Matrices and Determinants 2.1. INTRODUCTION The study of matrices originated from the idea of solution of various types of linear problems. Arthur Kelly, a British Mathematician, was the first person to introduce the concept of matrices in 1857. The subject of matrices is widely used in the study of every branch of Mathematics, Science and Engineering. It is also found useful in the study of Atomic Physics, Economics, Sociology, Statistics, Chemistry etc. 2.2. MATRIX Let us assume that Rohan has 8 books and 5 pens; Rishabh has 6 books and 7 pens and Ritika has 4 books and 10 pens. We can express this information in tabular form as : ' Books Pens Rohan 8 5 Rishabh 6 7 Ritika 4 10 ‘The numbers in the above data are said to form a rectangular array. nsuch an array, the horizontal lines are called rows and the vertical lines re called columns. ‘The above information can also be expressed in the following form : 4 First + Second column column First row 8 5 Second row > 6 7 (QD) 4 10 Third row > Array (1) is called a matrix. "This matrix has 3 rows and 2 columns. In e above array, first, second and third rows represent the objects (Books d Pens) possessed by Rohan, Rishabh and Ritika respectively. The entries the first and second column represent the number of books and the number pens. Let us now consider the following system of simultaneous linear aationsMATHEMATICS FOR 1a x-2y+ Itis an example of two linear equations in three variables x, y ang We arrange the co-efficients of x,y and a block as follows [ 2 3-1 {1-2 5] In this arrangement the entries in the first horizontal 12 3 ~1]iscalled first row and it indicates the coefficients of x,y and » first equation. The entries [1-2 5] in the second horizontal line is cal} the second row and it indicates the coefficients of x,y and z of s ond equatig The entries [} te. the first vertical line, is called the first column a, are the coefficients of x in the given system of equations. The entries [ ; ie. the second vertical line, is called the second column and are t} ies | 72 |; coefficients ofy in the given system of equations. The entries [ f | ie,th third vertical line, is called the third column and are the coefficients of) the given system of equations. 3-1 2 the block Thus the blo. [i -2 5 ] gives us all information about the LH 5 of the given system of equations. Similarly, the block [ 7 | called the residuc column gives us all information about the R.H.S. of the given systom: equations. Similarly, if we have the system of. equations x+y +82 =5 2x by tz =7 x + 2y—42 =2 11 38 then we shall have thearray |2 5 4 wall 1 2-4 5 and 7 wold 2 which gives us all the information about the three equations.2.3 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Each ki os . members: as of array as given in(1),(2), (8) or (4) is called a Matrix. The cach element stituting the matrix are called its entries or elements. For « ofa matrix, its value as well as the position, are both important. For example, in the matrices 13 31 [i 5] s [i 3}: different the plement in both cases are either 1 or 3, but the matrices are as the elements in the corresponding positions are not the same. 1 oe @ matrix is not just a collection of elements, but it is a collection in which each array has a definite position or in other words, it is an ordered array of elements. 2.3. SOME DEFINITIONS 2.3.1. Matrix A set of m.n numbers (real or complex) arranged in ordered set of m rows each row consisting of an ordered set o called an m x n matrix and is read as ‘m by n matrix’ or ‘mai by n’ or ‘matrix of type m by n’. ‘Thus a m x n matrix has an or‘ and n columns (vertical lines). 2.3.2. Elements of a Matrix Each of the m.n numbers of m xn mat entry of the matrix. 2.3.3. Notation of a Matrix “4 matrix is generally represented by the symbols (ay) or (a,) or {lay but we shall use the first notation i.e., fai throughout the book. A matrix is usually denoted by a single capital letter such as A, B, C ete. the form of an fn numbers is trix of order m dered set of m rows (horizontal lines) rix is called an element or an 2.3.4. Order of a Matrix A matrix having m rows and [Link] is said to be a matrix of order mxn ‘An m x n matrix A may be written as A= nxn or j Ae lay 721,28 mm G21; 2,8) vneey Oy yp Be aj An Gy, 9,93 dgj ie On or A= ay Gig, iB ce Gin On24 , MATHEMATICS FOR BCAL 19 In general, ay is an element of matrix A lying in the ith row i Jth column, It is also called (i, th element of A. Thus, in 4p first sup denotes the order of the row and second suffix denotes the order of th, column of the clement (i.e, i denotes the number of rows and j denotes the number of columns.) ee Forexample,it A=|? 5 7] mnap-l2 3 5 » then 2 39 , 689 Ais a matrix of order 2 x 3, ie, it has 2 rows and 3 columns and B ig a matrix of order 3 x 3 ie., it has 3 rows and 3 columns, 2.3.5. Diagonal Elements of a Matrix An element @, of a matrix A = (a,] is a diagonal element of matrix if (ie., when rows and column suffixes are equal). Thus, a,,, F091 F999 one ete. are diagonal elements of the matrix la). 2.8.6. Principal Diagonal of a Matrix The ordered 'set of all the diagonal elements of a given matrix is called Principal diagonal of the given matrix, 10 -1 For example, if A= 2 3 1], then its principal diagonal is ect (1, 3, 4}. Note. Sum ofall the diagonal elements ofa matrix is known as Trace or ‘Spur of the matrix. In the above example, Trace of A=143 4 4=8, 2.4. TYPES OF MATRICES 2.4.1. Row Matrix A matrix having only one row is called row matrix or row vector, For example, [1 5]and [6 0 5 J are row matrices of order 1x 2 and 1 x 3 respectively. 2.4.2. Column Matrix A matrix having only one column is called column matrix or column vector. 6 7 ‘olumn matrices of order For example, iP ] ‘and 5 are e¢ 2x 1 and 3 x 1 respectively.MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.5 9.4.8. Rectangular Matrix ' A matrix of order m. x n is gai i ay (ie., number of rows is not ecqual toca ir matrix if m #n Forlixampie, “S[183°4) [2,02 Doe |? 72 3.8 are rectangular matrices of order 2 x 3 and 8 x 2 respectively 2.4.4. Square Matrix A matrix of order mx n is said to be.a square matrix if m =n. In other words, a matrix is a square matrix if'# to the number of columns. eee ie aes A square matrix with n rows and n columns is known as n-square or n- rowed matrix or a square matrix of order n. For example, 23 2s A= i 51 and B=|4 5 6 | aresquare matrices of order 2 and3 78-9 respectively. 2.4.5. Diagonal Matrix ‘A square matrix in which all the non-diagonal elements are zero is called a diagonal matrix. ‘Thus, the square matrix [aj] is a diagonal matrix if ay = 0 for alli +j. [M.D.U. Jan 2008] For example, 300 A= [o 7| and B=|0 5 0| are diagonal matrices of order 2 and ool ? 3 respectively. ‘A diagonal matrix of order n x n can briefly be w Az diag. [dy dy dy. dy)» where dy dy dy yn elements. In view of this notation, above example can be written as : Azdiag. [2 7] B=diag (8 5 1). ritten as : d,, are the diagonal the diagonal matrices A and B given in the 2.4.6. Scalar Matrix oi, “A-square matrix in which all the non-diagonal elements arezero and & diagonal elements gre equal is called a scalar matrix. Thus, asquare matrix (a,) is a scalar matrix if ay=0 if i#J ay =k if i= j, forsome constant k-2.6 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ 193) 50 | and |0.5 0 | arescalar matrices of order g 00 4 aco 8 For le, seen [20 and 8 respectively. 2.4.7. Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix Assquaré matrix is said to be a unit matrix or identity matrix if al] its non-diagonal elements are zero and each of its diagonal elements is unity, A unit matrix of order n is denoted by I,, or simply by I. : 100 For example, I,=[1]; [5 os 010 ool are unit matrices of order 1, 2 and 3 respectively. 2:4.8, Triangular Matrix Triangular matrices aré of following two types : ] (a) Upper-Triangular Matrix It is a square matrix in which all elements below the principal diagonal are zero. 7-2 7 e For example, |-0"-1 4/| is an upper triangular matrix. 0 ~0.:2 (6) Lower-Triangular Matrix Itis a square matrix in which all elements above the principal diagonal are zero. . 100 For example, |—2 3 0 | isa lower triangular matrix. e235 2.4.9. Zero Matrix or Null Matrix 1 A matrix (square or rectangular) is said to be zero or null matrix each of its elements is zero. 00-0 0 0) fo.0 o For example, [0], oof }o 0-0) amd [o 9.0 000 aré all zero matrices of order 1 x 1, 2 x 2, I ; , 2x 3 and 8 x 3 respectively, A 70M matrix of order m x nis written as 0,MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 27 2.4.10. Comparable Matrices Two matrices A = {a, © ifand only ifm lm xn and B= (bi, x9 are said to be comparable =Pandn=q ie, they are of the same type or order. 3840 012 then A and B are comparable ( ‘as both are of the Aand C are not comparable (as they are of dative Oooo ereas 2.4.11. Equal Matrices a Y : : ee i 7 matrices A = la,J and B= (,) are said to be equal (written as @ ‘they are of the same order; and For example, if A = : 2 al B-[ 1 2 and C= 2 A 30 (i) the elements in the corresponding position of the two matrices are equal i.e., a= by for alli andj. 41.0 | [serves cours] * Example [Link] matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have ? Solution: We know that if a matrix is of order p x q, then it has pq elements. ‘Thus, to find all possible orders of a matrix with 24 elements, we have to find all ordered pairs of natural numbers, whose product is 24, viz., (A, 24), (2; 12), (3, 8), (4, 6), 6, 4), (8, 3), (12, 2), (24, 1) : All possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements are 1x 24, 2x 12,3 x 8,4 x 6,6x 4,8 x 3, 12 x 2, 24x i. For example, | oe 2°1ee 3 Ee a ‘| ifa=3,b=8andc=0. ya4aq : Hence, total number of possible orders are 8. Construct a 3 x 3 matrix whose elements are given by @) ay Example 2. @ ajaits SW) ay (ii) ag =i J Solution. a, denotes the elements of a matrix which lie in the ith row and jth column. a te 43 Let A be the required 3 x 8 matrix, then A=| ay; Go. 423 Gy gq a5,2.8 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A @ Here aj;=itj a) = 14+1=2, ayy = 14+2=3, “13 dy = 24153, dg = 24+2=4, dog ay, = 8+1=4, dy = 34+2=5, 8p 234 A=|8 4.5 |, which is the required matrix. Gi) Here Sy Sto tes . aie 19 = dy) = 2-151, agg agg = a, = 3-1=2, agg = 8-251, \ agg = =1-3= 4 S1#3cq 24325 3+3=6 2-3= 3-3=0 1 Oo -1 -2 ‘ A= : 0. —1 |, which is the required matrix. 2 Gy = 1x2=2, a, = 1x3=3 ey 2%1=2, ay = 2x2=4, ag = 2x86 f= 8x1=8, ag = Bx2=6, ag = 8x3=9F MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 29 Example 3. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix A = [ay] whose elements are : +2)? given by ay = ee [M.D.U. Dec. 2013] Solution, Let A be the 2 x 2 matrix so that A = [2 a ] aq, A22 Given ce 4 2 ce : oo GABP 8g _ (+4)? _ 25, epee) Oa one or (2+ 2)" (244) ay, = SS a8; am = P49 -18 Example 4. If [°3 Z IE al find the values of d and b. Ee [M.D.U. Dec. 2012) Solution. The corresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal s ef) 8 i 0b.88 abe wal2) ate From (1) and (2), a+5 =6 = a?-6a +8 =0 > (a-4)(a@-2) =0 => @=2,4 : Putting a = 2in (1), we get b = 4 and putting a = 4 in (1), we get b =2 Hence, 222,624: of a=4b=2 x-y Oxez]_[-1 5 Example 5.1 | yy eels 13 | finds» w Matriées being equal, the corresponding elements are also i gry «agin ox +e wo(2) my A) az +w = 13 (4) and ) from (3),'we get zal yeetl => y=2 .zebp ae > 258 Subtracting (1 From (1): From (2) : giMATHEMATICS FOR B.C.4 - 2.10 : 24 : From (4): w =18-8° = A =3 w=4 7 Hence, w=1, ¥=% z=3, : : i Example 6. Find the values of * andy for which the matrices A and i we ae+t Sy ' +3 9? 7] a=[" y?- by! 0. .-6 Solution, Since the matrices A and B are equal, therefore the corresponding elements must also be equal. | ‘ Wt Lax+3 eal) By ay +2 Sa and y? - By (3) From (1), Q+lex+3 > x=2 1 From (2), y-8y42=0 > Y-DY-2= => y=1,2) From (3), y-by+6=0 > G-2)Q-3)=0 => y=2,3 Now we shall take the common solution of (2) and (3) ie, y=2 (since (2) and (3) must hold good simultaneously.) . - ; Hence, x=2, y=2. l EXERCISE 2.1 1. Ifa matrix has 12 elements, what are the possible orders it can have ? 2 @ Construct a2 x 2:matrix.A= [a,] whose elements are given by +i? aj i (ii) Construct a 2 x 2 i: rs i a2 * 2 matrix B = [by]. whose elements are given Hi bp 2 Gazi?) ; oe 3. Find the values ofa, from the matrix equatio mn: [ep %-8] bo 6 cot aane|"[y a 4. Find the values of; 9, 2 and u which satisfy the mat Oh es hfe 2] trix equation : : 5. Find the values of x and y if [* 10 s2 49, 0 =| 8% PS) YP by211 4 2.5. BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES We shall now define and discuss one by one, some basic operations on matrices and certain properties relating to these operations. These opera- tions are : 1. Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix 2. Negative of a Matrix 3. Addition of Matrices 4. Difference of Two Matrices 2.5.1. Scalar Multiplication ~ The scalar multiple k.A of a matrix A by a scalar & is the matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k. Thus if A = lay] then £.A is the matrix whose (i, th element is haz. Thus k.A = ad. . : 3-4 2 fiz -16. 8 For example, ea-[! 5-7 |e 4421 a. 99 98 2.5.2. Negative of a Matrix The negative of a matrix A is denoted by — A and is defined as : -A=GD.A For example, if A i = ef : b -A=cnlt hy elias = | tne 2 IE 2.5.3. Addition of Matrices Iftwo matrices A = [ay] and B = [6,/ are of sani order; asym xn, then their sum A +B is a matrix of order m x\n obtained by adding the corre- sponding elements of A-and B. « SERS Pe:2.12 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ 103 Thus, if A= (ej)... and B= Bylyq then A+B =[ay+bglmun 28 6 ef ae 2: a For example, if a-[ : | and B-|) 6 9) then 0+3 5+6 1+9] [3 11 10 Note. 1. Two matrices are said to be conformable for addition if and only if they are of same order (ie, ifthey are comparable) 2+0 3+1 6+2] [2 4° 8 asn=| - : 1 2. Two matrices of different order cannot be added. For example, [ | and 12 7) cannot be added. 2.5.4, Difference of Two Matrices If two matrices A = [aj] and B are of same order say m x n, then the difference of A and B is the matrix C = values of i and. , where c= ay — by for all ‘The difference of two matrices A and B can also be defined as sum of matrix A and the negative of B ie, A-~B=A+(-B) eae -3 8 9 6 73 For example, if A= “ [ yo oy 3 and s-| t 8 6 A-BoA+ (Cp) 5 [2 8840) [6 17 oe 4-7-2 then 4-8 -6 [3 Bey 8-21 lee ie 37 mbats 4-278 =256|' |) sac | 2.5.5. Properties of Roar Proofs) ultiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar (Without 1. IfA= la; and B= |b,) are and h is any scalar, then R(A's B) In other words, the addition of matri 2 IfA= two matrices of same ord, le) =RA+EB. € order (comparabl the scala iplicatic ic a '" multiplication of matrices distributes ove!) ay) isa matrix and k, Lare two scalars, then @) G+DA=hAsIA i) R(IA) = (kl) A Gi) 1.A=AMATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 213 2.5.6. Properties of Matrix Addition (Without Proofs) 1. Matrix addition is commutative he, HAs la], B = [bj be two matrices of the same order, say'm x n, then A+B=B+A. 2. Matrix addition is associative ie, IfA=(a,),B= |b, ij) and C= [c,] be three matrices of the same order, say mxn, then +B)+C= =A+(B+C). 8. Existence of additive identity ie, Given a matrix A= log of order m x n, there exists a null matrix O of the same order such that A+O=O+A=A. The zero matrix ‘O’ is called additive identity. 4, Existence of additive inverse ie, Given a matrix A = {a,] of order m x n, there exists a unique matrix X of the same order such that A+X=O=X+A. ie, for a given matrix A = (a,j, there exists a unique matrix X = 1-a,), such that [aj] +[-a,] =0. The matrix X = [— a, is called additive inverse of A. Note. The matrix { -a;J is called the additive inverse (or negative) of Aand is denoted by -A. -5 7 5-7 pe oS Fegan] 2 3-0 i .--2 Example 1. we=[7 5 a} [3 7 ah find 3B+4C. 2 30 1-2 3 Solution. wB+s0=8|; a ltl-1 0 2 8x2 3x3 3x0 i 4x1 4x(-2) al [pa 8x(-1) 3x5 4x(-1) 4x0 4x2 6 9 a 4-8 | [3 -3 15] |-4 .0 8 6+4 9+(-8) wel (se 1 ah -[Rew -84+0, 1548 | ~ 2 3 -2 -3 Foresample theadditiveinverse of |-4 6|is| 4 -6].MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ 103 1 214 ; | 742 642 ang 5B i280, B-[ 0 = and - Example 2. If a-[s -1 3) [4.55 i, ind hence show 1.2 8) shen prove that (A+B) +C=A+(B +0) ai 789 that matrix addition is associative. - 441 5+0 vale Wee yp Solution. asp=[ i -1-5 3+6] [4 . l+1 042 as]. ls 2 | B+C= 44+7 -54+8 6+9 3 15 a 5+1. 542 -14+3] [6 7 ee armeo=[ fh -6+8 949 “la 2 18 ’ 442 542 042 7 1 | and Ava =[O, -14+3 3415 2 "1B : ++(2) From (1).and (2), we have (A+B)+C = A+B+O) Hence matrix addition is associative, 3 46, 6 402 [Link]=/1 8 -2], B=|7 7 4 3 verify that 7 5-4 226 2(A + B) = 2A + 2B and hence show that scalar multiplication of matrices | 's distributive over the addition of matrices i re 850 | 072] [7 6 5 Solution A+B=/147 -g41 -244/=18 9 ~9 "7 49 ' 2x7 2x8 29.7 Pag 1 4 2A+B) =| 2x8 2x9 2x2 Jo 1g 4 a 2x9 2x7 2x99 18 14 29 | 2x3 2x9 2x0 6 4 7 bE 8 0 . Also, 2A=|2x1 90g 2x-2)]-] 9 a6 - | BXT 2x5 axcg 1410. g 2x4 2x0 250 8 : 04 and 3B =) 2x7. 954 2x4 !=l44 2 9 } 2x2 2x2 2,61 44 12MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.16 6+8 1840 Od) [14 18 4] 2A+2B=/ 2414 1642 —4+8 |=|16 18 4) ..(2) l4+4 1044 8412] [18 14 20 : From (1) and (2), we have A+B) = 2A + 2B, Hence scalar multi) E plication of matrices is distributive over the addition of matrices, Example 4. Solve the matrix equation : 2 oa plead 2} < = [tol as : I) hie 315 Solution. W. ey = ion enave 2[F 7]43]% a bees : 2x 2y] [3 -s]_ [9 15 a 2 2#|*|o 6|~|12 18 ‘ 2x 2y 9 15 3-3 or ag ce ies 12 18}"|o 6 Qe 2 9-3 15+3]_[6 18 is ot | “|12-0 “1s-6|>|12 12 2 =6 => x=8 YW =18 > y=9 2 =12 > 2=6 2% =12 > t=6. & 0 a 10 and 2K+¥=|_5 9] 3 = 0 Solution. Here 2X+¥ = [-s 2] 150 10) [3 2 a= | 5 o}-¥-[-s 3 [: 4 , : 1-3 0-2] [-2 “4 te Pl fai 2-4] |-4 -2 i[-2 +2] _[o2-- | 22 [3 og fend axe [ : 5 |iind 4 Example 5. Find X, if ¥ a Example 6. /f 2kss¥e 0 “Xand¥.2.16 sand MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ 103, wees ft) Solution, Wehave 2X+3Y=|4 4 = 23 (2) sx+2¥ =| ; 5] ‘Multiplying (1) by 2 and (2) by 3 and then subtracting, we have 23 22,202 x+6x 0x60) = 2|f 4 (23) Tee 46 6 -6 = “8K= 13 of t|_3 as : 1/446 6-6 i X=Sle-s 0415 j : 1f10 0 -2 0 ee x--3[4 wld -3 Again multiplying (1) by 8 and (2) by 2 and then subtracting, we have 23 $2 % 2 (6X + 9Y)-(6X44Y) = é NY) — (6X + 4¥) alt °| 2/ || 6 9 ea > os (8 ol * {4 | es : yell 6+4 924 : 512-2 0+10 ® ye 2/10. 15 24 510 10] “|e 2: Example 7. Fi - ple finda matrisX suck that 28.48 4X =0, whens io) aly ‘ Bi “al 4 ro gi. Solution. Wehave 2448 4x _ és > PATB+R +H 040.35 oe 2A4B=_y im X=~(2A 4B) Now, “mrmae|t 2) Ts.% ; 3 altly |* MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS ‘ 2.17 a[72 4],/3 -2 Ot ely (ae 6 a [" 248 4-2) [1 2 641 ‘845]°|7 18 ; 1 2] [ot 24 2A +B) =— : ee l; a] o nts) [[eecncise 22] 2. 1. Find A + B (if defined) for the following matrices : . b b @ A=| 7 °| Bilt Ls a i Hl X= qi) A= Gi) A= 2 2 = IfA E @) A+B, (6) A-B () A+C @ A+B+C (e) 2A-C * 3. Compute sa. +4Bita=[ 4, (i), Find the value of k (a non-zero scalar) if 102 128. 4410 ls 4 a -3 alli 2 ul (ii) Find the values of x andy from the equation x 6 4 3-4) [7 6 [lq y-a]*L1 2)" [15 14]: Verify that (A +B) C =A + (B+C) ie., matrix addition is associative; if 8 2.1 arr" 6 a eT a[ 2 2 tp e[2d sjere[s fT} 6. IfA =diag. (2-5 9], B=diag.[-3 714] and C=diag.[4 -6 3); find @ Ai2B : (i) 2A+B-5C. 5.2.18 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A - 103 : x y)[ 2 6],[ 4. x+y % Finds,y,zandw,given that 37 1-1 1 ow |*leew 3 |" 8, Solve for matrix X the equation : t ; An : 0 157) /123 \ oy fe || | iy x+|1 0 4]-[a-a 4 | Q a ks 2-6 8} [3 21 | i : 70 xoxn[?° 9. Find XandYif X+Y= 265 and X-Y= 03)" 447 =o. 2 4 10. na Xina vir x e¥= [7 3 7 and X-2¥=| 1) _} 9} IAs [5 S| and a-[t :] , then firid the matrix X such that 3 2 -2 3A-2B+3X=0. . cos® sin®@ sin® -cos@ 12. Simplify : i a eee aol ot ore fts?| one axel 2a 2b : ; L @ [ | (a) Not defined (ii) | E+? +e) se es (a-c% (a—o? ao [o -4 Bt. eee eae 52 3-2 @ [E I io i al 7 [3 1 2 \ . *.[-7 <3 ‘93 4 @ k=? @) x=2, y=9 6. (i) diag{-4 9 37) @ diag.{-19 27 17) T 222, y=4,2=1, wag ota ie 141 +2 : & (i) a | @) /1 3 -3 9, x-[} °lsv=[2 © ald aye ty 1 10, x-[} 2 yf? 2 ' Sele | eral) ~ 23/3 3 ll. 1 lee inva] 12 | i]MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS b : 2.19 2.6. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES “Let A= lal, is and Be on), j=, Bite be two matrices of order m x n of columns in A is equal to of these two matrices is defi C=A.B andnxp respectively such that the number the number of rows in B. Then the product ined as m x p matrix given by : leah, #=1, 2.04 m5 k= 1, 2, P where c= > i [Link] =a, 1 eee eae Diy + Gin boy + cue + Gin Dry In A.B, matrix A is calléd the pre-factor and matrix B, the post-factor. cis Note. 1, From the above definition of product A . B, it should be clear that the product is defined if and only if the number of columns in the pre- factor A is same as the number of rows in the post-factor B. Two such matrices A and B are said to be conformable for the multiplication AB. 2. Ifmatrices A and B are conformable for the product A. B; then AB has as. many rows as the rows of the pre-factor A and as many columns as the e~lumns of the post-factor B. Thus, if A is of order m x n and Bis of order 1X p,uncn A. Bis of orderm xp. 3. The element-,, occuring in the ith row and kth column of the product [Link] obtained by multiplying the elements of the ith row of A by the corresponding element of the kth column of B and adding the resulting product. This rule of multiplication of two matrices is known as Row by Column method of multiplication of two matrices. ‘The following solved example will be helpful for the students to understand the method of matrix multiplication. T2338 10 Illustrative example. If A = | and B= : : ; find 1 aoe 26 AB. Solution. Here A is of order 3 x 3 and B is of order 3x2 i.e, number of columns in pre-factor A is equal to number of rows in post-factor B. . Aand B are conformable for multiplication i.e., AB is defined and is of order 3 x 2. : [+ Order of AB = No. of rows in Ax No. of columns in B] Sum of the produets of corresponding elements of Ist row of A and Ist column of B at{t : =[1 2.3] |0]=1x1+2%0+3x2=7. 2 (1, th element of AB =2.20 : MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ 103 ing elements AB = Sum of the products of corresponding el eee of Ist row of A and 2nd column of B 1 oto =[1 2 3] |1|=1x0+2x1+3x1=5, 1 (2, th element of AB = Sum of the products of corresponding elements : of 2nd row of A and Ist column of B ft =[0.-2 1] |0]=0x1+2x0+1x2=2. 2 (2, 2)th element of AB = Sum of the products of corresponding elements - of 2nd row of A and the 2nd column of B fo ; =(0 2 1] |1)=0x0+2x14+1x1=3. 1 (3, th element of AB = Sum of the products of corresponding elements of 3rd row of A and Ist column of B ott =({1 2 5) Jo =1x1+2x0+5x«2=11. 2 (S, 2th clement of AB = Sum ofthe produets of corresponding elements of Srd row of A and 2nd column of B >to =(1 2 5] 1 =1x04+2x145x1=7, 4, 7.65 A.B=| 2 3 Al: % Note. 1. Intheabove example we have : twomatrcin dtc The sar re rite product = ee a ‘ 10 A.B =|0 271 O- 7 126 Qi .t Tx1+2x043x9 9x042x1 x14 2%045x2 xLt Id 3]. 1x042x1 =|oxts200103 x14+3x1] [7 5 4x0+2x145x1] [a7 7ee et Se Ek ANTS 2. If AB is defined, then BA ig ai I not necessari is defined but BA is not defined co nes I the dbove example, AB Pre-factor B has 2 columns while post-factor A has 3 row, . If matrice then both AB S: Uf matrices Aand Bare and BA are defined if and ca preps ten particular, ifboth A, and [Link] both dofinng 7" @Uare matrices ofthe same order, then AB 27. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION (Without Proofs} 1, Matrix Multiplication is Associative. ; If A, B, C are three matrices of respectively, then the order m x nj n x p and p x q (AB)C = A(BO),, 2. Multiplication of matrices is distributi ‘it ae s distribut: addition of matrices. eee preeunerrerr te If A be a matrix of the order m x n and B, C of the same order n x p; then A(B+C) = AB+ AC. 3, Multiplication of matrices is not necessarily commutative Let A and B be two matrices. The following cases of multiplication of matrices arise : Case 1. The product matrix AB exists but BA does not exist. For example, if A is of order m x n and B of the order n x p; then AB . is of the order m x p; whereas BA is not defined. [ : Number of columns in B # number of rows in Al Case 2. The products AB, BA both exist but may not be of the same order. For example, if [Link] the order m x n and B is of the order n x m, where hieens then ‘products AB and BA are both defined but are of different orders m x m and nx n respectively. Case 8. The products AB, BA both exist and are ofthe same order, but still AB + BA. : ee We shall illustrate it with the help of an example. Consider the matrices: ve 2 11 4 a-() Hl anil B-[) | [A.B both being of the order 2 « 2 AB, BA are defined and'are both of the same order 2 x 2. We shall now show that AB # BA. “ 1 17,f1 “| freee ingest fe HI “af 7 as =|) alo 0|7[ox1+0x0, 0x0+0x VeMATHEMATICS FOR B.C-A ~ 103 ; 2.22 1 0} [1 1)_f1x1+0%0 wl fe 41 one pa | kl | Ox140x0 0x1+0x0 o of lo 0 x ‘a I From (1) and (2), wehavé AB + BA. 4 icati hold Remark : Commutative law of multiplication may sometimes hold for matrices. 10 fot | For exaimple, let a-[j | and B=| 1 9 | 1 O]gf0 t]alO 2 fl) re owe [BLS SEL. _fo1j.f1 o]_fo 2 (2) pat oo tl [i6 From (1) and (2),,, AB = BA. Note. The multiplication of diagonal matrices of same order is commutative. 4. The product of two matrices can be a null matrix even if neither of them is a null matrix. Forerample consider A=[ ol and alt 6 sneither of which 0 00 SOLVED EXAMPLES that matrix multiplication is associative for the. is a null matrix, but still their product, AB = i 0] =o Example 1. Verify following matrices : lel Jmol 4] Solution. Here AB = i ale "| [ose ose [ae | q pee sla ales af | a 140 040] [1.9 +0 o+0]"} 9 °| “sne()MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Also, Bc =/1 O][-1 0 . 00 0.2 a -1+0 0+0 2 -10 0+0 0+0]--| 0 0 AGC) = 1 -1)f[-1 0 . 2 00 ] -14+0 0+0 . -10 (2) 0+0 0+0 00 From (1) and (2), we conclude that (AB)C = A(BC). Example 2. Verify that A(B + C) = AB + AC, where 1, '2.8 70.1 A=[l 2) = = EC t » Belo es] mee=[2 9 3] ; 1 2 8][is0-1]-j2 2 4 Solution. Here B + C= < ee eee F 4 sl'L2 3 a] [: 7 i 2.23 224 AB+C) =[1 a> 1 5] =[2+4 2+14 44+10]=[6 16-14] wD) 1 2°38: Also, AB =[1 al a z =[1+0 248 3+10]=[1 10 13] 101 and AC =[1 2) 5 3 9 1+4 0+6 1+0]=[5 6 1) AB+AC =[1 10 13]+[5 6 1)=[6‘16 14] +2) From (1) and (2), A(B + C) = AB +AC. Example 3. Show with the help of an example that AB =O = BAwhen neither A nor B is a zero. matrix. 1-1 11 : Solution. Let A = [ jl 1 and B= [; i] be two non-zero matrices. 1.14+(-1).1 1.1+(-1),1 Then, AB = [ (etd p44 2 3]=o 00 114LC) LCD+11) fo 0] _ 9 11+1(-1)-LCD+11]~ | 0 0 ‘Again, BA* MATHEMATICS FOR © 2:24 e cannot conclude that i = BA = O), w Thus, it is clone that if AB = Or a. concept of inverse ofa Example 4. Without using the matrix, find the -16 -6 ; 5 -7][* 7]-|-%% ol 4 * 7] acneae| 3ilz u 7 i | matrix [; 7 5 -7\[*% ")-["1 a Solution. We have es 3|lz 4 7 -16 -6 bx-Tz . by- TU I-l 8 2 te -2n+8z -27+38u J | [Multiplying the two matrices on LHS] atrices are equal =D ‘ +(2) (8) wn) sponding elements of two equal m: bx - Tz =-16 by-Tu =-6 =2n 432 =7 —2y+3u =2 Solving (1) and (3), weget x =1, 2=3 Solving (2) and (4),weget y=-4, u=-2 : x y)_f1 -4 Hence, ee a 2.8, POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF MATRICES Since the corres ‘The product A . A is defined if and only if A is a square matrix, Let A be an-rowed square matrix. Then'A . A is also an n-rowed square matrix and we write A. A = A? Again the products A?. A and A . A? are defined wien hen lefined and both are n-rowed Also, A?.A =(A.A).A=A.(A.A)=A.A2 so that MA =A.A2 = [Associative lau] A.A.A which we agree to write as A®. ‘Then A® =A? A=A.A2=[Link] In general, the product of any *and we can write the product A.A. Thus, A™=A.A.A Also, A”. A" finite number of matrices is associativ? +Avww A to m factors'as A”. to m factors, S(ALA, A A.A tom factors) (A.A. A..... ton factors) | = A.A.A..... to(m +n) factors, =Am+n Similarly, we can show that (Amn — AmnMATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.25 2.9. THEOREM If Aand Bare n-rowed square matrices, @ A+BP=A2+AR4BAGR? @) (A+B)(A-B) = 42_ ABs BA_Be @ii) (A- BY = A2_ AB_ BA 4 B?, : then Proof. (i) Since A and B are n- i is also n-rowed square matrix, n-rowed square matrices, therefore A+B (A+B) =(A+B)(A+B)=(A+B)A+(A+B)B -A+B.A+A.B+B.B : =A?+BA+AB+B (Distributive law] Note. Generally AB + BA but if Aand B commute, then AB=BA and we have (A+ B)?= A? + 2AB +B? (i) (A+ B)(A-B) =A(A-B)+B(A-B) =A.A+A.(-B)+B.A+B.(-B) = A?— AB + BA-B?. Note. Generally AB¥ BA but if Aand B commute, then AB =BA and we have (A+B) (A-B) =A2-B? (ii) (A-B) =(A-B)(A-B) =[A+(-B)] (A+B) =A[A+(-B)] +(-B)[A+(-B)} =A.A+A.(-B)+(-B).A+(-B).(-B) = A?-AB-BA+B?. Note. Generally ABBA but if Aand B commute, then AB = BAand we have (A-B)? =A?-2AB + B. i 4 5 ‘] ; prove that 2d] gt Example 5./fA=|_ 7 9 |)? (A+B)? +A? +2AB+ BY 2-1 tat 4 ome solution. A+B=[_ i a}*[-1 aJ"l-2 8 33 33 9-6 949] _/ 3 18 a asBe=[ > [es 3\7|-6-6 -6+9|~[-12 3 : Caer ae | Now, ateaxa=[ 2}"|-1 “2 441 -2-2)_[ 5 “| i *[-a-e cara] toa. 87 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ x 2.26 2 1. 14 241 taal| 3, | and ap-| oP -1 ij"|-1-2 -4+2]"[-3 -2 wee SS LS 4 -2 -3 -3 -2 5-3+6 -4+8+14] [ 8 | erat 5-3-4|"|-12 -2 (A+B) + A2+2AB +B Hi Example 6. Find the value of x such that fa 1 3 2)[1 te (2x 2])2 6 1|/2\=0. | 15 3 2\lx HF 187 2]f4 Solution. Here [1 x 1]}2 5 1|/2/-0 153 2\/x - 14642 = (1 x 1]] 241042 |=0 15+642x T42x e (1 © 1]) 242 | =0 214+2x > T+ 2x4 12x 4224214 = 9 = 224 16x +28 = > G@+D@+1)=0 zee op aa Example 7. If 4 -| ; : |; show that A2— 31 = 94. Solution. Here 4 [1 2 eee 2 4 ine a 42 ) we MEMHELS ( g 242 441/" 14 5MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.27 Now, at-ore[ 4 =3]1 9 5-8 4-0] [24 465 i) 1) 4-0 5-3 42 wal) From (1).and (2), we have A?_3I= 2A, 0 3 Bramples. 17 A-|_? a1 and r-[5 1]: then find bo that RAZ = 5A- 211. Solution. Here it is given that kA? = 5A-211 4 ‘als hls als) 0-21 0415 0 15] [21 0° = k 0-35 -21+25}"|—~35 25/7| 0 21 - -21 15] [+21 is ~*l-35 4)" | -35 : -21k 15k] _[-21 15 nue = -35k 4k|"[-35 4] = Bab Example 9. If A= [s : zh then find f(A), where f (x) =32 = 5x +7. Solution. We have f(x) =22~5x +7 ; : f(A) =A? ~5A +71 1) where I is the unit matrix. 31 31 fore. a Birk [ee ta] “f, 9-1 ‘8427 [ 8 6 “[-3-2 -1+4]°|-5 3 85 a1 10 ra=[_5 3-8[-1 ales 4 By [8h ath] oo Sl AEE So Thus A is a solution of the matrix equation A? — 5A + 71 = O. ‘ |MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A - 103 2.28 | 1 2.3 i Example 10./fA=|3 -2 1 , show that A? - 28A - 40 1= 0. H! . | ae 1 2 3 1 2 3 Solution. A?= A.A=|3 -2 1|x{/3 -2 1 4 21 4 21 146412 2-446 34243 19 4 8 =| 3-644 64442 9-2+1/= dole) 44644 8-442 124241] [14 6 16 a 2°38 19--4 8 Aa= A.A? =|3 -2 1]x| 1 12 8 4 a 4 14° 6 15 1942442 4424418 8+16+45 =|57-24+14 12-2446 24-16+15 16+24+14. 16+244+6 32+16+15 63 46 69 =|69 -6 23 92 46 63 AS-23 A-401 63 46 69 2) 8 1-0 0 » = {69 -6 23|/-23/3 -2 1|/-40/0 1 0 92 46 63 id 001 63 46 69] [23 46 69] [40 0 0 -6 23|-|69 -46 23|-| 0 40 0 s2 46 63} [92 46 23) | 0 0 40 63-23-40 46-46-0 69-69-0 69-69-0 -6+46-40 23-23-0 92-92-0 46-46-0 63-23-40 000 00 o|-0. 000 Example 11. A booksell i i class X, 8 dozen books for atee rea ee oe es ‘ar pubes Prices are Rs, 83, Rs. 34-50 and Rs. 45 respecti 3, le spectively per bo d the total amount of the bill furnished by the bookseller. ype taahifind te " 2 8S: Fes AND DETERMINANTS : 2.29 Jution., The number of books can be written as row matrix and joes of ‘books as column matrix. Thus we have Purchase matrix =[120 96. 60] 83-0 Price matrix = | 34-5 . 45-0 Now, Bill] = [Purchase Matrix] x [Price Matrix] 83-0 =[120 96 60]| 34-5 : 45:0 = [120 x.83 +96 x 345 + 60 x 45] = [9960 +3912 + 2700] = [16972] Hence the total amount of the bill = Rs. 15972. 0. -tan£ Example 12. If A = a 2.) and Lis the unit-matrix of tan 3 0 as cosa -sina sina cosa |" order 2 x 2; show that 1+ A= (I-A) [ a e 10 on rts Solution, I+A = ee 01} ltt 0 2 @ 1 tan = “ 2 (1) tan> 1 « 1 tan Teast 2 5: 3 5 PAS 0 1}, |tin -ten= 1 (2) cosa - sina Now, A). [ie at) 1 tong viel F. a COBO. / re : tan>2.30 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A~ : a cosa +tan sina ~sin'a + tan >. cos : ai ~ tan $ cos o + sin o tan $. sin a + cos o at i" oo : cosa.cos2+ain'[Link] -[Link]>+sin > . cosa ae ee ees 1 a a # con 7 2 2 - * eae a ~sin & . cos a + cos 5 sin o sin $ .sin a + ¢08 5 . cosa a a ? cos > cos = \ 2 a (erg). sles cos(a-%]} -sin{a-S | 2 a a - cos = = - a 7 cos $ a a sinfa-£] cos{a-% (3) cd a cos * a z cos $ 1 ~tanS liane oy [Using (0) 2 EXERCISE 2.3} 1. Find the product AB, if defined, when @ A=|> 3 ana pe] 4 z -1 (i) A=I2, 3} and B= 4 5 7 a 12 win a=[ ] _[2 <2 1[andB=|> f ’ 23 4 2 : Ww) a-[ i : “5 ana B= =; -5. 6 -2 3 -1 ; 134 2 IfA=|-1 2-1] aid Bs] 29.1}, oy i a ; show that AB =BA. a0 -1MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS ' 2.31 8, Evaluate the following: : ; @ [2/1234 6) w(t 3 a - 163 5 Wi) 3 -1 -4}*{-1 able 4 | 10 2)f2 = 4 ‘ Gi) 11281)2 oO 1l/4] wy lo 2 (: 0 [2 1 3) o1alle 2 a(t? 9 1] Li o 2) 4 2. a 2 4 IfA= cde [ ‘}-[ 123 | and c-| } then verify that oo 310 (AB)C = AO). 5, Without using the concept of inverse of a matrix, solve the following matrix equation : Bale 1-2 c : ’ aor} la 28 » Where Xis a 2 x 2 matrix. 6. Find the value of x such that 12 10 2){2 @ [2x af 3 allz|- °. @ t112)/0 2 1|/1]=0 21 04,1 1.2 0)/1 . 212 x G@ii) [1 21]}2 0 1]}/2/=0 (iv) [x 41]}1 0 2 4/=0 10 24Lx 02 4}{-1 (M.D. Le 1 yp @ Ifthe matrix A= 2a » find A?. |: find AS, Q-11 s (ii) WA=|0 1 2|sfind APand Ae b, 02 a @ itas[ f “Samat 5A~ 141, where Lis a unit matrix. “|-4 et , then verify that A?~.12A—I=O, where lisa (i) Ifthe matrix A. unit matrix. oe ale ‘ tA? = 8A + AL. @ wa=[sy a] -[o 1 , then find & so that [B-8 2 = 5A- 61. w was| 5 $s tmon indo hatha2.32 ‘to. 1. 4. 15. MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ ‘1g, If A= : i 0 , show that A?-7A + 101, =O. 0065 20 -1 Gi) 1A=|6 1 0], showthatA®-6A?+11A-I, = 01°38 2 — Let f(x) =x?-5x+[Link](A),if A=]2 1 3}. 1-1 0 wa-[s a finds andy such that A?-xA+yI=0. IfA= [ee fel B- es anh | then show that AB =BA, . sina cosa sinB cosB [M.D.U. Jan 2006) A trust fund has Rs. 30,000 that has to be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays 5 percent interest per year and the second bond pays 7 percent interest jper year. Using matrix multiplication, determine how to divide Rs. 30, 000 among the two types of bonds if the fund must obtain an annual interest of (a) Rs. 1800 (b)Rs. 2000 (c) Rs. 1600. ‘Three shopkeepers A, B, C go to a store to buy stationery. A purchases 12 dozen note books, 5 dozen pens and 6 dozen pencils. B purchases 10 dozen note books, 6 dozen pens and’7 dozen pencils. C purchases 11 dozen note books, 18 dozen pens and 8 dozen pencils. A note book costs 40 paise, a pen Rs. 1-25 anda pencil costs 85 paise. Use matrix multiplication to calculate each individual bill. j ANSWERS | ie 7 wo [7] (i) not defined =f 6.9); -9 16 c w [2] » [2 2] -..® 5 6 @ |4 6 8 10 (i) [ 7 4 6 9 12 15 eS 4 0-1. 1 (ii) (82) @) }2 0 -2 5-2-3\ MATRICES AND DETERMINaNig -3 -14 =38 7 [ 4 ul 6 @ x=0 or ~3 ! 2 Gi) x=-2 1 Gi) x=- 5 2 Gy gor8eviT 1 @ [a 22 dl 153 292 (ti), Zero matrix aT Bho ag ay ong Sidi Ahaltt 8-0 3 isl. 2 ca 8, (i) Zero matrix 9% @) ke-7 Wi) kel 1.21.3 a | 2 sl. =10, W x=9, y=14 HB od 14. (a) Rs. 15,000, Rs. 15,000 (6). Rs. 5,000; Rs. 25, 000 ws Rs, 25,000; Rs. 5,000. 15., Rs. 157-80, Rs. 167-40, Rs. 281-40. DETERMINANTS. 2.10. INTRODUCTION TO DETERMINANTS In this section, we shall discuss how to associate an expression or a number (real or complex) called determinant to every square matrix A= [a,]. We denote this expression by det A or |A. a 2g, 92 Gig Gn1 Ona order n, then ote | Aan det. A or [Al = ay Gy we Onnnot aquare | yinant of a Bqu ate marr ‘Me matrices whch are MOAT goiormiNa Srnumbera. M4 dt Ieahould bo remombored "0 ay ar scalar quantity whoraas 4 matrlt a igh (0) 8 dofined ‘The detorminant of 9 x to be Al a nyg tof order one apn? matrix A. in called detorminan' a iminant 0 jotor? ] eee et He e ielx, Thon tho doterminant of 4 4 ae [f y] waa xen : e a : . minant of order 2 x 9 dofined ns [Al = |; i and Jo eallod deter or ed : dotorminant of second order. a & 4 i ty, Dy % |i8 dofined a Alno, tho dotorminant of 3 x 3 matrix A® th % M4 ae 4 of ordor 8 x 9 q JAj@ {a2 &%| and 4u callod dotorminan' x Bo * ie ‘ ay by ey F 7 dotorminant of third order, is callod a dotorminant of In gonoral, dotorminant of n x matrix I ordor n x n or a determinant of order 1, Tho numbed yy yy 1 by Ar0 cull ' lod ho vaaluo yD) ~ ty), Ineallod the Oxpangle oments Or valug Unually dot. A ia donotod by tho symbol A. 2.11, DETERMINANT OF SECOND ORDER Connidor two oimultancous oquations ae rby #0 w(t) cpt + byy 0 wuld) To ollminate x and yt J'rom (1), wo havo ek Ol y an From (2), wo havo eo yo Oy wuld) Now from (8) and (4), wo got ; oa uy ly, . bob = tea 1h fan aids 4b, ig May= ayby 0, ll ho oxpronilon ayby = dob, ln call t I) i “ od a dolorminant of second ordet briofly donotod by A und to nymb ymbollenlly "oprowontod by|% by ty by of tho dotorminat of tho dotormina"F MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.85 Note. Toexpand a determi Jo terminant of order 2 x 2, we apply the rule of cross-multiplication. The value of rb Jaecas. 13 eed afb, , 2.11.1 Observations : 1, A determinant of second order contains 2? = 4 elements. 2. There are 2! = i a tae Bas ; es ae terms in the expansion of the det., out of which patel pends other has negative sign prefixed with its Example 1. Evaluate : © : ul a 84922 be 2x+1) xt] __ |eosa -sina GD.) sina cosa a 2. 5 10 10 Solution. _ = tution. o | | |_S>ay|-ex4-c 2-29 =5x442x10= 20+ 20=40. Qx+B xt+2 = (243; 2 Fe pera onte bE AEL OSA )-Qx+ DG +2) @ = (2x? + 5x +8) — (2x? + 5x + 2) 221 cosa —sin a 2 2 = cos a. cos a- [sin a. (sin a) ] sina cosa = cos? a + sin? a= 1. ad+be bd-acl"/ 3 42,2 eg? Example 2. Show that | 4q ad +be =(a? +b?) (c? +d”). ad+be bd-ae Solution, LHS-=4=|g¢-bd ad-+be = (ad + be) (ad + be) ~(ae—bd) (bd — a0) = (ad + be}? + (ae- bd? = gtd? + bc? + 2abed + ac? + 2d? — 2abed = atd? + Bc? + ac? + bd? = %(c2 +d?) + B42 + a) = (a2 +b?) (2 +d) = RES.ol r 2.36 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~'g, | f 2.12. DETERMINANT OF THIRD ORDER i Consider three simultaneous linear equations ay + by + ¢y2=0 (0) gt + bgy + 092 =0 (2) age edgy +o=0 (3) To eliminate x, y, z from the three equations, we solve (2) and (8), by the method of cross-multiplication 7 rt e byeg— Cabs. Cnty. 2203 ads — bay p = Wbyey—Cgbs) Y= hlcgtg— ayeg) 2 = Hagby — asb,) Putting these values in (1) and after cancelling common factor &, we get | (by ~ Gyby) + by( catty — Gyeq) + Oy(4qDg—Agbq)=0 4) | | This expression on left hand of (4) is called determinant of third | i my bg | | order, briefly dénoted by A and symbolically written as | 2 2 Cy a3 ds ¢ i a,,54,¢;,.. ete. are thé elements of this determinant. Bid ‘The value on left hand side of (4) is called the value of the determinant. Ep The elements a1, b,,c,3 dg, by Cy} G3, by, C3 along three horizontal lines form three rows and the elements a,,.dy, a3; 1, 02,3 and C1, Cy, cy lying along three vertical lines form three columns. 2.12.1. Observations: 1. A determinant of order 3 contains 3? = 9 elements. 2. There are 3! =6 terms in its expansion out of which half are positive and the other half are negative. 3. We notice that the value of the determinant ay by dg by C2] = Gy(byey — Cybg) + by (cgay — ages) + cy(ay ag bs } | by Cg a a, bs; | =a 2) 40,| 9% 2 } bs cy bl ag c3| fas b3 ay b 1 az by be a6, | % a as by Cy col “as bs |MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS a Note 1. The aboveespansion of the determinant is known as expanding in terms be expanded af eension along 1st row, Similarly, the determinant can ‘panded alongany row orany column. The ae = oe Of the determinant is same when ‘expanded along any row or any 2, 3. Sign before each term = (~ 1)! pcan f =D colurnn in which heron ng: where | and jindizate the row and the . aa base method of expansion is general and is valid for determinant of Example 3. Expand the following determinants : [2-4 3 0 sina. -cosa Oe dre @i) |-sina 0 sinB 7 6% cosa -sinB. 0 : 22-4 3 Solution. (i) Let A=/3 9-1 2 76 4 Expanding in terms of Ist row, we have 12 3 2 a1. 6 t|--4|? 1[*3]7 al =2(1-12)+4(8-14)+3(18-7) =~ 22-44 +33 =-33. 0 sina --cosa @i) Let A=|-sina 0 sin B cosa -—sinB 0 Expanding along first row, we have 0 sinB -sinB 0 -sina sinB 4=0 6 cos +(-cos a) sina 0 cosa ~sinB 0—sin a (0 —sin B cos «) — cos a (sin « sin B — 0) " sin a sin B cos &—cos asin a sin B = 0. RAB mT Example 4. Solve forz:| 2 5 x/=0. -1 2 =EMATICS FOR Bo, MATH ACA ig 2.38 . 7 tne given detorminant alone BFStrow wep, Solution, Expanding i) | ra vig 22x) —2¢ae +3) 1048) fa gt 6r-9 =, = Bom 37 x=3,-1 ‘2 G@-9@+N=0 = i“ > 2.13, MINORS AND CO-FACTORS 2.13.1. Minors ; Let A = [aj] be.a square matrix ces : the determinant obtained by deleting the ro! lies is called the minor of that element. Consider a matvix of third order, jer nso that |A| = Ja. rnd column in which the elemey, Qqy Ae 443 A=| an ai. 2s ; dg, gn 33 % te 3 > IAL =] 421 G22 dog A523 where suffix of each element indicates the row and-column in which the clement lies i.e., a3, lies in 2nd row, 8rd column; ay, lies in 2nd row, 1d column and so on, then minor ofa, is denoted generally by M, and is obtained by deleting ith row and jth column, For example, the minor of ay, is denoted by M,, and is given by ay ay 32 Ogg 2 WDeleting second row and first columtl Example 5. Find the minors of all elements of the matrix 1 ayy A=) ay ay, 31 day % a, Solution. We have |A| =| q 2 hy 21 np i 3) a. ‘The minors of a,,, 88 12, 419 in the respectively, where determin, O39 ant are M,,, My. and MiMATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.39 a My =|% 8], Oo 3, gg 39 ‘The minors of ay), doo, a, ; 1 99 Gog are M>;, Myy and Mys respectively, where a, : M,,=|-” jp =| 13 |, _|o 82 a3) 431 G32 The minors of a5), ay, agy are Myy, Mgy and Mgq respectively, where a1 Ag a | 1 S18 Mg, = 1 G93 Gy, Ogg 2113.2. Co-Factors Let'A = [a,j] be a square matrix of order nso that |A| = |aj|.Then, the co-factor of an ‘element a, in A is the minor of ay with sign (- 1¥ +4. It is usually denoted by Conreaporshes capital letter i.e., co-factor of a;;is denoted by Ay Thus, Ay=(C1¥*7M,, where M; is the minor of ay in A. 1 2 3 Example 6. Find all the co-factors ofthe matrixA=| 4-5 6]. 7 0° -1 1 2 3 Solution. We have |A| = |4 ‘| -5 6 i o -1 Here y= d= gg =-1 at % " Ayg = co-factor of y= (- 1)'* Mya = =46 5 Ayg = co-factor of ays = (- 1))* 3 Mig 5) (0.435) =35 =My3=2.40 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A~ 103.) a Ag, = co-factor of ay, = (-1)?*?My, == Mg 1,3 oon ag = CfA Of gg = (1° 2M, = Mig = | jf eea-apenaa : j 12 Agg = co-factor of agg = (— 1)2+ 9 Mgg = - Mos | =-(0-14)=14 70 : Ag, = co-factor of ag, = (- D3 *?Mg, = Mg = Agy = co-factor of gy =~ 1)°*? My = - Mg | a er ae Agg = co-factor of agy = (— 1) +? Mgg = Mgg = (- 5 - 8) = — 13, 2.14, EXPANSION OF A DETERMINANT IN TERMS OF CO-FACTORS a by Let A=| a2, bz Cy a3 bs Cy Expanding along first row, we have a, ce a by A= 7 as c3| | a5 by e Now, A, = co-factor ofa, = (-12|22 %|_|2° eo + [83 ¢3| [bg eg B, = co-factor of by = (-1)#2|7 %|__|42 & a3 Cg az C3 , = co-factor of c,= (-3)+3|%2 b2|_|ap by a3 bs] |as bg Putting these values in (1), we have 4 =a,A, +5,B, +0,0, Similarly, we can show that A = dyha + boy +c,C, (if expansion is along 2nd row)MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.41 A=a, a ia + bsBs + 04C, (if expansion is along 3rd row) : i ¥apAy + a5A5 (if expansion is along 1st column) ‘ 7 a + byB, + b3B,_ (if expansion is along 2nd column) = 0,0, + « es oc lee 11 +020, + c5Cy (if expansion is along 3rd column) lence a determinant can be ex) " pressed as the sum of the product ofthe: element of any line (row or column) and their comenponding eo fctrs Another important result : slated oe of any line of a determinant are multiplied by the co-factor of the corresponding elements of any other parallel line, the sum of the product so formed is zero. For instance aA, + b,By +0,C, = a, (co-factor of ay) + b,(co-factor of b) +c, (co-factor of ¢,) a a, by 6 ea (-ye|o , a1") ee yea a3 Cg +b.) 1? +e.) 1 es =~ a4(b1¢5— bey) + By(ayeq — a¢,) —¢,(ab5 — 45b,) == Aybyeg + Gybgey + @1by¢5— agbycy - G4gC, + 4g 40,= 0 Similarly, we can show that a,A3 +5,By + ¢C, = 0. Example 7. Using co-factors of elements of third column, evaluate Lox ye. A=|1 y 2}. Lew lox Solution. We have, A=|1 y 2 lz yw Fs + + C, = co-factor ofc; (ie, yz) = ys . =(z-y) €, = cofactor of ey (i.e. zx) =(-17*8 C, = co-factor of cy (ie, xy) =(- v8 b= 0,0, + C2 + %6Cs eye (-y) ~ x) @-2) #39 9-2) a yet y's ae + eet 4 ay 2y,1. MATHEMATICS FOR B.0-4 ~ 103 ¢ following determinants ¢ Expand thi 1 : | ® F | wot 4 , ie 2oged x-1 lee es ww) [Fo ‘i -c+id a-ib a+ e+ | * *]=8, find the value of = -3 5 . feo? (of find the value of =. ' 3x 2 4|_|2 4 eae Wii) If = find the value of x. 5 1[[é@ # oluman of the Write the minors and co-factors of each element of the first ¢ determinant in each case: ts and evaluate the following determinant ie 5 20 oe cele i @ Jo 4 Ww 4-1 2 Git) |1 ca i 4 x, (622 1 ¢ ab Evaluate : 1. 8,5 521 @ |2 6 10 Gi) |3 0 2 31-11 38 813 bte a) a 219 117 346 @i) | b cta b (jv) | 19 9° 34 ce a+b Te 8 6 Ou WA Garr bi WM iii) a2 +62 +02 +d? — (iv) 28-2? +2 Bad @.o4 w g-8 (ii) +18 2 are My, = 20; Ay =—1} Ag, =-20; A=—5. Gi) Myy=-12; Myy=-16; My, =-4; Ay, =— 12; Ag, =16; Ag;=-4; A= 40 karr icES ‘AND DETERMINANTS ' 2.48 (iil) Mur =? a0%} My; = 0% —b2, Mo 9% 42 AAO MGEAS wich gga ce sate—b%e : ease BP A= ab? ~ a0? + be? ba? 4 ca2 = cb? 0 an = 4@ w7 (iii) dabe (iv) 2178. 215. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS In this section we shall i : prove some of . fl nants of thi . e of the important rties of etermD ced Sapte order which shall be helpful in seateatia them. However ‘rue for determinants of any order ating s r. property 1. The value of determi1 7 ferminant is ra upc teiperdalrpbex entire: meee ll : % bh proof. Let A =| 02 bz cy az bg cg = aj(byey— byeg) — By (a0 — agCy) + Cy(@gbg — Agbg) 1) [Expanding along first row] Let A’ be the determinant obtained from A by changing its rows into columns. Then a, a ag by by by} * Oy lg Cg = G fb yeg— Bye) ~Byltgey — 2562) + 64(0abg~ Agha) ~-@) : [Expanding along first column] at " From (1) and (2), 4=4’. Hence the result. Property 2. If interchanged, the sign of two rows or columns of a determinant are the determinant is changed. a, a, Proof, Let A=| 4% % ce = (byes — Gaba) ~ 2n(bs¢0— cybg) + ag(b yey — Cys) [Expanding along first row] Let B be the determinant obtained by interchanging 1st and 2nd rows ofA, then bby bs Bal & % co. 8s2.44 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A — 103 = by(a4yeg ~ yep) — Boye ~ 404) + Bgl yey ~ C422) [Expanding along first row) Re-arranging the terms on the [Link]., we get B =~ a4(b seq ~ Cyby) + (005 — 6105) ~ (b02~ Cra) =~ A- Similarly, we can prove the result by interchanging any two columns, Property 8. If any two rows or tivo columns are identical, then the value of the determinant is zero. Proof. Let determinant A have its 2nd and 8rd rows identical a bb y Aaa, by a by 2 = 044(b 05, — Byeg) = by(@gey — A969) + €y(Ayby ~ dgby) = 0. (Expanding along first row] Property 4. Ifeach element in a row or column of a determinant is multiplied by the same factor, then the determinant is multiplied by that factor. a bh gy Proof. Let A=|d2 b) 2 ds by cy = a4 (b9e — Cbg) — by (ageg — Cg) + Cy(gbg ~ byas) and B be the determinant obtained from A by multiplying the elements of first row by ha, hb, hey B= | % b a, by ee = hay(bye ~ 6b) = kb (ageg ~ stg) + he (agby — bag) = hlay(by¢g — egbg) — by (ages — colts) + C4(agby ~ bya] =hA. Hence the result. Note. 1. |kA|=2" |A|, where Aisa square matrix of order n. 2. If Aisa scalar matrix of order nie.,A=kI,then |A| = |AI| = "|| =" 3. [FA] =@1 Al. Cor. If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) of 4 determinant are proportional (in the same ratio), then its value is zero- < fal) ay~ ag Let d=] bb ha, hd, kag |MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Here the el ements of R, and R, are proportional elle ‘2 % & a, As - kyo by bs it y [Using property 41 % a, ag = k(0)=0. i [Using property 3] Property 5. Jj po eee element of a row (or column) ofa determinant eeu of two (or more) terms, then the determinant as sum of two (ok more) determinants. ae qh gy Proof. Let A=|a, by co Expanding the deere ati ‘ anche eek sachehae hy fy eet cotaas oa ey respectively in det. A,such that: ee by, A, 2. Ce = eG bog 1 eo 7 by cg, 2 by ts". bp by (1) ata, db) & Ket a, +02 by dg +c3. bs Ce < ee eo aes — (ay +a,)|"2 | (ay +05) bo : bs 3 Dios cg) [be ce 2) Substituting the values of Ay, Ay and A, from (1) in (2), we get A= (ay + Ay + (dy + O)Aa + (dg + ag)Ag = (ayy + ghy + Ags) + (yA, + Oaha + OAs) ate & a) fo & a] |o bo dy +a be | =| by ea |+]} a2. be % ag +03 bs ¢| 1% by cg] [4a b3 ¢ Hence the result. Property 6. The value of @ determinant is unaltered if to each element of any row (or solumn) be added some multiple k, k 70, ofthe corresponding elements ‘ofany other row (or column). ay bb 4% Proof, Let 42 |% 2 % a, bs ¢s|,2.46 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A = yo iv mii nd let A’ be the determinant obtained from 4 py | asding ta Be lements fits fist column, mes the coreepondig eleme of the second column i ay +h, by ie, Al = [a2 thb, by Cy ay+hkby bs cg Since the elements of the first column of A’ consists of two terms, therefore it can be expressed as a, bj | fk bh A'S |ay by cy] +|kby by cy (Using Property 5) ay by ¢| | hbs b5 ¢5 . bb or A+A,,where A,=h]b, by cy bs bs cy or aaa "Ay =0as column 1 and 2 are identical) Hence the result. ° 2.16. EVALUATION OF DETERMINANT WITHOUT EXPANDING To evaluate the determinant of third or higher order, we always tryto | introduce as many zeros at maximum number of places in a particular row | or column by using the properties of determinants. After introducing the maximum number of zeros possible in a row or column, we expand the determinant along that row or column. In order to reduce the elements to zero in a row or column, use of elementary row and column operations which are given bel 2.17. ELEMENTARY OPERATIONS (TRANSFORMATIONS) The following six operations on a matrix are called elementary transformations or E-transformations out of which three are elementary row transformations and other three are elementary column transformations @ Interchanging of any two rows, This operation is denoted by R, «> R, and m i j rows are interchanged. ait ae bree a @ Multiplication of the elements of any row by a non-zero we make low : Such operations are elements of ith row ii) Addition of a non-zero scalar multiple of the elements of Sny row to the corresponding elements of the other row. denoted as R,—>kR, are multiplied by A which means that all theMATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 247 Such operati puch. operations are denoted as R, > R, + kR, which means that ; e jth row is added to the ith row. . papa of any two columns. ‘is operation is i : . columns are mana 0, +» C; and means that ith and jth () Multipli sealne Neation of the elements of any column by a non-zero 8 : ed operations are denoted as C; > KC; which means that all the : ae S of ith column are multiplied by 2. (wi) Addition of a non-zero scalar multiple of the elements of any column to the corresponding elements of the other Such operations are denoted as 0; > C, + kC; which means that k times the jth column is added to the ith cohima. ‘SOLVED EXAMPLES. Example 1. Without expanding, prove that the following determinants vanish: 3891 6 13208 9 9 12 @ “|b 27 10! Gi) |4 5 6 @ii) | Lt -3 -4 7:4 14 78 49. 7 33 22 31,6 31. 2x3 Solution. (i) Let A=|5 2 10/=|5 2 2x5 74 14] [7 4 2x7 from C, respectively, we have 13 5i= 7 ‘Taking out 2 common 3 A =2/5 2 74 Columns 1 and 3 are identical] (ii) Let A= Poaee wm mw OOw _R, and Ry > Ry — Ry we vet Applying Ry > #2 =0 > " owe aww aw wo w 7 we. oom ow a) of [+ Rows 2and3are identi¢al]48 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ 195 Qe , 9 3x3 4x3 ot 4 aE D | (iii) Let A=] 1 -3 -4/=]1 8%xC1) 4x 1 9 12] |1 3x3 4x3 | ‘Taking out 3 and 4 common from C, and C; respectively, we have : 9 3 3 i ‘4 = (8)(4)}1 -1 =1]=0, [+ C,and C, are identicay 1.3 3 4 1 a bte Example 2. Prove without expanding that |1 b c+a|=0. 1. ¢ a+b 1 bee (M.D.U. Dec. 2013] Solution. Let 1 b ct+a ~ Jl ©. a+b Applying C; > C, +.C,, we get 1a atbte lai A=/1 6b a+b+cel=(a+b+0)]1 b 1 1c at+bte lel (+ Columns 1 and 3 are identical] x+y xox Example 3. Prove that | 5x+4y 4x 9x | = 23. 10x+8y 8x 3x x+y x x Solution. Let 4 = Sxt+4y dx Qe 10x+8y 8x 3x Splitting the above determinant, we have we wl ly xy A=| 5x 4x Qxlalay ay ox lox 8x 3x] [By gx gy li 11 ¢ 4 2ltyel4 4 o¢ 108 3 8 8 3x | 11 4 2140 10-8 3 : \ CeIn 2nd det, columns 1and 9 are identical) | z |(MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Applying C, > C,~C,, we get 10 5 2 10 5 Applying Cs — C, —C,, we get 10 5 2 10 5 A=x3 4 =33 2.49 0 —3|=25 [1 14+ 15)] = 29. aT Example 4. Without expanding the determinants, show that : aa 8 la a? bc Lia a@ b B® cal=|1 6? 0° ce ce abl |1 c? e® aa be a a? be Solution. L.H: 5 aah ste BoB es cc abl *le c? ab a? a® abc| |a? a® - 2? 68 abe|=| 6? b% 1 abe) 2 68 abe| |c? ce? 1 a? 1 a°| |1 a? a =-|o? 1 53| ={1 6? 6° |=RHS. aie] [ie & lx yz preamps Evaluate the determinant |1 y 2%). len V1 ye Solution. Let A=|1y # 12 yw \ Applying Ry > Rp—B, and Rg > Ry— Ry we get te ye A=|0 yrx 2-ye 0 z-x x-% Te ye =|0 y-x -2(y-%) 0 z-x -y(e-2)2.50 . MATHEMATICS FOR Bo. ny Taking (y — x) and (z - x) common from Rz and Ry, we get se A=Q-x)@-x)]0 1 -2 ot 2 g-@-)CytD =@-9) Y-2) @-a). laa f Example 6: Prove that |a 1 a| = (2a+1)(1-a). aal la.a Solution, Let As|a la oe Applying R, > R, +R, + Ry we get ‘J14+2a 1420 1420 11y a=| @ i a |=(1+2a)}a la ae ra 1 aat Applying C, > C;~C, and Cy -> C,-C,, we get |r 0 0 A =(1+2a)(¢°1-a 0 a 0: 1-4 . =(1+2a)(1—a)(1-a) =@a+) AHa)%, eit xx? Example 7. Prove tat |1 yy =@-y) Y~2) (2x) (x+y +2) : 3 dae a 7 fede at Solution. Let A=|1 y 3 rz 2 ‘Applying Ry > Ry—Ry;R, > Ry By, we get a) (Expanding along 1st row)MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.61 1 x x =]0 yx (y-x)(y? +yx4x7) O z-x (2-x)(e? +2x4+27) Taking out (y - x) common from R, and (z - x) common from Ry we get lx x A= (y-x)(2-x)|0 1 y?+yx4x? O01 2exex? Expanding in terms of C,, we get. Ly? +yxtx? A= (yx) (@-2) 1 2 textx? = 0-2) @—a) bP ¢2n 422-67 49x +29) =x) (2-2) [22 + 2x? ya] =()-2) @-a) b?-y2+2@-y)] = -2)(@-2) [@-y) +y) + x2 -y)] =Q-2) @-a) (@-ye ty +2 =(-y) (y-2) 2-2) @+y +2). Example 8. Prove that AX \ 11 a’ B® ¢?| =(a-b) (bc) (c—a) (ab + be +a). a bo 8 111 Solution. Let 4=|a? 6° c? a 8 oc? Applying C, > C,- C, and C, > C,-C,, we get 1 0 0 Azla? B-a? c-a? a B8-a? c3-a? bP-a? c?-a : A oa a! [Expanding along R,] _| @-a)(b+a) (c-a\(e+a) “| (b—a)(b? +ab+a?) (calle +catu’),MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A ~ +a cra B+ab+a® c? +cat+a 2 =(b-a)(c-a) (Taking out (b - a) and (ca) comm, from C, and C, respectivei Applying C, > Cy - C,, we get b+a c-b B?+ab+a c°-b? +ca-ab A = (b-a)(c-a) e-b +6) +a(c—b) | b+ BP eabta® (c-A)(c =(b-a)(c-a) = eons : =O-Ao~a)e-D)) 52, ayya? crb+a =(b-a)(c-a) (c—b) [(6 +a) (a+b +¢)- (6 + ab +.0")) = (ba) (c—a) (¢—8) [ab +5? + bc +a + ab + ca-b?-ab-a! = (b-a) (ca) (c 5) [ab + be + ca] = (a-b) (6 -c) (c -a) (ab + be + ca). Example 9. Prove that > VY jarb+2 a b AS c bte+2a bf = Math +e). e a ctat2b atb+2 a 6 Solution. Let A=| ¢ b+e+2a c a c+a+2b Applying C, > C, + Cy + Cy, we get Yarb+e) a 8 A=[2a+b+c) b+e+2a b Aatb+c) a c+a+2 Taking 2a + 6 + ¢) common from C, and operating R, > Ry - Ry R, > Ry - Ry, we get 1 a b A=2atb+0)]0 atbte 0 0 0 arb+e lab =Aat+b+e]0 1 0 (OER Ou et = 2a +b +c)9(1) = 2a +b +0)8,pRicES AND DETERMINANTS Example 10. p60 that a 1 1 16 1 sabe(1ed +fe4) 1 2 Ite e =abe+be+ca+ab. [M.D.U. Jan. 2008] lta 1 1 Solution. Let A=| 1 145 1 1 1 lte ‘Taking out a, 6, c common from the first, second and third column yectively, we get Ayr 22 a Bite eabell ieee a 8 c 1 oat fe ee Applying C, > C, + (Cy + C,), we get Pee be Bb oe 1,111 1 eabelistetai Lar = asabellersete G41 F 1 11 —trt~ “9 =+1 wsetee Gt 1 ol ees be 1.1.1 1 1 = A,f42|f1 S41 = aio(teteds3)[a teat rd fat 6 Applying Ry > Ry — Ry By > Rg ~ Ry we eet 11 13% 1 A =abe ists) o 19 ab eyo 0 1 sabe} 1+— a 3 143), (1) (Expanding along C,] 2 abe 1ebetst) = aberbesea ab abcMATHEMATICS FOR Bq 2.54 atb atb+e a gqe2b sa+3b+2c “ sthat | 2a 3a+2b Example 11. Show tha : sat 100466 +3e a arb arbre Solution. Let A =| 2a 3a+2b 4a+3b+2c Ba 6a+3b 10a +6b+3¢ Applying Ry > Ry - 2R, and R, > Rg—3Ry, we Bet a a+b atb+e A=/0 @ 2a+b 0 3a Ta+3b Ja 2a+b . =a) tg 13b lxpanding along =al(7a? + 3ab) - (6a? + 3ab)] = a (a?) = a3, b+e c+a a+b abe Example 12/Prove that |q+r r+p p+q\=2|p q ri, yee ztx xty x ye b+e cta atb Solution. Let 4 =|q+r r+p p+q +2 2tx x+y Applying C, > C, +C, + C3, we get Aa+b+e) era a+b a+b+e era a+b A= Ap+gqtr) T+D ptq|=2 P+qdtr ory Axty+z2) zee ary x+yte PoPt@ Z+x oxty Applying C, > C,~C, and Cz Cy~Cy, we get at+b+e _b _y A=2! p+q+r -G -r Xtytez - Applying C. oa 1>C, +C,+Cs, we get anh, A=2!lp ~q _, et -y -2MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 2.65 abe abe =2-Wlp q rl=2)p q 6 xy 2 xy 2 Example 13. Show that (+e)? — g? a 8? (e+a)? ob? | = Babe (a+b +e)’. ? oF (a+b)? (b+e? a? a? Solution. Let a=| 82 (cra? 2 ce a+b? Applying Cy > C,—C, and C, + C,~ Cy, we get (+e)? a? (+e? a? -(b+0)" A=] 8? (e+a)?—2? 0 2 0 (a+b)? -? (+e)? (a+b+e)(a-b-c) (a+b+c)(a—b-c) =| 0? — (c+a+b)(e+a-b) 0 °F 0 (a+b+0)(a+b-c) Taking out a +6 +c common from C, and C,, we get (b+e? a-b-c a-b-c A=(atbtce)*| 6? ecta-b 0 Co 0 atb-c Applying R, -> R, - (Ry + Ry), we get 2be -2 -2b A=(atb+e)?| b? c+a-b 0 2 0 atb-c 1 1 Applying Cy > Cp + 5 Cy Cy> 03+ 5 Cy we get 2be =O 0 Be A= (a+b+2) cra i 2 2 © aad “ %MATHEMATICS FOR BOA 2.56 ro bc? =(a+b+e)* be fe+a)ta+b)— fa : Expanding along p, = be (a+b +c)? [ac + ab + be +a?-be} = 2abe (a +b +0). | a? 2ab ob? 3 Example 14. Show that| 6? a? 2ab| = (a9 +63). | 2ab Bb? a? a? 2ab 6? Solution. Let 4 =| 62 g? 2b 2ab b? a? Applying C, + C, + C,+C,,we have a?+2ab+b? 2ab b? A=|b?+a?+2ab a? 2ab 2ab+b? +a? Bg? (a+)? 2b BP A=](a+b? a? 205 (a+b)? Bg? 1 2ab 5? or 4 =(a+d)|1 a? ga 1 Bg Applying R, + R,-R, and Ry Ry Ry, we get 0 2ab-a? 62 oy (a+b? lo g2_ye 2ab - a? 1 8 a? Expanding along C,, we get 2ab~a? 9? _ aay Ab? ay? 5 (a+b) ((2Qab ~ a2 = (a+b)? [40252 A= (a+b)? ~ (a? ~ 62) (62 gap) Fah Ab ~(a282 24%) — 44 2088) = (a +b) (30252 4 ga _ 20% + b4 — 2453)waTRICES AND DETERMINANTS ae = +BY [at 4.044 22 = (a+b) [a2 4.42 = (a? + 63)2, Example 15. Solve sid cquation *-2 22-3 gx-4 x-4 22-9 3x16 x-8 2x-27 3x64 Applying R, + R,~R, and Ry >R,-R + 2026? .. 2463- 24%) ab}? = [a +b) (a? +? - aby? x-2 2x-3 ox-4 2-4 22-9 3x-16 x-8 22-27 3x64 Solution. Let A = yy We get 2 6 12° 4=| 4 48 48 x-8 2x-27 3x-64 Applying C, -> C -2C, and C, > C,~3C,, we get 2 2 6 1 1 3 4=| 4 10 36} =(2)(2)| 2 5 618 x-8 -11 -40 x-8 -11 -40 Applying C, - C, -C, and C, + C,~8C,, we get o 10 A=4/-3 5 3 x+3 -11 -7 =o eee) a3 -4| =—4 [21-3(x + 3)] =-12(4-x) But 4=0 [Given] -12(4-x)=0 => x=4 Hence, x = 4 is a root of the given equation. | EXERCISE |. Without expanding, prove that each of the following determinant vanishes : (Expanding along R, 13 5 4316 @';2 6 10 (ii) [85 7 4 31 11 38 17 3 22.58 MATHEMATICS FOR Boa, My 23 7 a-b b-c c-a (i) }13- 17 56 (iv) |b-c c-a a-b 15 20 12 c-a a-b b-c 1 be a(b+e) Ww) |1 ca b(c+a) 1 ab cta+b) a?42a 2Qa+1 1 2. Provethat} 2a+1 +2 1/=(a-D?. 3 3 1 abe 3. Without expanding, show that (a+6 +e) isa factor of |B ¢ 2 ca a a? 4. Provethat: [1 b b?|=(6-c)(c—a)(a—6). cc 111i 5. Provethat:|a py |=(@-y)(r-a)(a-B). (M.D.U. Jan 2010) By yo of 111i 6 Provethat: a b ¢ [=(b-c)(c-a)(a-6)(a+b+e). a oF 8 ey 2 7. Provethat: |x? y? 2®|=ayz(x—y)(y-z)(z- x). (M.D.U. Dec. 2013] 2 ype ao BY 8 Provethat: | 2 p? 7? B+y yea a+B (B—y) (y-a)(a—B) (+B +7). aa bte 9. Provethat: |b 6 c+a|=(b-c)(c-a)(a—b)(a+b+e). ce? a+b x yz 10, Provethat: [x? y? 2°|=(y—2)(e—x)(x—y)(ye+ex4ay). 11. Prove that: & B ca|=(a-b)(b—0)(c~a) (ab+be +a). cc ab