Link] distance between A (S20° E035° and B S17° E035°) is:

a. 180nm

[Link] the local mean time at airfield A, longitude E018°45’ is 0818 then, if both positions
are in South Africa, the time, UTC, at airfield B, longitude E021°45’ will be:
a. 0630 UTC

[Link] a chart constructed using Lambert’s Conformal conic projection:

a. Meridian lines are straight lines that converge towards the nearer pole
[Link] meridians shown on a Lambert’s conformal conic projection will appear as:
a. Straight lines which converge towards the nearer pole

[Link] Lambert’s conformal conic projection is created by:

a. Using a paper cone which cuts the imaginary earth at two different parallels of
latitude

[Link] aircraft inbound to DURBAN INTERNATIONAL DNV obtains a fix at 40 DME, radial
013 DNV and diverts to RICHARDS BAY. The true track required is:
a. 064° (T)

38.W/V 290/15, TAS 90kts, track 320° (T). The heading is:
a. 315° (T)

[Link] aircraft maintaining FL065, TAs 100kts, GS 95kts, Heading 230° (M), Track 200° (T),
variation 23°W. The W/V is:
a. 271/13

[Link] 90kts, W/V 355/20, Track 145° (T). The drift is:
a. 6°right

[Link] aircraft with a TAS of 110kts flies from A to B, distance 148nm, in 1hr14mins. The
TAS required to fly from B back to A in 1hr 20mins is:
a. 121kts

[Link] aircraft on a cross country flight is to maintain a heading of 290° (M). From the
figures extracted from the compass correction card in the figure below, the compass
heading to steer is:
FOR °(M) STEER °(C)
270 270
315 311
a. 288° (C)

[Link] reference to the figure below, the symbol appearing on a South African
1:1000000 aeronautical chart indicates:

a. A joint civil and military aerodrome

[Link] Welkom, at 0840 UTC en route to UPINGTON. At 0930 UTC a fix is obtained
with radial 040KMV and radial 109UCV. The ETA for UPINGTON is:
a. 1114 UTC

[Link] reference to the figure below, appearing on a South African 1:1000000

aeronautical chart, the length of the longest runway is:

a. 2900 metres

[Link] 148nm, TAS 100kts, headwind 8kts, fuel flow 6.8USG/hr. The trip fuel is:
a. 11USG

[Link] 225deg (T), Drift 6deg left, Variation 21deg W. The magnetic heading to steer is:
a. 252deg (M)

48.A line joining places of equal variation is called:

a. An isogonal

[Link] aircraft is en route from A to B, distance 130 nm, track 278deg (T), mean variation
23deg W. After flying for 92nm a fix places the aircraft 5nm right of track. The new
magnetic track from the fix to B is:
a. 293deg (M)

50.W/V 290/15, TAS 90kts, Track 320 deg(T). The Ground Speed is:
a. 77kts

[Link] reference to the figure below, the symbol appearing on a South African
1:1000000 aeronautical chart indicates:

a. A civilian aerodrome
[Link] the time of sunrise is given as 0535, official day begins at:
a. 0520

[Link] aircraft is flying from A (32deg E) in a Westerly direction to B (12deg W) along the
equator. The aircraft:
a. Flying a great circle as well as rhumb line track

[Link] reference to the figure given below, the symbol appearing on a South African
1:1000000 aeronautical chart indicates:

a. A safety altitude which includes terrain clearance of 1000ft

[Link] the local mean time at an airfield A longitude E028 30 is 1428, then the local mean
time at airfield B, longitude E021 30 will be:
a. 1400

[Link] Airspeed (RAS) or Calibrated Airspeed(CAS) is:

a. IAS corrected for instrument and position error

[Link] of longitude are half of a:

a. Great circle and are measured up to 180deg east and to the west of prime
meridian

[Link] aircraft is overhead HEIDELBERG en route to KIMBERLEY heading 230deg (T). At

1237 UTC a fix is obtained with a relative bearing of 230 KROONSTAD NDB and radial
014 WMV. From this fix the true track to KIMBERLEY is:
a. 232deg (T)

[Link] regard to the following, the correct statement is:

a. The equator is both rhumb line and great circle

[Link] turning errors occur in an aircraft:

a. Only when turning through northerly or southerly headings\

[Link] time A to B = 1 hr 15 minutes, Fuel Flow 7.3USG/hr. The trip fuel is:
a. 9.1 USG
[Link] 110kts, W/V 155/15, Track 085deg (T). The drift is:
a. 7deg left

[Link] is defined as being:

a. The angle between two adjacent meridians

64.W/V 245/15, Hdg 195deg (T), ground speed 91kts, headwind 9kts. The track is:
a. 188deg (T)

[Link] altitude 5000ft, temperature ISA+23deg C. The density altitude is:

a. 7760ft

[Link] referring to the direction on the earth, the quadrantal points are:
a. North east, south east, north west, south west

[Link] the earth:

a. The meridian of longitude is both a great circle and a rhumb line

[Link] reference to the symbol below on a South African 1:1000000 aeronautical chart,
indicates:

a. A military aerodrome

[Link] aircraft takes 45mins to cover a distance of 18cm on chart, the scale of which is
1:1000000. If the TAS is 120kts there is a:
a. 9kts tailwind

[Link] official night in South Africa starts at 1645 UTC, the local time of sunset is:
a. 1830 LMT

[Link] distance between A (S15deg E023deg) and B (S17deg E023deg) is:

a. 120nm

[Link] aircraft is to fly from A to B, distance 235nm, TAS 90kts, tailwind 5kts, cruise fuel
flow 8.5USG/hr, assume 3 USG is required to take off and climb to cruising altitude and
the reserve fuel requirement is 9USG. The total fuel required is:
a. 33USG

[Link] magnetic variation is indicated as East, it means that:

a. Magnetic north is located to the east of True north
[Link] aircraft is overhead airfield A (elevation sea level) at 1000ft and is required to be at
8500ft within 25nm. Mean climb TAS 100kts, mean climb headwind 6kts. The mean
rate of climb required is:
a. 469fpm

[Link] elevation 1850ft, QNH 1008. The pressure altitude is:

a. 2000ft

[Link] executing a turn from 310deg through north to 050deg in the southern
hemisphere, using only a magnetic compass, the most appropriate heading to roll
would be:
a. 060deg

[Link] executing a turn from 210deg through south to 150deg, in the southern
hemisphere, using only a magnetic compass, the most appropriate heading to roll out
would be:
a. 170deg

[Link] 198deg (M), TAS 110, W/V 240/15, Variation 20deg W. Track and
Groundspeed is:
a. Track 171deg (T), GS 104

[Link] most correct statement is:

a. The earth rotates about the polar axis from west to east at the rate of 15deg per
hour

[Link] referring to the direction on the earth the cardinal points are:
a. 360, 090, 180, 270

[Link] the local mean time at SISHEN, longitude 23deg E is 0748, then the local mean time
at NEWCASTLE longitude 30deg E will be:
a. 0816

[Link] reference to the figure below, the symbol appearing on a South African
1:1000000 aeronautical chart indicates:

a. A lighted obstacle, the height of which is 847ft above ground level

[Link] applied to an aeronautical chart, the term topographical chart means:
a. That the earth’s features are represented with a minimum distortion

[Link] agonic line is used to indicate:

a. Places of zero magnetic variation

85.W/V 005/15, Hdg 340deg (T), TAS 95. The track is:
a. 336deg (T)

[Link] executing a turn from 060deg through north to 340deg in the southern
hemisphere, using only a magnetic compass, the most appropriate heading to roll out
would be:
a. 320deg

[Link] deviation on a particular aircraft:

a. Must be applied to magnetic headings used on cross country flights

[Link] aircraft was overhead PORT ALFRED at 1025 en route for UMTATA. At 1116 the
aircraft obtains a fix at 35 DME, radial 006 ELV. The aircraft’s groundspeed is:
a. 88kts

[Link] the time of sunrise is given as 0505, the official night ends at:
a. 0450

[Link] altitude 2250ft, QNH 1005. The airfield elevation is:

a. 2010ft

[Link] elevation 1090ft QNH 1016, temperature +22deg C. The density altitude is:
a. 2080ft

[Link] aircraft climbs from 2500ft to 9500ft at a constant rate of climb of 350fpm. If the
mean climb groundspeed is 85kts the distance covered during the climb is:
a. 28nm

[Link] variation must be added to a true bearing to create a magnetic bearing

because:
a. Magnetic north is to the west of true north

[Link] the following information, W/V 220/10, Hdg 176deg (T), TAS 100kts:
a. The track is 172deg (T) and the groundspeed is 93kts

[Link] 225deg (T) drift 6deg left, variation 21deg W. The magnetic heading to steer is:
a. 252deg (M)
 [Link] elevation 3000ft, QNH 1003. Pressure altitude is:
a. 3300ft

[Link] official night ends at 0500, the time of sunrise is:

a. 0515

[Link] altitude 3310ft, QNH 1020, the airfield elevation is:

a. 3520ft

[Link] deviation:
a. Usually varies on all headings in the same aircraft

[Link] aircraft takes 33mins to cover a distance of 10cm on a chart, the scale of which is
1:1000000. The groundspeed is:
a. 98kts

[Link] PILANESBERG at 0730 UTC, en route MAPUTO, FL095, OAT -5deg C, RAS
103kts, W/V 240/10. The ETA for MAPUTO is:
a. 0948 UTC

[Link] reference to the Lambert’s Conformal Conic chart:

a. The shorter arc of a great circle track will be the shortest distance between two
points

[Link] aircraft in the southern hemisphere is to maintain a constant heading of 270deg

(M) on a magnetic compass. If the aircraft’s speed is increased, the compass would:
a. Show an apparent turn to the south

[Link] heading 218deg (T), variation 22deg W, deviation 3deg E. The aircraft’s
compass heading is:
a. 237deg (C)

[Link] the time of sunset is given as 1845, official night begins at:
a. 1900

[Link] aircraft is flying from A (32deg E) in an easterly direction to B (38deg E) along the
18deg S parallel. The aircraft:
a. Is flying along a rhumb line track

[Link] aircraft covers a distance of 88nm in 42mins, tailwind 5kts. The TAS is:
a. 121kts

[Link] 002deg (T), W/V 315/15, TAS 115kts, variation 18deg W, deviation 2deg W. The
compass heading to fly is:
a. 017deg (C)
[Link] on the earth is:
a. Maximum at the poles and zero at the equator

[Link] aircraft maintaining a heading of 331deg (M), obtains a relative bearing of 257deg
from an NDB. If the aircraft variation is 21deg W, the bearing to plot from the NDB is:
a. 027deg

[Link] 03 in use, surface wind 090/20. The crosswind component is:

a. 17kts

[Link] scale of a chart is 10cm to 40nm. The scale as a representative fraction is:
a. 1:741200

[Link] 17 in use, surface wind 240/15. The headwind component is:

a. 5kts

[Link] the earth:

a. A parallel of latitude is a rhumb line

[Link] earth rotates about the polar axis:

a. From the west to east at a rate of 15deg per hour

[Link] heading 175deg (C) variation 18deg W, deviation 4deg W. The aircraft’s true
heading is:
a. 153deg (T)

[Link] of latitude are measured up to:

a. 90deg north or south of the equator

[Link] official day starts at 0535, the time of sunrise is:

a. 0550

119.FL105, temperature ISA+1deg, RAS 85kts. The TAS will be:

a. 100kts

[Link] the time of Sunset in South Africa is given as 1615 UTC, the official night begins at:
a. 1830 LMT

[Link] nautical mile is defined as being the average length on the surface of the earth:
a. Of the arc of one minute latitude measured along a meridian of longitude

122. Airfield elevation 3790ft, QNH 1006, temperature ISA +23deg C. The density altitude
is:
a. 6760ft
[Link] magnetic variation is indicated as West:
a. The value of variation must be subtracted from a magnetic heading to get the
true heading

[Link] 355deg (T), Drift 7deg right, groundspeed 110kts, tailwind 5kts. The W/V is:
a. 248/14

[Link] 1415 aircraft was overhead a VOR maintaining radial 215deg en route for B, heading
210deg (M). At 1430, the pilot decides to return to the VOR. The heading to steer is:
a. 040deg (M)

[Link] compass deviation is indicated as East, it means that:

a. Compass north is to the east of magnetic north

[Link] 225deg (T), Drift 5deg right, TAS 115kts, tailwind 6kts. The W/V is:
a. 107/12

[Link] RICHARDS BAY, en route WELKOM, heading 308deg (M). At 0905 UTC a fix is
obtained with a relative bearing of 328deg LADYSMITH NDB and a relative bearing of
043deg NEWCASTLE NDB. The aircraft’s position is:
a. S28deg 27’ E030deg 24’

[Link] a descent from 6000ft to 1500ft an aircraft with mean descent groundspeed of
90kts covers a distance of 15nm. The rate of descent is:
a. 450fpm

[Link] AAV, radial 163, aircraft variation 19deg W, station variation 21deg W. The true
bearing to plot from AAV is:
a. 142deg

[Link] aircraft flies from A (S26deg 45’ E021deg 10’) to B (S22deg 35’ E021deg 10’) at TAS
125kts, headwind 8kts. The flying time is:
a. 2hrs 08mins

[Link] aircraft flies from A to B, distance 133nm in 1hr12mins. If there is a headwind of

12kts the TAS is:
a. 123kts

[Link] turning errors occur in an aircraft:

a. Only when turning through northerly or southerly headings

[Link] 29 in use, surface wind 040/15. The aircraft would have a:

a. 5kt tailwind
[Link] reference to the figure below, the symbol appearing on a South African
1:1000000 aeronautical chart indicates that:

a. The aerodrome does not have any runway lights

[Link] aircraft maintaining a heading of 331deg (M) obtains a relative nearing of 257deg
from an NDB. If the aircraft variation is 21deg W, the bearing to plot from the NDB is:
a. 027deg

[Link] reference to the figure below, the symbol appearing on a South African
1:1000000 aeronautical chart indicates:

a. A VOR facility co-located with a compulsory reporting point

[Link] aircraft was overhead PORT ALFRED at 0752 on track VICTORIA WEST, heading
310deg (T). At 0840 the aircraft obtains a relative bearing of 083deg COOKHOUSE. The
ground speed is:
a. 90kts

[Link] the local mean time at airfield A, longitude E018deg 45’ is 0818 then, if both
positions are in South Africa, the time UTC at airfield B, longitude E021deg 45’ will be:
a. 0630 UTC

[Link] elevation 4150ft, QNH 1018. The pressure altitude is:

a. 4000ft

141.W/V 245/15 Hdg 195deg (T) groundspeed 91kts, headwind 9kts. The track is:
a. 188deg (T)

[Link] flown 88nm, flight time 43mins, the groundspeed is:

a. 123kts

[Link] aircraft in the southern hemisphere is to maintain a constant heading of 180deg

(M) using a magnetic compass. If the airspeed is increased the compass would:
a. Continue to show the same heading
[Link] BLOEMFONTEIN at 1018 UTC en route EAST LONDON. At 1108 UTC a GPS fix
is obtained at S30deg 40’ E027deg 15’. The ETA for EAST LONDON is:
a. 1215 UTC

145.F065, OAT +15deg C, RAS 84kts. The TAS is:

a. 95kts

[Link] a Lambert’s Conformal Conic chart convergency is:

a. Zero at the equator

147.120 litres equals:

a. 32USG

[Link] aircraft in the southern hemisphere is to maintain a constant heading of 360deg

(M) using a magnetic compass. If the airspeed is decreased, the compass would:
a. Continue to show the same heading.

[Link] 005deg (T), drift 5deg Left, groundspeed 108kts. The W/V is:
a. 047/14

[Link] 002deg (T) W/V 315/15. TAS 115kts, variation 18deg W deviation 2deg W. The
compass heading to fly is:
a. 017deg (C)

[Link] aircraft was overhead A (S23deg 43’ E030deg 42’) at 1422. Tailwind 15kts. At 1540
the aircraft is overhead B (S26deg 33’ E030deg 42’). The TAS is:
a. 112kts

[Link] Africa uses a standard time factor of:

a. UTC +2

[Link] magnetic variation is indicated as West:

a. The value of variation must be added to the true heading to obtain the magnetic
heading
[Link] altitude 3050ft, temperature 23deg C. The density altitude is:
a. 4730ft

155.W/V 045/12, Track 101deg (T), drift 6deg right, TAS 95kts. The groundspeed is:
a. 88kts

[Link] aircraft flies from A (S26deg 45’ E021deg 10’) to B (S22deg 35’ E021deg 10’) at TAS
125kts. Headwind 8kts. The flying time is:
a. 2hrs 08mins
[Link] magnetic variation is given as East:
a. The value of variation must be added to the magnetic heading to obtain the true
heading.

[Link] 115deg (T), heading 110deg (T). Groundspeed 105kts. The W/V is:
a. 069/14

[Link] 100kts, W/V 005/15 Track 345deg (T). The groundspeed is:
a. 86kts

[Link] error occurs in an aircraft’s magnetic compass:

a. On easterly or westerly headings

[Link] heading 008deg (T), variation 24deg W, deviation 4deg west. The aircraft’s
compass heading is:
a. 036deg (C)

[Link] distance between A (S20deg E035deg) and B (S17deg E035deg) is:

a. 180nm

[Link] 184deg (T), drift 5deg left, variation 22deg W, deviation 4deg W. The compass
heading is:
a. 215deg (C)

[Link] elevation 4500ft, QNH 1013, temperature ISA+12deg C. The density altitude is:
a. 5940ft

165.W/V 125/18, heading 092deg (T), TAS 90. The groundspeed is:
a. 76kts

[Link] significance of the two standard parallels on a Lambert’s Conformal Conic

Projection is that:
a. They are the points where the cone of the projection cuts through the imaginary
earth’s surface and therefore the scale of the chart is correct only at these
points.

167.F085 temperature -3deg C, RAS 90kts, headwind 8kts. The groundspeed is:
a. 94kts

[Link] aircraft departs SUTHERLAND maintaining a track of 050deg (T). After flying for
70nm, the aircraft’s position is:
a. S31deg 42’ E021deg 42’
[Link] 183deg (T), Heading 209deg (M), TAS 110kts groundspeed 118kts. Variation
19deg W. The W/V is:
a. 306/16

170.W/V 290/15, TAS 90kts, track 320deg (T). The groundspeed is:
a. 77kts

[Link] MAFIKENG at F085 en route to UPINGTON, RAS 110kts, Temperature ISA,

forecast W/V 180/10, deviation 3deg east. The heading (C) to steer:
a. 246deg (C)

172.140km equals:
a. 76nm

[Link] aircraft is en route from A to B, distance 130nm, track 278deg (T), mean variation
23deg W. After flying 92nm a fix places the aircraft 5nm right of track. The new
magnetic track from fix to B is:
a. 293deg (M)

[Link] :
a. Varies with latitude

[Link] elevation 3380ft, QNH 1009, temperature +28deg C. The density altitude is:
a. 5900ft

[Link] mean magnetic track and distance from DURBAN INTERNATIONAL to

BLOWMFONTEIN is:
a. 304deg (M) and 247nm

[Link] a visual fix at S26deg 20’ E021deg 15’ at 0925 UTC, an aircraft flies directly to
KEETMANSHOOP, TAS 120, tailwind 12kts. The ETA for KEETMANSHOOP is:
a. 1042 UTC

[Link] is defined as:

a. When the very first part of the sun appears above the horizon

[Link] aircraft is en route from GEORGE to EAST LONDON. At 0842 it obtains a fix at 45
DME radial 036 PEV. The aircraft’s position is:
a. S33deg 15’ E025deg 46’

[Link] aircraft is on track from PBV to MAFIKENG. When passing abeam PILANESBERG, the
radial from PNV is:
a. 346