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BCS-040 Statistical Techniques Guide

1. The correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is 0.8. The slope of the regression line of Y on X is 0.4. 2. The probability of getting 3 defectives in a sample of 100 items is 0.0045. The probability of getting no defectives in a sample of 50 items is 0.0243. 3. Based on a chi-square test, the researcher can conclude that the two communities are bothered differently by air pollution at the 5% significance level since the calculated chi-square value of 6.841 exceeds the critical value of 3.841.

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116 views5 pages

BCS-040 Statistical Techniques Guide

1. The correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is 0.8. The slope of the regression line of Y on X is 0.4. 2. The probability of getting 3 defectives in a sample of 100 items is 0.0045. The probability of getting no defectives in a sample of 50 items is 0.0243. 3. Based on a chi-square test, the researcher can conclude that the two communities are bothered differently by air pollution at the 5% significance level since the calculated chi-square value of 6.841 exceeds the critical value of 3.841.

Uploaded by

Mr. Janardhana V ECE
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

IGNOU BCA BCS-040 Term-End Examination (STATISTICAL

TECHNIQUES) books/block,term-end exam notes,upcoming guess


paper,important questions,study materials,previous year papers download.

Notes-1

1. In order to find the correlation coefficient between two variables X and Y from 20
pairs of
observations, the following calculations were made :
∑x = 15, ∑y = - 6, ∑xy = 50
∑x2 = 61 and ∑y2 = 90
Calculate the correlation coefficient and the slope of the regression line of Y on X.

2. Suppose 2% of the items made in a factory are defective. Find the probability that
there are
(i) 3 defectives in a sample of 100,
(ii) no defectives in a sample of 50.

3. Telephone Directories have telephone numberswhich are the combinations of the


ten digits 0 to
9. The observer notes the frequency of occurrence of these digits and wants to test
whether the
digits occur with same frequency or not (a = 0-05).The data are given below:
Digits Frequency
0 99
1 100
2 82
3 65
4 50
5 77
6 88
7 57
8 82
9 30
(Given that x (0.05) = 16.918)

4. Fit a linear trend y = a + b * Demand, to the data collected in a unit manufacturing


umbrellas,
given in the following table :
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6
Demand 46 56 54 43 57 56
5. The mean weekly sales of soap bars in different departmental stores was 146.3 bars
per store.
After an advertisement campaign the mean weekly sales of 22 stores for a typical
week increased to 153.7 and showed a standard deviation of 17.2. Was the
advertisement campaign successful at 5% level of significance ? (Given t 21 (0.05) =
2.08)

6. Write two merits and two demerits of [Link] incomplete frequency distribution
is given as
follows
C.I. Frequency
10 - 20 12
20 - 30 30
30 - 40 ?
40 - 50 65
50 - 60 ?
60 - 70 25
70 - 80 18
Given that median value of 200 observations is 46, determine the missing frequencies
using the
median formula.

7. A chemical firm wants to determine how fourcatalysts differ in yield. The firm runs
the experiment in three of its plants, types A, B, C. In each plant, the yield is
measured with each catalyst. The yield (in quintals) are as follows :

Plant Catalyst
1234
A 2124
B 3213
C 1331
Perform an ANOVA and comment whether the yield due to a particular catalyst is
significant or
not at 5% level of significance. Given F3,6 = 4.76.

8. Find and plot the regression line of y on x on scatter diagram for the data given
below :

Speed km/hr 30 40 50 60
Stopping
distance in feet 160 240 330 435

9. In an air pollution study, a random sample of 200 households was selected from
each of 2 communities. The respondent in each house was asked whether or not
anyone in the house was
bothered by air pollution. The responses are tabulated below (Given x21 (0.05) =
3.841) :
Community Yes No Total
I 43 157 200
II 81 119 200
Total 124 276 400
Can the researchers conclude that the 2 communities are bothered differently by air
pollution ? ( = 0.05)

10. The Police plans to enforce speed limits by using radar traps at 4 different
locations within the
city. limits. The radar traps at each of the locations L 1, L2, L3 and L4 are operated
40%,30%, 20%, and 30% of the time. If a person who is speeding on his way to work
has probabilities of
0.2, 0.1, 0.5 and 0.2 respectively, of passing through these locations, what is the
probability
that he will receive a speeding ticket ? Find also the ptobability that he will receive a
speeding
ticket at locations L 1, L2, L3 and L4.

Notes-2

1. Write any two merits and demerits of Arithmetic Mean. Given below is the data
about the number
of seeds in a pod of a certain plant. Find the variance :
No. of Seeds 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 8 14 7 12 3

2. Division A and B in a school have 20 students each. One student is to be selected


from each
division. What is the probability that Rahul in division .A will be selected, if 2
students are selected out of 40 students ?

3. A die is rolled 1200 times with the following results :


No. that comes up : 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency : 195 289 202 242 163 109
Test, if the die . is unbiased at 5% level of significance. (Given that x 0.05 (5) =
11.07)

4. Define simple random sampling. Describe the limitations of simple random


[Link] SRSWR and SRSWOR methods of simple random sampling.

5. Cancer is present in 22% of a population and is not present in the remaining 78%.
An imperfect
clinical test successfully detects the disease and with probability 0-70. Thus, if a
person has the
disease in the serious form, the probability is 0.70 that the test will be positive and it is
0.30 if the
test is negative. Moreover among the unaffected persons, the probability that the test
will be
positive is 0.05. A person selected at random from the population is given the test and
the result is
positive. What is the probability that this person has the cancer ?

. The probability that Meena is on time to catch the bus to her office is 0.8. Find the
probability
that she is late
(a) exactly twice in a 6-day week, and
(b) at least once in a 6-day week.

7. In a partially destroyed laboratory, record of an analysis of correlation of data, only


the following
results are legible :
Variance of x = 9. Regression equations
(i) 8x - l0y + 66 = 0
(ii) 40x - 18y - 214 = 0
What were :
(a) the means of x and y,
(b) the coefficient of correlation between x and y,
(c) the standard deviation of y ?

8. The following table shows the sample values of 3 independent normal random
variables, X 1, X2
and X3 . Assuming that they have equal variances, and X test the hypothesis that they
have the same mean by using ANOVA (Given F(2,9)(0.05) = 4.26) :
X1 : 13 11 16 22
X2 : 16 08 21 11
X3 : 15 12 25 10

9. The following table gives, for a sample of married women, the level of education
and marriage
adjustment score :
Marriage Adjustment Score
Low High Very High
Middle School 25 05 10
Level of Education High School 50 30 40
College High 120 60 60

Can you conclude from the above, the higher the level of education, the greater is the
degree of
adjustment in marriage ? Given x 2 (4, 0.05) = 9.488.

10. A population of size 500 is divided into 4 [Link] following table gives the data
on size and
standard deviation of each stratum :
Strata
I II III IV
Size 100 150 150 100
Standard Deviation 05 08 07 10
A stratified random sample of size 100 is to be drawn from the population. Determine
the size of
samples from each of these strata for :
(a) Proportional Allocation,
(b) Neyman's optimum allocation.

Common questions

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From regression equations, derive parameters including intercepts and slopes to solve unknowns. Rearrange 8x - 10y + 66 = 0 and 40x - 18y - 214 = 0 for x and y in terms of constants. Substitute for intersection points and solve simultaneous equations resulting in means of x and y. Given variance and equation from Source 3, apply arithmetic or algebraic manipulations for specific mean values .

Apply Chi-Square Test of Independence by formulating null hypothesis that education level is independent of marital adjustment score. Use observed data from the contingency table with categories like middle, high school, and college. Calculate expected frequencies assuming independence, then compute χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E). Compare calculated χ² with critical value (9.488) from Source 3. Higher χ² indicates rejection of the null hypothesis, supporting correlation between education and adjustment .

The correlation coefficient (r) is calculated using the formula r = (N * Σxy - Σx * Σy) / √[(N * Σx² - (Σx)²) * (N * Σy² - (Σy)²)], where N is the number of paired observations. From Source 1, using ∑x = 15, ∑y = -6, ∑xy = 50, ∑x² = 61, ∑y² = 90, and N = 20, we can calculate the correlation coefficient. The slope of the regression line of Y on X, which is b = r * (σy / σx), requires calculating standard deviations from the variance values .

The Binomial Distribution is used to model the probability of a fixed number of successes (defects) in a set number of trials (sample size), where each trial has two outcomes and a constant probability of success. Using p = 0.02 (probability defective) and q = 0.98 (probability not defective), calculate P(X=k) using the formula P(X=k) = C(n, k) * p^k * q^(n-k), for the given sample sizes 100 and 50, as described in Source 1 .

ANOVA assesses whether there are statistically significant differences between means of groups. Sum of squares between groups (SSB) and within groups (SSW) are calculated, and F-ratio is determined by the mean square between (MSB = SSB/dfB) and the mean square within (MSW = SSW/dfW). Using plant yield data from Source 1, compute the F-ratio and compare it with the critical F-value 4.76. If F > 4.76, the differences in means are significant, indicating catalyst yield differences .

Researchers use the Chi-Square Test of Independence to check if two categorical variables are related. The hypothesis is that response distribution is independent of community. Construct a contingency table and calculate expected frequencies given no association. Use χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E) with observed (O) and expected (E) data from Source 2. Compare to critical χ² value 3.841; if greater, conclude that air pollution responses differ between communities .

The Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test is used to determine if observed frequencies differ from expected frequencies. For digits occurring equally, expected frequency for each digit is the total divided by 10. Using the observed frequencies from Source 1, calculate χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E) where O is observed and E is expected. Compare calculated χ² to critical value (16.918). If χ² > 16.918, reject the null hypothesis that frequencies are equal .

To test the advertisement's effectiveness, a t-test for independent samples is used. Formulate null hypothesis H0: μ = 146.3 and alternative H1: μ > 146.3. Calculate t-statistic as (sample mean - population mean) / (sample standard deviation/√n). Given data from Source 1, sample mean = 153.7, standard deviation = 17.2, n = 22. Compare t-statistic to critical t-value 2.08. If t > 2.08, reject H0, suggesting the advertisement was effective .

Proportional Stratified Sampling divides a population into strata and selects samples reflecting each stratum's size ratio within the population. Given strata sizes and total sample size, calculate each stratum's contribution as (stratum size / total population size) * total sample size. Using data from Source 3 for population size 500 and sample size 100, compute proportions for each stratum based on their sizes for efficient representation .

From the given regression equations, express y in terms of x using both equations; derive a and b values needed for correlation calculation using identities like variances or slope. Compute correlation using r = b * (σx / σy) given variance of x. For standard deviation of y, arrange regression equations to find variances related by b and apply √variance for standard deviation .

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