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Ionic and Metallic Bonding Overview

This document discusses chemical bonding and the formation of ionic and metallic bonds. It explains that ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from metals to nonmetals, giving each atom an octet of electrons. Metallic bonds form from the delocalized electrons that are shared between the positively charged metal cations. Ionic compounds form crystalline solids with high melting points and dissolve into ions in water, while metals exhibit properties like conductivity and malleability due to their sea of delocalized electrons. Alloys are mixtures of metals that have superior properties to their individual components.

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20 views21 pages

Ionic and Metallic Bonding Overview

This document discusses chemical bonding and the formation of ionic and metallic bonds. It explains that ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from metals to nonmetals, giving each atom an octet of electrons. Metallic bonds form from the delocalized electrons that are shared between the positively charged metal cations. Ionic compounds form crystalline solids with high melting points and dissolve into ions in water, while metals exhibit properties like conductivity and malleability due to their sea of delocalized electrons. Alloys are mixtures of metals that have superior properties to their individual components.

Uploaded by

Chemistry Experts Tutors of Science
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

 Electrons in the highest occupied energy


level.
 Na

 Al

 Cl

 Se

 Lewis (Electron) Dot Diagrams show valence


electrons; inner electrons are represented by
the element symbol.
 Cations lose electrons
 What types of elements form cations?
 What type of cations do alkali metals form?
Alkaline earth metals?
 Na

 Al

 Anions gain electrons


 What type of element form anions?
 What type of anions do halogens form? Group 6A?
 Cl
 How can you determine the number of valence
electrons in an atom of a representative element?

 How many valence electrons are in each of the


following atoms?
 Potassium
 Carbon
 Magnesium
 Oxygen

 Draw the electron dot structure for each of the above


elements.

 How many electrons will each of the following gain or


lose in forming an ion?
 Calcium
 Fluorine
 Aluminum
 Oxygen
All atoms want 8 electrons (octet rule). Bonding
occurs to satisfy this need for electrons!

 Ionic Bonds
 Metal/Nonmetal – Electrons are transferred from one
atom to another.
 Metallic Bonds
 Metal/Metal – A mixture of metals with delocalized
electrons that flow through all atoms’ shells.
 Covalent/Molecular Bonds
 Nonmetal/Nonmetal (or metalloid) – Electrons are
shared/fought over between atoms.
 Sodium has 1 valence electron
 Chlorine has 7 valence electrons

 An electron transferred gives


each an octet
Na: 1s22s22p63s1
Cl: 1s22s22p63s23p5
This transfer forms ions, each with
an octet:
Na+ 1s22s22p6

Cl- 1s22s22p63s23p6
The resulting ions come together
due to electrostatic attraction
(opposites attract):

Na+ Cl-
The net charge on the compound
must equal zero
 First, find the chemical formula for the compound.
 Na likes to form 1+ ions, Cl likes to form 1- ions.
 Na+ and Cl- balance together in a formula as NaCl.
 Then, draw the appropriate number of electrons in
Lewis Dot form.
 Finally, “transfer” the electrons appropriately.

Na Cl
Ionic compounds form solid
crystals at ordinary
temperatures.
Ionic compounds organize
in a characteristic crystal
lattice of alternating
positive and negative ions.

All salts are ionic compounds and form crystals.


 Crystalline solids at room temperature
 Think table salt.

 High melting points


 Takes a lot of heat/energy to melt them.

 Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved

 Soluble in water
 In water, ionic
compounds sometimes Cl
break up into the ions Pb
of which they’re Cl
composed.
 This is a process called Cl-
dissociation. Pb2+

Cl-
Strong forces of attraction are responsible for
the high melting point of most metals.
 Inmetallic bonds, all the cations are packed closely
together.

 The valence electrons, rather than hanging out near


their atoms’ nuclei, exist in a sea of delocalized
electrons.

 There is still an attraction between the free


floating electrons (-) and metal cations (+).
 The chemical bonding that results
from the attraction between
metal cations and the surrounding
sea of electrons
 Vacant p and d orbitals in
metal's outer energy levels
overlap, and allow outer
electrons to move freely
throughout the metal
 Valence electrons do not belong
to any one atom
Model: Packing uniform,
hard spheres to best use
available space. This is
called closest packing.
Each atom has 12 nearest
neighbors.
 Metals are good
conductors of heat and
electricity
 Metals are malleable
 Metals are ductile
 Metals have high tensile
strength
 Metals have luster
 Insoluble in water
A mixture of 2 or more metals that
have superior properties to their
components
 Brass, bronze, steel are alloys
 SubstitutionalAlloy: some
metal atoms replaced by
others of similar size.
 InterstitialAlloy:
Interstices (holes) in
closest packed metal
structure are occupied by
small atoms.

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