Chapter 8: DC Motors and Generators Problems 8-1 to 8-12 refer to the following de motor: Pegg =30 bp Tigios = OA v, Ny =2700 turns per pole Motes Nog = 14 tums per pole R, R, = 752. Rug = 100 t0 400. Rotational losses = 3550 W at full load ‘Magnetization curve as shown in Figure P8-1 Magnetization cue generated vole Ey. V 0 cy 40 © 001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 LT 18 19 2 ‘Shane Bold cusoat, A PIGURERS1 ‘The nngnetiation eure forthe de motrin Problems 8-1 (08-12. This curve was mide at constant speed of 1800 ini In Problems 8-1 through 8-7, assume that the motor described above can be connected in shunt, The equivalent circuit of the shunt motor is shown in Figure P8-2. 21440 FIGURE P82 “The equivalent cut ofthe shunt motor in Problems 8-1 to 87. SL. Ifthe resistor Ry is adjusted to 175 © what is the rotational speed of the motor at no-load conditions? Sotution At no-load conditions, E, =V, =240 V. The field current is given by _ 240V___240V _p g6 4 RytR, 17SQ275Q 23500 From Figure P9-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,,, of 241 V ata speed of 240 V would be 1n, of 1200 timin, ‘Therefore, the speed n with a voltage E, ary (22 Vv e200 simin) =1195 r/min 8-2. Assuming no armature reaction, what is the speed of the motor at full load? What is the speed regulation of the motor? SoLUTION At full load, the armature current is 240 2500 = 109.4 The internal generated voltage E, is E,=V,-1,R, =240 V ~ (109 A)(0.19 2) =219.3 V The field current is the same as before, and there is no armature reaction, so E,, is still 241 V at a speed 1, of 1200 timin. Therefore, v-( Ex) (222 Joann) -10 nn Eo}? The speed regulation is 1195 r/min 1092 r/min 092 r/min 100% 100% =9.4% 21583. 84. BS. If the motor is operating at full load and if its variable resistance R,g is increased to 250 9, what is the new speed of the motor? Compare the full-load speed of the motor with R,y = 175 © to the full-load speed with R,y = 250. (Assume no armature reaction, as in the previous problem.) SoLUTION If Ryy is set to 250 , the field current is now Vy, 240V___240V_pasg y RytR, 23004752 3250 Since the motor is still at full load, £, is still 218.3 V. From the magnetization curve (Figure P8-1), the new field current /,, would produce a voltage E,, of 212 V ata speed 1, of 1200 r/min. ‘Therefore, ) rag3v) n-|44] -(#! 3.1200 r/min) =1236 r/min z.)” (anv Note that R,, has increased, and as a result the speed of the motor m increased. Assume that the motor is operating at full load and that the variable resistor Ryy is again 175 2. If the armature reaction is 1000 A-turns at full load, what is the speed of the motor? How does it compare to the result for Problem 8-2? SoLUTION The field current is again 0.96 A, and the motor is again at full load conditions. However, this ‘time there is an armature reaction of 1200 A-turs, and the effective field current is jp AR < 0.96 4 OA tums Np 2700 tums From Figure P91, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,,, of 185 V ata speed 1, of 1200 r/min. ‘The actual internal generated voltage E', at these conditions is, E, =V,-1,R, =240V ~ (109 A)(0.19 )=219.3V Therefore, the speed 7 with a voltage of 240 V would be n=[ Fe Jn, (2 = © (1200 min) 1403 r/min Ey) 185V Ifall other conditions are the same, the motor with armature reaction runs at a higher speed than the motor without armature reaction, If R,y can be adjusted from 100 to 400 ©, what are the maximum and minimum no-load speeds possible with this motor? SouuTion 1 he minimum speed will occur when R, = 100 .Q, and the maximum speed will occur when Rig = 400.0. The field current when Ry, = 100 Qs: vy, 240V 240 = LSTA RytR, 1000759" 1750 From Figure P9-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 271.5 V ata speed n, of 1200 r/min. Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 240 V would be 21686. 87. (20 Eu)" \Gn5V 200i) 106 r/min The field current when R,, = 400 Q is: v, 240V__240V_geoe a Ry tk, 40024752 5002 From Figure P8-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E, nn, of 1200 r/min, Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 240 V would be of 167 V at a speed n= (£2), (2%) (1200 min) =1725 r/min \z,) "Ger What is the starting current of this machine if it is started by connecting it directly to the power supply V,,2. How does this starting current compare to the full-load current of the motor? SoLUTION The starting current of this machine (ignoring the small field current) is Vy, 240V tan Ro 0.190 =1260 A ‘The rated current is 110 A, so the starting current is 11.5 times greater than the full-load current. This ‘much current is extremely likely to damage the motor. Plot the torque-speed characteristic of this motor assuming no armature reaction, and again assuming a full-load armature reaction of 1200 A-turns. (Assume that the armature reaction increases linearly with increases in armature current.) SotuTion This problem is best solved with MATLAB, since it involves calculating the torque-speed values at many points, A MATLAB program to calculate and display both torque-speed characteristics is shown below. S M-file: prob8_7.m & M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the % the shunt de motor with and without armature reaction % Get the magnetizat % defined for a speed of 1200 r/min load p81_mag.dat p&l_mag(:,1)¢ p81_mag(:,2)7 that this curve is initialize the values needed in this program. 3 ge (V) Field resistance (ohms) Adjustable resistance (ohms) Armature resistance (ohms) Line currents (A) 2173 Number of turns on field 3 Armature reaction @ 110 A (A-t/m) % Calculate the armature current for each load. jasil-vie/ (f+ radi; % Now calculate the internal generated voltage for % each armature current. easvt-iatra; % Calculate the armature reaction MMF for each armature & current. far = (ia / 55) * £ ard; 4% Calculate the effective field current with and without % armature reaction. Ther term i_f_ar is the field current % with armature reaction, and the term if noar is the % field current without armature reaction. ar = vit / (rf + radj) - far / nm Tnoar = vt / (rf + © adj); % Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at % 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization § curve. e_a0_ar = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i far); e_a0_noar = interpi(if_values,éa_values,i_f_noar}; % Calculate the resulting speed from Equation (9-13). nar=(e2a./ea0ar) *n0; nonoar = (ea ./ e a0_noar ) * nO; % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each % speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tindar=[Link]./ (nar *2* pi / 60); tlind-noar = ea .* ia ./ (n_noar * 2* pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curves figure (1); plot (t_ind_noar,n_noar, hold on; plot (t_ind_ar,n_ar, 'k--", 'LineWiath", 2.0); xlabel('\bi\tau_{ind) (N-m)"); ylabel ("\bE\itn_{m} \rm\bé (r/min) "); title ('\bfshunt DC Motor Torque-speed Characteristic"); legend('No armature reaction", "With azmature reaction"); axis({ 0 125 800 1600]); grid on; hold off; *,"LineWidth',2.0); 218The resulting plot is shown below: ‘Shunt DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic i 600 No armature reaction = with armature reaction +500 1400 1300 1200 a (rnin) . 1100 ‘oo 900 ‘00 a a0 100 "60 am 250 Sing (Nm) For Problems 8-8 and 8-9, the shunt de motor is reconnected separately excited, as shown in Figure P8-3. Tthas a fixed field voltage V,, of 240 V and an armature voltage V, that can be varied from 120 to 240 V. Ie hom bh + WW. a oa A vp=240¥ ly FIGURE PE The equivalent cnet ofthe separately excited motor in Problems 8-8 and 8-0 8-8. What is the no-load speed of this separately excited motor when R,y = 175 Q and (a) V, V, =180V, (c) V,=240V2 120 V, ) SowuTIoN At no-load conditions, /,. The field current is given by Ve 240V 240 RytR, 175Q+76Q 2500 = 0.96 A From Figure P9-l, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 241 V at a speed rn, of 1200 r/min, Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 240 V would be 21989. led) (@ WV, =120V, then £, = 120 V, and n=( 1221200 simin)=598 min 2arv) () WV, =180V, then E, = 180 V, and ” (ey) |(1200 r/min) = 986 r/min 2a1V () WV, =240V, then £, = 240 V, and (# Y (1200 simin) =1195 rin naiv) For the separately excited motor of Problem 8-8: (a) What is the maximum no-load speed attainable by varying both V., and R,, (6) What is the minimum no-load speed attainable by varying both V, and Rg? (c). What is the motor’s efficieney at rated conditions? [Note: Assume that (1) the brush voltage drop is 2 V; (2) the core loss is to e determined at an armature voltage equal to the armature voltage under full load; and (3) stray load losses are 1 percent of full load.] Sowution (@) The maximum speed will occur with the maximum V, and the maximum R,,. The field current when Ry, = 400 Qs: 240V__ 240 +R, 40004752 4759 0.505 A From Figure P8-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,,, of 167 V at a speed n, of 1200 r/min, At no-load conditions, the maximum internal generated voltage E,=V, = 240 V. Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 240 V would be Ey om (2) (2%) (Eu) 167 V 200 in) 1725 ein () The minimum speed will occur with the minimum V, and the minimum R,,. The field current when Ry, = 100 2s: 240V_ 240 RytR, 10004759 1750 =137A 220From Figure P8-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 271 V ata speed 1, of 1200 r/min, At no-load conditions, the minimum internal generated voltage E,=V, = 120 V. Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 120 V would be 7) = (22%) (1200 rnin) = 531 in Bo) amv} For Problems 8-10 to 8-11, the motor is connected cumulatively compounded as shown in Figure P8-4. i t ‘mulatively compounded Differentially compounded v,—240V FIGURE PR ‘The equivalent civuit ofthe compounded motorin Problems $100 8-12, 8-10. If the motor is connected cumulatively compounded with Ryy = 175 2 (a) What is the no-load speed of the motor? (b). What is the full-load speed of the motor? (c) What is its speed regulation? (d) Calculate and plot the torque-speed characteristic for this motor. (Neglect armature effects in this problem.) SoLUTION At no-load conditions, E,=V,=240 V. The field current is given by Y, 240V 240 RytR, 11524752 2500 = 0.960 A From Figure P8-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 241 V at a speed rn, of 1200 r/min, Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 240 V would be ) 1 (FRE 200 rin) 1195 rn nf \E,) Gary At fall load conditions, the armature current is —t__=110 A - 0.96 A = 109A The internal generated voltage E, is 21Ey =V_-1,(R,+R,)=240 V — (109 A)(0.21.2)=217.1V The equivalent field current is reat, + Ser, 14 tums Ne 2700 turns (109 A)=1.53 A From Figure P8-I, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 279 V at a speed 1n, of 1200 r/min, Therefore, (Be 279V The speed regulation is (200 nin) =934 in 1195 r/min. 934 r/min 934 rimin 199% =27.9% ‘The torque-speed characteristic can best be plotted with a MATLAB program. An appropriate program is shown below. $ M-file: prob8_10.m $ M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the % a cumulatively compounded de motor without % armature reaction. & Get the magnetization curve. Note that this curve is $ defined for a speed of 1200 r/min load p81_mag.dat if_values = p8l_mag(:,1); ea_values = p81_mag(:,2)i n_0 = 1200; % First, initialize the values needed in this program. vt = 240; % Terminal voltage (V) rif = 75; % Field resistance (ohms) rladj = 175; % Adjustable resistance (ohms) r 0.21; % Armature + series resistance (ohms) i a:110; % Line currents (A) a 27005 % Number of turns on shunt field a. 14; % Number of turns on series field % Calculate the armature current for each load. dacil-vit/ (ft radj; & Now calculate the internal generated voltage for & each armature current. ea-vt-iatra 4% Calculate the effective field current for each armature % current. i_f-vit / (rf + r_adj) + (nse / nf) * ia; % Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at % 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization 222S11. e_a0 = interpi (if_values,ea_values,i_f); & Calculate the resulting speed from Equation (9-13). n=(ea./ead) * nO; % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each % speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tind=ea.*ia./ (n*2* pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curves a: E ind,n, 'b-", ‘Lines xlabel('\bf\tau_{ind} (N-m)"); ylabel(*\b£\itn_{m} \rm\bé (r/min) title ("\b£Cumulativel Characteristic"); axis({ 0 125 800 12001); grid on; ath, 2.0); ) y-Compounded DC Motor The resulting plot is shown below: Cumnutatively-Compounded DC Motor Tarque-Speed Characteristic 600 +500 1400 1300 1200 a (rnin) . 1100 ‘oo 900 ‘00 a =n 100 160 2 250 Sing (Nm) Compare this torque-speed curve to that of the shunt motor in Problem 8-7, (Both curves are plotted on the same scale to facilitate comparison.) The motor is connected cumulatively compounded and is operating at full load. What will the new speed of the motor be if Ry is increased to 250 22 How docs the new speed compared to the full-load speed calculated in Problem 8-10? SOLUTION If Ryg is increased to 250 , the field current is given by v, 240V 240 a = 0.7394 RytRk, 25004752 2500 223At full load conditions, the armature current is 1,21, 71, =110A ~ 0.739 A = 109.2 A The internal generated voltage E,, is =V, -1,(R,+R,)=240 V ~ (109.2 4)(0.21)=217.1V The equivalent field current is 0.739 A+ 14%™S_(1992 4)= 2700 tums 305A, From Figure P9-I, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 268 V at a speed nn, of 1200 rimin, Therefore, ( E,\ 2 1Vv), EJ)" 268 V (1200 r/min) =972 r/min The new full-load speed is higher than the full-load speed in Problem 8-10. For Problem 8-12, the motor is now connected differentially compounded as shown in Figure P8-4. 8-12. The motor is now connected differentially compounded. (a) If Ry = 175 2, what is the no-load speed of the motor? (b) What is the motor’s speed when the armature current reaches 20 A? 40 A? 60 A? (0) Calculate and plot the torque-speed characteristic curve of this motor. SowuTION (a) Atno-load conditions, E,=V, = 240 V. The field current is given by Ve 240V_ 240 RytR, 175Q+75Q 2750 =0.96 A From Figure P8-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 241 V at a speed rn, of 1200 r/min, Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 240 V would be 240 ={22%)(1200 rin) = 1195 rin (ery) (200%) (b) At 1, =20A, the intemal generated voltage E, is E, =V, -1,(R, +Ry)=240 V ~ (20.A)(0.21.2)=235.8 V The equivalent field current is 14 tums 2700 turns 21, =0.96 A- (20 A)=0.856 224From Figure P8-I, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 229 V at a speed nn, of 1200 r/min, Therefore, (E,) _(2388V Ew 229V 40A, the intemal generated voltage e200 rimin) =1236 r/min E,=Vy-1 (Ry + Re =240 V - (40 A)(0.21.2)=231.6 V ‘The equivalent field current is Ns 7, 0.96 4-14 ™™8_(49 4) =0.753. A Ne 2700 tums From Figure P8-I, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage E,, of 214 V at a speed nn, of 1200 r/min. Therefore, n (E). (ESS 20 sini) «1259 nin Ey 214V 60A, the internal generated voltage Eis E, =V_ =I, (Ry + Re)=240 V = (60 A)(0.21.2)=2274 V ‘The equivalent field current is Now Le tus (gq) I, 2700 tums Ip- 21, =0.96 A— 1.649 A From Figure P8-1, this field current would produce an internal generated voltage £,, of 196 V at a speed n, of 1200 r/min. Therefore, (= v 196 V 200 r/min) =1392 r/min () The torque-speed characteristic can best be plotted with a MATLAB program. An appropriate program is shown below. M-file: prob@_12.m M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the a cumulatively compounded de motor without armature reaction. % Get the magnetization curve. Note that this curve is $ defined for a speed of 1200 r/min. load p81_mag.dat if_values = p8l_mag(:,1); ea_values = p8l_mag(:,2); a0 = 1200; % First, initialize the values needed in this program vit = 240; % Terminal voltage (V) rf = 75 8 Field resistance (ohms) rad = 175; % Adjustable resistance (ohms) ra = 0.21; % Armature + series resistance (ohms) 110; % Line currents (A) 2253 Number of turns on shunt field % Number of turns on series field % Calculate the armature current for each load. ja-il-vt/ (f+ radii; % Now calculate the internal generated voltage for % each armature current. easvt-iatra; % Calculate the effective field current for each armature % current. ifavi/ (rf +r adj) - mse /nf) *iaz % Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at % 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization % curve. e_a0 = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i f); & Calculate the resulting speed from Squation (9-13). n= (ea./ead) * 10; % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each % speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tind=ea.*ia./ (n*2* pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curves figure (1); plot (t_ind,n, "b=", 'LineWidth',2.0); xlabel('\bf\tau_(ind) (N-m)"); ylabel("\bf\itn_(m} \rm\b£ (r/min) "); title ('\bEDifferentially-Compounded DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic'); axis({ 0 250 800 1600]); grid on; 226The resulting plot is shown below: Ditferemtially-Compounded DC Motor Tarque-Speed Characteristic 600 +500 1400 1300 1200 a (rnin) . 1100 ‘oo 900 ‘00 a a0 100 "60 am 250 Sing (Nm) Compare this torque-speed curve to that of the shunt motor in Problem 8-7 and the cumulatively- compounded motor in Problem 8-10. 8.13, A 7.5-hp 120-V series de motor has an armature resistance of 0.1 © and a series field resistance of 0.08 Q. At full load, the current input is 56 A, and the rated speed is 1050 r/min. Its magnetization curve is shown in Figure P8-5. The core losses are 220 W, and the mechanical losses are 230 W at full load ‘Assume that the mechanical losses vary as the cube of the speed of the motor and that the core losses are constant, 227160 150 40] ‘Speed = 120i %0 10 : ° 40} Internal generated votage Ey, V Fy 20 7 o w 2 ey 0 0 o 70 Sesies ld euseat,A FIGURE 8-5 “The maguetizaton curve fo he ssies mote poe of 1200 aan 13. This curve was taken ata consant (a) What is the efficiency of the motor at full load? (b) What are the speed and efficiency of the motor if itis operating at an armature current of 40 A? (0) Plot the torque-speed characteristic for this motor. Sovution (@) The output power of this motor at full load is Poyy =(7.5 hp)(746 Wrhp) =5595 W ‘The input power is Py =Vpl, =(120 V)(56 A)=6720 W ‘Therefore the efficiency is 2285595 W Fea 1009 Pay 6n20W 100% (b) If the armature current is 40 A, then the input power to the motor will be Py =Vy1, =(120 V)(40 A) = 4800 W ‘The internal generated voltage at this condition is {= 1,(R, +R,)=120 V ~ (40 A)(0.10. 2+0,08 2)=1128 V and the internal generated voltage at rated conditions is Eg =Vy-1,(R, + Ry) =120 V ~ (56 A)(0.10 2+ 0.08 2)=109.9 V ‘The final speed is given by the equation Kb, @, K @ @; Eq since the ratio E,,,/E,,, is the same as the ratio ¢, /¢g,. Therefore, the final speed is E 1 Enea From Figure P8-5, the internal generated voltage E,,, for a current of 40 A and a speed of n, = 1200 timin is E,,, = 120 V, and the internal generated voltage E,,, for a current of 56 A and a speed of n, = 1200 rimin is E,,, = 133 V. 2 Eos i \ . tty, =(U28VY 539) 950 nn) =1195 rnin Ewa ' \1099V)\120V) ‘The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is Pag, = El =(112.8 V)(40 A) =4512 W ‘The core losses in the motor are 220 W, and the mechanical losses in the motor are 230 W at a speed of 1050 r/min, The mechanical losses in the motor scale proportionally to the cube of the rotational speedm so the mechanical losses at 1326 r/min are Therefore, the output power is Pay = Poay ~ Pass ~ Page = 4512 W — 339 W — 220 W = 3953 W and the efficiency is B, 3953 7 £22 x100% - 23 W 7 a8 100% = 82.4% (©) AMATLAB program to plot the torque-speed characteristic of this motor is shown below: t of the torque-speed curve of the in Problem 9-13. 229% Get the magnetization curve, Note that this curve is % defined for a speed of 1200 r/min. load p85_mag.dat if_values = p85_mag(:,1); ea_values = p85_mag(:,2); 0 = 1200; & First, initialize the values needed in this program. vit = 120; % Terminal voltage (V) xa = 0.36; % Armature + field resistance (ohms) iva 58; % Armature (Line) currents (A) % Calculate the internal generate voltage ea. eacvt-ia* ra Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization curve, Note that the field current is the same as the armature current for this motor. a0 = interpi(if_values,ea_values,i_a,'spline'); Calculate the motor's speed, using the known fact that the motor runs at 1050 r/min at a current of 58 A. We = know that Baz K' phi2 n2 Fao2 n2 gal K' phil al Eaol ni Eaol al Bal Bao2 where Ea0 is the internal generated voltage at 1200 r/min % for a given field current. 8 &% Speed will be calculated by reference to full load speed $ and current. al = 1050; § 1050 r/min at full load Eaol = interpl(if_values,ea_values, 58, 'spline'); Eal =v_t- 58" ra; 4 Get speed Bao? = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i_a,'spline'); n= (e_a./Bal) .* (Baol ./ Eao2) * nl; % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each & speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tind=ea."ia./ in* 2” pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curve figure (1); plot (t_ind,n,'b-', 'LineWidth",2.0); hold on? xlabel("\bf\tau {ind} (N-m)"); 230814. ylabel ('\bf\itn_{m} \rm\b£ (r/min) "); ‘\pfSeriés DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic); The resulting torque-speed characteristic is shown below: Series DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic 4500 r 4000 3600 3000 (emir) © 200 2000 1500 ‘000, a 10 20 30 40 50 a Sing (Nm) A 20-hp 240-V 76-A 900 rimin series motor has a field winding of 33 tums per pole, Its armature resistance is 0.09 Q, and its field resistance is 0.06 ©. ‘The magnetization curve expressed in terms of magnetomotive force versus £4 at 900 r/min is given by the following table: Armature reaction is negligible in this machine. (a) Compute the motor’s torque, speed, and output power at 33, 67, 100, and 133 percent of full-load armature current. (Neglect rotational losses.) (b) Plot the terminal characteristic of this machine. SoLUTION Note that this magnetization curve has been stored in a file called prob@_14_mag first column of the file is an array of mnf_values, and the second column is an array of e2_values. ‘These values are valid at a speed n, = 900 r/min, Because the data in the file is relatively sparse, it is The important that interpolation be done using smooth curves, so be sure to specify the ‘spline option in the MATLAB intexp1 function: load prob8_14 [Link]; 231mmf_values = prob@_i4_mag(:,1); lues = prob8 14 mag(:,2)3 ao = interpl(mmf_values,ea_values,mmf, 'spline') (a) Since full load corresponds to 76 A, this calculation must be performed for armature currents of 25.3 A, 50.7 A, 76 A, and 101.3 A. Wl, 3.3 A, then E,=V,-1,(R, + Ry) = 240 V—-(25.3 A)(0.09 2 +0.06 Q) = 236.2 V The magnetomotive force is = NI, ~ (33 tuns)(25.3 A) =835 A-tums, which produces a voltage E., of 134 V at n, = 900 r/min. Therefore the speed of the motor at these conditions is E, _236.2V 134.V (900 rimin) = 1586 r/min ‘The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is Pig, = Eq, =(236.2 V)(25.3 A) =5976 W Since the rotational losses are ignored, this is also the output power of the motor. The induced torque is, p. 5976 W — Pa =36N-m fot nrad\/Immy °° N = (1586 rin) Tr os) If 1, = 50.7 A, then E 1,(R, + Rs) =240 V — (30.7 A)(0.09 240.06 Q) = 232.4 V The magnetomotive force is (33 tums)(50.7 A) = 1672 A-tums, which produces a voltage E,, of 197 V at n, = 900 r/min, Therefore the speed of the motor at these conditions is, (900 r/min) = 1062 s/min ‘The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is Pay = EL, = (232.4 V)(50.7 A) = 11,780 W Since the rotational loss 8 are ignored, this is also the output power of the motor. The induced torque is P. 11,780 W 2a rad)(1 min) ~ Tr JV 60s 106. N-m On (1062 xin) If 1, =76 A, then E,=V, L,(R, + Ry) =240 V - (76 A)(0.09 2 + 0.06 2) = 228.6 V ‘The magnetomotive force is J — NI, ~(33 turns)(76 A) = 2508 A-turs, which produces a voltage E, of 229 V at n, =900 r/min. ‘Therefore the speed of the motor at th se conditions is 228.6 V 229 V (900 r/min) = 899 r/min E 232‘The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is Pg, = El, = (228.6 V)(16 A) = 17,370 W Since the rotational losses are ignored, this is also the output power of the motor. The induced torque is, 17,370 W oy = fee = 1750 Wags (9007 =) Ir 608 If [, = 1013 A, then E,=V,-1,(R,+ Rg) =240 V — (101.3 A)(0.09 240.06 @) = 224.8 V ‘The magnetomotive force is F= NI, 3 turns)(101.3 A) E,, of 252 V at n, = 900 rimin, Therefore the speed of the motor at these conditions is, 43 A-tums , which produces a voltage Ex _248V Eg 252V (900 r/min) = 803 r/min The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is Pagy = Eyl, = (224.8 V)(101.3 A) = 22,770 W Since the rotational losses are ignored, this is also the output power of the motor. The induced torque is 22,770 W Oy (28 nin( 2225) r J 608 Nom (}) AMATLAB program to plot the torque-speed characteristic of this motor is shown below M-file: series _ts_curve.m M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the the series de motor in Problem 8-14. % Get the magnetization curve. Note that this curve is % defined for a speed of 900 r/min. load prob8_14_mag.dat mmf_values = prob8_14_mag(:,1); ea_values ~ prob8_14_mag(:,2); nD = 900; 4 First, initialize the values needed in this program. vit % Terminal voltage (Vv) ra % Armature + field resistance (ohms) ia % Armature (line) currents (A) 4 Number of series turns on field Calculate the internal generate voltage ea. vit-ia* rar ‘alculate the resulting internal generated voltage at 00 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization 233curve. Specify cubic spline interpolation to pr % good results with this sparse magnetization curve. e_a0 = interpl (mmf_values,ea_values,f, 'spline'); vide % Calculate the motor's speed from Equation (9-13). a= (@a./ ead) *n0; que corresponding to each (8-55) and (8-56). (n* 2* pi / 60); figure (1); plot (t_ind, ", "LineWidth', 2.0); hold on; xlabel('\bf\tau_(ind} (N-m)") 5 ylabel ("\b£\itn_{m} \em\b£ (r/min) "); title ("\bfSeries DC Motor Torque-Speed Charact Saxis({ 0 700 0 50001); grid on; hold off; istic); The resulting torque-speed characteristic is shown below: Series DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic 2400 2200 2000 ‘a0 ‘600 . 1400 a (rnin) 1200 ‘000 ‘00 o om 49 60 m im 120 14) tan tan 20 Sing (Nm) 8-15. A 300-hp 440-V 560-A, 863 r/min shunt de motor has been tested, and the following data were taken: Blocked-rotor test: V,=14.9 V_ exclusive of brushes Ve 1, = 500A 1, = 752A 440.V No-load operation: 234V, =440 V_ including brushes 50 A 1,=231A = 863 r/min What is this motor’s efficiency at the rated conditions? [Note: Assume that (1) the brush voltage drop is 2 V; (2) the core loss is to be determined at an armature voltage equal to the armature voltage under full oad; and (3) stray load losses are I percent of full load.) SoLuTIoN The armature resistance of this motor is 149Vv = 0.0298 2 1 Under no-load conditions, the core and mechanical losses taken together (that is, the rotational lasses) of this motor are equal to the product of the internal generated voltage E, and the armature current J.,, since this is no output power from the motor at no-load conditions, Therefore, the rotational losses at rated speed can be found as E,=V, Vegan ~1yRy = 440 V-2 V—(23.1 A) (0.0298 2) = 437.3 V Pag = Pag, = El, =(4373 V)(23.1 A)=10.1 kW The input power to the motor af full load is Px =Vql), = (440 V)(560 A) = 246.4 kW The output power from the motor at full load is Pou ~P. Poy =12R, +V eT, =(560 AY (0.0298 2) +(440 V)(7.52 A)=12.65 kW The brush losses are P. 12 kW (2 V)(560 A)= Therefore, Four = Fry — Fou — Pe = Pera — Prey Prop =246.4 KW 14.1 KW — 12.65 KW — 10.1 kW — 1.12 KW -2.46 KW = 206 kW ‘The motor’s efficiency at full load is 206 kW 1 =F 5 100% = 296 KW 100% =83.6% >, 246.4 KW Problems 8-16 to 8-19 refer to a 240-V 100-A de motor which has both shunt and serics windings. Its characteristics are R, = 0.140 1500 turns, R, = 0.05.2 = 15 tums Ry = 2002 1m, = 3000 r/min Rugs = 0 to 300 2, currently set to 120.2 This motor has compensating windings and interpoles. The magnetization curve for this motor at 3000 r/min is shown in Figure P8-6, 235Magnetization curve ae LS 2 L 20 Ss hin 2 + ptf} ttt | 4 1 40 120 7 100 % Interal genented « “7 ° 0 Gl 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 1A 12 13 14 15 Field current A FIGURE 8-6 “The magtizaton curve forthe de motor in Problems 8-16 to 8-19. This curve was tad ata ‘constant speed of 3000 aa 816. The motor described above is connected in shunt (a) What is the no-load speed of this motor when Ry, = 120.0? (b) What is its full-load speed? (6) What is its speed regulation? (@) Plot the torque-speed characteristic for this motor. (@) Under no-load conditions, what range of possible speeds can be achieved by adjusting Ry? SotuTion Note that this magnetization curve has been stored in a file called p86_mag.dat. The first column of the file is an atray of ia_values, and the second column is an array of 2a_values. These values are valid at a speed n, = 3000 r/min. These values can be used with the MATLAB interpi function to look up an internal generated voltage as follows 236load pas _mag.dat; if values = p86_mag(:,1)7 ea_values = paemag(:,2); Ea = interpl(if_values,ea_values,if,'spline') (@) If Ryg = 120, the total field resistance is 320.0, and the resulting field current is __h 240V Re+R,y 2002 + 1202 075A This field current would produce a voltage E,, is 240 V, so the actual speed will be Een, =4&Y (3000 sfmin) =2939 r/min Ey," 245V of 245 V ata speed of n, ~ 3000 r/min, The actual E', () Atfull load, 1, E,=V,-1,R,=240V ~ (99.25 A)(0.14 Q)=226.1V Therefore, the speed at full load will be 226.1 V 245 V 1-1, =100 A ~ 0.75 = 99.25 A, and z (3000 r/min) = 2769 rimin (6) The speed regulation of this motor is =hy 2939 rimin ~ 2769 r/min 100% = EE 100% = 6.16% Tq 2769 timin SR= (@ AMATLAB program to calculate the torque-speed characteristic is shown below: % M-file: prob8_16.m % M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the % the shunt dc motor with and without armature reaction. % Get the magnetization curve. Note that this curve is % defined for a speed of 3000 r/min. load p86 [Link]; if_values = p86_mag(:,1); ea_values = p86 mag(:,2)7 n_0 = 3000; % First, initialize the values needed in this program. vit = 240; % Terminal voltage (V) xf = 200; & Field resistance (ohms) roa 120; % Adjustable resistance (ohms) © % Armature resistance (chms) i % Line currents (A) a % Number of turns on shunt field & Calculate the armature current for each load. i i / (rf + radi); % Now calculate the internal generated voltage for $ each armature current. 237easvt-iatra % Calculate the effective field current. ifs vit / (xf + radi); % Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at $ 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization % curve. e_a = interpi(if_values,ea_values,i_f); % Calculate the resulting speed from Squation (9-13). n=(ea./eal) *n0; % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each % speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tind=ea.*ia./ (n*2™ pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curves Figure (1); plot (t_ind,n,'b-', 'LineWidth",2.0)7 xlabel('\bf\tau_{ind) (Nem) "}; ylabel ("\bE\itn_{m) \em\bé (e/min) "); title ('\b£Shunt DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic"); axis({ 0 80 2700 3000]); grid on; ‘The resulting torque-speed curve is shown below: ‘Shunt DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic 3000 2000 2800 2700 (emir) © 2600 2600 2a00 2200, a Sing Cm) (@) I Rg is maximum at no-load conditions, the total resistance is 500 ©, and v, 240V R,+R,y 2002 + 3002 ABA 238 0 0 9 4 © of mm =‘This field current would produce a voltage E,, of 195 V at a speed of 1, = 3000 r/min, The actual £, is 240 V, so the actual speed will be 240 (3000 rimin 95 V If Ryy is minimum at no-load conditions, the total resistance is 200 ©, and , 240V = SY 2a R,+R, 2002 +02 This field current would produce a voltage E,, of 282 V at a speed of , = 3000 r/min, The actual E, is 240 V, so the actual speed will be Ey _240V =~ (3000 r/min) = 2553 r/min E 282 V 817. This machine is now connected as a cumulatively compounded de motor with R,y = 1202. (a) What is the no-load speed of this motor? (b) What is its full-load speed? (c) What is its speed regulation? (d) Plot the torque-speed characteristic for this motor SouuTion (@) The field current will be Vy 240 V R, +R, 2002 + 1202 75.8 Atno load, 1,= 0A, and =Vp-1,(R, +Rs)=240V and the effective field current will be 1 =t, Ney, 20.75 a4 100s ( A)=0.75 4 Np 1500 tums. This field current would produce a voltage E,, of 245 V at a speed of 1, ~3000 r/min. The actual E, is 240 V, so the actual speed at full load will be 240V 245 V 000 iin) = 2959 nin Z (3000 min) () The field current will be y et Ray 240V 2002 + 1200 0.75.4 At full load, 1, 00 A - 0.75. A = 99.25 A, and E -1,(R,+Rs)=240 V — (99.25 A)(0.14 240.05 Q) =221.1V 239and the effective field current will be +N 7, =0.75 44 15S _(99.25 a) Ne 1500 tums Ip T4h8 This field current would produce a voltage E,, of 292 V at a speed of n, = 3000 r/min, The actual E, is 240 V, so the actual speed at full load will be 211V 292 V (3000 rimin) =2272 r/min () The speed regulation of this motor is 2939 rimin ~ 2272 r/min 2272 r/min 100% = 29.4% (@ A MATLAB program to calculate the torque-speed characteristic is shown below: M-file: prob8_17.m M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of a cumultaively compounded de mtor. % Get the magnetization curve. Note that this curve is & defined for a speed of 3000 r/min. load p86_mag.dat; Af values = p86 mag(:,1); p86_mag(:, 2) 4 ‘irst, initialize the values needed in this program 240; % Terminal voltage (V) Field resistance (ohms) Adjustable resistance (ohms) Armature resistance (ohms) Line currents (A} Number of turns on shunt field Number of turns on series field % Calculate the armature current for each load. datil-vit/ (f+ adj; % Now calculate the internal generated voltage for % each armature current. easvt-iatcra % Calculate the effective field current for each armature % current. if-vit/ (c f+ rv adj) + (nse / nf) * iar Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization a0 = interpi(if_values,ea_values,i_f); Calculate the resulting speed from Equation (9-13). =(ea./ead) *n0; 240B18, % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each & speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tind = ea .* ia ./ (n*2* pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curves figure (1); plot (t_ind,n, "b=", "LineWidth', 2.0); xlabel('\bf\tau_{ind} (N-m)'); ylabel("\bf\itn_(m) \rm\b# (r/min) title (*\bfCumulatively Co Characteristic'); axis([ 0 80 2300 30001); grid on; The resulting torque-speed curve is shown below. Note that is curve is plotted on the same scale as the shunt motor in Problem 8-16. Cumnutatively Compounded DC Motor Tarque-Speed Characteristic 3000 2000 2800 2700 (vin © 2600 2800 2800 2300 i i . 0 oo © 2 © © mm © Sina Nm) The motor is reconnected differentially compounded with Ry = 120. Derive the shape of its torque- speed characteristic. Sotution A MATLAB program to calculate the torque-speed characteristic of this motor is shown below: & M-file: prob8_18.m S$ M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of a 8 differentially compounded de mtor. & Get the magnetization curve. Note that this curve is § defined for a speed of 3000 r/min. load péé_mag.dat; it = p86 mag (+, 1)¢ ea_values = p86_mag(:,2); 000; 241First, initialize the values needed in this program. t= 240; £ = 200; Terminal voltage (V) Field resistance (ohms) Adjustable resistance (ohms) Armature resistance (ohms) Line currents (A) Number of turns on shunt field Number of turns on series field % Calculate the armature current for each load. jasil-vit/ (©£ + r adj); % Now calculate the internal generated voltage for % each armature current. easvt-iatra; % Calculate the effective field current for each armature % current. if=vit/ (f+ adj) - (nse / nf) * ia % Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at % 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization % curve. e_a0 = interp1(if_values,ea_values,i_f); % Calculate the resulting speed from Bquation (9-13). n=(ea./ead) #00; % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each % speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tind=ea.*ia./ (n*2* pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curves figure (1); plot (t_ind,n, b=", "LineWiath',2.0); xlabel('\b£\tau_{ind} (N-m)"); ylabel("\b£\itn_{m} \rm\bé (r/min) "); title (‘\bfDifferentially Compounded DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic'); axis({ 0 80 2900 3500); grid on; ‘The resulting torque-speed curve is shown below. 24219. Differentially Compounded DC Motor Tarque-Speed Characteristic 3500 T 7 3400 3300 200 a (rnin) 3100 3000 2900 . 0 oo a «2 © 8 mm mM Sing (Nm) A series motor is now constructed from this machine by leaving the shunt field out entirely. Derive the torque-speed characteristic of the resulting motor. Soturion This motor will have extremely high speeds, since there are only a few series turns, and the flux in the motor will be very small. A MATLAB program to calculate the torque-speed characteristic of this motor is shown below: M-file: prob@_19.m M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the a series dc motor. This motor was formed by removing the shunt field from the cumulatively-compounded machine of Problem 8-17, % Get the magnetization curve. Note that this curve is 8 defined for a speed of 3000 r/min. load p86_mag.dat; if_values = p86_mag(:,1); ea_values = p86_mag(t,2)7 n_0 = 3000; irst, initialize the values needed in this program. 8 vit = 240; % Terminal voltage (Vv) rot = 200; 4 Field resistance (ohms) adj = 120; % Adjustable resistance (ohms) ra = 0.14; & Armature resistance (ohms) 471 = 20:1:100; % Line currents (A) nf = 1500; % Number of turns on shunt field nose = 15; % Number of turns on series field % Calculate the armature current for each load. iasil-vie/ (£ + raj); 243% Now calculate the internal generated voltage for % each armature current. easvt-iatra % Calculate the effective field current for each armature & current. if = (nse /nf) * ia; % Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at % 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization % curve. e_a0 = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i_£); & Calculate the resulting speed from Equation (9-13). a= (ea ./ead) * 20; % Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each % speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56). tind=e.a.* ia ./ (n*2* pi / 60); % Plot the torque-speed curves figure (1); plot (t_ind,n, "b=", 'LineWidth',2.0); xlabel('\bf\tau_{ind} (Nom) "); ylabel (*\bf\itn_{m) \em\b£ (/min) "); title ('\bfSeries DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic'); grid on; ‘The resulting torque-speed characteristic is shown below: Series DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic 7500 7000 6600 e000 5500 000 6 = 4800 4000 3500 000 2600 i L . © 2 © © © © mM Mf OD Sina Nm) ‘The extreme speeds in this characteristic are due to the very ight flux in the machine. To make a practical series motor out of this machine, it would be necessary to include 20 to 30 series turns instead of 15, 2448-20. 21. An automatic starter circuit is to be designed for a shunt motor rated at 20 hp, 240 V, and 75 A. The armature resistance of the motor is 0.12 ©, and the shunt field resistance is 40 ©. ‘The motor is to start with no more than 250 percent of its rated armature current, and as soon as the current falls to rated value, a starting resistor stage is to be cut out. How many stages of starting resistance are needed, and how big should each one be? SoLutIoN The rated Lins A-6A~ 69 A. The maximum desired starting current is (2.5)(69 A) = 172.5 A. Therefore, the total initial starting resistance must be Regs =1.391 2-0,12 21.2710 The current will fall o rated value when E,, rises to E, =240 V-(1.391 0)(69 A)=144 V At that time, we want to cut out enough resistance to get the current back up to 172.5 A. Therefore, Ret Rigg = MOV 125A Rauys = 0.557 2-0.12 = 0.437 2 With this resistance in the circuit, the current will fall to rated value when E., rises to E, = 240 V-(0.557 9)(69 A) =201.6 V 0.5572 At that time, we want to cut out enough resistance to get the current back up to 172.5 A. Therefore, Rey Raggy = MOV = 201.6 125A Rygyy = 0.223 20.12 2=0.103 2 With this resistance in the circuit, the current will fall to rated value when E, =240 V~(0.223 2)(69 A)=224.6 V = 0.2230 |, tises to If the resistance is cut out when £,, reaches 24,6 V, the resulting current is POV ~BACV “ire < 125A, ona so there are only three stages of starting resistance. The three stages of starting resistance can be found from the resistance in the circuit at each state during starting. Roy = R+R4RH1217 0 Rugg = Re +R, =0437 0 =R,=0.103.0 Reas ‘Therefore, the starting resistances are R, = 0.780. R= 0.3342. R,=0.103.2 A 10-hp 120-V 1000 r/min shunt de motor has a full-load armature current of 70 A when operating at rated conditions, The armature resistance of the motor is R, = 0.12 Q, and the field resistance R,, is 40 245Q. The adjustable resistance in the field circuit R,g may be varied over the range from 0 to 200 and is currently set to 100. Armature reaction may be ignored in this machine. The magnetization curve for this motor, taken at a speed of 1000 r/min, is given in tabular form below: 7 | 95} 112 | us | 126 | 130 E,V I, (-, A | 0.00 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 1.28 | 1.44 | 2.88 | 4.00 (a) What is the speed of this motor when it is running at the rated conditions specified above? (b) The output power from the motor is 10 hp at rated conditions. What is the output torque of the motor? (6) What are the copper losses and rotational losses in the motor at full load (ignore stray losses)? (d) What is the efficiency of the motor at full load? (e) If the motor is now unloaded with no changes in terminal voltage or Ry, what is the no-load speed of the motor? (Suppose that the motor is running at the no-load conditions described in part (¢). What would happen to the motor if its field circuit were to open? Ignoring armature reaction, what would the final steady-state speed of the motor be under those conditions? (g) What range of no-load speeds is possible in this motor, given the range of field resistance adjustments available with Ry? SoLuTioN (a) If Rg = 100.0, the total field resistance is 140.0, and the resulting field current is A 120 1, —120V_ © Rp +R 1002 + 400 0.857 A This field current would produce a voltage £,, of 82.8 V at a speed of n, = 1000 r/min, The actual E, E,=V,-L,R,=120 V ~ (70.A)(0.122)=111.6 V so the actual speed will be 116V 828V (1000 r/min) 348 r/min (6) The output power is 10 hp and the output speed is 1000 r/min at rated conditions, therefore, the torque is P 10 hp)(746 Why Pa (10 hp) P) [Link] ‘2a rad \{ Lin Tr jes) = (1000 nin (©) The copper losses are 246Poy =17R,+ Vel, =(70 A) (0.12 2) +(120 V)(0.857 A) = 691 W ‘The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is (111.6 v)(70 A)=7812 W The output power is Poy = (10 bp )(746 Wihp) = 7460 W_ ‘Therefore, the rotational losses arc P.=P, 2. = Pyg, — Pou = 7812 W— 7460 W =352 W (2) The input power to this motor is By =V; (Ly +1p)=(120 V)(70.A + 0.857 A)=8503 W ‘Therefore, the efficiency is Box 7460 W 100% = 100% = 87.7% 8503 (€) The no-load E, will be 120 V, so the no-load speed will be Ex, _120V (1000 nmin Ey" 828V =1450 r/min (If the field circuit opens, the field current would go to zero => ¢ drops to ¥,,, => E,v > 1,7 Tag? = nb toa very high speed. If 1p =0 A, 8.5 Vat 1800 r/min, so 230V (1000 r/min) = 46,000 r/min E, 3v (In reality, the motor speed would be limited by rotational losse: first.) or else the motor will destroy itself (@ The maximum value of Rs = 200.0, so 120V R,+R, 2002 +402 =0.500 A actual E, This field current would produce a voltage E,, of 50.6 V at a speed of n, = 1000 r/min. 1 is 120 V, so the actual speed will be 120V 30.6V (1000 rimin) = 2372. s/min The minimum value of Ryy = 0.2, so 120 V 02+ 400 This field current would produce a voltage H,, of about 1264 V at a speed of 1, ~ 1000 r/min, The actual £, is 120 V, so the actual speed will be 247Ex, _120V E," 1264V (1000 r/min) =949 r/min 8-22. ‘The magnetization curve for a separately excited de generator is shown in Figure P8-7. The generator is rated at 6 KW, 120 V, 50 A, and 1800 r/min and is shown in Figure P8-8. Its field circuit is rated at SA. The following data are known about the machine: R, = 0.189 V,=120V Ry =0 10.400 R= 202 N,, = 1000 tums per pole Answer the following questions about this generator, assuming no armature reaction. (a) If this generator is operating at no load, what is the range of voltage adjustments that can be achieved by changing Ry? (b) Ifthe field theostat is allowed to vary from 0 to 30 2 and the generator’s speed is allowed to vary from 1500 to 2000 r/min, what are the maximum and minimum no-load voltages in the generator? 248,‘S60. ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS 160 150] 40) 120] 120] 100) 0 ‘0 0 / oo 50 “Tesminaland genesued voltage, V a0 20 r 2 5 + 3 6 7 Shunt fel eusent, A p> ° 1002000 3000400057000 Bold mmf A-turm FIGURE P87 “The mapuctization curve for Problems 8-22 to 8-28, This curve was taken a speed of 1800 ci, 249FIGURE P88 “The spantely excited de gonestorin Problem #-22 0 $-24 SoLution (a) If the generator is operating with no load at 1800 r/min, then the terminal voltage will equal the internal generated voltage Ey. The maximum possible field current occurs when Ryy = 0.2. The current is 1 120 V fom Re Ry 202402 From the magnetization curve, the voltage E,, at 1800 r/min is 135 V. Since the actual speed is 1800 rimin, the maximum no-load voltage is 135 V. The minimum possible field current occurs when Ry = 409, The current is 120V iY 30a 2009+400 From the magnetization curve, the voltage ,, at 1800 r/min is 79.5 V. Since the actual speed is 1800 1/min, the minimum no-load voltage is 79.5 V. (®) The maximum voltage will occur at the highest current and speed, and the minimum voltage will occur at the lowest current and speed. The maximum possible field current occurs when R,y = 0.9. The current is 120V Tae = R.+R, 202402 From the magnetization curve, the voltage E,, at 1800 r/min is 135 V. Since the actual speed is 2000 r/min, the maximum no-load voltage is, 2000 r/min SO (135 V) =150 V 1800 r/min 250823. 824. 825. The minimum possible field current occurs and minimum speed and field current. The maximum adjustable resistance is R,, =30 ©. The current is 120V OV aaa 2024302 Jy, Ret Ry From the magnetization curve, the voltage E,, at 1800 r/min is 93.1 V. Since the actual speed is 1500 rimin, the maximum no-load voltage is, 1500 r/min RE (93.1 V)=77.6 V 1800 ymin If the armature current of the generator in Problem 8-22 is 50 A, the speed of the generator is 1700 r/min, and the terminal voltage is 106 V, how much field current must be flowing in the generator? Souution The internal generated voltage of this generator is E,=V,+1,R, =106 V +(50 A)(0.18 Q)=115 V at a speed of 1700 rimin, This corresponds to an E,,, at 1800 r/min of, tg — 1800 r/min ©1700 vimin (115 v)=121.8V n From the magnetization curve, this value of £,, requires a field current of 4.2 A. Assuming that the generator in Problem 8-22 has an armature reaction at full load equivalent to 400 A-tums of magnetomotive force, what will the terminal voltage of the generator be when I, =5 A, My = 1700 r/min, and 1, = 50 A? Souurioy When [, is 5 A and the armature current is $0 A, the magnetomotive force in the generator is = (1000 turns)(5 A) —400 A. tums = 4600 A -turns or Fe /N = 4600 A-turns / 1000 turns = 4.6.4 ‘The equivalent internal generated voltage E,, of the generator at 1800 r/min would be 126 V. The actual voltage at 1700 r/min would be = 1700 min 126 V)=119.V 1800 rimin ‘Therefore, the terminal voltage would be :,= 1,8, = 119 V-(50 A)(0.18 2) =110 V Vp= The machine in Problem 8-22 is reconnected as a shunt generator and is shown in Figure P8-9. ‘The shunt field resistor R,y is adjusted to 10 Q, and the generator’s speed is 1800 r/min. 251FIGURE PS-9 “The shunt do gonemtoin Probloms &-25 and 8-26, (a) What is the no-load terminal voltage of the generator? (b) Assuming no armature re current of 20 A? 40 A? ction, what is the terminal voltage of the generator with an armature () Assuming an armature reaction equal to 300 A-turns at full load, what is the terminal voltage of the generator with an armature current of 20 A? 40 A? (d) Calculate and plot the terminal characteristics of this generator with and without armature reaction, SoLuTION (a) The total field resistance of this generator is 30 ©, and the no-load terminal voltage can be found from the intersection of the resistance line with the magnetization curve for this generator. The ‘magnetization curve and the field resistance line are plotted below. As you can see, they intersect at a terminal voltage of 121 V. Plot of &, and V, vs fiold current 160 a0 s : yo 10 y fori af 120 “10 ‘00 30 0 m0 20 0 40 0 a 0 a or, Ea line cA 252() At an armature current of 20 A, the internal voltage drop in the armature resistance is (20 A)(0.182)=3.6V. As shown in the figure below, there is a difference of 3.6 V between E, and V,, ata terminal voltage of about 116 V. A MATLAB program to locate the position where there is exactly 3.6 V between the E, and V;, lines is shown below. ‘This program created the plot shown above. Note that there are actually two places where the difference between the E, and V, lines is 3.6 volts, but the low-voltage one of them is unstable, The code shown in bold face below prevents the program from reporting that first (unstable) point & M-file: prob8_25b1.m $ M-file to create a plot of the magnetization curve % field current curve of a shunt dc gj & the point where the difference between etization curve. This file contains the lues, ea_values, and n if values = p87_mag( ea_values = p87_mag( is program. (ohms) ; % Adjustable resistance (ohms) i: 8 ture + series resistance (ohms) 05:6; % Field current (A) 8 or speed (r/min) % Field resistan % Calculate Ea vi E erp1(if_values,ea_values,i_f); & Calculate Vt versus If ve = (xf + radj) * iL % Find the point where the difference between the two $ lines is 3.6 V. This will be the point where the line % line "Ea - Vt - 3.6" goes nega’ That will be a % close enough estimate of Vt. diff = Fa - Vt - 3.6; % This code prevents us from reporting the first (unstable) % location satisfying the criterion was_pos for ii = 1:length(i_£); if diff(ii) > 0 was_pos = end if ( diff(ii) <0 & was_pos break; end; end; % We have the intersection. Tell userdisp ({'Ba = ' numastr(Ba(ii)) ) disp (['vt * numastr (Vt (ii)) ve disp (['If = ' numastr(i_f(ii)) ' A']); % Plot the curves Figure (1); plot (i_f,Fa, "b=", 'Iinewidth',2.0); hold o plot (i_f,Vt, 'k--', 'LineWidth',2.0); % Plot intersections i_f(ii) i_f(ii)], [0 Ea(ii)], 'k-' (0 i _£(ii)], [ve(ii) ve (dip), "e-") ot ({0 if (43)], [Ba(ii) Ba(ii)], "x"; xlabel("\b£\itl_{P} \em\b£(A) "07 ylabel ('\b£\itE {A} \rm\bé or \itv_(t}"); tle (‘\bfPlot of \it= (A) \rm\bf and \itv_(T) \rm\pf vs field current"); axis ({0 5 0 1501); set (gea, "YTick', [0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 110 120 130 140 50]") set (gca, *XTick', [0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0]") legend ("Ea line','Vt line’, 4); grid on; Plot of £, and V, vs field current 180 140 : 7 3 o 100 120 110 00 0 0 m0 0 0 0 Ey a 10 or, a line 0 05 1 16 2 25 3 35 4 46 5 cA At an armature current of 40 A, the intemal voltage drop in the armature resistance is (40 A)(0.18 ©) =7.2 V. As shown in the figure below, there is a difference of 7.2 V between E, and V,, at a terminal voltage of about 110 V. The program to create this plot is identical to the one shown above, except that the gap between E, and V;, is 7.2 V. The resulting terminal voltage is about 110 V. 254Plot of €, and V, ve fiold current +80 10 30 20 p 10 fe 00 30 80 0 60 a0 40 0 0 10 or, Ea line 005 1 18 2 28 3 35 4 48 6 cA () The rated current of this generator is $0 A, so 20 A is 40% of full load. If the full load armature reaction is 300 A-tums, and if the armature reaction is assumed to change linearly with armature current, then the armature reaction will be 120 A-tums. The demagnetizing effect of armature reaction is equivalent to a reduction in field current of 120 Act 1000 Al, A The figure below shows that a triangle consisting of 3.6 V and (120 A:turns)/(1000 tums) = 0.12 A fits exactly between the E, and V;, lines at a terminal voltage of 114 V. 255Plot of E, and V, vefiold current 160 10 130 120 v0 % 7 00 30 80 0 60 a0 40 0 0 10 or, Ea line o 05 1 16 2 25 3 35 4 48° 5 cA The rated current of this generated is 50 A, so 40 A is 80% of full load. If the full load armature reaction is 300 Actus, and if the armature reaction is assumed to change linearly with armature current, then the armature reaction will be 240 A-turns. The demagnetizing effect of armature reaction is equivalent to a reduction in field current of 240 Act 1000 t Al, 24 The figure below shows that a triangle consisting of 7.2 V and (240 A-turns)/(1000 tums) = 0.24 A fits exactly between the £, and V, lines at a terminal voltage of 105 V. 256Plot of €, and V, ve fiold current +80 10 : : oe 130 ff ¢ ' ah 20 10 2 7 100 0 80 70 0 50 40 30 20 ‘0 : = or, Ea line o 05 1 16 2 25 3 35 4 48 5 cA (@ A MATLAB program to calculate the terminal characteristic of this generator without armature reaction is shown below: % M-file: prob8_25di.m % M-file to caléulate the terminal characteristic of a shunt & de generator without armature reaction. % Get the magnetization curve. This file contains the § three variables if values, ea_values, and n_0. clear all load p87_mag.dat; if_values = p87_mag(:,1)7 ea_values = p87_mag(t,2); nD = 1800; initialize the values needed in this program. Field resistance (ohms) Adjustable resistance (ohms) Armature + series resistance (ohms) Field current (A) Generator speed (r/min) % Calculate Ea versus If Ea = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i_f); & Calculate Ve versus If ve = (rf +radj) * if Find the point where the difference between the two lines is exactly equal to i_a*r_a. This will be the point where the line line "Ea - Vt - i_a*r_a" goes negative. 237plength (ia) % Get the voltage difference diff = Fa - Vt - i_a(jj)*r_as % This code prevents us from reporting the first (unstable) % location satisfying the criterion. was_pos for ii = 1:length(i_f); if diff (ii) > 0 was_pos = 1; end if ( diff(ii) <0 & was_pos = break; end; end; % Save terminal voltage at this point v_tGj) = veliiy; $21G3) = $aGh) - vtG3) / Crt + radi: end; % Plot the terminal characteristic figure (1); plot(i_l,v_t, 'b-", 'LineWidth', 2.0 xlabel (*\bE\itI_(L} \rm\b£(a)"); ylabel ('\bf\itV_{T} \rm\bf(V)'); title (‘\bfTerminal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Generator"); hold off; axis( [ 0 50 0 120]); grid ons 258‘The resulting terminal characteristic is shown below: Terminal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Generator 120 00 20 60 40 a e i 1 2 2 3 3 49 45 1a A MATLAB program to calculate the terminal characteristic of this generator with armature reaction is shown below: M-file: prob8_25d2.m M-file to calculate the terminal characteristic of a shunt de generator with armature reaction. 4% Get the magnetization curve. This file contains the % three variables if values, ea_values, and n_0. clear all load p87_mag.dat; if_values = p87_mag(: ea_values nD = 1800; De p8?_mag (2,2) 7 & First, initialize the values needed in this program. rf = 20; 3 Field resistance (ohms) rad} = 10; % Adjustable resistance (ohms) xa = 0.18; 8 Armature + series resistance (ohms) ivf = 0:0.005:6; % Field current (A) a= 1800; % Generator speed (r/min) a_£ = 1000; % Number of field turns % Calculate Ba versus If Za = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i_f); % Calculate Vt versus If ves (2 ftradj) *if; & Find the point where the difference between the Ea % armature reaction line and the Vt line is exactly 259% equal to i_a*r_a. This will be the point where e the line "Ba ar - Vt - i a*r a" goes negative. a = 0:1:55; ength(i_a} £ ‘or jj = 1 % Calculate the equivalent field current due to armature % reaction. ilar = (i_a(jj) / 50) * 300 / nt; % Calculate the Ba values modified by armature reaction Ba_ar = interpl (if values,ea_values,i f - iar); % Get the voltage difference aiff = Baar - vt - i_a(jj)*rar % This code prevents us from reporting the first (unstable) % location satisfying the criterion. was_pos = for ii = I:length(i_f); if dife(ii) > 0 was_pos = 1; end if ( diff (ii) < 0 & was_pos break; end; end; & Save terminal voltage at this point veG3) = vedi; i1G)) j_a(3i) - vitli3) / ( rf + r_adj); end; % Plot the terminal characteristic figure (1); plot (i_l,v_t, b=", 'bineWiath', 2.0); xlabel('\bE\itl_{L} \rm\b£(A)"); ylabel('\b£\itv_(T} \em\b2(V) "0; title ('\bfTerminal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Generator w/AR'); hold off; axis({ 0 50 0 120]); grid on; 2608-26. The resulting terminal characteristic is shown below. Note that the armature reaction reduces the terminal voltage for any given load current relative to a generator without armature reaction, Terminal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Generatar wAR 120 00 80 60 0 a o 5 i 6 © 2% 9 3 4 a5 50 14 If the machine in Problem 8-25 is running at 1800 r/min with a field resistance Ryy = 10 © and an armature current of 25 A, what will the resulting terminal voltage be? If the field resistor decreases to 5 while the armature current remains 25 A, what will the new terminal voltage be? (Assume no armature reaction.) Sowution If, =25 A, then 1,R, =(25 A)(0.182) = E,, and V, curves is exactly 4.5 V corresponds to a terminal voltage of 114 V, as shown below. 5 V. The point where the distance between the 261827. E, or, 130 120 Plot of E, and V, vefiold current 110 100 0 a0 70 60 0 40 20 0 0 228 cA If Ryy decreases to 5 ©, the total field resistance becomes 29 Q, and the terminal voltage line gets shallower. E, or, The 0 new point where the distance between the corresponds to a terminal voltage of 125 V, as shown below. and V, cur Plotof£, and V, vsfiold current 130 10 +10 100 90 a 0 60 0 40 0 0 0 1 18 2 ‘Vt line ves is exactly 4.5 V 28 a5 4 45 5 55 6 3 cA Note that decreasing the field resistance of the shunt generator increases the terminal voltage. A120-V 50-A cumulatively compounded de generator has the following characteristics: R, +R, 0219 } 262 1000 turnsR,=202 Ng, = 25 tums Ry, = 0 1030.2, set to 10. ny, = 1800 1 / min ‘The machine has the magnetization curve shown in Figure P8-7, Its equivalent circuit is shown in Figure P8-10. Answer the following questions about this machine, assuming no armature reaction. Ty Rt Rs 1Stume Is 0219 FIGURE P81 “The compounded de genertorin Probleme $-27 and 8 (a) Ifthe generator is operating at no load, what is its terminal voltage? (®) Ifthe generator has an armature current of 20 A, what is its terminal voltage? (0) Ifthe generator has an armature current of 40 A, what is its terminal voltage"? (@) Calculate and plot the terminal characteristic of this machine. Sowution (a) The total field resistance of this generator is 30 ©, and the no-load terminal voltage can be found from the intersection of the resistance line with the magnetization curve for this generator. The magnetization curve and the field resistance line are plotted below. As you can see, they intersect at a terminal voltage of 121 V. 263Plot of E, and V, vefiold current 160 10 130 120 v0 00 or, Ea line o o5 1 16 2 25 3 35 4 48 5 cA () Wf the armature current is 20 A, then the effective field current contribution from the armature current and the 1,(R,+R,) voltage drop is 1,(R,+R,) =(20 A} (0.21)=4.2 V. The location where the Ng triangle formed by 1, and I,R, exactly fits between the E, and V7, lines corresponds to a terminal voltage of 121 V, as shown below. 264Plot of E, and V, vefiold current 160 10 330 b ential - 120 v0 00 E, rE, Ea line o 05 1 16 2 25 3 35 4 48 5 cA (©) Wf the armature current is 40 A, then the effective field current contribution from the armature current 25 40 A)=1.0A ro00(494) and the 1,(R, +R,) voltage drop is 1,(R,+R,)=(40 A) (0.21Q)=8.4 V. The location where N. the triangle formed by —S¥/, and 1,R, exactly fits between the E, and V, lines corre terminal voltage of 121 V, as shown below. fonds to a 265Plot of E, and V, vefiold current 18D oe 10 130 120 v0 00 E, rE, o 05 1 16 2 25 3 35 4 48 5 cA ‘A MATLAB program to locate the position where the triangle exactly fits betw is shown below. This program created the plot shown above. nthe E, and V, lines & M-file: prob8_27.m % M-file to create a plot of the magnetization curve and the % M-file to create a plot of the magnetization curve and the % field current curve of a cumulatively-compounded de generator % when the armature current is 20 A. & Get the magnetization curve. This file contains the &% three v f clear al load p87_mag.dat; if values = p87 mag( ea_values = p87_mag( nO = 1800 jables 4 _values, ea_values, and n_ alize the values 8 eeded in this progra’ eld resistance (ohms) Adjustable resistance (ohms) Armature + series resistance (ohms) Field current (A) Generator speed (r/min) shi eld turns Series field turns ulate Ea v Ea = interpl (if_values,ea_values,i_f); ve = (ef + r_adj) * 266% Calculate the Ea values modified by mmf due to the & armature current 20; interpl(if_values,ea_values,i_f + i_a * n_se/n_f); % Find the point where the difference between the % enhanced Ea line and the Vt line is 4.2 V. This will % be the point where the line “Ea_a - Vt - 4.2" goes 8 negative diff = Baa - Vt - 4.2; 8 This code prevents us from reporting the first (unstable) % location satisfying the criterion. was_pos for ii = l:length(i f); if diff(ii) > 0 if ( diff (ii) < 0 & was_pos break; end; end; a) % We have the intersection. Tell user. disp (['Be_ num2str(Ba_a(ii)) ' V"]); disp (['Ea numastr(Eatii)) ' V"1); disp (['Vt numastr(vt(ii)) * Vt]); disp (['I£ num2str(i_£(i3)) * ANI); disp (('Tf_a numastr (i f(ii)+ i_a * nse/n_f) ' AY); $ Plot the curves Figure (1); plot (i £,£a, hold on; plot (i_#,Vt, "LineWidth', 2.0); ‘LineWidth',2.0); Plot intersections plot ({i_£(ii) i_f(iiy], [0 vt(iiy], 'k plot ({0 i_£(ia)], [Ve(ii) ve (di) ],"") plot ([0 i_f(ii)+i_a*n_se/n_f], [Ba_a(ii) Ba_a(ii)],"k-")s % Plot compounding triangle plot({i_f(ii) i_f(ii)+i_a*n_se/n_f], [vt (ii) ve(ii)],'b-)¢ plot ({i £(ii) i £(ii)+i_atn se/n_£],[Vt(ii) Ba_a(ii)],'b-"); plot ({i_£(ii)+i_a*n_se/n_£ i_£(ii)+i_a*n_se/n_f], [vt (ii) Ba_a(ii)l, "G xlabel('\b£\itl_(F} \em\b2(a)"); ylabel ("\bf\itB {A} \rm\bf or \itz_(A} \rm\b£ (Vv) 5 title (‘\bfPlot of \ite_(A} \rm\bf and \itV_{T} \rm\b£ vs field current"); axis ((0 5 0 150))s set (gca, "YTick", [0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150] ") set (gea, *XTick', [0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.01") 267legend (‘Fa line', "Vt line’, 4); hoid of grid on; (@ A MATLAB program to calculate and plot the terminal characteristic of this generator is shown below. % M-file: prob8_27d.m % M-file to calculate the terminal characteristic of a % cumulatively compounded de generator without armature % reaction. % Get the magnetization curve. This file contains the & three variables if values, ea_values, and n_0. clear all load p87_mag.dat; if_values = p87_mag(:,1); ea_values = p87 mag(t,2)7 0 = 1800; initialize the values needed p this program. Field resistance (ohms) Adjustable resistance (ohms) Armature + series resistance (ohms) Field current (A) Generator speed (r/min) Shunt field turns Series field turns % Calculate Ea versus If Ea = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i_f); % Calculate Vt versus If ves (2 ftradj) * if % Find the point where the difference between the two 4 lines is exactly equal to i_a*r_a. This will be the % point where the line line "Ea - Vt - i_a*r_a" goes % negative. ia = 0:1:55; for 3] = 1:length(i_a} % Calculate the Ea values modified by mmf due to the % armature current Ba_a = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i f + i_a(jj)*n_se/n_f); % Get the voltage difference aiff = Ea_a - Vt - i _a(jj)*r_as % This code prevents us from reporting the first (unstable) % location satisfying the criterion. was_pos = 0; for ii = L:length(i_f); if dife(ii) > 0 was_pos = 1; end 2688.28. (di break; end; ) <0 & was_pos == 1) % Save terminal voltage at this point vitijj) = vein; £103) = iaGi) - ves) / (2 f+ v adi); end; % Plot the terminal characteristic figure (1); plot (i_1,v_t,"b-', "bineWidth", 2.0); We Wwe ['\bfVerminal Characteristic of a Cumulatively ' 'Compounded DC Generator! (string); xlabel('\bi\itI_{L} \rm\b: ylabel(*\bf\itV_{T) \rm\b string grid on; ‘The resulting terminal characteristic is shown below. Compare it to the terminal characteristics of the shunt de generators in Problem 8-25 (d) ‘Terminal Characteristic of a Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator 120 00 80 v0) 60 40 20 s 0 6 0 3% a 3% 4 4 OD LA If the machine described in Problem 8-27 is reconnected as a differentially compounded de generator, ‘what will its terminal characteristic look like? Derive it in the same fashion as in Problem 8-27. SowuTion A MATLAB program to calculate and plot the terminal characteristic of this generator is shown below. & MEL, M-£i prob8_28 te the terminal characteristic of a 269% differentially compounded de generator without armature % reaction. % Get the magnetization curve. This file contains the % three variables if values, ea values, and n_0. clear all load p8?_mag.dat; if_values = p87_mag(:,1); ea_values = p87 mag(:,2)7 n_0 = 1800; % First, initialize the values needed in this program. nf % Field resistance (ohms) ra % Adjustable resistance (ohms) r 3 Armature + series resistance (ohms) i % Field current (A) a % Generator speed (r/min) A % Shunt field turns a % Series field turns % Calculate Ba versus If Ea = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i f); % Calculate Vt versus If ves (2 f£+radj) * if; % Find the point where the difference between the two % lines is exactly equal to i_a*r_a. This will be the % point where the line line "Ea - Vt - i atr a" goes % negative. ia 221; for 34 = Islength(i_a) % Calculate the Ea values modified by mmf due to the % armature current Ba_a = interpl(if_values,ea_values,i_f - i_a(ji)*n_se/n_f)i % Get the voltage difference aiff = Fa_a - Vt - i_a(ji)*r_az % This code prevents us from reporting the first (unstable) % location satisfying the criterion. was_pos for ii = 1:length(i_f)+ if diff(ii) > 0 was_pos = 1; end if ( diff(ii) < 0 & was_pos break; end; end: % Save terminal voltage at this point v_eGj) = veliiy; 42193) = 3.809) - vitG5) / Cx + x aay): 2708.29. % Plot the terminal characteristic figure (1); plot (i_l,v_t, "b=", 'LineWidth",2.0)5 xlabel('\bf\itl_{L} \rm\b£(A)"); ylabel ("\bf\itv_({T} \em\bi(V) "0; string = ['\bfTerminal Characteri compounded DC Generato title (string); hold o axis([ 0 50 0 120]); grid on; a Differenti ‘The resulting terminal characteristic is shown below. Compare it to the terminal characteristics of the cumulatively compounded de generator in Problem 9-28 and the shunt de generators in Problem 9-25 (d) Terminal Characteristic of a Differentially DC Generator 120 00 80 0 a : i i i i o 5 i 6 © 2% 9 3 4 a5 50 14 A cumulatively compounded de generator is operating properly as a flat-compounded de generator. The machine is then shut down, and its shunt field connections are reversed. (a) If this generator is tumed in the same direction as before, will an output voltage be built up at its terminals? Why or why not? (®) Will the voltage build up for rotation in the opposite direction? Why or why not? (0) For the direction of rotation in which a voltage builds up, will the generator be cumulatively or differentially compounded? Souutton (a) The output voltage will not build up, because the residual flux now induces a voltage in the opposite direction, which causes a field current to flow that tends to further reduce the residual flux. (®) If the motor rotates in the opposite direction, the voltage will build up, because the reversal in voltage due to the change in direction of rotation causes the voltage to produce a field current that increases the residual flux, starting a positive feedback chain. mn8:30. (6) The generator will now be differentially compounded, A three-phase synchronous machine is mechanically connected to a shunt de machine, forming a motor- generator set, as shown in Figure P8-I1. ‘The de machine is connected to a de power system supplying a constant 240 V, and the ac machine is connected to a 480-V 60-Hz infinite bus. Mose De mchine AC cine . ———_ © ¢ Wir a Re ’ ° er “ AC power r Vr (infinite bus) s lp y ‘ 3 me a The de machine has four poles and is rated at 50 kW and 240 V. It has a per-unit armature resistance of 0.03. The ac machine has four poles and is Y-connected. It is rated at 50 kVA, 480 V, and 0.8 PF, and its saturated synchronous reactance is 3.0 © per phase. All losses except the de machine’s armature resistance may be neglected in this problem, Assume that the magnetization curves of both machines are linear. ine is supplying 50 kVA at 0.8 PF k (@) Initially, the ae ma ing to the ae power system, 1. How much power is being supplied to the de motor from the de power system? How large is the internal generated voltage E, of the de machine? 3. How large is the internal generated voltage E., of the ac machine? (b) The field current in the ac machine is now increased by 5 percent. What effect does this change have ‘on the real power supplied by the motor-generator set? On the reactive power supplied by the motor- generator set? Calculate the real and reactive power supplied or consumed by the ac machine under these conditions. Sketch the ac machine’s phasor diagram before and after the change in field current. (6) Starting from the conditions in part (b), the field current in the de machine is now decreased by | percent. What effect does this change have on the real power supplied by the motor-generator set? ‘On the reactive power supplied by the motor-generator set? Calculate the real and reactive power supplied or consumed by the ac machine under these conditions. Sketch the ac machine’s phasor diagram before and after the change in the de machine’s field current. (@) From the above results, answer the following questions 1. How can the real power flow through an ac-de motor-generator set be controlled? 2. How can the reactive power supplied or consumed by the ac machine be controlled without affecting the real power flow? Souunion (@) The power supplied by the ac machine to the ac power system is Pao =S cos 8=(50 KVA)(0.8) = 40 kW 272and the reactive power supplied by the ac machine to the ae power system is Qyc = S sin 6 = (50 KVA)sin[ cos (0.8) |= 30 kvar ‘The power out of the de motor is thus 40 kW. This is also the power converted from electrical to mechanical form in the de machine, since all other losses are neglected. Therefore, Pog = El p= (Vp LR), =40 kW Vil, —1,7R,—40 kW =0 The base resistance of the de machine is 2 _(230V) Poe S0KW =1.058 ‘Therefore, the actual armature resistance is R, =(0.03)(1.058 9) = 0.0317 2 Continuing to solve the equation for P.,, , we get Vel, —1,2R,—40 kW =0 Multiplying by +1 and rearranging terms produces Vp1, +40 kW =0 0.0317 12-2401, + 40,000=0 12-7571, +1,261,800=0 1,=1105 V,-1,R, = 240 V—(170.5 A)(0.0317 Q) = 234.6 V. Therefore, the power into the dc machine is V;1, = 40.92 kW , while the power converted from electrical to mechanical form (which is equal to the output power) is E,/, =(236.4 V)(170.5 A)=40 kW. The internal generated voltage E, of the de machine is 234.6 V. ‘The armature current in the ac machine is. 1-5. SOKVA _ “BY, ¥3(480V) 1, = 60.12 -36.87° A 1A Therefore, the intemal generated voltage E, of the ac machine is E,=V,+ i, E, =27720° V+ j(3.0 2)(60.12 -36.87° A) =411220.5° V (b) When the field current of the ac machine is increased by 5%, it has no effect on the real power supplied by the motor-generator set. This fact is true because P= ra , and the speed is constant (since the MG set is tied to an infinite bus). With the speed unchanged, the de machine’s torque is unchanged, so the total power supplied to the ac machine’s shaft is unchanged. If the field current is increased by 5% and the OCC of the ac machine is linear, H,, increases to 273‘,=(1.05)(411 V) =432 V ‘The new torque angle 5 can be found from the fact that since the terminal voltage and power of the ac machine are constant, the quantity E, sind’ must be constant E,sind= Ey sind” 177.20 V _432218.4° V -6352-442° A P02 The resulting reactive power is Q=N3 V, 1, sin 6 = V3 (480 V)(63.5 A)sin 44.2° =36.8 kvar The reactive power supplied to the ac power system will be 36.8 kvar, compared to 30 kvar before the ac ‘machine field current was increased. The phasor diagram illustrating this change is shown below. E,, ‘ai Ean (©) I the de field current is decreased by 1%, the de machine’s flux will decrease by 1%. The internal generated voltage in the de machine is given by the equation £,=Kgc, and a is held constant by the fore, E, on the dc machine will decrease to (0.99)(234.6 ‘V) = 232.25 V. The resulting armature current is, 240 V 232.25 V 7 0.03179 infinite bus attached to the ac machine. TI = 244.50 ‘The power into the de motor is now (240 V)(244.5 A) = 58.7 kW, and the power converted from electrical to mechanical form in the de machine is (232.5 V)(244.5 A) = 56.8 kW. This is also the output power of the de machine, the input power of the ac machine, and the output power of the ac machine, since losses are being neglected. ‘The torque angle of the ac machine now can be found from the equation z (56.8 kW)(3.0 9) = sin EN). WE, 3(277 V)(4T1 Vy The new E,, of this machine is thus 411229.9° V , and the resulting armature current is E,aVy_411229.9° V~27720" V na poQ =73.22-21.2° A ‘The real and reactive powers are now 274P=N3 ¥, I, cos @=V3(480 V)(73.2 A)cos21.2°= 56.7 kW Q=N3 V, 1, sin 0= V3 (480 V)(73.2. A)sin21.2° = 22 kvar ‘The phasor diagram of the ac machine before and after the change in de machine field current is shown below. (@) The real power flow through an ac-de motor-generator set can be controlled by adjusting the field current of the de machine. (Note that changes in power flow also have some effect on the reactive power of the ac machine: in this problem, Q dropped from 36.8 kvar to 22 kvar when the real power flow was adjusted.) The reactive power flow in the ac machine of the MG set can be adjusted by adjusting the ac machine's field current. This adjustment has basically no effect on the real power flow through the MG set. 215