UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERIN EXAMINATIONS: JUNE 2007 COURSE AND CODE: ADVANCED MASS TRANSFER ENCH4MT. DURATION: 2 HOURS TOTAL MARKS: 100 INTERNAL EXAMINERS: PROF. D.R. ARNOLD : MRS. K, FOXON EXTERNAL EXAMINERS: MR. M. SYLVESTER INSTRUCTIONS: 1. ALL questions should be attempted. 2. Any programmable or non-programmable calculator may be used provided it has been cleared of any information that would subvert the purpose of the examination. 3. Calculations must be shown in sufficient detail to illustrate your understanding of the procedure.UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, EXAMINATIONS: JUNE 2007 COURSE AND CODE: ADVANCED MASS TRANSFER ENCH4MT PAGE: | of 4 QUESTION 1 A multicomponent mixture of hydrocarbons is to be distilled. It has been decided to rely on distribution of key components as a preliminary indication of the separation power needed, ‘The key components, A and B, are present in the feed at relative mole fractions of 0.600 (A) and 0.400 (B). In the distillate the molar composition is to be 0.990 (A) and 0.010 (B). The average relative volatility is to be taken as 1.11 and the ratio of actual theoretical equilibrium stages to minimum theoretical equilibrium stages is to be 2.0, (@) Find the required reflux ratio for this separation by using the short-cut methods ascribed to Fenske, Underwood and Gilliland, (15) (b) List the assumptions you have made. 6) (©) Describe methods to locate the position of the feed tray. 6) nd’s Correlation 1.0 0.8 0.6 04 0.3 0.2 N = Nai N+1 O.L 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.10 02 0304 06 Os'Lo (Lid) = (Lid) in (Lf) + 1 TOTAL = /25/UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, EXAMINATIONS: JUNE 2007 COURSE AND CODE: ADVANCED MASS TRANSFER ENCH4MT PAGE: 2 of 4 QUESTION 2 In Fig. 1 a partial condenser is a component in a distillation column. Vapour leaves the column and is partially condensed to give a vapour stream $ and a return liquid stream L. Using the data in Table 1, estimate the reflux ratio. TABLE 1: Vapour Feed Composition Component | Mol. Fraction | K-value A 0.300 4 B 0.250 1.75 C 0.250 0.74 D 0.300 0.34 product vapour partial condenser vapour feed liquid return EIGURE1 @5) TOTAL — /25/ Equations that may help: Nain =In $ / In(@)ay where S = (xix/ xnx)p @nk/ XLK)B Rosin =[ (Xap/Xar) ~ @ (Xp0/XBF) ]/ (a — 1)UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, EXAMINATIONS: JUNE 2007 COURSE AND CODE: ADVANCED MASS TRANSFER ENCH4MT PAGE: 3 of 4 QUESTION 3 An experimental reverse osmosis test cell consists of two chambers separated by a disc of dense membrane. The membrane has a diameter of 10 em. Each chamber is well-mixed. The unit is fed with a concentrated NaC! solution. The following data were measured: © Feed flow rate = 2,25 /h * Concentration of salt in feed = 15.2 g/t © Permeate flow rate = 0.28 (/h © Concentration of salt in permeate = 0.5 g/¢ © The density of the stream feeds were measured as follows: pr= 1027 g/t, pp = 998 g/t, Pr= 1046 g/C. The density of water at the operating temperature may be taken to be 997 git. * The mass transfer coefficient for diffusion of NaCl through a concentrated salt solution is 0.005 em/s. Concentration polarisation effects are expected. 2) Write expressions for T’ and SR for the perfectly mixed case. Define any symbols or terms that you use and indicate what their units should be. @) b) Calculate the bulk feed side salt concentration. © ©) Calculate the interface salt concentration ® 4) Calculate the concentration polarisation factor. Q) TOTAL 24 QUESTION 4 With reference to the transport equations for flow of substances through an RO membrane, explain what characteristics of a full-scale reverse osmosis system make it possible to achieve both high flux and a high salt rejection. Consider factors related to operation of the system and factors related to the physical design of the membrane and RO rig. 0) TOTAL /6fUNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, EXAMINATIONS: JUNE 2007 COURSE AND CODE: ADVANCED MASS TRANSFER ENCH4MT PAGE: 4 of 4 QUESTION 5 ‘A low-volume, high-value pharmaceutical production process uses a batch slurry adsorption process to remove an impurity A from the product stream. The product, C has a large protein structure that does not adsorb in significant amounts to the adsorbent. The following Langmuir isotherm has been found to describe adsorption equilibria in this system reasonably well: _@).K 1+K qs with Gam = 162mgA/kg —-K, = 6.20 (mg A/f)" ‘You must re-design the adsorption step to be a continuous slurry process. The product stream flow rate is 10t/d and the average contaminant concentrations are cain= 12 mg/€. The contaminant must be reduced to at most 150 yg/t in a target residence time of 4 h. The mass transfer co-efficient between bulk liguid and adsorption site may be taken to be 8.4.x 10” m/s and the specific surface area of the adsorbent is 400 m’/kg, a) Using an adsorbent flow rate of between 1.60 and 1.65 kg/d calculate the actual residence time required to reduce the contaminant load to 150 pg/t. (16) b) Should you use more or less adsorbent for the necessary amount of adsorption to occur in the design residence time of 4 h? @) TOTAL 20) Useful Equations: (c,, -©,,) (Fick's taw) 127m,SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Page | of | COURSE: ENCH4m7 LECTURER: AkNovd/ Foxon TOPIC: AbVANICED mass TRANSFER SOLUTIONS DATE: JUNE 2003 Ql. @ Write te srnet ad Ormprure (A) mon teteren to ge Lp ta He bettrna (0/0502) Catlett the Comore ftemet, ba act bg pen B= HIS tant /h Cate tate dy ont ody Ching ainke Fenster saym® Cen) te geek Nm = 72,7 “ONS les,¢ Neck woe Unease |e teres Cptend 4 gor Rae HIS Colitis Y = 0,u96 an ue GU idad'y Umettenccs ihe at X= Aloo. R= 17,75. (5) Mermephine : * Feel at bubble pent + Feed = l0Ohmet/h (ony) + Tettd Coeeiceey + Pade nebellen Ect. Nefham mio = Mberned (©) Comdtduan hott Lh ab Leask 2 weeeburs (en bbrite Q2 ae He Racnfert. Lie versenr of the Leer a POR Condon ip the | Mance Qa harks (Holtermet) Te Setatsin Legnined either 5 shaginfanrnd elated, Poser eee gen For Paleo, ve Buy , Le 1b,6 _ = LY/y = aeCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Page 1 of 4 ‘COURSE: ENCH4MT LECTURER: FOXON DATE (nvensiyo; | TOPIC: JUNE EXAMI 2007 Membranes and adsorption May 2007 NIVERS KWAZULU-NATAL ner? n=? pyr 1oue git ee 4 + 0-008 euu/s kad fF loen)* ape? ao TITHE Yee oaetsh Few j Gipt osgie ser 11g De el ieee heseoeeet tara ees, 50 quewat “Se fee eee . Nuvo + SR me Se Ss vey SRawwal © 17 ee but Stemre lias. with ale 1 cone. pol Row _ a oe a Be ae well eateasl case, Cop + come. & Sale ob Yow inbuace gee cme. oF call, in How Rect Ceqg 2 tone. f sald a Ur welenbals Nara» Mag weber Hhoougts unnetriane oer uinih avec SR> Salé rebnkon kee - noes brmtBa coef’, for back cifhusion of salt oun Don, Har rmbt. b) nips Ye x pe 22s em nioa7g le £ 23 g/n Mp Yon Fp 7 028A» AE /E = 279.5) Net Nee + ROB g/h (% Cee -Yp-esp) FITS ge 8/Fa, et Ss fe SseCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Page 2 of 4 "x COURSE: ENCH4MT LECTURER: FOXON DATE Pre UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL TOPIC: JUNE EXAM 2007 Membranes and adsorption May 2007 = 274- gin Map? SERIE w 0-26 Cf 20h 5 fhe 2 Nuo ore one =BSS6 glemth : 3 Dk OaT7l 1 Nive SR Sse Cie ks 3.886 gent Ly wails = curls 5 Naot 3556 q lem? “S-aqzy emt = 3.S67 eur [hy D 4.2080 curls / go cg eine (re MOREMESET'Y 4) The awe fee brane port eynakions br aneiolin! Nuzo = ieee. (AP = 00) ond Nez s Desh (cig - ) hy arg Neale © Fo (Cigald - Coubeale te Pellowina, conaphs shoul be consideved: + essqmielric Untinbrone > With sqparatcn hrelir, bust low by > cour wsiblbrestarl Leip preasune Decoute % wiever Peres support + tile AP causes larg alviving Pree Re Plax of Heo but doce wot altect An diving, Qe Roe Plug salé. Cae covrect concepts inelucte Plow poltiun (ag to react cone, polawisakin eflech with hhulmct ; pre-hrebmaat (nok se retuant); fad sic pressure efropCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Page 3 of 4 COURSE: ENCH4MT —— LECTURER: FOXON DATE univeesny or | TOPIC: JUNE EXAM 2007 Membranes and adsorption May 2007 KWAZULU-NATAL Eawget bec 74 bus “4x 36005 = 4400s Ghoute <1SQng IE =O.1Somale k= © 4 e107 wi/s Sg = 400 w/t 3 0 (a4 nn? W6Dmag h/t Ka 6.20 (mg fe)! v “9 oe a) Select ta ow Selrco ics] ve set cakalet fe — Cont = Ka (cou-c*) eres oe wad? he. ob (i. 54; @;s) - e*-P (oe) kat knaSn Ya 1-63 wi ln® a = 4x10"? x400% Te ~s = S.49¢x1to"* 57 r Looe ATe wad Your # calcula Bown urass balance | Your ® SF (Cee ~ Cajout )* @ Gout * Ceaje ~ Crone) + es (iz - oso) x ‘Aes aa — 7 TT hg “ Ct is colenlagd Con illsium clota ? qoute? Gane be 1 1+ Ra.c* so ct = Yout Kx (adm = out) Sed = 8.138 ie 4 2.0 (162= 72-7) =O t So 6. = ee Get) = _(a-ous) eel elioscnnarersiitinemen L “She Cee e) 5.49x10 (ois 0.13) IS74s = 22UK 7 aUSE SSSR‘CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Page 4 of 4 K COURSE: ENCHIMT LECTURER: FOXON DATE Pr UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL TOPIC: JUNE EXAM 2007 Membranes and adsorption May 2007 L) This lool Y aolso-bent gives Ces < Eres, fevgah . Cereb dacvease Cr ormrouit of colcobenb K inenast bres (eu solukon fv bresactnal hes is SH 1.607 ba adsortent Jal)