SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

COMPOSITION WRITING AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF

SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SHOOL, DIVISION OF
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Sablayan

National Comprehensive High School Sto. Nino, Sablayan, Occidental
Mindoro

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for
Practical Research 2
General Academic Strand

BY

Melvie G. Cadiao
Danica Bergonia
Clarissa Gonzaga
Angelyn Quilit
Regine Beron
Anamae Gara
April Joy Prado
Ellen Rose Quiming
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

In the modern world the most valuable resource you have as you study is time.

Today, time management has been broken down into a number of categories, but they all

basically seek to achieve the same objectives. Time management is not a skill we are

usually taught growing up, so developing an organized approach to your studies is an

opportunity to learn how to study more efficiently.

Many Grade-12 students find themselves denied admission because of poor grades.

In most cases many students were smart enough to make good grades in senior high

school, but simply failed to manage their time wisely and do the hard work necessary to

achieve an exemplary grade point average. However, all of these are related by how

individuals manage their time to suit their daily living and to make it flow steadily with their

study. Time management is easily one of the most important skills a high school student

can develop. Without time management skills, life in an academic environment will

become chaotic, and the student will soon be struggling to keep their head above water. It

does not take long to fall behind, and once it happens, students can have a very difficult

time catching up. It is something that must be done constantly.

Management must become a part of a student’s basic frame of reference. For many

people, it will be a new habit, but there is no need to despair. Any high school student can

learn how to manage their time. Seneca once wrote that “it is not that we don’t have

enough time, rather we use the time we have wastefully”. It looks at how you divide your

time between activities, where good practice enables people to work smarter, not harder.  
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Previous studies have determined a positive effect of time management. Time

management skills have indicated a positive effect on student learning and associated

outcomes. A number of studies have identified the positive impact of time management.

Time management skills have been shown to have a positive impact on student learning

and student outcomes (Kearns & Gardiner, 2007; Kelly, 2002; McKenzie, Gow, &

Schweitzer, 2004) and Krause & Coates (2008) indicated that the ability for successfully

managing their time is the benchmark of students in developing better study habits as well

as strategies for success. Time management provides individuals the ways for structuring

and controlling their activities (Claessens et al., 2004). In addition, report that the capacity

to successfully manage their time is the foundation of students developing good study

habits and strategies for success. Time management offers individuals the means to

structure and control their activities (Claessens et al., 2004). In addition, Wang et al.

(2011) have revealed that time management is essential beyond the school, where the

ability to manage one’s free time is revealed to substantially elevates the quality of life of

an individual.

This research will add self-evaluation to student’s daily habit and plan. Also, it will provide

knowledge and recommendation for skills that can assist student for perfect personal

strategic plan. It will also help to overcome the wrong common rumors statements about

time management and will raise awareness about procrastinating behavior of time

management
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Theoretical Framework

Setting goals, identifying the most crucial event, and scheduling other activities

around it are all part of time management, according to Crutsinger (1994).

The steps of the time management process in the implementation of a series of

activities are purpose, distribution of tasks, analysis of the scenarios where time is

spent, monitoring, setting priorities, making lists appropriately, and summarizing

the outcomes, according to Kirillov et al. (2015).

After conducting a survey, the Canadian Center of Management (2010) examined

the traits of the leaders of successful organizations and came to the conclusion

that having personal qualities like critical thinking, collaboration, and

creativity/innovation are crucial for becoming a strong leader. Leadership is

described as the behavior and capacity to influence one or more people toward

predetermined objectives (Kaya, 1991).

Effective leaders in this situation need critical thinking to motivate their teams,

avoid poor choices, and grow their organization. Students who are skilled at time

management can better utilize their surroundings and mold it to suit their individual

needs and values. It's crucial to distinguish between urgent and non-urgent jobs in

order to keep your burden moderate (Kirillov et al. 2015).

Setting achievable objectives and prioritizing activities can help people feel less

stressed and more in charge of their days, which is good for their wellbeing

(MacLeod, Coates, & Hetherton, 2008.

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Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

1.
1. Time Management 1. GRADE-12 GENERAL
ACADEMIC STRAND
2. Procrastination
2. Academic Performance
3. Prioritization

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the status of Time management of Grade 12 General

Academic Strand Students of Sablayan National Comprehensive High School.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

[Link] is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex

1.2 Age:

2. What is the effect of the ability to managing time for the Grade 12- General

academic strand students?

3. Is their General weighted average checklist on how do they manage their time at

home and at school?

4. Is there a significant relationship between time management and Grade 12

General Academic Strand students?

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Scope and Limitation of the study

This study focuses on the assess Time management to the academic

performance of Senior High School student of Sablayan National

Comprehensive High School, Division of Occidental Mindoro, for

Academic year 2022-2023. Specifically, it covered the profile of the

respondents in term of Age and Sex etc.

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Significance of the study

The primary purpose of this study was to establish on understanding on how will

the student will manage their time management skills, Furthermore, this study will

be contributed to the following: To Grade 12 Students of General Academic Strand,

Professional teachers, Parents. This was also a great significance to the present

researchers, as well as to the future researchers.

For the Grade 12 General students of General Academic Strand, the study of

time management can be a learning paradigm in the Grade 12 Students of General

Academic Strand to increase their knowledge on how to use time management and

academic skills.

For the Professional Teacher, this would also help them on how to understand

their students on why other students don’t deal with time managing.

For the Parents, this study would be beneficial because this will be a guide to

understand their children behavior and grades.

Likewise, the study would be beneficial for the researcher, themselves as

conveyors of knowledge in Time Management. This study will open them into other

concepts and skills that will somehow be a great help in improving themselves in

time management.

Finally, for the future researchers, this research will be a useful reference for

who would plan to make any related study about time management. It may serve

this as guidance to gather information and to have a bigger study.

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Definition of terms

The researchers defined the following terms conceptually and operationally for

the better understanding of the viewers:

Time Managements. Is the coordination of tasks and activities to maximize the

effectiveness of an individual’s efforts

General Academic Strand. Students who are not yet sure of what course or

degree they want to take in college.

General Weighted Average. Is the average of all grades in one semester

Procrastination. Is the act of delaying or postponing a task or set of tasks

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the different literatures reviewed by the researcher

which amplified the results of the study. It contains facts, insights, and findings of

accomplished analysis about enhancing composition writing, which has an impact

on the students' Time Management.

Conceptual Literature

In this section of the study, the researchers reviewed the concepts that are related

to this study. The main goal of the conceptual literature review is to classify and

present concepts that are relevant to the study and define the significance between

them, which includes the relevant theory and empirical research (Frederiksen,

Phelps, & Kimmons, 2018).

1. Time Management

Time is endless, and the time consumed by everyone can never be retrieved. Time

may seem to flow constantly, but as it is spent on certain activities, some may find

it not enough to finish the things to be done in a day (Carroll, 2015). Time

management is a skill that everyone should possess to effectively and efficiently

accomplish their tasks. According to Carroll (2015), proper time management leads
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to better decisions, especially if one is not pressured, and thus, by making the right

decisions in a mindful manner, one can attain a successful life just by properly

managing their time. Moreover, time management skills and techniques can be

characterized by one’s personal approach, which contributes to numerous

fundamental qualities in general. And some of the main and primary factors that

should be considered in one’s time management skills are goal setting, planning,

prioritizing, and scheduling.

a. Goal Setting

Setting goals for students varies depending on their abilities and motivation to

complete academic assignments. Students struggle to set goals because they are

ignorant of the specific standards that must be met in each academic area to

achieve state competency requirements (McMillan, 2019). According to

Zimmerman, Bandura, and Martinez-Pons (1992), goal-directed action has three

characteristics: (1) self-generation: the source of energy is critical to the organism's

survival; (2) value-significance: the activities not only enable but also require an

organism's survival; and (3) goal-causation: the ensuing action is triggered by a

goal (Locke & Latham, 1991).

As stated in the study by Reyes and Galang (2009), the factors that motivate

students to study are comparable to the reasons that motivate them to value

education. As a result, people are inspired to do their best work because they love

it and are challenged by it. Some people have internalized the importance of
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education, which serves as a motivator for them. Others study more diligently

because they want to improve their grades or are afraid of failing.

b. Planning

According to the study by Fitsimmons (2008), "the first key to good time

management is planning. Although it takes time to plan, it is an investment that will

pay back heavily in time saved later on. Good planning ensures that you get to a

desirable end with a project or other effort, whether that project is something

specific to your library workplace, or your whole career. " It must be in a written

form, which should be reviewed and updated regularly. This process provides an

overview of one’s workload at any particular moment, which accurately shows the

complete work plan for the future and gives an idea of what lies beyond (Forsyth,

2019).

1. Prioritizing

According to an article on the priority matrix (n.d), priorities must be established in

order to complete all of the tasks that must be completed. Prioritization is important

because it allows you to focus your attention on tasks that are important and urgent

so that you can later focus on tasks that are lower priority.

If you do not take the time to prioritize, you will struggle to complete tasks on time,

worry about how you will complete everything on your to-do list, and be

unproductive. These are the reasons why prioritization is important. If you do

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not organize your schedule by priority, you might miss important tasks that you

should've put at the top of your list first.

d. Scheduling

Scheduling plays a crucial role in time management. An effective task and time

allotment will greatly improve your time management. As mentioned by Chapman,

Rupured, Price, Carney, & Clews (2020), having an effective schedule includes

knowing the things that must be done within the allotted time frame. The

challenging tasks must be planned when a lot of energy is stored, and the most

prioritized activities must be done first. Schedule small tasks for the most basic

activities, such as drafting an email or taking notes.

1. Challenges’ that the Students Encounter with Regard to Time Management

Time management plays an important role in students' academic life. The students

struggle in the absence of mentors and supervisors such as parents, family

members, and teachers. Work overload and stress made it difficult to address

tasks adequately, hence their poor academic achievements.

Many people complain about not having enough time to complete a task or

assignment to complete the tasks before the deadline is a tall order for them. The

problems lead to a lack of time management. According to Gerdes and

Mallinckrodt (1994), students who have difficulties adjusting to the new learning

environment usually have poor academic performance.

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Research Literature

The increasing salience of time is

reflected in theoretical as well as
practical
publications. A number of authors
discussed the need for better
incorporating time in
theoretical models and research
designs (e.g. Ancona et al., 2001;
George and Jones,
2000; Wright, 2002). Others focused
on the ways in which people in
organizations
manage their time, and on ways in
which these efforts can be improved
(e.g. Macan,
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1994). In this article we will address

time from the second perspective,
and review the
empirical studies on time
management. More specifically, we
will review definitions of
time management, discuss methods
for studying time management,
summarize
empirical findings on time
management and the use and
effectiveness of time
management methods, identify gaps
in the current research literature, and
give
suggestions for future research.
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The interest in time management is

by no means new. The problem of
how to
manage time was already discussed
in the 1950s and 1960s, and several
authors
proposed methods on how to handle
time issues on the job (e.g. Drucker,
1967; Lakein,
1973; Mackenzie, 1972; McCay,
1959). They suggested simple
remedies such as writing
work plans down on paper (so-
called “to-do lists”) in order to
increase job performance.
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At the same time, some authors (e.g.

Drucker, 1967) recognized that
planning tasks and
activities does not always lead to the
completion of planned work,
especially when time
pressure is high.
McCay (1959) developed a concept
for a time-management training
program, which
is still being used. Critical elements
are: giving insight into time-
consuming activities,
changing time expenditure, and
increasing workday efficiency by
teaching people how
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to make a daily planning, how to

prioritise tasks, and how to handle
unexpected tasks.
Many books and articles were
written to convey these and similar
ideas to managers,
promising them a greater
effectiveness while using less time
(e.g. Blanchard and
Johnson, 1982). Over the years the
focus of time management
publications and training
courses has shifted from managers
as the major target group to a broad
audience of
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working people. The term “time

management” is actually
misleading. Strictly
speaking, time cannot be managed,
because it is an inaccessible factor.
Only the way a
person deals with time can be
influenced. Time management can
be viewed as a way of
monitoring and controlling time
(e.g. Eilam and Aharon, 2003). In
this regard, it would
be more appropriate to speak about
self-management with regard to the
performance
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of multiple tasks within a certain

time period. But in the literature, the
term
self-management has a different
meaning. It refers to monitoring and
regulating
oneself, but without any specific
reference to techniques for
monitoring time use.
Therefore, we will stick to the use of
the term time management in the
present paper.
In spite of all popular attention to
managing time, relatively little
research has been
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conducted on the processes involved

in using one’s time effectively (e.g.
by using
“prime time” to carry out important
tasks) and completing work within
deadlines. In
1987, a review was published that
addressed the increasing popularity
of time
management (Richards, 1987). It
discussed the principles mentioned
by authors like
McCay (1959) and concluded that,
for instance, setting life goals and
keeping time logs
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were important techniques for

effectively managing one’s time.
Although this article
was helpful in understanding the
ideas behind the notion of time
management, it was
not a review of empirical time
management studies. In fact, to our
knowledge, no
reviews of empirical research of
time management have been
published since the
article by Richards (1987)
Others focused on the ways in which people in organizations manage their

time, and on ways in which these efforts can be improved (e.g. Macan,1994). In

this article we will address time from the second perspective, and review the

empirical studies on time management. More specifically, we will review definitions

of time management, discuss methods for studying time management, summarize

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empirical findings on time management and the use and effectiveness of time

management methods, identify gaps in the current research literature, and give

suggestions for future research. The interest in time management is by no means

new.

(e.g. Drucker, 1967; Lakein,1973; Mackenzie, 1972; Mc Cay, 1959) They

suggested simple remedies such as writing work plans down on paper (so-called

“to-do lists”) in order to increase school performance.

At the same time, some authors (e.g. Drucker, 1967) recognized that

planning tasks and activities does not always lead to the completion of planned

work, especially when time pressure is high.

Mc Cay (1959) developed a concept for a time-management training

program, which is still being used. Critical elements are: giving insight into time-

consuming activities, changing time expenditure, and increasing workday efficiency

by teaching people how to make a daily planning, how to prioritize tasks, and how

to handle unexpected tasks.

Many books and articles were written to convey these and similar ideas to

managers, promising them a greater effectiveness while using less time (e.g.

Blanchard and Johnson, 1982). The term “time management” is actually

misleading. Strictly speaking, time cannot be managed, because it is an

inaccessible factor. Only the way a person deals with time can be influenced.
 SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
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In1987, a review was published that addressed the increasing popularity of

time management (Richards, 1987). It discussed the principles mentioned by

authors like Mc Cay (1959) and concluded that, for instance, setting life goals and

keeping time logs were important techniques for effectively managing one’s time.

Synthesis

The conceptual and research literatures provided viewpoints for the study, as

they comprise the ideas and concepts about time managements of students.

These correlated readings were necessary in the development of the study.

The study of Macan focused on how to improve time management, more

specifically it stated the effectiveness of time management methods. This give

suggestion for future researcher.

In addition, Drucker lakein, Mackenzie, Mc Cay suggested so called “to do list”.

Furthermore, Drucker recognized that planning task and activities does not always

lead to the completion of planned work, especially when time pressure is high.

On the other hand, Mc Cay developed a concept for a time management

training program, he discussed how to handled unexpected tasks.

Lastly, Richard discussed the principles mentioned by authors like Mc Cay and

concluded that, for instance, setting life goals and keeping time logs were

important techniques for effectively managing one’s time.

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Conceptual Framework

Time management plays an important role in students' academic life. The

students struggle in the absence of mentors and supervisors such as parents,

family members, and teachers. Work overload and stress made it difficult to

address tasks adequately, hence their poor academic achievements. 

Time is endless, and the time consumed by everyone can never be retrieved. Time

may seem to flow constantly, but as it is spent on certain activities, some may find it

not enough to finish the things to be done in a day (Carroll, 2015). Time management is a

skill that everyone should possess to effectively and efficiently accomplish their tasks.

According to Carroll (2015), proper time management leads to better decisions, especially

if one is not pressured, and thus, by making the right decisions in a mindful manner, one

can attain a successful life just by properly managing their time. Moreover, time

management skills and techniques can be characterized by one’s personal approach,

which contributes to numerous fundamental qualities in general. And some of the main

and primary factors that should be considered in one’s time management skills are goal

setting, planning, prioritizing, and scheduling.

As stated in the study by Reyes and Galang (2009), the factors that motivate students

to study are comparable to the reasons that motivate them to value education. As a result,

people are inspired to do their best work because they love it and are challenged by it.

Some people have internalized the importance of education, which serves as a motivator

for them. Others study more diligently because they want to improve their grades or are

afraid of failing.
 SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
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According to an article on the priority matrix (n.d), priorities must be established in

order to complete all of the tasks that must be completed. Prioritization is important

because it allows you to focus your attention on tasks that are important and urgent so that

you can later focus on tasks that are lower priority.

If you do not take the time to prioritize, you will struggle to complete tasks on time, worry

about how you will complete everything on your to-do list, and be unproductive. These are

the reasons why prioritization is important. If you do not organize your schedule by priority,

you might miss important tasks that you should've put at the top of your list first.

Input Process Output

Ways to improve the

Time management of
Questionnaire Grade 12 General
Academic Strand
students

 Sex
 Age
 General weighted
average checklist
on how do they
Chapter III
manage their time
at home and at RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
school

This chapter deals with the method and procedures utilized by the

researchers. This includes the research design, locale of the study, subject of the
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study, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedures, and statistical

treatment, which are important in interpreting and gathering data.

Research Design

The research approach of this study was quantitative. Accordingly, from

different types of research designs descriptive type of research design was

employed for this paper for the realization of intended objectives to describe the

time management. This research design is a fact finding study with adequate and

accurate interpretation of findings and furthermore, it allows describing quantitative

approaches (Kothari, 2004).

This study is descriptive because it aims to describe the variables which

are the time management and academic performances of the students. This study

was also correlational because it aims to identify the relationship between the time

management and academic performances of students.

According to downie and health (2002), descriptive-correlational method

of research is a measure of variables with varying level of measurements in certain

cases, two variables become related because they were related to or caused by

another variable. Hence, two variables tend to vary together, or the presence of the

other, or even can be predicted from the presence of the other.

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It is for the purpose that this method is used since the focal point of the

two variables, study is to measure the significance of the relationship between

trace the relationship of two or more variables and gives an indication of how one

variables may predict another (Anatasi, 2005).

Subject of the Study

The respondents of this study were the student of General Academic Strand in

Sablayan National Comprehensive High School. They were responsible in keeping

all the records of the time management process made by the researcher necessary

for the study. It covers the time management process of students that covers the

fiscal year 2022 to this year 2023.

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SECTION POPULATION SAMPLE SIZE

Gregarious 44 5

Greatness 43 5

Gorgeous 47 6

Glorious 45 5

Gentel 43 5

Genuine 41 5

Garish 45 5

308 36

Data Gathering Instrument

The main survey instrument used in gathering the data was the researchers

made survey questionnaire. The researcher requested to obtain information

regarding in the time management of Grade 12 General Academic Strand Students

in School year 2022-2023 through survey questionnaire. It aimed to determine the

profile of the respondents and the impact of time management in the students was

identified through examining the percentage.

In constructing the survey questionnaire, the researchers read books and

other reference materials which are related to the topic the researchers then

conceptualize the needed items in the test which would assess the problem

presented in chapter 1
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The first draft of the researchers made survey questionnaire was prepared

and presented to the advisor for this comment and enrichment of content after

such all comments for incorporated of the second draft

The second was abated two different professional related to the research and

evaluation who are knowledgeable on the topic being investigated their correction

comments and suggestions were considered by researchers for the improvement

of the content then the researchers revise the researchers made survey

questionnaire as the final draft

After the questionnaire was validated the researchers prepared and sent a letter to

the teacher of Sablayan national comprehensive high school requesting permission

to administer the researchers made survey questionnaire. Upon the approval the

researchers administer the survey questionnaire by personally giving it to the

respondent.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher with the help of adviser, formally sought approval from the other

teachers of Sablayan National Comprehensive High School to conduct this study

and gather data regarding the Time management of Grade 12 General Academic

Strand Students from this School year 2022-2023. Upon approval, the researchers

gathered the data by personally giving the survey questionnaire to the teacher
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approval. Guidelines and Explanations were given for them to understand the

mechanics of the activity. Then, the researchers checked the answers. After

recording, the results were tallied, tabulated, and interpreted. The researchers also

sought help from statistician for the statistical treatment of the data in accordance

with the patterns of the study. The researchers also consulted their adviser from

time to time for the direction and progress of the study.

Statistical treatment of data

The data gathering by the researchers to determine the time management of grade

12 general academic strand students. We're subjected to different statistical

treatments. To analyze and interpret the data objectively the following will be used:

Frequency. It only reports the Time management of Grade 12 General Academic

Strand of Sablayan National Comprehensive High school.

Mean. This was used to determine the level of time management of the student.

Median: is the middle value of the data when arranged in ascending order (Kodag,

2023)

Mode: is the value that occurs most in that data (Kodag, 2023)

Scoring of the Instruments

A scale lifted from The Likert-type Scale Response Anchors was used to assess

the Time Management of Grade 12 General Academic Strand of Sablayan National

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Comprehensive High School. The data gathered were then interpreted based on

the following scale (Vagias, 2006).

Range Verbal Interpretation

1 never

2 rarely

3 sometimes

4 often

5 always