Multithreaded Programming using Java Threads
A single threaded program
class ABC { .
public void main(..) { .. }
begin
body end
}
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A Multithreaded Program
Main Thread
start
start
start
Thread A
Thread B
Thread C
Threads may switch or exchange data/results
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Single and Multithreaded Processes
threads are light-weight processes within a process
Single-threaded Process Threads of Execution Multiplethreaded Process
Multiple instruction stream Single instruction stream Common Address Space
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Multithreaded Server: For Serving Multiple Clients Concurrently
Client 1 Process
Server Process
Server Threads
Internet
Client 2 Process
Web/Internet Applications: Serving Many Users Simultaneously
PC client
Internet Server
Local Area Network
PD A
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Modern Applications need Threads (ex1): Editing and Printing documents in background.
Printing Thread
Editing Thread
Multithreaded/Parallel File Copy
reader() { - - - - - - - - lock(buff[i]); read(src,buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); - - - - - - - - }
buff[0] buff[1]
writer() { - - - - - - - - - lock(buff[i]); write(src,buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); - - - - - - - - - }
Cooperative Parallel Synchronized Threads
What are Threads?
A piece of code that run in concurrent with other threads. Each thread is a statically ordered sequence of instructions. Threads are being extensively used express concurrency on both single and multiprocessors machines. Programming a task having multiple threads of control Multithreading or Multithreaded Programming.
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Java Threads
Java has built in thread support for Multithreading Synchronization Thread Scheduling Inter-Thread Communication:
currentThread yield sleep resume
start run stop
setPriority getPriority suspend
Java Garbage Collector is a low-priority thread.
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Threading Mechanisms...
Create a class that extends the Thread class Create a class that implements the Runnable interface
Thread Runnable Thread
MyThread
MyClass
(objects are threads)
[a]
(objects with run() body)
[b]
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1st method: Extending Thread class
Create a class by extending Thread class and override run() method:
class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { // thread body of execution } }
Create a thread: MyThread thr1 = new MyThread(); Start Execution of threads: [Link](); Create and Execute: new MyThread().start();
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An example
class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { [Link](" this thread is running ... "); } }
class ThreadEx1 { public static void main(String [] args ) { MyThread t = new MyThread(); [Link](); } }
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Life Cycle of Thread
new
start()
I/O completed
ready
notify()
Time expired/ interrupted
resume()
waiting
wait()
sleeping
dispatch
blocked
sleep(ms)
suspend()
running
Block on I/O completion
stop()
dead
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Thread states
Threaded States: Life Cycle of a Thread
Born state
Thread was just created
Threads start method invoked Thread can now execute Thread is assigned a processor and running Thread is not running Thread has completed or exited Eventually disposed of by system
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Ready state
Running state
Sleep state
Dead state
Thread Priority
In Java, each thread is assigned priority, which affects the order in which it is scheduled for running. The threads so far had same default priority (NORM_PRIORITY) and they are served using FCFS policy.
Java allows users to change priority:
[Link](intNumber)
MIN_PRIORITY = 1 NORM_PRIORITY=5 MAX_PRIORITY=10
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Thread Priority Example
class A extends Thread
{ public void run() { [Link]("Thread A started"); for(int i=1;i<=4;i++) { [Link]("\t From ThreadA: i= "+i); } [Link]("Exit from A"); }
} class B extends Thread { public void run() { [Link]("Thread B started"); for(int j=1;j<=4;j++) { [Link]("\t From ThreadB: j= "+j); } [Link]("Exit from B"); } }
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Thread Priority Example
class C extends Thread { public void run() { [Link]("Thread C started"); for(int k=1;k<=4;k++) { [Link]("\t From ThreadC: k= "+k); } [Link]("Exit from C"); } } class ThreadPriority { public static void main(String args[]) { A threadA=new A(); B threadB=new B(); C threadC=new C(); [Link](Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); [Link]([Link]()+1); [Link](Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); [Link]("Started Thread A"); [Link](); [Link]("Started Thread B"); [Link](); [Link]("Started Thread C"); [Link](); [Link]("End of main thread"); } }
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Accessing Shared Resources
Applications Access to Shared Resources need to be coordinated.
Printer (two person jobs cannot be printed at the same time) Simultaneous operations on your bank account. Can the following operations be done at the same time on the same account?
Deposit() Withdraw() Enquire()
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Online Bank: Serving Many Customers and Operations
PC client
Internet Bank Server
Local Area Network
Bank Database
PD A
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Shared Resources
If one thread tries to read the data and other thread tries to update the same data, it leads to inconsistent state. This can be prevented by synchronising access to the data. Use Synchronized method:
public synchronized void update() {
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the driver: 3rd Threads sharing the same object
class InternetBankingSystem { public static void main(String [] args ) { Account accountObject = new Account ();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread(accountObject)); Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread(accountObject)); Thread t3 = new Thread(new HerThread(accountObject));
[Link](); [Link](); [Link](); // DO some other operation } // end main() }
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Shared account object between 3 threads
class MyThread implements Runnable { Account account; public MyThread (Account s) { account = s;} public void run() { [Link](); } } // end class MyThread class YourThread implements Runnable { Account account; public YourThread (Account s) { account = s;} public void run() { [Link](); } } // end class YourThread
account (shared object)
class HerThread implements Runnable { Account account; public HerThread (Account s) { account = s; } public void run() {[Link](); } } // end class HerThread
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Monitor (shared object access): serializes operation on shared object
class Account { // the 'monitor' int balance;
// if 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable public synchronized void deposit( ) { // METHOD BODY : balance += deposit_amount; } public synchronized void withdraw( ) { // METHOD BODY: balance -= deposit_amount; } public synchronized void enquire( ) { // METHOD BODY: display balance. }
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