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Ad Hoc Interpreter Risks in Healthcare

This document discusses a recent court case, George v Biggs, regarding informed consent and the use of interpreters. The case highlighted risks of using non-professional interpreters, like friends of the patient, which can potentially filter or alter messages due to lack of training. The trial judge found that this contributed to misunderstandings by the patient, but the court of appeal overturned based on lack of proven causation. Nonetheless, the document suggests frequent use of non-professional interpreters in clinical practice may increase inherent liability risks, and accredited interpreters should be used instead due to their training in objective interpretation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views6 pages

Ad Hoc Interpreter Risks in Healthcare

This document discusses a recent court case, George v Biggs, regarding informed consent and the use of interpreters. The case highlighted risks of using non-professional interpreters, like friends of the patient, which can potentially filter or alter messages due to lack of training. The trial judge found that this contributed to misunderstandings by the patient, but the court of appeal overturned based on lack of proven causation. Nonetheless, the document suggests frequent use of non-professional interpreters in clinical practice may increase inherent liability risks, and accredited interpreters should be used instead due to their training in objective interpretation.

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Elias Herrera
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

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Lost in translation: ad hoc interpreter use

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Lost in Translation: Adhoc Interpreter Use

George v Biggs

Australia is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse nations in the world, with over
300 languages spoken collectively (1). Delivery of healthcare in this context therefore requires
effective and appropriate
 
 use of interpreter and translator services. Patients need to be able to actively engage with
their care and treatment (2). 
 
A recent NSW case, George v Biggs (3), provides an interesting discussion at first instance Prof Erwin Loh
regarding the role of the doctor in obtaining informed consent, and how the need for an
interpreter affects this process. Ms George brought an action in negligence against her doctors for failing to warn her of
the risk of facial nerve palsy in the removal of an acoustic neuroma. The patient had required and requested, but had not
always had access to, a professional Macedonian interpreter. An accompanying friend had therefore interpreted for her at
times. Ms George developed two salient misunderstandings during these consultations; that the tumour was malignant
and that it was in the brainstem. 
 
The trial judge held that more probably than not, the patient’s language difficulties would have been apparent to the
medical staff, and had the very real potential to give rise to fundamental misunderstandings. The trial judge specifically
identified that non­professional interpreters not only carried the risk of translational error as a result of undetermined
proficiency, but there is also the potential to filter or play down what has been said, altering, censoring or diluting the
message to be conveyed in clinical communications, and in some instances, subtly altering the content of the
communications on account of perceived sensitivities, sensibilities or cultural factor. These communication errors are well
reflected in the literature (4).  
 
It was therefore held that use of an ‘unskilled interpreter’ therefore had inherent scope to permit or create room for
inaccuracy of communications that may later affect the validity of the consent, even where a professional interpreter had
been used for the formal consenting process (5). At first instance the plaintiff therefore succeeded in her action and was
awarded around $330,000 in damages.
 
The case was overturned on appeal this year (6), predominantly on grounds of causation; the patient was unable to show
that she wouldn’t have proceeded with the surgery but for these misunderstandings.  The Court of Appeal also found error
in the factual findings of the trial judge that the doctors had made no attempt to warn the patient of the material risk in
question. The Court of Appeal decision limits the additional responsibility that may have been created by the trial judge in
relation to consent involving an interpreter. It rejects the suggestion that a doctor must take special steps to ensure a
patients’ understanding in this context or that it is the doctors’ responsibility to ensure that the patient understands the
interpreter.
 
The Court of Appeal was silent on the consequences of ad hoc interpreter use, as compared with accredited interpreter
use, and the trial judge’s comments suggesting an inherent increased risk of miscommunication. 
 
These findings suggest that the frequent use of non­professional interpreters in both public and private clinical practice
may give rise to inherent liability, and should be avoided. Existing guidelines may therefore require revision. 
 

Definitions

An interpreter works with the spoken word or signed language (Auslan). Differently, a translator examines the written
word, translating written messages from one language to another. In Australia, a ‘qualified’ or ‘accredited’ language
interpreter is a professional interpreter qualified by the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters
(NAATI). NAATI is the national standards and accreditation body in Australia that accredits professional interpreters. To
work as an interpreter in health, NAATI requires an individual is accredited as a ‘Professional Interpreter or Professional
Translator’ – formerly known as level 3 ­ or higher (7). Qualification at this level requires both an English proficiency
assessment, as well as a proficiency assessment in the relevant second language. There are currently 48 languages that
can be accredited by NAATI at the level of professional interpreter (8). 
 
There are, however, languages that are not accredited by NAATI. For these languages NAATI offers ‘recognition’ as an
interpreter. Recognition is an acknowledgement that at the time of the award the candidate had recent and regular
experience as a translator and/or interpreter, but no level of proficiency is specified. These interpreters must satisfy three
criteria; proficiency in English, completion of a short training course, and proof of work experience as an
interpreter/translator. 
 
Lastly, a non­professional interpreter includes anyone who acts as an interpreter and is not accredited by NAATI. Family
members, friends, doctors, nurses, medical students, and even cleaning staff, have been known to act as interpreters for
patients.
 
In the public setting, hospitals fund a variety of services, including telephone, video relay, onsite interpreting, as well as
written translation services. In the private setting, the National TIS offers phone interpreting to any doctor delivering
Medicare­rebateable services. TIS has a Doctor’s Priority Line that is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week and is
linked to 1500 interpreters speaking 160 languages (9)
 

Risk of content translation errors

All communication has the inherent risk of information not being sent or received correctly, otherwise, miscommunication.
 
The courts have recognised that an interpreter does not perform a mechanical task of converting the words of one
language into another; that different languages do not necessarily possess equivalent linguistic expression. In the case of
Perera v MIMA (10), the court held that interpretation will be sufficiently accurate when the interpreter expresses in the
other language, as accurately as the language and circumstances permit, the idea or concept that has been expressed.
Therefore, a proficiency­assessed interpreter carries a lower risk of translation­based communication error when
compared with a non­assessed interpreter (2). It is worth noting that accuracy appears independent of the experience or
the skillset of the interpreter. There is also still potential for other language or dialect incompatibilities.
 
In George v Biggs, the court specifically identified the various types of miscommunication that can occur with non­
professional interpreters, as reflected in the literature (4). This risk of miscommunication, along with the potential for
distress, makes it inappropriate to use children as interpreters (4). While not impervious to this kind of error, both
recognised and professional interpreters have both experience and training in objective interpretation, and resisting the
filtration of information.
 
In addition, it is estimated that over 20% of Australian clinical consultations occur in a language other than English (11). A
bilingual doctor or health practitioner may appear a valid alternative, with the benefit of insight, objectivity and
confidentiality, but is not without risk of miscommunication. A bilingual doctor’s language proficiency is unlikely to have
been formally assessed. A number of studies, including a systematic review (2), have assessed the error rate of
professional and non­professional interpreters, including doctors and other clinical staff, and uniformly, the error rate has
been higher in the non­professional interpreter group. Bilingual doctors that regularly undertake consultations in a
language other than English may consider undertaking the NAATI accreditation to have their own proficiency formally and
independently assessed. 
 

Risk of breach of confidentiality

Non­professional interpreters may not be aware of the importance of confidentiality, or that their involvement may in itself
constitute a breach where informed consent has not been appropriately obtained. Conversely, accredited and recognised
interpreters work to a code of ethics which includes the requirement of confidentiality (12). Concerns regarding
confidentiality have also been raised where a small number of professional interpreters are available to a community (13).
In this setting, phone interpreting may be beneficial due to the anonymity of the interpreter.
 
While a patient may appear sufficiently competent to decide who they wish to share their medical information with, this
question is often asked in front of or via the relevant family member or friend, and in a language which the patient is not
proficient. Patients from other language backgrounds can be viewed as inherently vulnerable in the healthcare system,
and caution is recommended.
 

Current Guidelines

The Medical Board of Australia has adopted the Australian Medical Council’s Good medical practice: a code of conduct
for doctors in Australia (14), which clearly makes reference to the need for appropriate interpreting services in achieving
effective communication;
 
3.3.8 Making sure, wherever practical, that arrangements are made to meet patients’ specific language, cultural and
communication needs, and being aware of how these needs affect understanding.  
 
3.3.9 Familiarising yourself with, and using whenever necessary, qualified language interpreters or cultural interpreters to
help you to meet patients’ communication needs. 
 
Criterion 1.2.3 of The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Standards for General Practices (‘the Standards’)
(15) require a ‘practice provides for the communication needs of patients who are not proficient in the primary language of
our clinical team and/or who have a communication impairment'. The indicators require that the practice has a list of
contact details for interpreter and other communication services, including the National Translating and Interpreting
Service (TIS) and can describe how they communicate in these settings.
 
Both the NHMRC General Guidelines for Medical Practitioners on Providing Information to Patients (2004, under review)
and the Standards recommend the use of trained and accredited interpreting services in preference to non­professional
interpreters, and this approach is reflected in most public hospital policies and procedures. The Standards go one step
further, in expressly warning about the potential for miscommunication, confidentiality breaches and filtering of information
when using friends and relatives. This latter position is preferred and should be strengthened. The only circumstances in
which an ad hoc interpreter should be supported is where the patient expressly refuses an accredited interpreter, or it is
not possibly to attain an accredited interpreter. 
 
The Standards recognise that patient's relatives and friends are commonly used as interpreters and condone this practice
if it is an express wish of the patient and the problem is minor. This approach should be considered with caution. The
discourse in George v Biggs reminds us that a communication error can occur at any point during the consultation, not
just at the point where consent is sought for a procedure. 
 
Furthermore, a misunderstanding of seemingly harmless or ‘non­critical’ content could still give rise to adverse outcomes.
For instance, miscommunication of appointment times or dates could foreseeably lead to loss to follow­up or delays in
care.
 

Barriers and recommendations

Interpreter services in Australia are highly accessible to clinicians compared with those in other countries (16),  yet they
remain underused and frequently misunderstood (13). A survey of Australian hospitals involving patients with limited
English proficiency suggested that about a third had used a professional interpreter whilst in hospital (17). 
 
The most commonly cited obstacle to interpreter use is inconvenience. Where the systems are not properly integrated,
accessing an interpreter can become burdensome and difficult, or is simply perceived as such. Speaker phones are
important for phone interpreting services to be time efficient and accurate, as the process of passing a phone between
two or more people can be time­consuming and difficult to facilitate, as well as a potential infection risk. Many clinicians
flounder in the use of phone or video conference interpreting systems due to a lack of training and practice with these
modalities.
 
The time taken to secure an interpreter may be a barrier. The TIS generally manages to provide an interpreter in under 3
minutes (13),  however in hospitals where TIS isn’t the provider of choice or in circumstances involving rare languages,
requiring an in­person interpreter, or at a busy time of day, it may take significantly longer. Forward planning is therefore
essential in these circumstances. 
 
The Auslan Booking service is well received, but can be difficult to utilise last­minute. There are concerns that with the
rollout of the NDIS (National Disability Insurance Scheme) there will be insufficient Auslan interpreters to meet the rising
demand (18).
 
TIS is free and readily accessible in the states where it is the phone interpreting service of choice, yet a survey of general
practitioners showed over two­thirds had never used professional telephone interpreters (19).Misconceptions regarding
interpreting services also remain. These include beliefs that TIS must be pre­booked, is not available out of hours, and
bears financial cost (16).  Lack of knowledge and awareness of interpreter services has been consistently correlated with
incorrect beliefs and a lack of accredited interpreter use (20). This is the most commonly cited barrier and can be easily
overcome with education and increased awareness of available services.
 
Interestingly, the data suggest that clinical staff often assume patients have a preference for family or bilingual staff, over
professional interpreting services (16). A telephone survey of low English proficiency patients did show that 48% 
preferred to use relatives as interpreters (17). Ultimately, patient preference should be considered alongside the risks
associated with non­professional interpreter use.
 
Doctors may assume that patients are responsible for arranging appropriate interpreting services. It is clear from the
guidelines referenced above, and from a legal perspective, that it is the doctor’s responsibility to ensure adequate
communication, including the use of interpreter services where appropriate. Further promotion of this responsibility may
be beneficial. 
 
Phone interpreting may be appealing for convenience, but may be inappropriate or simply inadequate in others. For
example, extensive use of diagrams and pictures in explanations of a complex procedure may render phone services
inadequate. Video­conferencing based interpreting may be of benefit in these consultations.
 
In the public system, interpreting services can place significant financial burden on health services, particularly if the
language is out­sourced to contractors. Cost is still a barrier to use in the private setting as many doctors are unaware
that TIS is free (13). Again, education and awareness is essential. 
 
Lastly, indigenous language support has lagged behind services for migrant Australians, and there is currently no national
system akin to TIS for Indigenous Australians (13). An interpreting service for indigenous Australians needs to be
considered if the health needs of the first peoples of Australia are to be best met.
 

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is clear consensus that the use of an accredited interpreter is best practice. The use of an
unaccredited interpreter carries inherent potential for miscommunication and risks breaches of confidentiality. Existing
guidelines should be strengthened to deter clinicians from using unaccredited interpreters, including for translation of
seemingly minor content, and warn of the risks inherent in ad hoc interpreting.  More work is needed to improve
awareness of interpreting services available, better integrate the systems within health services, and train medical
students and doctors to be competent, efficient and comfortable with the different interpreting modalities.
 
Dr Jessica Dean, Junior Doctor, Monash Health
 
Prof Erwin Loh, Chief Medical Officer, Monash Health & Clinical Professor, Monash University
Ms Katherine Lorenz, Chief Legal Officer, Monash Health & Senior Lecturer, Monash University 
 
References:
 
1. 2011 Census shows Asian languages on the rise in Australian households [internet]. Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012 [cited 2016 Oct
6]. Available from: [Link]
 
2. Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A
systematic review of the literature. Health services research. 2007; 42(2): 727­54.
3. George v Biggs [2015] NSWDC 11.  
 
4. Flores G, Laws MB, Mayo SJ, Zuckerman B, Abreu M, Medina L, et al. Errors in medical interpretation and their potential clinical consequences in
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7. Outline of NAATI credentials [internet]. National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters. 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 6]. Available from:
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collection. Australian Health Review. 2008;32(4):755­64.
 
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[Link]
 
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20. Heaney C, Moreham S. Use of interpreter services in a metropolitan healthcare system. Australian Health Review. 2002;25(3):38­45.
 

Last Updated on Friday, 15 September 2017 12:45
 

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Interpreter services relate to potential breaches of confidentiality, particularly when non-professional interpreters are used. Such interpreters may not be aware of the confidentiality standards expected in healthcare settings, which increases the risk of unauthorized information disclosure . Accredited and recognized interpreters, conversely, adhere to a code of ethics, which mandates confidentiality, minimizing the risk of privacy breaches . Using friends or family as interpreters may inadvertently lead to information being shared beyond intended contexts, especially if patients are not fully informed of confidentiality implications . Telephone interpreting can reduce confidentiality risks by providing anonymity .

Cultural sensitivity is crucial in ensuring effective communication with patients who have limited English proficiency, as it influences understanding and trust in medical contexts. Providers need to be aware of how cultural factors affect communication dynamics; non-professional interpreters might filter or modify messages based on cultural sensibilities, impacting the clarity and accuracy of information conveyed . Professional interpreters are trained to maintain objectivity and resist altering messages due to cultural sensitivities . Nevertheless, clinicians should consider cultural context when communicating directly with patients or when choosing interpreters, as these factors significantly influence effective patient engagement .

Several factors contribute to the underutilization of interpreter services in Australia's healthcare settings. A significant factor is the lack of awareness among healthcare providers concerning the availability and benefits of interpreter services, as many may not know that services like the TIS are free for Medicare-rebateable consultations . Financial constraints, particularly in the private sector, also hinder utilization despite these services being accessible in public settings . Misconceptions that bilingual practitioners can substitute professional interpreters without formal accreditation also contribute to this underuse . Additionally, logistical challenges, such as time constraints and perceived complexities in arranging services, impede their widespread adoption .

Accredited interpreters are preferred over ad hoc interpreters in Australian healthcare because they have documented proficiency and adhere to ethical standards, including confidentiality . NAATI accreditation ensures interpreters are qualified through assessment of language skills and training, reducing the risk of miscommunication . Non-professional interpreters, such as family members or friends, lack formal training, which may lead to translational errors and breaches of confidentiality . Furthermore, professional interpreters are trained to resist filtering information due to perceived cultural sensitivities, thus maintaining the integrity of clinical communication .

Using non-professional interpreters in clinical settings poses several risks, including translational errors due to undetermined proficiency . Non-professional interpreters might unconsciously filter, alter, or dilute messages based on perceived sensitivities or cultural factors, leading to significant misunderstandings . This can affect the validity of the patient's consent to treatment, as a misunderstanding of medical information might occur. Moreover, non-professional interpreters may not adhere to confidentiality standards, increasing the potential for breaches . This risk of miscommunication and potential confidentiality breach underscores the necessity of using accredited interpreters in healthcare settings .

Several barriers limit the effective use of interpreter services in Australia's healthcare system. Despite their availability, these services remain underused, partly due to a lack of awareness among healthcare providers about the accessibility and necessity of these services . Costs also pose a significant barrier, particularly in the private sector, even though services like the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS) offer free phone interpreting for Medicare-rebateable services . There is also a deficiency in indigenous language support compared to migrant languages, impacting service accessibility . Additionally, the misconception that bilingual healthcare providers can substitute for professional interpreters without formal proficiency assessment persists .

The case of George v Biggs highlighted the potential for misunderstandings when non-professional interpreters are used in medical consultations. It initially resulted in the plaintiff being awarded damages after it was established that her language difficulties had led to misunderstandings about the surgery's risks . However, the Court of Appeal overturned the decision, not supporting the trial judge's implication that doctors have an additional responsibility to ensure a patient's understanding of the interpreter’s translations . This decision limits doctors' responsibilities regarding interpreter use, indicating that ensuring patient understanding, especially with non-professional interpreters, doesn't necessitate extraordinary measures beyond warning of material risks .

Accredited interpreting services enhance the quality of healthcare delivery by minimizing communication errors and ensuring comprehension of medical information for non-English speaking patients. These services reduce the risk of misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatments, and medical errors that could result from misunderstandings . By adhering to standardized practices and ethical guidelines, accredited interpreters maintain confidentiality and provide accurate translations, critical for obtaining informed consent and enhancing patient trust . Moreover, seamlessly integrating these services into healthcare systems helps to eliminate language barriers and improve patient engagement and compliance with medical advice .

Australian guidelines emphasize the necessity of using qualified language interpreters to ensure effective communication in healthcare. The Medical Board of Australia and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners' Standards highlight the importance of addressing patients' communication needs, recommending the use of trained and accredited interpreting services over non-professional interpreters . These standards caution against using relatives and friends due to the potential for miscommunication and breaches of confidentiality. The use of professional interpreters is also advocated in the NHMRC General Guidelines for Medical Practitioners .

The George v Biggs case illustrates the challenges in securing valid patient consent amidst language barriers, as evidenced by the plaintiff’s misunderstandings about the surgery due to inadequate interpreting services . This case exemplifies the risk of miscommunication when non-professional interpreters, such as friends or family, facilitate medical consultations, leading to potential misinformation about medical conditions and procedures . The case emphasized the critical role of accredited interpreters in reducing such misunderstandings and ensuring accurate information dissemination, highlighting the potential legal implications when language barriers impede effective communication, thus questioning the validity of informed consent .

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