Pacita Complex Senior High School

Tirad Pass St., San Pedro City, Laguna

Using Banana Peels and Mango

A Reasearch Presented to the

Faculty of Pacita Complex Senior

High School

In Partial Fullfillment

Of the Requirements for

Inquiries, Invistigation and

Immersion (3i’s)

Cabrera, John Narciss M.

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Table of Contents

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Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

 Introduction
 Background of the Study
 Theoritical Framework
 Conceptual Framework
 Statement of the Problem
 Hypothesis
 Scope and Limitation
 Significance of the Study
 Difinition of Terms

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

 Local Literature
 Foreign Literature
 Local Studies
 Foreign Studies
 Synthesis

Chapter 3: Methodology

 Research Design
 Sampling technique
 Respondnets of the Study
 Reseach Instrument
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Statitical Treatment

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

List of Figures

References

Appendices

Curriculum Vitae

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Both mangoes and bananas can be crucial for the well operation of our bodies. 

Mineral content in bananas is considerably higher. The mango, on the other

hand, has higher level of vitamins C and A. Mangos have greater favorable

benefits on general [Link] is no denying that bananas and mangoes are p

acked with a range of healthy [Link], we also considered looking int

o the nutrients contained in the banana peels themselves because it seems wast

eful to simply discard the skin and because an abundance of these fruit peels ma

y contribute to air pollution due to their unpleasant odor. Our goal in conducting

this research is to learn more about the cellulose found in banana and mango

peels to make use of it in this particular situation by producing paper. By only

using recycled materials, we can indirectly limit the destruction of forests for the

production of paper. We can harness the advantages of using banana and

mango peels in the production of paper to make something practical that could

take the place of wood pulp paper. Paper is a thin material created by

compressing wet fibres into flexible sheets and drying them. The fibres used are

typically cellulose pulp made from wood, rags, or grasses. It has a wide range of

applications. While writing and printing are its most prevalent uses, it is also

frequently used as a packaging material, in numerous cleaning products, in

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numerous industrial and construction activities, and even as a component in

food, especially in Asian cultures. The majority of the remaining forests have

been degraded by roads, agriculture, pollution, and invasive species. Natural

forests are being lost at an unsustainable rate. There is no longer a need to log

many trees, and surplus banana and mango peels are no longer simply

squandered.

Background of the study

Due to the high concentration of cellulose in banana and mango peel,

these materials have rich mineral content and potassium levels. Banana peels

can also be eaten because they are a good source of vitamin A, antioxidants,

vitamin B vitamins, especially vitamin B6, soluble and insoluble fibers, and

minerals like potassium and magnesium. The yellow skin has anticancer

characteristics and aids in the development of white blood cells, thus it is

preferable to choose it, claims a Japanese scientific study. When choosing green

skin, it is suggested that you boil it for 10 minutes to soften the peel before

eating. Steamed or blended into smoothies, you can eat them raw. Mango peels,

which we typically discard, can be used at home to make smoothies, pickles,

baked chips, marmalades, and other delicacies. Although it has a mildly bitter

flavor and is chewy in texture in contrast to the juicy meat within, when combined

with other sugary foods, it can help to temper overly sweet flavors. Along with

fiber, vitamins A and C, and a potent antioxidant called Mangiferin, they have the

ability to guard against skin cancer and UV ray damage. In addition to tickling our

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taste receptors, they also provide us with a burst of essential vitamins, minerals,

and antioxidants. On the other hand, when we indulge in these delicious foods,

we frequently ignore the peels and go straight for the flesh. Some of the most

important elements in fruits can be found in the peels, according to health

professionals. In fact, food that would otherwise go to waste can be added to the

diet by being repurposed. Many studies have shown that banana peels contain

many chemical constituents, including cellulose (75%), carbohydrates (53%),

fiber (34%), proteins, and fats, as well as antimicrobial agents and antioxidants.

Peel is a major waste product obtained during the processing of mango

production, making up about 15-20% of the total weight. It was discovered that

mango peel contains a lot of dietary fiber and phenolic chemicals. Mango peel

had a total dietary fiber level that ranged from 40.7% to 72.5%. Health

professionals point out that the peels of fruits contain some of the most important

nutrients. In fact, by repurposing food waste in creative ways, it can become a

healthy component of the diet.

Statement of the problem

Mango and banana peels have a variety of beneficial and nourishing

qualities. Sadly, bananas are the second most popular tropical fruit consumed

worldwide, accounting for 16% of total fruit output with 119.83 million tons

produced yearly. However, excessive consumption also results in excessive

waste. The peel, which accounts for 30% to 40% of the weight of a banana and

contributes to the majority of garbage produced by its consumption, accounts for

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about 3.5 million tons of waste annually. Banana peel waste contains carbon-rich

organic compounds that can take up to two years to decompose and biodegrade,

producing odor and high levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) that affect the

environment. Between 2012 and 2017, mangoes produced up to 43,000–54,000

MT of garbage.

Research Questions:

1. Is it possible to mix Banana peels and Mango peels as a

material for paper making?

2. Is it possible for the product to be strong and durable?

Hypothesis

Set A: Possibility of mixing Banana peels and Mango peels as a

material for paper making

H0 = There is no possibility to mix Banana

peels and Mango peels as a material

for paper making.

H1= There is a possibility to mix Banana

peels and Mango peels as a

material for paper making.

Set B: Possibility of the product to be strong and durable.

H0= There is no possibility that the product will be

strong and durable

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H1 = There is a possibility that the product will be

strong and durable.

Significance of the Study

The researcher conducted a study determining the Banana peel (Musa

Sapientum) and Mango peels (Mangifera indica) as a material for making paper.

The findings of the study would be beneficial to the following: The government

must act first in order to establish new research and treatment methods for

potential paper degradation found in the study. The society comes next, as they

will learn new information about how to make paper using the material Banana

peel (Musa Sapientum) and Mango (Mangifera indica) and they will benefit from

it. Lastly, this study can be used as a future reference or a precondition for future

researchers to do their own research.

Scope and Limitation

The primary objective of this study is to assess the material Banana peel

(Musa Sapientum) and Mango (Mangifera indica) for making paper. This study is

only limited only on determining the effectiveness of the paper. The location

where the Banana peel (Musa Sapientum) and Mango (Mangifera indica) was

located is on San, Pedro, Laguna. The study was given a couple of months to

complete, nevertheless the study's execution took 2 - 4 weeks long, taking into

account any problem that arose along the way.

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Process of making paper bags

Input. -> Process. -> Output

[Link] peels [Link] data [Link] peels and

[Link] peels [Link] materials mango peels as paper

[Link] the of attributes of [Link] the mango peels making material

banana peels and mango and banana peels b. Making paper products

peels [Link] the mango peels

and banana peels

[Link] paper using

paper mold and water

Definition of Terms

Banana peel

- The Musa Sapientum (Banana Peel), called banana skin in British English,

is the outer covering of the banana fruit. Banana peels are used as food

for animals, an ingredient in cooking, in water purification, for

manufacturing of several biochemical products as well as for jokes and

comical situations.

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Mango peel

- The Mangifera indica (Mango Peel), is the outer skin of the Mango fruit.

Mango peels are boiled with sugar and water to form mango syrup, which

is then used. To enhance the flavor, you can also add a tiny bit of lemon

juice.

Cellulose

- Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper. Smaller

quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as

cellophane and rayon. Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into

biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under development as a renewable

fuel source.

Fiber

- Fiber or fibre (from Latin: fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is

significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the

manufacture of other materials.

Papermaking

- Papermaking is the manufacture of paper and cardboard, which are used

widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes.

Today almost all paper is made using industrial machinery, while

handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic

expression.

Paper

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- Material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or

other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as

wrapping material.

Chapter 2

Review of Relate Literature and Studies

The important research and literature discussed in this chapter have been

taken into consideration mostly by researcher while defining the significance of

the current study. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the art in order to

properly comprehend the research and strengthen understanding of the study.

Local Literature

According to Jalao, E. R. L., (2018). In this work, three types of banana

peelings—locally referred to as latundan, bongolan, and amas—were subjected

to soil-based cellulase-producing bacteria in order to create organic fertilizer. For

18 to 24 hours, the bacterium that produces cellulase was extracted and grown.

Cellulase-producing bacteria were detected in the cultured media. The iodine

test's negative outcome provided evidence of this. For the various banana

peelings' degradation processes, different treatments were applied. For

Treatment 1, 100g of each type of banana peeling was combined with the

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cultivated medium of bacteria that produce cellulase in (9) different bottles

throughout the course of three repetitions. Treatment 2 involved only placing

100g of each type of banana peeling in an additional 9 bottles (without cellulase).

The combination that contained the microorganisms that produce cellulase broke

down more quickly than the mixture that did not. The resulting result was

interpreted using the T-test. The statistical analysis revealed a noteworthy

difference between the two conditions, with and without the cellulase-producing

bacteria. The several types of maize plants were treated with the organic fertilizer

that the cellulase-producing bacteria had made. The identical corn plant kinds

also received commercial fertilizer treatments. The height of the corn plants was

used to gauge their growth. Two-way classification was used in the analysis of

variance (ANOVA), along with a significant interaction. When various types of

fertilizers were employed, statistical data revealed that there was no discernible

variation in the average height of the three varieties of maize plants. The created

organic fertilizer was on par with the synthetic fertilizer.

According to Alaon, M. K. N., Sapin, A. B., Ramirez, T. J., & Flores, F. P.,

(2021). Mango fruit peel wastes may be used as a substitute source of dietary

fiber and can also be changed to enhance certain functional qualities. In this

work, mango peel powder with diminished moisture qualities was created by

pectinase treatment. In comparison to the untreated mango peel powder, the

pectinase-treated mango peel powder (PMPP) includes less crude pectin (0.53

g/100 g), more lignin (46.88 g/100 g extractive free solid), protein (10.86 g/100

g), fat (3.94 g/100 g), iron (8.7 mg/100 g), calcium (434 mg/100 g), and salt (76.5

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mg/100 (MPP). The existence of new peaks and shifted signals in PMPP but not

in MPP were revealed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, indicating

that the composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin had changed. Lower

swelling capacity (SC) and water holding capacity (WHC) were found in PMPP

(2.20 mL g-1) (4.00 mL g–1) and similar hypoglycemia effects to those of

metformin and psyllium. The antioxidant activity of the phenolic extract from

PMPP was dose-dependent, however it was less effective in scavenging free

radicals than MPP. Results indicate that pectinase treatment enhanced the

mango peel powder's characteristics and may pave the way for the use of PMPP

as a food ingredient and dietary fiber supplement with functional and medical

benefits.

According to Anthonette, K., Reanoga, R. M. A., Zamora, Z. D. G., & Cruz,

C. O., (2021). Banana is one of the most important fruit crop grown in the

Philippines in terms of production due to its high demand, nutritive value and

affordability. Its fruit can be consumed in variety of forms and processed into

chips, jams, jellies, powder and flour, which results to adverse waste generation

that pollutes the environment. Thus, this study aimed to utilize its peel in the

aspect of food application, specifically in extracting pectin, an ingredient used as

thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier and gelling agent in foods. Pectin from saba peel

was extracted using microwave assisted extraction (3 pH, 700 W, 128 sec). The

extracted pectin had undergone characterization and based from the results, it

has 6.08% ash, 1315.79 equivalent weight and 8.06% methoxyl content

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indicating that it has a good ability ingel forming, jelly-forming and water

dispersability, respectively. Its moisture content (5.07%) was significantly low,

thus, its quality is protected due to inhibition of microbial growth and pectinase

enzyme production. The degree of esterification of extracted pectin (77.38%) has

shown that it is a high-ester pectin and is classified rapid-set. However, the

pectin has low purity, with possible presence of protein, starch and sugars, as the

value of total anhydrouronic acid (59.14%). In terms of safety assessment, the

lead was not detected while the standard plate count and yeast and molds were

found to be negative.

According to Tatel, M. L. S., (2018). About 90% of the traditional raw

materials used to produce pulp and paper are made of wood (tutus, 2015). This

issue has grown urgent, which is why several sectors of the paper business

provide solutions to reduce environmental damage. In their investigation,

Mohanty et. According to research by al. (2005), citrus trees including orange,

dalandaman, lemon, and others may be used in the soda cooking procedure,

which is useful for making handmade paper. Paper is made from a sheet of

interwoven fibers, often cellulose fibers from plants, which are pulped and made

to create a solid surface. Modern society cannot function without it, and the

invention of equipment for its rapid production is mainly to blame for the rise in

literacy and educational attainment of people throughout the world. Peeling from

citrus aurantium might be used to make paper as long as it is combined with

waste paper and amylum.

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   According to Manguiob, D. H. G., (2018). Hyperlipidemia causes arteriosclerosis

which is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The problem can be due to hereditary

factors, but commonly it is an acquired condition resulting from unhealthy diet and

lifestyle. Globally, diseases of the heart and stroke made it among the top three causes

of mortality. In the Philippines, 21 percent of deaths were due to cardiovascular

diseases. In this regard, the researcher used an experimental research for the

investigation of banana (Musa x paradisiaca L.) peel extract on its fat hydrolyzing and

lowering of blood cholesterol characteristics. In order to measure the activity of purified

HMG-CoA Reductase Activity on Musa x paradisiaca L. peel extract, an enzymatic

assay was used using Abcam HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Assay. The potential of

Musa x paradisiaca L. as a fat hydrolyzing agent was determined by the researcher

using the procedure on “Estimation of Saponification Value of Fats”. To determine if

there was a significant difference on the cholesterol lowering activity and fat hydrolysis

potential of Musa x paradisiaca L. peel extracts, the statistical tools used were mean,

standard deviation, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Musa x paradisiaca L. peel

extract showed a potential in hydrolyzing fats which was similar to the result in the HMG-

CoA Reductase Activity of the plant extract at 50 ppm. This proved that the positive

control atorvastatin (10 mM) and the plant extract (50 ppm) had a mean difference of -

49.574, showed an existing significant difference on its mean inhibitory activity. The peel

extract was therefore a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. This study showed that

the fat hydrolyzing potential of Musa x paradisiaca L. peel extract was capable of

lowering the levels of blood cholesterol. The Musa x paradisiaca L. peel extract at 50

ppm concentrations showed the closest activity in the action potential of atorvastatin,

10mM.

Foreign Literature

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According to Hikal, W. M., Hussein, A. H., Bratovcic, A., Tkachenko, K.

G., Sharifi-Rad, J., Kačániová, M., Elhourri, M., & Atanassova, M., (2022).

Agricultural waste has gained more attention from scientists in recent years, and

instead of being treated as an unimportant waste, it is now fascinating to

investigate and use. Researchers have been interested in banana peels because

of their bioactive chemical components, so we concentrated on this review article

on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of banana peels that can be used

for pharmaceutical purposes in treating various diseases as well as good sources

of natural antioxidants. A member of the Musaceae family and an edible fruit,

bananas are grown in tropical and subtropical climates. In the locations where

they are grown, banana peels are fed to cattle as supplemental feed. By

recycling agricultural waste, its huge by-products serve as a great supply of high-

value raw materials for other sectors. Therefore, the objective is to utilise banana

by-products as sources of natural bioactive chemicals and in diverse culinary and

nonfood uses. The usage of banana peel in the culinary, pharmaceutical, and

other sectors may be concluded to be effective. As a result, banana leftovers

could open up fresh possibilities and fields of study in the future.

According to Hussein, H. S., Shaarawy, H. H., Hawash, S., & Hussien,

N. H., (2019). Important nutrients found in bananas may be recycled into

practical materials and used for a variety of new applications. This investigation's

primary goal is to extract mixed nano bio stimulating fertilizer from banana peels.

To characterize the nano-fertilizer extract, physical and chemical tests were

performed. The histogram shows that the large nanoparticles were 40 nm with an

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average percentage of 36% while the minor size was 55 nm with an average

percentage of 6%. The size of the fertilizer constituents varied from 19 to 55 nm.

Chelated potassium, chelated iron, tryptophan, urea, amino acids, protein, and

citric acid were all components of the produced nanofertilizers. Two crops,

tomato and fenugreek, were grown using nano-fertilizer made from banana

peels. According to the research, both crops' germination rates rose when the

amount of banana peel extract was increased. After 7 days of planting, the

tomato crop's germination rate jumped from 14% (control without nano) to 97%.

The germination percentage of the fenugreek crop increased from 25% (control

without nano) to 93.14%, following the same pattern.

According to Adrija, S., & Rohatgi, N., (2018). The purpose of this

experiment was to determine if banana (Musa paradisiaca) and sweet lime

(Citrus limetta) peels are effective natural fertilizers for the herbs coriander and

mint. Composting is one method of utilising natural fertilizer. Because manure

nutrients are transformed into more stable forms and are less likely to penetrate

groundwater or move in surface runoff, composting is an alternative sustainable

waste management strategy that turns organic waste into a useful product

beneficial to the environment. The organic matter content of compost makes it

valuable, and it is frequently added to soil as a soil supplement to improve the

chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of soil. Fruit peels were

employed in a variety of ways for backyard composting, and their impact on plant

development and soil structure was noted. Results indicated that coriander grew

more quickly than mint and that soil samples with neutral pH produced the best

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results. Plant samples using a combination of both fruit peels also shown the

highest growth.

According to Wongkaew, M., Chaimongkol, P., Leksawasdi, N.,

Jantanasakulwong, K., Rachtanapun, P., Seesuriyachan, P., Phimolsiripol, Y.,

Chaiyaso, T., Ruksiriwanich, W., Jantrawut, P., & Sommano, S. R., (2021). The

recovery of biopolymers from biomass used in food processing is a response to

worries about the overconsumption of natural resources. Additionally, the

demand for pectin has grown in other markets, forcing the hunt for alternate

pectin sources. This is also a step in the direction of a circular, sustainable green

economy. Mango peel is an agricultural waste that has been utilized to make

high-value components such polysaccharide biopolymers. Peel-derived pectin

has not yet been fully utilized, especially in terms of its separation and

physiochemical characteristics, which restrict its use as dietary fiber in culinary

[Link] molecular size and degree of esterification of the mango peel

pectin (MPP) greatly influence its functioning, highlighting the significance of

isolating and characterizing the pectin from this unique resource. So, as a

promising biomaterial for the recovery of MPP, mango peel is usefully reviewed

in this study. Discussions also included various extraction methods and

integrated recovery. The application of MPP in various industrial systems is also

described from several angles, including the pharmaceutical and biotechnology

sectors. The importance of MPP as a sustainable option for food and

pharmaceutical development is effectively conveyed in this paper.

According to Wongkaew, M., Kittiwachana, S., Phuangsaijai, N.,

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Tinpovong, B., Tiyayon, C., Pusadee, T., Chuttong, B., Sringarm, K., Bhat, F. M.,

Sommano, S. R., & Cheewangkoon, R., (2021). A potential source of food-grade

mango peel pectin is mango peel, a byproduct of the mango processing industry

(MPP). Although high-quality food additives are required for commercial

purposes, the impact of fruit physical qualities and peel phytochemicals on their

corresponding pectin content has never been studied. The final goal of this study

was to understand their relationship utilizing chemometric data analysis as part of

the criterion for obtaining raw materials. According to principal component

analysis (PCA), the physiology, peel morphology, and phytochemical traits of

"mahachanok" and "nam dok mai" mangoes might be used to identify them from

"chok anan" and "kaew" varieties. only mango var. pectin was used. Chok Anan

(Mox value: 4%) was categorized as a low-methoxyl kind. The multivariate

correlation between the fruit and peel qualities and the degree of esterification

(DE) value was reported at R2 > 0.9 and Q2 > 0.8 using the partial least-squares

(PLS) regression. The coefficient factors showed that whereas DE levels were

positively connected with crude fiber and peel xylose contents, they were

adversely correlated with yields of byproducts like seed and total biomass.

Overall, it's noteworthy to note that classification of desirable features of the

industrial MPP may effectively be established using the quantity of biomass and

peel proximate properties, independent of the variances in fruit species.

Local Studies

According to Mariano, R. A., Valdez, E.,(2019). Pectin is found in ripe fruits.

Heavy metal poison can be prevented using pectin. Philippines being a tropical

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country is a major exporter of mangoes it imports 100% of its pectin

requirements. The purpose of this pioneering investigation is to determine

whether gamma-irradiation can boost pectin production in dried mango (carabao

variety) peels when subjected to various doses vs non-irradiated mango peels.

Mango peels can also be used as a source of pectin, which will help the

bioeconomy of this agricultural waste. The samples were made from four sets of

ripe mangoes, each set weighing one kilogram. According to the findings, 2

grams of pectin were recovered from 40 grams of dried mango peel from non-

irradiated mango (5% yield). The 20 grams of peel produced 2 grams of pectin

(10% yield) in the subsequent set after being exposed to 1 kGy (kiloGrey) of

radiation. 25 grams of peel were subjected to 2 kGy, 2.5 grams of pectin (10%

yield) were produced. When 25 grams of peel were subjected to 3.0 kGy, 2.9

grams of pectin (or an 11.6% yield) were produced, setting the record for the

highest weight of pectin. This study demonstrated that after the mango was

exposed to a certain amount of radiation, the dried peels had a pectin content

that was significantly higher than the peels that hadn't been exposed to radiation.

As a result, the mango could replace apples and citrus fruits as a source of

pectin. The outcome of this study may reduce and utilize such agricultural waste,

which might make nations that export mangoes self-sufficient in terms of their

pectin demands, result in large monetary savings, and increase employment.

According to Balmes, C. N. and et al, (2018). Intramuros, Manila. The

Philippines has a plentiful supply of banana plants that we can use for a variety

of purposes. The ability of banana peels to produce a significant amount of

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ethanol has led to their utilization, although no studies have been done on how

well they work against Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of the current work

was to examine the antibacterial properties of ethanol derived from banana

(Musa acuminate) peels against S. aureus. Banana peel waste was put through

two stages of the current study: ethanol production and testing for anti-microbial

susceptibility. Musa acuminate peels were collected, pre-treated, and then

fermented in order to produce ethanol. A temperature of 30 °C and a pH range of

5.0–5.5 were used to condition two samples. The samples were fermented for

seven and three days, respectively, by the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Two samples of 10mL and 8mL of the ethanol were extracted after the banana

peels' ethanol product was distillated with the aid of a distillation apparatus.

Using the disc diffusion method, the ethanol extract of Musa acuminate was

tested for antibacterial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus at

doses of 100 g/ml. Following the 24-hour incubation, the zone of inhibition and

ciproflaxin (100 g/ mL), a common antibiotic, were examined to compare the

outcomes. Staphylococcus aureus displayed a greater inhibition zone of 9 mm

against the first sample of ethanol extract, but it displayed a lesser inhibition zone

of roughly 5 mm against the second sample. Then it was discovered that Musa

acuminate's ethanol extract was effective against the S. aureus microbes.

According to Jorge L. R., Paguia H., Realce I., (2020). The high-value crop

Mangifera Indica, also known as mango, has yield gaps caused by its seasonal

production. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the marketability of items

made from mangoes, one of the most plentiful commodities in the Philippines. In

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order to identify the sort of customer market and ascertain their preferences for

food products containing fruit, the study used a descriptive survey method.

According to the report, there are several different generations represented in the

industry, with millennials, or generation Y, making up the majority. The majority of

them indicated that they would be open to trying products made with mango as

long as they were female, single, college graduates, employed, and preferred to

buy fruit-based items on a weekly basis. The market also takes into account the

nutritional value of items that scientists, food technologists, and other food

producers require profit by developing fresh product lines and marketing

approaches.

According to Tuyogon R. F., et al., (2020). The soil is able to retain a

significant amount of moisture thanks to absorbent polymers. In order to

counteract the unfavorable effects of the climate, this feature is crucial in the

production of banana plantlets. This study examined the impact of absorbent

polymers on the growth of "lakatan" banana plantlets under nursery settings as

well as their ability to improve soil moisture retention. The amount of polymer, the

frequency of irrigation, and the volume of irrigation were utilized to calculate the

effect. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the data, and a

3x3x2 factorial experiment with a split-split plot design was used (RCBD). The

study's findings showed that the three elements' interactions significantly affected

the morphological traits of the banana plantlets. The average plant height and

leaf area increment of the banana plantlets were strongly influenced by the

frequency of irrigation and the amount of polymer. However, only the amount of

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irrigation and polymer had an impact on the girth size. The soils treated with the

absorbent polymer showed evidence of moisture retention. A partial budget study

showed that employing twice-weekly irrigation frequency with a 15 mm volume of

application resulted in a benefit-cost ratio of 2.33.

According to Simbajon L. G., et al., (2020). Davao del Norte. One of the

most significant fruits in the Philippines is the mango, and the Carabao variety

dominates the export market due to its widespread cultivation. However,

illnesses and insect pests have reduced the amount of Carabao mangoes

produced for export, which has led to severe postharvest degradation. Of these

illnesses, anthracnose is the most prevalent. DigiMango is a mobile application

that assesses the postharvest anthracnose severity in Carabao mangoes. The

application promises to generate illness ratings and objectively assess the

emergence of spot-like lesions on the mango's [Link] mangoes used in the

planning and testing, however, were already pre-evaluated and the diseases pre-

identified because this program was designed for use in laboratory settings, with

the application's main function being to provide convenience and unbiased rating

evaluations to the researchers. Using the smartphone's camera, the application

photographed the mango from all four sides and then used a mix of canny edge

recognition, morphological modification, contour approximation, and a

thresholding method to map the lesions. The study has demonstrated that using

the DigiMango application is acceptable and favorably correlates with the

experts' ratings after a complete review of the application. Any variation from the

researchers' hedonic scales is not statistically significant.

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Foreign Studies

According to Marçal S., and Pintado M.,(2021). Peels stones are produced

at a rate of 15–25 million tons annually. In this study, the primary research

addressing the phytochemical content, processing, and applications of mango

peels in the food sector were covered. 212 papers regarding mango peels have

been published in the previous five years. Fibre (36–78 g/100 g of DW), vitamins

C and E, phenolic compounds (14.85–127.6 mg/gDW), and carotenoids (0.1–51

mg/gDW) are all abundant in mango peels. Making mango peel powder is one of

the most promising methods for reusing mango peels. The beneficial substances

xanthones, flavonoids, alkylresorcinols, and carotenoids, however, are lost upon

drying. With the exception of freeze-drying, infrared and hot-air drying,

respectively, were the drying techniques that best maintained the total phenolic

compounds and carotenoids. With the exception of freeze-drying, infrared and

hot-air drying, respectively, were the drying techniques that retained the total

phenolic compounds and carotenoids the best. Mango peel powders were used

to improve the glycemic index, antioxidant activity, and fibre content of baked

goods, pastas, and jellies. Additionally, extracts from mango peels contain co-

pigments and lipid peroxidation inhibitors. Mango peels have recently been used

to create edible or biodegradable packaging materials. Future research should

focus on examining how milling techniques affect the bioactivity of mango peel

powders, determining the best storage conditions, assessing their food safety,

and developing technological approaches that will allow a greater incorporation

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of mango peel powders into foods without compromising their sensory qualities.

According to Zhang L., Yanfang Ren Y., Xue Yuhao., Cui Z., Wei Q., Han

C., and Junyu (2020). Mango peel waste was pyrolyzed at 300, 400, 500, 600,

and 700 °C to create biochar. The impact of the pyrolysis temperature on the

biochars was investigated using a variety of characterizations. According to the

data, the pyrolysis temperature rise caused changes in the biochar’s

physicochemical characteristics, such as pH, element ratio, surface area, and

functional groups. On the basis of adsorption kinetics, isotherm analysis, EDS,

FTIR, and XRD analysis, it was determined that the main mechanisms for Cd

adsorption by mango peel biochar were cation exchange, complexation with

surface functional groups, and precipitation with minerals. According to the study,

mango peel can be recycled into biochar and utilised as an inexpensive

adsorbent to remove Cd(II) from wastewater.

According to Zahid H. F.,Ranadheera C. S., Fang Z., and Ajlouni S.,

(2021). Peel makes up the majority of the waste by-products produced by the

fruit business, which also includes seeds and skins. Fruit peel is thought to make

up at least 20% of the weight of fresh fruit. Fruit peels are regarded as important

dietary fibre sources and are expected to function well as prebiotics. This study

looked at three prominent tropical fruit peels’ chemical makeup, functional

characteristics, and prebiotic effects (apple, banana and mango). Three

commercial probiotic strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. casei, and

Bifidobacterium lactis) were used separately and in combination to investigate

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the prebiotic impact. This research demonstrates that a modest amount (2%) of

powdered apple, banana, and mango peels could be successfully used as

prebiotics to promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Additionally, the

examined FPP physical and chemical properties showed their potential use as

functional components in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This study

sought to determine whether three commonly used fruit peel powders (FPP) of

apple, banana, and mango were suitable as prebiotics by analyzing their

chemical make-up. The growth and fermentation potential of three probiotic LAB:

L. casei and L rhamnosus (LGG), as well as B. animalis subsp The three

different forms of FPP were evaluated on lactis (BB-12), both alone and in mixed

cultures.

According to Huzaisham A., and Marsi N., (2020). This study, banana

(Musa paradisiaca) peel will be used to make biodegradable planting bags, and

their mechanical and physical characteristics will be assessed in order to

compare them to commercial biodegradable planting bags. Banana peels (BP)

were separated from the rest of the waste during many phases of sample

preparation and then cut into pieces that were about 2 cm long. The peels were

then ground into 23 mm-diameter particle sizes after being oven-dried at 70°C.

The maceration procedure was then used to remove the dried, crushed banana

peels, which were then mixed with thermoplastic starch (TPS) at eight various BP

concentrations. The mechanical and physical characteristics of the

biodegradable plastic were examined through experimental testing. Therefore, in

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order to commercialise and increase the usage of this new material, it is

necessary to thoroughly study the attributes of the waste banana peel/tapioca

starch composite in order to understand its performance behavior.

According to Subramanian, H., Kulathooran, R., and Dhanaraj, M.(,

2018). India is the largest producer of bananas by cultivating about 14.2 million

tons per year. In the inedible part of the banana, the peel is either dumped or

used as animal feed after the raw consumption or value-addition of bananas. The

banana peels account for about one-third of the weight of the fruit is known to be

the major byproduct of the banana processing industry. The banana peel is

abundant in dietary fibres, phenolic content, sugar components, protein,

potassium and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Despite the rich composition, the peel

is considered as solid waste and when disposed of on a large scale, causes

inconvenience to the environment as well as to the public. Therefore, the

management of banana waste becomes mandatory and may be achieved by

employing banana peel as a cheap raw material for manufacturing potential

products such as bio-bags, ceramics, batteries, biogas, biofuel, bio-sorbents as

well as food products. The prime focus of this review article is to summarize the

proposed alternative solutions for better management of banana peel waste. The

idea of value-addition to banana peel is an initiative taken to understand the

economic practicability of the proposed systems in the pilot-scale for industrialists

to take the new probable products to the market in the future

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Synthesis (Local and Foreign Studies)

According to Marçal S., and Pintado M.,(2021). This study addressed the

primary research on the phytochemical composition, processing, and uses of

mango peels in the food industry. One of the most effective ways to reuse mango

peels is to make mango peel powder. However, drying destroys the beneficial

compounds xanthones, flavonoids, alkylresorcinols, and carotenoids. Infrared

and hot-air drying, respectively, were the approaches that best preserved the

total phenolic compounds and carotenoids, with the exception of freeze-drying.

Recently, mango peels have been utilized to make packaging that is edible or

biodegradable. The optimal storage settings, determining their food safety,

evaluating their bioactivity, and creating technical methods that will enable a

larger incorporation of mango peel powders into foods without sacrificing their

sensory attributes should be the main areas of future research. According to

Zhang L., Yanfang Ren Y., Xue Yuhao., Cui Z., Wei Q., Han C., and Junyu

(2020). Through the use of various characterizations, the effect of the pyrolysis

temperature on the biochars was examined. The data show that changes in the

biochar’s physicochemical properties, such as pH, element ratio, surface area,

and functional groups, were brought on by the rise in pyrolysis temperature. The

study found that mango peel can be used as a cheap adsorbent to remove Cd(II)

from wastewater by recycling it into biochar. According to Zahid H.

F.,Ranadheera C. S., Fang Z., and Ajlouni S., (2021). The majority of the fruit

industry’s waste byproducts, which also include seeds and skins, are made up of

peel. It is estimated that at least 20% of the weight of fresh fruit is made up of

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fruit peel. The chemical composition, functional traits, and prebiotic effects of

three well-known tropical fruit peels were examined in this study (apple, banana

and mango). For the purpose of examining the prebiotic effect, three commercial

probiotic strains—Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. casei, and Bifidobacterium lactis—

were used singly and in combination. By examining their chemical composition,

this study aimed to ascertain if three regularly used fruit peel powders (FPP) of

apple, banana, and mango were appropriate as prebiotics. According to

Huzaisham A., and Marsi N., (2020). In this study, biodegradable planting bags

made from banana (Musa paradisiaca) peel will be used, and their mechanical

and physical features will be evaluated in order to compare them to commercial

biodegradable planting bags. Experimental testing was done to look at the

biodegradable plastic’s mechanical and physical properties. Therefore, a detailed

examination of the characteristics of the waste banana peel/tapioca starch

composite is required in order to comprehend its performance behavior in order

to commercialize and expand the use of this innovative material.  According to

Subramanian, H.,  Kulathooran, R., and  Dhanaraj, M.(, 2018). With an annual

production of 14.2 million tons, India is the top banana producer. After eating

bananas raw or adding value to them, the peel of the fruit is either discarded or

used as animal feed. The banana peel is rich in protein, potassium,

polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, and phenolic compounds. Despite its

rich composition, the peel is discarded on a massive scale as solid waste, which

is inconvenient for both the environment and the general public. The concept of

adding value to banana peel is an effort made to comprehend the economic

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viability of the suggested systems in the pilot-scale for industrialists to introduce

new potential items to the market in the future. In accordance with Mariano, R.

A., Valdez, E.,(2019). This ground-breaking study aims to ascertain if gamma-

irradiation can increase pectin production in dried mango (carabao variety) peels

when treated to different dosages compared to non-irradiated mango peels.

Pectin may be obtained from mango peels, which will support the bioeconomy of

this agricultural waste. This study showed that the dried mango peels had a

pectin content that was much higher than the peels that hadn’t been subjected to

radiation after the mango was exposed to a particular amount of radiation. A

source of pectin that potentially take the place of apples and citrus fruits is the

mango. The results of this study may result in the reduction and utilization of

such agricultural waste, which might lead to significant cost savings, increased

employment, and increasing self-sufficiency for mango-exporting countries. In

accordance with Balmes, C. N. and et al, (2018). The current study’s goal was to

investigate the antibacterial effects of banana (Musa acuminate) peel-derived

ethanol against S. aureus. The current investigation involved the manufacturing

of ethanol and testing for anti-microbial susceptibility on banana peel waste.

Peels from Musa acuminate were gathered, pre-treated, and then fermented to

create ethanol. The materials were fermented by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae

culture for seven and three days, respectively. After the ethanol made from the

banana peels was distilled with the use of a distillation device, two samples of

10mL and 8mL each of the ethanol were taken. The ethanol extract of Musa

acuminate was tested for antibacterial activity against gram-positive

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Staphylococcus aureus at dosages of 100 g/ml using the disc diffusion

technique. Following the 24-hour incubation, the results were compared using

the zone of inhibition and the common antibiotic ciproflaxin (100 g/ mL). For the

first sample of ethanol extract, Staphylococcus aureus showed a larger inhibition

zone of 9 mm, while for the second sample, it showed a smaller inhibition zone of

about 5 mm. Then, it was found that Musa acuminate's ethanol extract was

effective against the S. aureus microbes.  According to Jorge L. R., Paguia H.,

Realce I., (2020). One of the most widely available products in the Philippines,

mangoes, were chosen for the study in order to assess its marketability. The

study employed a descriptive survey method to define the type of consumer

market and determine their preferences for food items containing fruit. The

market also considers the nutritional worth of products that researchers, food

technologists, and other food manufacturers need to make money by creating

novel product lines and advertising strategies. According to Tuyogon R. F., et al.,

(2020). This study looked at how absorbent polymers affected the development

of “lakatan” banana plantlets in nurseries and how well they retained soil

moisture. The amount of polymer and watering frequency had a significant

impact on the average plant height and leaf area increment of the banana

plantlets. However, the only factors that affected the girth size were irrigation and

polymer levels. There was evidence of moisture retention in the soils that had

been treated with the absorbent polymer. Using a twice-weekly irrigation

frequency and a 15 mm volume of application produced a benefit-cost ratio of

2.33, according to a partial budget study. Simbajon L. G., et al., (2020). Davao

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del Norte. The mango is one of the most important fruits in the Philippines, and

since it is so widely cultivated, the Carabao variety dominates the export market.

But because fewer Carabao mangoes were grown for export due to disease and

insect infestations, there was significant postharvest degeneration. Anthracnose

is the most common of these diseases. The application photographed the mango

using the smartphone’s camera from all four angles, and then utilized a

combination of thresholding, canny edge identification, morphological alteration,

and contour approximation to map the lesions. After a thorough examination of

the application, the study has shown that using it is acceptable and favorably

corresponds with the experts’ evaluations. There is no statistically significant

difference from the hedonic scales used by the researchers. 

(Local and Foreign Literature)

Jalao, E. R. L., (2018). In order to produce organic fertilizer, three

different varieties of banana peelings—known locally as latundan, bongolan, and

amas—were exposed to soil-based cellulase-producing bacteria. The cellulase-

producing bacteria was isolated and cultured for 18 to 24 hours. Bacteria that

produce cellulase were found in the cultured media. The negative result of the

iodine test was proof of this. For Treatment 1, cultured medium of bacteria that

produce cellulase was coupled with 100g of each kind of banana peeling

throughout the course of three repetitions in (9) distinct bottles. The same

varieties of maize plants also received applications of commercial fertilizer. The

growth of the maize plants was measured by their height. The analysis of

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variance (ANOVA) included a significant interaction and two-way categorization.

Statistics showed that there was no appreciable difference in the average height

of the three species of maize plants when different types of fertilizers were used.

The newly developed organic fertilizer was equally effective as the synthetic

variety. According to Alaon, M. K. N., Sapin, A. B., Ramirez, T. J., & Flores, F. P.,

(2021). Mango fruit peel wastes can be modified to improve certain functional

properties as well as be used as a substitute source of nutritional fiber. In this

study, mango peel powder was pectinase-treated to reduce its moisture content.

The phenolic extract from PMPP had dose-dependent antioxidant activity,

however it was less efficient than MPP at scavenging free radicals. Results show

that pectinase treatment improved the properties of mango peel powder, opening

the door to the application of PMPP as a food ingredient and dietary fiber

supplement with beneficial functional and therapeutic effects. According to

Anthonette, K., Reanoga, R. M. A., Zamora, Z. D. G., & Cruz, C. O., (2021). In

terms of production, bananas are one of the most significant fruit crops grown in

the Philippines because of its great demand, nutritional content, and affordability.

In this study, the peel of the fruit was used to extract pectin, an ingredient that is

utilized in foods as a thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, and gelling agent. Using

microwave assisted extraction, pectin from saba peel was extracted (3 pH, 700

W, 128 sec). The extracted pectin’s degree of esterification (77.38%) revealed

that it is a high-ester pectin and is categorized as rapid-set. However, due to the

low purity of the pectin and the high value of total anhydrouronic acid (59.14%), it

may contain protein, starch, and carbohydrates. Lead was not found in the safety

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assessment, but yeast, molds, and the typical plate count were all confirmed to

be negative. According to Tatel, M. L. S., (2018). About 90% of the traditional raw

materials used to produce pulp and paper are made of wood. This issue has

grown urgent, which is why several sectors of the paper business provide

solutions to reduce environmental damage. Modern society cannot function

without it, and the invention of equipment for its rapid production is mainly to

blame for the rise in literacy and educational attainment of people throughout the

world. Peeling from citrus aurantium might be used to make paper as long as it is

combined with waste paper and amylum. According to Hikal, W. M., Hussein, A.

H., Bratovcic, A., Tkachenko, K. G., Sharifi-Rad, J., Kačániová, M., Elhourri, M.,

& Atanassova, M., (2022). Scientists have recently given agricultural waste

greater attention, and rather than treating it as an inconsequential waste, they

now find it intriguing to study and exploit. Banana peels have piqued the interest

of researchers due to their bioactive chemical components; therefore, we

focused on this review article on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of

banana peels that can be used for pharmaceutical purposes in treating various

diseases as well as good sources of natural antioxidants. Thus, the goal is to

employ banana by-products as sources of naturally occurring bioactive

compounds as well as in a variety of culinary and non-food applications. We can

infer that the use of banana peel in the food, drug, and other industries is

successful. Banana leftovers may therefore present new opportunities and areas

of research in the future. According to Hussein, H. S., Shaarawy, H. H., Hawash,

S., & Hussien, N. H., (2019). Bananas contain essential nutrients that can be

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recycled into useful materials and used in a number of new applications. The

fundamental objective of this experiment is to produce mixed nanobio stimulating

fertilizer from banana peels. Physical and chemical experiments were done to

evaluate the nano-fertilizer extract. The study found that adding more banana

peel extract enhanced the germination rates of both crops. The tomato crop’s

germination rate increased to 97% after 7 days from 14% (control without nano)

in the first planting. Following the same way, the fenugreek crop’s germination

percentage jumped from 25% (control without nano) to 93.14%. Adrija, S., &

Rohatgi, N., (2018). This study was designed to test the efficacy of banana

(Musa paradisiaca) and sweet lime (Citrus limetta) peels as organic fertilizers for

the herbs mint and coriander. Utilizing natural fertilizer includes composting. Fruit

peels were used in a number of backyard composting techniques, and their

effects on plant growth and soil structure were observed. The results showed that

coriander grew more quickly than mint and that neutral pH soil samples offered

the greatest outcomes. The strongest growth was likewise seen in plant samples

that used both fruit peels. According to Wongkaew, M., Chaimongkol, P.,

Leksawasdi, N., Jantanasakulwong, K., Rachtanapun, P., Seesuriyachan, P.,

Phimolsiripol, Y., Chaiyaso, T., Ruksiriwanich, W., Jantrawut, P., & Sommano, S.

R., (2021). In response to concerns about the excessive consumption of natural

resources, biopolymers are recovered from biomass used in food processing. In

addition, the need for pectin has increased in other markets, necessitating the

search for alternative pectin sources. A variety of perspectives, including those

from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, are used to describe the

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recovery of biopolymers from the application of MPP in various industrial

settings. This presentation successfully communicates the significance of MPP

as a sustainable choice for food and pharmaceutical development. Wongkaew,

M., Kittiwachana, S., Phuangsaijai, N., Tinpovong, B., Tiyayon, C.,  Pusadee, T.,

Chuttong, B., Sringarm, K., Bhat, F. M., Sommano, S. R., & Cheewangkoon, R.,

(2021). Mango peel, a by-product of the mango processing industry, is a potential

source of food-grade mango peel pectin (MPP). Although for commercial

purposes high-quality food additives are necessary, the effect of fruit physical

characteristics and peel phytochemicals on their corresponding pectin

concentration has never been investigated. The last objective of this study was to

comprehend their association using chemometric data analysis as a requirement

for acquiring raw resources. The coefficient factors demonstrated that, while DE

levels were positively correlated with crude fiber and peel xylose contents, they

were negatively correlated with byproduct yields like seed and total biomass.

Overall, it’s important to highlight that classification of desirable aspects of the

commercial MPP can be accomplished using biomass quantity and peel-

proximate properties, independent of variations in fruit species.

Chapter 3

Research Design

The study used the two-group research design. The two- group research

design is a research design used when an experiment is done on two groups of

subjects and the results are done.

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Settings

This study will take place in researchers place. Where researchers will

know how does the Mixed Mango Peel and Banana Peel as paper making

materials. The researcher will collect the finish product of the sample and will

continue the research further more. 

Sampling Technique

The sampling strategy used in this study is purposeful sampling from non-

probability sampling since the researcher obtained the materials required to carry

out the specified experiment.

Figure. 1 Flowchart of the Methodology

Testing durability and use of

Preparation of banana peels, Process of making mango

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Research Instrument

In this study, the researchers used the place available in the chemistry for

the experimentation of the study. Digital weighing scale was used for the initial

and final weight of the Mango and Banana Peels. Gloves, Apron, facemask, and

hairnet is needed for hygiene purposes.

Research Material 

 In this study, the materials used by researchers were:

Laboratory Equipment

 Newspaper

 Knife

 Water

 Pot

 Blender

 Container 

 Frame screen

 Sponge

 While in the operation, it is advised that an adult monitor the student

researcher to ensure correct instruction. The place needs to be thoroughly

cleaned and stored in the correct position out after every prodecure. Garbage

bags are utilized for properly dispose of disposable objects.

Research Procedure

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  The First thing that the researcher did on the study is the material of their

work.

The materials used on the experimentation were bought and prepared by

the researcher. It was gathered based on the needs of the study. The preparation

of the Banana Peels and Mango Peels comes next. The researcher gathered the

needed amount of Banana Peels and Mango Peels in the city of San Pedro,

Laguna. In order to remove toxins, ½ of the Banana Peels and Mango Peels Was

repeatedly washed with tap water. Thereafter, the Peels were added to the

blender. Next the researchers put the blended peels into the water to process up

the paper making. Afterward, Sun dry the paper molds. 

Statistical Treatment

In this study, t-test was used in order to determine if the Banana peels and

mango peels can be effective for paper making material or not by looking for the

result if it can lead to failure or it can be successful.

Where

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X_1 = mean of first group

X_2 = mean of second group

S = standard error

N_1 = numbers of observation in the first group

N_2 = number of observation in second group

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