A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

A Mini project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
Of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted
By
SHERU . SATHISH 19S11A0135

AMGOTH. PRASANTH 19S11A0117

SHIVANAPOLLA . RAJU 19S11A0123

[Link] KIRAN REDDY 18S11A01E9

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. P. VENKATESH
Assistant. Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Permanently affiliated to JNTUH and approved by AICTE, New Delhi NAAC & NBA
Accredited, ISO: 2015 certified, Approved by U.K Accreditation Center, Granted status
of 2(f) and 12(b) under UGC act 1956, Govt. of India.
MAISAMMAGUDA, DHULAPALLY, SECUNDERABAD-500100
2019-2023

I
 MALLAREDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini project report entitled “ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6
COMMERCIAL BUILDING” SHERU. SATHISH (19S11A0135) ,AMGOTH. PRASHANTH
(19S11A0117), SIVANAPOLLA. RAJU(19S11A0123),A. SAI KIRAN REDDY (18S11A01E9)
in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering during the
academic year 2022-2023.
Certified further, to the best of our knowledge, the work reported here is not a part of any other
project on the basis of which a degree or an award has been given on an earlier occasion to any
other candidate. The results have been verified and found to be satisfactory

.
Internal Guide Head of the Department
Mr. P. VENKATESH Mr. GOVINDARAJU ANAND
Assistant Professor Professor and Head, CE

External Examiner

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our whole hearted gratitude to Dr. K. RAVINDRA Principal, Mallareddy Institute
of Technology and Science for providing us the conductive environment for carrying out our
academic schedules and project with ease.

Our sincere thanks to Mr. GOVINDARAJU ANAND, Professor and Head Department of Civil
Engineering, Mallareddy Institute of Technology and Science for providing his seamless support
and knowledge during our B. Tech Course period and also for providing right suggestions at every
stage of the development of our project.

We are very much thankful and greatly indebted to our internal guide Mr. G. VENKATESH
(Asst. Professor), for they guidance and encouragement throughout the preparation and
completion of this project.

We express our sincere thanks to MR. RAVI, Project Engineer, who has been guiding us behind
this work. We consider it good fortune to have got an opportunity to work with them.

There is definitely a need to thank all staff members, friends and parents without whose support
project would have been deferred.

III
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we carried out the mini project presented in this report in partial
fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology during the academic year
2022- 2023 in the department of civil engineering of MALLA REDDY INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad.

We solemnly declare that to the best of our knowledge; no part of report has been submitted
here or elsewhere in a previous application for the award of a degree. All sources of knowledge
used have been duly acknowledged.

SUBMITTED BY:

[Link] 19S11A0117
S. RAJU 19S11A0123
[Link] 19S11A0135
[Link] KIRAN REDDY 18S11A01E9

IV
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

Figure 1.1 Bent up bars 3
Figure 1.2 Binding wires 4
Figure 1.3 Simply supported slabs 5
Figure 1.4 Cantilever slab 5
Figure 1.5 Continuous slab 6
Figure 1.6 Flat slab 7
Figure 1.7 One way slab 7
Figure 1.8 Two-way slab 8
Figure 3.1 Shuttering for slab 12
Figure 3.2 Behavior of one-way slab 14
Figure 3.3 Behavior of two-way slab 18
Figure 3.4 Different Boundary conditions of two-way Restrained slabs 20
Figure 3.5 Reinforcement details and strips in Two-way restrained slabs 23

V
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

Table 3.1 Effective depth 15

Table 3.2 Nominal cover 16
Table 3.3 Bending Moment Coefficients for Slabs Spanning 19
in Two Directions at Right Angles, Simply
Supported on Four Sides (Table 27:IS 456-2000)

Table 3.4 Bending Moment Coefficients for Rectangular 21

Panels Supported on Four Sides with Provision for
Torsion at Corners

VI
 ABSTRACT
Earthquake plays an influential role in analysis and designing of structures. Analysis is the process
of determining the behavior of structure under specified load combinations. Design is the process
of finding appropriate specifications for the structure. Manual analysis and design of structure
would consume a lot of time. By using software, analysis and design of any structure can be done
quickly. The principal purpose of this work is to analyze and design a commercial building with
different slab arrangements, i.e., Conventional slab, Flat slab with drop panels, Grid/ Waffle slab,
and building with load bearing wall. A commercial building is one in which at least 50 percent of
its floor space is used for commercial activities Analysis and design are done as per IS 456-2000
code book. M30 grade of concrete and Fe-500 steel is adopted. Load combinations are taken as
per IS: 875-part 5 (2015) code book. Live loads are taken as per IS 875-part 1. Wind speed of
55 m/s and earthquake zone 5 is adopted for analysis. Load combinations of 1S.2(DL + LL + EQ)
and 1.5(DL + LL + WL) are considered. There are several concerns which affect the performance
of structure from which storey drift; base shear and storey displacement play a crucial role in
finding the behavior of structure against the wind and seismic loads. Results are conveyed in form
of tables, bar [Link] result shows that building with grid slab is stable and economical,
contrasting to all other slab arrangements used in the building analysis against wind and seismic
loads.

VII
 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE . NO

COVER PAGE I

CERTIFICATE II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III

DECLARATION IV

LIST OF FIGURES V

LIST OF TABLES VI

ABSTRACT VII

CHAPTER-1 : INTRODUCTION 1-8

1.1 General 1
1.2. History of slabs 1
1.3. Functions of slab 2
1.4. The Elements of Slab 2
1.5 Different types of Slab 4
1.6. Loads on Slab 8
CHAPTER-2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 9-11

2.1. General 9
2.2. Specific studies 9
2.3. Summary 11
CHAPTER-3 : METHODOLOGY 12-23

3.1. Introduction 12
3.2. Area 12
3.3. Name of the work 12
3.4. Methodology 13
3.5. One way slab 13
3.6. Design procedure for one way slab 17
3.7. Two-way slab 18
3.8. Types of two-way slab 18
3.9. Design procedure for two-way slab 22
CHAPTER-4 : STUDY INTERPRETATION & DISCUSSION 24-30
4.1 Analysis of one-way slab 24
4.2 Analysis of two-way slab 27
CHAPTER-5 : CONCLUSION 31-33
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Applications 32
REFERENCES 33
ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

A reinforced concrete slab is a planar structural element and is used to provide a flat surface
(floors/ceilings) in buildings. On the basis of reinforcement provided, beam support, and the ratio
of the spans, slabs are generally classified into one-way slab and two-way slab. A one-way slab is
supported on two sides and the ratio of long to short span is greater than two, whereas, the two-
way slab is supported on four sides and the ratio of long to short span is smaller than two.

Varying loading conditions and support criteria ask for the selection of appropriate and
costeffective concrete slab, keeping in view, the type of building, architectural layout, aesthetic
features, and the span. Concrete slabs, therefore are of many different types as noted in this post.

1.2 HISTORY OF SLABS

It is not known when the first slab small structure was erected in Maryland, however, the first
reinforced concrete bridge in the state dates to 1903. Consequently, small slab structures were
most assuredly built in the first decade of the twentieth century. By 1912, the State included the
reinforced concrete slab in their Standard Plans for structures from 6 feet to 16 feet in length. The
1912-15 Report of the State Roads Commission refers to the construction of three “small slab
structures” for a cost of $2,128.70 (Maryland State Roads Commission 1916: 59).

Between 1912 and World War II, the concrete slab was specified as Maryland’s standard structure
type for small spans from 6 feet to 18 feet. Consequently, many of these small slab workhorse
structures were built on the state’s roadways.

The early slab structures had solid parapet rails. The 1919 and 1924 Standard Plans showed incised
rectangular design in the solid rail. The 1924-26 State Roads Commission Report mentions one
small (9-foot) reinforced concrete slab structure (Maryland State Roads Commission 1927: 61). In
1928, an open balustrade was introduced in the Standard Plans and this type of rail design was
continued in the Standard Plans issued in 1930 and in 1933.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 1

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

The 1930 and 1933 Standard Plans for the slab bridge show horizontal scoring on the abutments
and wing walls. The 1937-38 Report of the State Roads Commission discussed the design of a
number of small slab bridges of varying sizes in connection with replacement or reconstruction of
existing highways (Maryland State Roads Commission 1939: 84). The Standard Plans were also
available to the counties and municipalities for use on their roadways. It can be assumed the local
governments took advantage of the offer of prepared plans in some instances, but in other cases
they probably built site-specific simple slab structures that were not according to Standard Plans.

1.3 Functions of slab:

• To provide a flat surface

• To act as sound, heat and fire insulator
• It provides a covering shelter or working flat surface in buildings
• Its primary function is to transfer the load by bending in one or two directions
• The upper slab becomes the ceiling for the storey beneath it

1.4 Elements of slab:

1. Main bars: The reinforcement bars that are placed in the tension zone of the slab to resist the
bending moment & to transfer the superimposed loads to the supports that are provided for
the slab are called main bars

Functions of main bar:

1. To transfer the superimposed loads to the supports.

2. To resist the bending moments.

3. To withstand shear stress in the tension zone.

4. To encounter shrinkage cracks due to temperature variation.

2. Distribution bars: The reinforcement bars that are placed above the main bar in a one-way slab,
to distribute the superimposed load to the main bar are called distribution bars.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 2

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Functions of main bar:

1. To distribute the superimposed load to the main bar.

2. To firmly hold the main bars in their given position.

3. To form a mesh with the main bar in concrete for better bonding strength.

4. To resist shrinkage stress due to climatic variation.

5. To resist the development of cracks due to external factors.

Bent-up bars: Bent-up bars or known as Crank bars. We provide in the ends on the top of the slab
or in the top of the mid supports (if any type of mid-support is present) to counter the negative
moment called (Hogging), which produces at those sections of the slabs

Figure no- 1.1 Bent up bars

Binding wires: One of the major use of binding wires is to keep the reinforcement provided in
proper place because without the binding wire reinforcement will be free to move which could
lead to increase in spacing between reinforcement in a particular section and decrease in a
particular section which can lead to the decrease in strength and ductility of the structure and
increase the chance of failure

Figure no- 1.2 Binding wires

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 3

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Concrete: concrete consist of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and cement which hardens
as time passes. Concrete is the widely used material on earth after water.

1.5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SLABS

a) Based on support conditions:

• Simply supported slab

• Cantilever slab
• Restrained slabs (with fixed or continuous edges)
• Continuous slabs
• Flat slabs (slabs resting directly on columns)

b) Based on spanning directions:

• One way slab - Spanning in one direction

• Two-way slab - Spanning in two directions

a) Based on support conditions:

i. Simply supported slab:

A simply supported slab is one type of slab with its ends simply supported on two walls or
beams free to bend at the ends without any restraint unlike a fixed beam. This has only one
span. All the spans may be equal or unequal span. Thus, if the number of supports is n,
then the number of spans would be (n-1).

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 4

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

[Link].1.3 Simply supported slab

ii. Cantilever slab

A cantilever slab is a rigid structural element such as a beam or a plate, anchored at one end to a
(usually vertical) support from which it protrudes; The concrete deck slabs of girder bridges are
usually projected transversely beyond the outermost girders. These projections, which are
provided for reasons of economy and aesthetics, are referred to in this book as cantilever slabs or
cantilever overhangs.

[Link].1.4 Cantilever Slab

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 5

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

iii. Restrained slab

If the two way slab corners are prevent from lifting then the slab is known as restrained two way
slab. Due to corners are not free to lift cracks are formed at corners. So to rectify the cracks torsion
reinforcement is placed at corners. If two sides are discontinuous at that corner 3/4Astx is
provided. If one side is continuous and other is discontinuous 3/8Astx is provided.

iv. Continuous slab

The supports carry the loads along both directions of the slab, therefore it is called a two-way slab.
Whereas, a continuous slab extends over three or more support beams in a given direction.
These slabs are constructed as a single unit with the beam supports.

[Link].1.5 Continuous Slab

v. Flat slab

Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of
beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided support system with sheer load of the slab
being concentrated on the supporting columns and a square slab called 'drop panels'.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 6

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

[Link].1.6 flat Slab

b) Based on spanning directions:

i. One way slab - Spanning in one direction

The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to
breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in only one direction (spanning
direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its
geometry. Simply stating it spans and bends in only one direction.

Figure no. 1.7 one way slab

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 7

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

ii. Two-way slab - Spanning in two directions

The two-way slab is a slab which is generally supported on all sides of walls or beams, and whose
length to breadth ratio is less than two and it twists or bends in both direction while transferring
the loads to the walls or beams.

Figure no.1.8 Two-way slab

1.6 Loads On slab:

1. Live load
2. Dead load
3. Floor finish

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 8

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL

It is very common and important structural element are constructed to provide flat, useful surfaces.
It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel to each other.

2.2 SPECIFIC STUDIES:

Magdy I. Salama(2012):
The analysis of rectangular two-way slabs subjected to concentrated load uniformly distributed
over defined area after dispersion down in the two directions to the reinforcements is a practically
important [Link] presented by Egyptian code for designed construction of concrete. International
Journal of Computer and Information Technology (2277 – 0764) Volume 01– Issue 01, September
2012

Jerlin, Sakthieswaran. N and Gopinath (2014):

This paper deals on flexural strength of RCC one-way slabs using fly ash, silica fume and Msand
and steel fiber. One conventional reinforced concrete one way slab and Nine steel fiber reinforced
concrete one-way slabs with fly ash; silica fume and M sand are casted by changing the
reinforcement ratio and thickness. The slabs are size of 1.2m x 0.4m. The slabs were tested under
three-point loading. The ultimate load carrying capacities of slabs are found out. The results shows
that load carrying capacity of slabs are increased with increase of reinforcement percentage and
thickness.

R.S. More, V. S. Sawant, y Suryawanshi(2015):

The horizontal floor system resists the gravity load (dead load and live load) acting on it and
transmits this to the vertical framing systems. In this process, the floor system is subjected
primarily to flexure and transverse shear, whereas the vertical frame elements are generally
subjected to axial compression, often coupled with flexure and shear. The floor also serves as a
horizontal diaphragm connecting together and stiffening the various vertical frame elements.
Under the action of lateral loads, the floor diaphragms behave rigidly (owing to its high in plane

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 9

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

flexural stiffness) and effectively distribute the lateral load to the various vertical frame elements
and shear walls. The lateral behavior of a typical flat slab building which is designed according to
I.S. 4562000 is evaluated by means of dynamic analysis. Volume 4 Issue 7, July 2015:
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) International Journal of Science and
Research (IJSR) Since Year 2012

Dr. Wissam D. Salman , Dr. Murtada A. Ismael, MSc. Qusay W. Ahmed(2015):

The present study examines the potential of using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strip
technique in repairing or strengthening of preloaded, cracked, reinforced concrete one-way solid
slabs. The reinforced concrete (RC) slabs specimens were casted with dimensions of 1400×450×90
mm. Totally, seven specimens are tested, including one reference specimen without strengthening
and six specimens strengthening with CFRP strips. CFRP strips are placed along the slabs with
different lengths and configurations. Before strengthening, the slabs were preloaded to level of
60% from the ultimate load capacity of the slabs. Length and configuration of CFRP strip are the
main parameters that are investigated in this experimental research. The strengthening slabs are
divided into two groups according to configuration of CFRP strip, each group consist of three
slabs, in both groups, effect of length of CFRP strip using three lengths (600mm, 800mm and
1000mm) was studied, but in the first group one segment of CFRP strip with (100mm) width was
used, while in the second two segments of CFRP strip with (50mm) width were used. The slabs
were loaded undertwo-point static load up to failure and the structural response of each slab
specimen was investigated in terms of the onset of cracking, deflection, ultimate load and failure
mode.
The efficiency of using CFRP strips technique to repair or strengthening and their effects on the
structural behavior of cracked concrete slab had been analyzed. It was observed that the
strengthening technique used in this study is affect the load carrying capacity, deflection, stiffness,
concrete compressive strain, cracking load and crack width of the slab. This repair or strengthening
technique was found to be able to restore and enhance the structural capacity of cracked concrete
slabs.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 10

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Chintha Santhosh, Venkatesh Wadki, S. Madan Mohan, S. Sreenatha

Reddy(2016):
Grid floor systems consisting of beams spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular directions,
monolithic with slab. They are generally employed for architectural reasons for large rooms such
as auditoriums, vestibules, theatre halls, show rooms of shops where column free space is often
the main requirement. The rectangular or square void formed in the ceiling is advantageously
utilized for concealed architectural lighting. The sizes of the beams running in perpendicular
directions are generally kept the same. Instead of rectangular beam grid, a diagonal. In the present
problem G+5 Building is considered and analysis and design is done for both Gravity and lateral
(earth quake and wind) loads. And this is compared with the flat slab. International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified
Organization) Vol. 5, Issue 9, September 2016

K. Vivek , Prof G.V. Rama Rao(2020):

Structural reinforced concrete floor system is one of the significant systems and is effective to
transfer gravity and lateral loads to vertical supports. There are many types of floors from which
the present study has modelling of frame with flat slab and grid slab. The aesthetic and economic
advantage make most architects and clients favor flat slabs as it reduces time for design & delivery,
cost of construction and improves quality of construction. However, it can be suitable only for
small spans due to large deflections and punching shear where it needs more slab thickness. The
need for longer spans, thus heavier loads necessitate the increased slab thickness for deflection
limit. Here, grid slab is an excellent option, has larger span in a building with minimum number
of columns, exhibit more stiffness, less deflection. These slabs are often preferred where there is
requirement of column free space over a large area. The present study aims to compare seismic
parameters like storey drift, storey shear, and storey displacement from the results by using
ETABS.

2.3 SUMMARY:
In this chapter we have completely learnt about the theoretical background about the subjects that
deals in the project like Structural Engineering (RCC) & literature reviews of the professors of
different colleges or universities on their project.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 11

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUTION: Slabs are important part of the construction where all the loads are placed
and are typically made of concrete. Utmost care is taken while constructing the slab.

3.2 STUDY AREA

The area of the site of the project is 2251.2m2 which goes by 45.710m length and
49.250m breadth.

3.3 NAME OF THE WORK

Construction of Apartments

Figure.3.1 Shuttering for slab

Project Details:

• Design Scope : 2 Ground Floors + 6 Floors

• SBC : 350 KN/SQM at 1.50 Meter at NGL
• Seismic Zone : Zone 2 as per IS 1893: 2016
• Concrete Mix : M30 as per IS 456: 2000
• Steel Grade : FE500 D

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 12

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

3.4 METHODOLOGY

SLAB

TYPES OF SLABS

CONSTRUCTION
OF SLAB

SHUTTERING FOR
SLAB

BEAM
REINFORCEMENT

SLAB
REINFORCEMENT

INSTALLATION OF
PIPES FOR SLAB

CONCRETING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 13

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

3.5 ONE WAY SLAB:

When a slab is supported only on two parallel apposite edges, it spans only in the direction
Perpendicular to two supporting edges. Such a slab is called one way slab. Also, if the slab is
supported on all four edges and the ratio of longer span(ly) to shorter span (lx) [Link]/lx > 2,
practically the slab spans across the shorter span. Such a slabs are also designed as one-way
slabs. In this case, the main reinforcement is provided along the spanning direction to resist one
way bending.

Figure 3.2 Behavior of one-way slab

The following are some of the situations, where the slabs are designed as one-way slabs

Slabs supported on two opposite edges only

Slabs supporting on all four edges with (Shorter Span/Longer Span) > 2

Shades in the roofing system (cantilever)

Slab of stairs

Cantilever retaining walls

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 14

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

General guidelines for design of one-way slab:

a. Effective span of slab:

Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two

1. L = clear span + d (effective depth).

2. L = Center to center distance between the support.

b. Depth of slab:
The depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection criterion. The trail depth can be
obtained using:
• Effective depth d= Span / (depth x modification factor)

• For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can be assumed from 0.2 to
0.5%

• The effective depth d of two-way slabs can also be assumed using cl.24.1, IS 456 pg. no - 39
provided short span is ≤ 3.5m and loading class is < 3.5KN/m2
Type of support Fe-250 Fe-415

Simply supported L/35 L/28

Continuous L/40 L/32

Table-3.1 Effective depth

Otherwise ,

The following thumb rules can be used

• One way slab d= (l/22) to (l/28).

• Two-way simply supported slab d= (l/20) to (l/30) • Two-way restrained slab d= (l/30) to (l/32)

c. Load on slab:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 15

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load. The loads are calculated per
unit area (load/m2).

Dead load = D x 24 kN/m2 (Where D is thickness of slab in m)

Floor finish (Assumed as) = 1 to 2 kN/m2

Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the occupancy of the building)

DETAILING REQUIREMENTS AS PER IS 456: 2000

a. Nominal Cover: as per clause no.26.4.2 page no.47

Exposure Nominal concrete cover in mm not less than

Mild 20

Moderate 30

Severe 45

Very Severe 50

Extreme 75

Table 3.2 Nominal cover

However, if the diameter of bar does not exceed 12 mm, or cover may be reduced by 5 mm.

Thus, for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar and for mild exposure, the nominal

Cover is 15 mm

b. Minimum reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction in slab shall not be less than

• 0.15% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-250 steel

• 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500 steel.

c. Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 16

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

• Main Steel – 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller •

Distribution steel –5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller

Where, ‘d’ is the effective depth of slab.

Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm (Preferably 100 mm) though

code do not recommend any value.

d. Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in slab, shall not exceed D/8, where

D is the total thickness of slab

3.6 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR ONE WAY SLAB:

Step-1: Assume suitable depth.

Step-2: Load calculations:

• Live Load

• Dead Load

• Floor Finish

Step-3: Determination of Min Depth:

Step-4: Area of steel

Step-5: Distribution steel

Step-6: Check for deflection

Step-7: Check for shear

Step-8: Check for development length

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 17

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

3.7 TWO WAY SLAB

A rectangular slab supported on four edge supports, which bends in two orthogonal directions
and deflects in the form of dish or a saucer is called two-way slabs. For a two way slab the ratio
of ly/lx shall be ≤ 2.0.

Since, the slab rest freely on all sides, due to transverse load the corners tend to curl up and lift
up. The slab loses the contact over some region. This is known as lifting of corner. These slabs
are called two ways simply supported slabs. If the slabs are cast monolithic with the beams, the
corners of the slab are restrained from lifting. These slabs are called restrained slabs. At corner,
the rotation occurs in both the direction and causes the corners to lift. If the corners of slab are
restrained from lifting, downward reaction results at corner & the end strips gets restrained
against rotation. However, when the ends are restrained and the rotation of central strip still
occurs and causing rotation at corner (slab is acting as unit) the end strip is subjected to torsion.

Figure 3.3 Behavior of Two way slab

3.8 TYPES OF TWO-WAY SLABS

Two-way slabs are classified into two types based on the support conditions:

a) Simply supported slab

b) Restrained slabs

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 18

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

3.8.1 Two way simply supported slabs

The bending moments Mx and My for a rectangular slab simply supported on all four edges

with corners free to lift or the slabs do not have adequate provisions to prevent lifting of

corners are obtained using

Mx = αx W lx2

My = αy W lx2

Where, αx and αy are coefficients given in Table 1 (Table 27, IS 456-2000)

W- Total load /unit area lx & ly – lengths of shorter and longer span.
Ly/lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0

Αx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118 0.122 0.124

Αy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014

Table no - 3.3 Bending Moment Coefficients for Slabs Spanning in Two

Directions at Right Angles, Simply Supported on Four Sides (Table 27:IS 456-
2000)

Note: 50% of the tension steel provided at mid span can be curtailed at 0.1lx or 0.1ly from support.

3.8.2 Two-way restrained slabs

When the two-way slabs are supported on beam or when the corners of the slabs are prevented

from lifting the bending moment coefficients are obtained from Table 2 (Table 26, IS456-2000)

depending on the type of panel. These coefficients are obtained using yield line theory. Since, the

slabs are restrained; negative moment arises near the supports. The bending moments are

obtained using; Mx (Negative) = αx (-) W lx2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 19

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Mx (Positive) = αx (+) W lx2

My (Negative) = αy(-) W lx2

My (Positive) = αy (+) W lx2

Figure 3.4 Different Boundary conditions of two way Restrained slabs

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 20

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Table-3.4 Bending Moment Coefficients for Rectangular Panels Supported on Four Sides
with Provision for Torsion at Corners

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 21

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

3.9 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TWO WAY SLAB

Step-1: Assume Suitable Depth.

Step-2: Calculate effective span.

Step-3: Load Calculations:

• Live Load

• Dead Load

• Floor Finish

Step-4: Design moment coefficient

Step-5: calculate Min. depth

Step-6: calculate the Of area Of steel

Step-7: Torsion Steel

Step-8: Check for Deflection

Step-9: Check for Shear

Step-10: Check for Development Length Detailing

requirements as per IS 456-2000

a. Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into middle and end strips as shown below

b. The maximum moments obtained using equations are apply only to middle strip.

c. 50% of the tension reinforcement provided at midspan in the middle strip shall extend in the
lower part of the slab to within 0.25l of a continuous edge or 0.15l of a discontinuous edge and
the remaining 50% shall extend into support.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 22

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

d. 50% of tension reinforcement at top of a continuous edge shall be extended for a distance of
0.15l on each side from the support and at least 50% shall be provided for a distance of 0.3l on
each face from the support.

e. At discontinuous edge, negative moment may arise, in general 50% of mid span steel shall be
extended into the span for a distance of 0.1l at top.

f. Minimum steel can be provided in the edge strip

g. Tension steel shall be provided at corner in the form of grid (in two directions) at top and bottom
of slab where the slab is discontinuous at both the edges. This area of steel in each layer in each
direction shall be equal to ¾ the area required (Ast) for maximum mid span moment. This steel
shall extend from the edges for a distance of lx/5. The area of steel shall be reduced to half (3/8
Astx) at corners containing edges over only one edge is continuous and other is discontinuous.

Figure 3.5 Reinforcement details and strips in Two-way restrained slabs

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 23

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CHAPTER-4
Study Interpretation and Discussion
4.1 Analysis of one-way slab:
Design a slab of 8.990m x 2.583m for a residential [Link] of salb is
103.2mmTake floor Design load as 1kn/m use M30 grade concrete and Fe500
steel
Step 1:
Given
Longer span = 8.990m
Shorter span =2.583m
Fck=30𝑁/𝑁𝑁
Fy=500𝑁/𝑁𝑁
Step 2:
8.990/2.583 =3.480 > 2
Hence the slab is designed as one way slab

Step 3:
Thickness of slab = 103.2mm
Given cover = 20mm
So, D= 103.2+20 = 123.2mm
Approx. d= 125mm
Step 4:
l= 2.583m
Step 5:
Load calculation Live
load = 4 KN/mm2
Dead load = volume * density
= l * b * h * density
= 1000 * 1000 * 125 * 25
= 3.125 KN/mm2
Floor finish = 1 KN/mm2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 24

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Total load = L.L + D.L + F.F

= 4 + 3.125 + 1
= 8.125 KN/mm2

Factored load = 8.125 * 1.5 = 12.1875 KN/mm2

Ultimate moment= =10.16 KN-m

Ultimate shear = =15.7401 KN

Step 6:
Mu=0.138*fck*b*d2
10.16*106 =0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 49.53

dprovided > drequired

Step 7:
Tension Reinforcement:

Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast* d*(1 -

Mu =0.87* 500* Ast

Ast =191.753mm2
Minimum reinforcement = 0.12% of gross area.
.
=0.12/100*1000*125
=150mm
𝑁𝑁𝑁>Ast
Hence Safe
Use 8mm dia bar
S = (3.14*(8*8)/4*191.753) * 1000 .
S = 262mm
Provide 250mm
Provide 8mm @ 250mm c/c

𝑁𝑁𝑁 * 1000

𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 201.06mm2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 25

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Step 8:
Distribution reinforcement = 0.12% of gross area.
.
= 0.12/100*1000*125

=150mm
Use 8mm dia bar
S =(3.14[8x8] /4*150)*1000

S = 335 mm
Provide 300 mm
Provide 8 mm @300 c/c

Check for deflection:

As per IS 456: 2000

For a simply supported slab = 20

Percentage of main steel at mid-section

Pt = = 0.160%
As per IS 456:2000 pg. no 38
Fs = 0.58 * fy
= 0.58 * 500
= 290
From figure 4 find modification factor
i.e. modification factor 1.6

Maximum permitted = 1.6 * 20 = 32

Provided = 20.664 < 32

Hence deflection control is safe

Check For Shear:
Nominal shear stress τv

=
Percentage of main steels at support

Pt * 100

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 26

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

= *100
= 0.1608
As per IS 456:2000 Table No: 19 Using
interpolation τc = 0.298
τv <τc
Hence the slab is safe in shear.

4.2 Analysis of two-way slab:

Design a slab of 3.5mx4m for a residential [Link] of salb is 120mm.
Live load as 3KN/mm*2 and Take floor Design load as 1kn/m use M20 grade
concrete and Fe415 steel
Step-1:
Given:
Short span = 3.5m
Long span = 4m
Live load = 3KN/mm2
Floor finish = 1KN/mm2
fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415
N/mm2
Step-2:
Thickness of slab:
Assume effective depth d =120

Adopt effect depth d = 125 mm

Overall depth D = 150mm

Step-3:

Effective span:

lx = 3.5 + 0.125 = 3.625 m

ly= 4.0 + 0.125 = 4.125 m

Effective span = ly / lx = 1.14

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 27

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Step-4:

Loads:

Per unit area of slab

Self weight of the slab = 0.15 *25 *3.75 KN/m2

Live load = 3 KN/mm2

Floor finish = 1 KN/mm2

Total load = 7.75 KN/mm2

Factored load wu = 1.5 *7.5 =11.625 KN/mm2

Step-5:

Design moments and shear forces :

The slab is simply supported on all the four sides , the corners are not held down. Hence moment
coefficients are obtained from table – 27 IS:456

𝑁 = 0.074 + (0.084 – 0.074) * 4/10 = 0.078

𝑁 = 0.061 + (0.061 – 0.05) * 4/10 = 0.06

Mux = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ lx2 = 0.078 * 11.625 * 3.6252 = 11.92KN-m

Muy = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑁 * ly2= 0.06 * 11.625 * 3.6252 = 9.17KN-m

Vu = = 21.07kN

Step-6:

Minimum Depth required: The minimum depth required to resist bending moment

Mu = 0.138 * fck * b * d2

11.92 * 106 = 0.138 * 20*1000*d2

d= = 65.7 mm <125 mm , provided depth

Hence provide depth is adequate

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 28

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

(Provided depth is not reduced to satisfy the stiffness requirements)

Step-7:

Reinforcement:

Along x-direction:

Mux = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d * (1- )

11.92 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 125 * (1- )

We get

Ast = 276.8 mm2

Using 8 mm diameter bars, spacing of bars

S= * 1000 = 181.6 mm

Maximum spacing is (i) 3d = 3 *125 = 375 mm

(ii) 300mm whichever is less. Hence,

Provide 8mm bars @180mm c/c

Along y-direction:

These bars will be placed above the bars in x-direction

Hence, d = 125-8 =117mm

Muy= 0.87 * fy * Ast * d * (1- )

9.17 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 117 * (1- )

We Get

Ast = 226.2 mm2

Using 8mm diameter bars, spacing of bars

S= * 1000 = 222.2 mm

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 29

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Maximum spacing is (i) 3d = 3 *117 = 351 mm

(ii)300mm whichever is less.

Hence, Provide 8mm bars @220 mm c/c

Step-8:

Reinforcement in edge strip :

Ast = 0.12 % of gross area = 0.12/100* 1000 *150 = 180 mm

Using 8mm diameter bars, spacing of bars

S= * 1000 = 279.3 mm

Maximum spacing is (i) 5d = 5 *125 = 625 mm

(ii)450mm whichever is less.

Hence, Provide 8mm bars @475 mm c/c in edge strip in both directions.

Step-9:

Check for deflection:

For simply supported slabs basic value of l/d ratio = 20 % of steel at mid span

Pt = * 100

= 0.223%

Fs = 0.58 *415 =240 N/mm2

From figure of IS:456 , modification factor =1.6

Maximum permitted l/d ratio = 1.6 *20 =32

L/d provided = 29 < 32

Hence deflection control is safe,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 30

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CHAPTER – 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

In this internship we have completely learnt about the construction of one- Way slabs &
two-way slabs in G+2 Building (Commercial Building) at our site. Even we got to know
about the Framework, reinforcement details provided, crank, electrical work like the
design types used at the Site. One-way slabs are used when the ratio of the longer span to
shorter span is greater than. Two-way slabs are used when the ratio of the longer span to
shorter span is less than or equal to Obviously, this intellectual slab design may become
the future of slab construction which gives a tremendous contribution in sustainable
development. In the case of two-way slabs, it has been found that a huge moment develops
at the support i.e., at the support negative moment is huge. In this case steel must be
provided to withstand this moment. In most of the cases extra top bars are provided. The
regulations refer to bar elements, in both analysis and (mainly) reinforcement design. No
matter how 'accurate' static and dynamic analysis methods may be, or models of two
dimensional or three-dimensional finite elements may be used, the results (moments-shear
forces) should refer always to the appropriate bars, allowing the design of slabs subjected
to bending. A slab strip can also be considered as an appropriate bar. In the centroidal axis
of this strip, moments and shear forces are being determined by integrating the appropriate
stresses along the respective finite elements. The assumption of a structure with beams of
adequate depth, providing significant stiffness to the structural frames, results in a pure
space frame model consisting of bars which is reliable for both analysis and design. In
conclusion, the assumption of the bar elements for modelling structural frames and the
approach of independent functionality of slabs are both acceptable and, under certain
circumstances, form an adequately reliable solution. In finite element analysis, the
common assumptions adopted for slab supports are: zero torsional stiffness, hinged
supports on beams and columns, and monolithic supports on shear walls.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 31

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

5.2 APPLICATIONS:

1. Concrete slabs have become fairly common structural elements in modern

buildings. Thick concrete slabs are commonly used in the construction of ceilings
and floors, while leaner ones (at times called ‘mud slabs’) are used for exterior
paving.

2. In skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, leaner slabs are suspended or hung between
steel frames from floors and ceilings on each level. There are also many other uses
for concrete within building the structure of houses or commercial buildings, as
well as for aesthetic reasons in newer contemporary designed properties that you
may find the likes of concrete contractors such as R&M Concrete and others,
fulfilling for homeowners looking to improve the aesthetic of their house using
concrete for a number of applications.

3. Home renovations can incorporate these slabs even if they weren’t used initially.
When renovating rooms with timber flooring, a good option is to replace the timber
with concrete slabs as they offer added thermal mass and unobtrusive noise
underfoot. Of course, it is best to talk with a Flooring Cardiff company about your
options for your specific home before going ahead with this decision.
4. While renovating homes, concrete slabs may be suspended on the original footings
or subfloor walls. If the old floor is close to the ground’s surface, they can also be
used as infill slabs.
5. Building a pool deck with concrete slabs is also a wise and economical option. The
maintenance of concrete pool deck is far less troublesome as compared to that of
other materials. Concrete also is an ‘environmentally friendly material’ as it’s
made up of limestone – one of the most abundantly found minerals on Earth. You
can get the slab printed, stained or textured as per your likeness to improve the
appearance of the pool.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 32

ANALYSIS OF SLAB FOR G+6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

REFERENCES

1. IS: 456-2000: Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete.

2. Magdy [Link] ,2012: Analysis of Slabs spanning in two directions under concentrated
load, Housing and Building National Research Center. International Journal of Computer
and Information Technology (2277 – 0764) Volume 01– Issue 01, September 2012
3. Jerlin.G, Sakthieswaran.N and Gopinath.R, 2014: Flexural behavior of one-way slab made
using steel fiber reinforced fly ash concrete with silica fume and M sand, (Elixir
International Journal)
4. Dr. Wissam D. Salman, Dr. Murtada A. Ismael, MSc. Qusay W. Ahmed, 2015:
strengthening of reinforced concrete one-way slabs using CFRP in
flexural,international journal of engineering sciences & research technology
5. [Link], V. S. Sawant ,Y. Suryawanshi 2015 :Analysis of flat slab , International Journal
of Science and Research (IJSR)
6. Chintha Santhosh, Venkatesh Wadki, S. Madan Mohan, S. Sreenatha Reddy(2016): Grid
floor systems consisting of beams spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular directions,
monolithic with slab .International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering
and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 5, Issue 9, September
2016
7. [Link], Prof [Link] Rao, 2020:Seismic Analysis and Comparison between flat Slab
and Grid Slab with Different Masonry in fills, International Journal of Advanced Science
and Technology.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MRITS Page 33