CPAR – 3rd Quarter REVIEWER

ART is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as
painting or sculpture. It is a work or product to be appreciated primarily for its beauty and emotional power.  It came
from the word “ARS” which means skill.
Elements of Art
1. Line - it is one-dimensional and can vary in width, direction, and length.
Types of Lines
Horizontal Vertical Diagonal Broken
ZigZag Wavy Curved Spiral
2. Shape - it is two-dimensional and can be geometric or organic.
3. Form – it is a three-dimensional and occupies space or gives illusion
4. Color – most expressive element of art and is seem by the way light reflects of a surface
5. Value – lightness or darkness of a surface
6. Texture - it describes the surface quality of an object, how things look like they feel.
7. Space – illusion of objects having depth on the 2-dimensional surface

Principles of Design – standards or rules to be observed by artists in creating works of art

1. Balance – visual weight
2. Contrast – arrangement of opposite elements
3. Emphasis – used to make certain parts of an artwork stand out
4. Movement – leading the attention to the viewer
5. Pattern – repetition
6. Rhythm – repetition and alternation
7. Unity – visually pleasing arrangement among the elements

Types of Art
a. Traditional Art - is based on indigenous people’s cultures that are largely honed by oral tradition.
b. Modern Art - includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the
1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era.
c. Digital Art – art that is made or presented using digital technology
d. Contemporary Art - refers to art made and produced by artists living today.
e. Visual Art - are art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature, such as ceramics, drawing,
painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, film making and architecture.

1. Magic Realism- it is a style of painting that shows details of the subjects and highlighting text and color
Example: “Duyan” by Nestor Garcia Leynes- is regarded as one of the leaders of the Magic Realist movement of the
Philippines

2. Expressionistic Cubism – consists of fragmented figres in larger planes, color, harmonies and texture.
Example: “Thinking Man” by Ang Kiukok. Watercolor on Paper. One of the most dynamic figures in contemporary
Philippine arts

3. Surrealism – is an art movement which explores the unconscious mind.

Example: “Flagellant at the Sanctuario” by Galo Ocampo

4. Abstract- it is a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exists with a degree of
independence from visual references.
Exampke: “Dalawang Isda” by Hernando Ocampo

I. Literature – is anybody or collection of written work. It is a mixture of a variety of subjects and a

product of different innovative techniques of writers.
1. Poetry - literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas
by the use of distinctive style and rhythm.
Francisco Balagtas – Father of Poetry
a. Bagay Movement or Colloquial Poetry – movement that uses colloquial language

‘Ex: “Valediction sa Hillcrest” by Rolando Tinio

b. Nationalistic Poetry – discusses poverty, equality, political turmoil, and other social problems that
started during the Marcos Era.
c. Narrative Poetry- it is a long narrative piece and an example of a protest poetry.
Ex: “Ang Bayang Malaya” by Amado V. Hernandez

2. Short Story - a story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter and less elaborate
than a novel.
 a. Francisco Arcellana - A writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, and teacher is Francisco Arcellana
who is an important progenitor of the modern Filipino short story in English. He pioneered the
short story to be developed as a lyrical prose- poetic form.

3. Novel - a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action
with some degree of realism.
4. Essay - a short piece of writing on a particular subject.

II. Sculpture - It is a 3-dimensional form constructed to represent a natural or imaginary shape. It can be a
form of relief, carving, modeling, casting, armature, and installation.

III. Architecture - Came from the Greek word “arkhitekton.” Arkhi meaning “chief” and tekton meaning
“builder.”

 Juan M. Arellano – an architect who was known for Manila’s Metropolitan Theater
 Juan Nakpil – a Filipino architect who was known for his Quiapo Church
 Leandro Locsin – an architect who is known for his signature floating effect Cultural Center of
the Philippines CCP

National Artists for Visual Arts and Sculpture Artists

 Fernando Amorsolo – known for his Planting Rice painting where he used neutral or nature colors and
backlighting technique wherein figure are outlined against a characteristic glow or intense light

Planting Rice
 Benedicto “BenCab”Cabrera – upheld the primacy of drawing over the decorative color

Crisis in Humanity Sabel Painting

 Carlos “Botong Francisco” – revived art of mural

KKK
 Victorio Edades – known for distorted human figures and uses dark and somber colors
 The Builders Kargadores at Davao Port
 Vicente Manansala – he is known for his Sagrada Familia and Mother’s Portrait, which he copied from a
photograph and applied cubism to in doing the painting.

Mother’s Portrait
 Hernando Ruiz Ocampo - was a Filipino National Artist in the visual arts.

Dalawang Isda

I. Contemporary Music in the Philippines refers to compositions that have adopted ideas and elements from 20th
century art music in the west, as well as the latest trends and musical styles in the entertainment industry.
There are 3 Kinds of music in the Philippines:

1. ETHNIC TRADITIONAL MUSIC

- Philippine music in ethnic tradition is described to be music that has similar elements with music from our
Southeast Asian neighbors.
 Ballad - A ballad refers to a song that explains an event occurring in a community. Today, the term
“Ballad” is loosely described as a popular romantic song in the urban areas.
Ex: Idangdang from Bukidnon, Lingyakit Parang Sabil of the Tausug (“war in the path of God”),
Composo/Komposo, Ing Bangkeru of Kampangan
 Chant - This refers to a song with an unaccompanied melody and variable rhythm. This is usually found in
epic songs.
 Song Debate - This refers to a song involving male and female singer to outsmart each other about a
certain topic. Themes usually includes courtship, and marriage.

2. EUROPEAN – INFLUENCED RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR MUSIC

 Art Song - Is a composition characterized by merging the voice part, lyrics, and the accompaniment
together “to achieve an artistic musical whole”.
Singing an art song requires skills, especially when performed during a concert or recital.
 Kundiman - is the art song of the Philippines with folk-music influence set to texts. But most
people refer to them as classical love songs.
- This kind of song talks about different feelings. It may talk about joy, sorrow or pain.
- The early kundiman were compositions of songs that involved the “affection and devotion” to the
Motherland and were called kundiman ng himagsikan (revolutionary kundiman). Therefore, the theme
of affection towards their country could easily be confused with a love situation with a real person.
* FRANCISCO SANTIAGO - Father of Kundiman.
Santiago was the first composer to include the kundiman in a concert and the first to write Philippine
Christmas carols.
 Kumintang - is a style of Philippine music and dance from the 19th century. It is a traditional
Filipino love song as well.
Ex: Mutya ng Pasig by Nicanor Abelardo
  Liturgical Music - also called church music, music written for performance in a religious rite of
worship. The term is most commonly associated with the Christian tradition.
- This began as early as the Spanish colonial period and the rise of Roman Catholicism.
- During 19th century when vernacularization of the liturgical rites began. 20th century, musicans employed
more innovative styles and forms including fusion of Asian and indigenous elements to church music.
- The birth of Pentacostal Churches and Charismatic Groups in the 1980’s also brought changes in Christian
Music.
 Pasyon Chant - The recitation or chanting of the Passion story of Jesus — the Pabása ng
Pasyón — is one of the oldest Holy Week traditions in the Philippines.
The Pabása ritual builds on a tradition of epic singing that predates Christianity’s rise in the Philippines.

3. AMERICAN - INSPIRED MUSIC

 Classical Music - This category of American-influenced music includes classical music from the Western
world, and classical and modern music composed by Filipinos.
 Chamber Music - Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of
instruments.
 Choral Music - This involves music written for a group of singers. Choral compositions can be
monodic.
 Opera - Is essentially drama that is sung and accompanied by instruments. It has a set structure,
consisting of an overture, songs for a variety of number of singers, other vocal combinations.
 Semi-Classical Music - Musical forms under this category include band and rondalla music, hymns ang
marches, sarswela and stylized folk songs.
 Band Music - an ensemble of musicians playing chiefly woodwind, brass, and percussion
instruments, in contradistinction to an orchestra, which contains stringed instruments.
 Marcha / March - This refers to a composition with music played in regular phrases, and a
strongly accented rhythm, usually in a 4 4 time signature.

Elements of Music
1. Rhythm - a strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound.
2. Tempo - the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played.
3. Harmony - the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously.
4. Timbre - also known as tone color or tone quality, is the perceived sound quality of a musical note, sound or tone.
5. Melody - a combination of pitch and rhythm.
6. Texture - how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined in a musical composition,
determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece.
7. Dynamics - degree of softness and loudness of music.
Philippine Popular Music
- Philippine Pop Music refers to a contemporary pop music in the Philippines originating from the OPM with
a mixture of different genre which emerged from 1960’s up to the present times.
 Pinoy Rock - the use of different electronic instruments such as electric guitars, drums, synthesizers and the
like are evident.
 Safe Pinoy Pop – also known as “middle of the road” type of music which can be heard from the songs of
our national artist, Mr. Ryan Cayabyab as well as the pillars and icons of OPM, Apo Hiking Society and Mr.
Jose Mari Chan.
 Pinoy Folk Music - music which is inspired by simple and repetitive tunes. Another national artist under this
genre is Mr. Levi Celerio (also recognized by Guinness book of world records as the only man who can play
music with a leaf)
 Pinoy Disco - also known as Manila Sound which is characterized by its catchy melodic phrases. VST &
Company, Hagibis and the boyfriends are also known to uplift this genre.
 Pinoy Rap - which is popularized by Francis Magalona which is characterized as a fast- paced rhythmic
narration accompanied by electronic instrument