Principles of Information
Systems, Eleventh Edition
Chapter 6
Database Systems, Data Centers,
and Business Intelligence
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
1
Edi0on
Principles
and
Learning
Objec0ves
• Data
management
and
modeling
are
key
aspects
of
organizing
data
and
informa0on
– Define
general
data
management
concepts
and
terms,
highligh0ng
the
advantages
of
the
database
approach
to
data
management
– Describe
logical
and
physical
database
design
considera0ons,
the
func0on
of
data
centers,
and
the
rela0onal
database
model
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
2
Edi0on
Why
Learn
About
Database
Systems
and
Business
Intelligence?
• Database:
– Organized
collec0on
of
data
• Database
management
system
(DBMS):
– Group
of
programs
that
manipulate
the
database
– Provide
an
interface
between
the
database
and
its
users
and
other
applica0on
programs
• Database
administrator
(DBA):
– Skilled
IS
professional
who
directs
all
ac0vi0es
related
to
an
organiza0on’s
database
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
3
Edi0on
Data
Management
• Without
data
and
the
ability
to
process
it:
– An
organiza0on
could
not
successfully
complete
most
business
ac0vi0es
• Data
consists
of
raw
facts
• To
transform
data
into
useful
informa0on:
– It
must
first
be
organized
in
a
meaningful
way
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
4
Edi0on
The
Hierarchy
of
Data
• Bit
(a
binary
digit):
– Circuit
that
is
either
on
or
off
• Byte:
– Typically
made
up
of
eight
bits
• Character:
– Basic
building
block
of
informa0on
• Field:
– Name,
number,
or
combina0on
of
characters
that
describes
an
aspect
of
a
business
object
or
ac0vity
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
5
Edi0on
The
Hierarchy
of
Data
(con0nued)
• Record:
– Collec0on
of
related
data
fields
• File:
– Collec0on
of
related
records
• Database:
– Collec0on
of
integrated
and
related
files
• Hierarchy
of
data:
– Bits,
characters,
fields,
records,
files,
and
databases
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
6
Edi0on
The
Hierarchy
of
Data
(con0nued)
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
7
Edi0on
Data
En00es,
A[ributes,
and
Keys
• En0ty:
– A
person,
place,
or
thing
for
which
data
is
collected,
stored,
and
maintained
• A[ribute:
– Characteris0c
of
an
en0ty
• Data
item:
– Specific
value
of
an
a[ribute
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
8
Edi0on
Data
En00es,
A[ributes,
and
Keys
(con0nued)
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
9
Edi0on
Data
En00es,
A[ributes,
and
Keys
(con0nued)
• Key:
– Field
or
set
of
fields
in
a
record
that
is
used
to
iden0fy
the
record
• Primary
key:
– Field
or
set
of
fields
that
uniquely
iden0fies
the
record
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
10
Edi0on
The
Database
Approach
• The
database
approach:
– Tradi0onal
approach
to
data
management:
• Each
dis0nct
opera0onal
system
used
data
files
dedicated
to
that
system
– Database
approach
to
data
management:
• Pool
of
related
data
is
shared
by
mul0ple
applica0on
programs
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
11
Edi0on
The
Database
Approach
(con0nued)
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
12
Edi0on
Data
Centers,
Data
Modeling
and
Database
Characteris0cs
• When
building
a
database,
an
organiza0on
must
consider:
– Content:
What
data
should
be
collected
and
at
what
cost?
– Access:
What
data
should
be
provided
to
which
users
and
when?
– Logical
structure:
How
should
data
be
arranged
so
that
it
makes
sense
to
a
given
user?
– Physical
organiza0on:
Where
should
data
be
physically
located?
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
13
Edi0on
Data
Center
• Climate-‐controlled
building
or
set
of
buildings
that
house
database
servers
and
the
systems
that
deliver
mission-‐cri0cal
informa0on
and
services
• Tradi0onal
data
centers:
– Consist
of
warehouses
filled
with
row
upon
row
of
server
racks
and
powerful
cooling
systems
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
14
Edi0on
Data
Center
(con0nued)
• Many
organiza0ons
now
use
large
shipping
containers
packed
with
racks
of
servers
and
cooled
to
easily
connect
and
set
up
• Businesses
and
technology
vendors
working
to
develop
green
data
centers
that
run
more
efficiently
and
require
less
energy
for
processing
and
cooling
• Backup
and
security
procedures
for
data
centers
can
be
a
concern
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
15
Edi0on
Data
Modeling
• Data
model:
– Diagram
of
data
en00es
and
their
rela0onships
• Enterprise
data
modeling:
– Starts
by
inves0ga0ng
the
general
data
and
informa0on
needs
of
the
organiza0on
at
the
strategic
level
• En0ty-‐rela0onship
(ER)
diagrams:
– Data
models
that
use
basic
graphical
symbols
to
show
the
organiza0on
of
and
rela0onships
between
data
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
16
Edi0on
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
17
Edi0on
Database
Management
Systems
• Crea0ng
and
implemen0ng
the
right
database
system
ensures
that
the
database
will
support
both
business
ac0vi0es
and
goals
• Capabili0es
and
types
of
database
systems
vary
considerably
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
18
Edi0on
Overview
of
Database
Types
• Flat
file
– Simple
database
program
whose
records
have
no
rela0onship
to
one
another
• Single
user
– Only
one
person
can
use
the
database
at
a
0me
– Examples:
Access,
FileMaker
Pro,
and
InfoPath
• Mul0ple
users
– Allow
dozens
or
hundreds
of
people
to
access
the
same
database
system
at
the
same
0me
– Examples:
Oracle,
Microsod,
Sybase,
and
IBM
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
19
Edi0on
Providing
a
User
View
• Schema:
– Used
to
describe
the
en0re
database
– Can
be
part
of
the
database
or
a
separate
schema
file
• DBMS:
– Can
reference
a
schema
to
find
where
to
access
the
requested
data
in
rela0on
to
another
piece
of
data
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
20
Edi0on
Manipula0ng
Data
and
Genera0ng
Reports
• Query
by
Example
(QBE)
is
a
visual
approach
to
developing
database
queries
or
requests
• Data
manipula0on
language
(DML):
– Commands
that
manipulate
the
data
in
a
database
• Structured
query
language
(SQL):
– the
standard
query
language
for
rela0onal
databases
• Once
a
database
has
been
set
up
and
loaded
with
data,
it
can
produce
reports,
documents,
and
other
outputs
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
21
Edi0on
Database
Administra0on
• DBA:
– Works
with
users
to
decide
the
content
of
the
database
– Works
with
programmers
as
they
build
applica0ons
to
ensure
that
their
programs
comply
with
database
management
system
standards
and
conven0ons
• Data
administrator:
– Responsible
for
defining
and
implemen0ng
consistent
principles
for
a
variety
of
data
issues
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
22
Edi0on
Popular
Database
Management
Systems
• Popular
DBMSs
for
end
users:
– Microsod’s
Access
and
FileMaker
Pro
– Number
of
open
source
DBMS
including
PostgreSQL,
MySQL,
and
CouchDB
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
23
Edi0on
Popular
Database
Management
Systems
(con0nued)
• Database
as
a
Service
(DaaS):
– Emerging
database
system
– Database
administra0on
is
provided
by
the
service
provider
– The
database
is
stored
on
a
service
provider’s
servers
and
accessed
by
the
client
over
a
network
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
24
Edi0on
Special-‐Purpose
Database
Systems
• NoSQL
DBMSs
can
handle
data
that
does
not
fit
into
tables
required
by
tradi0onal
rela0onal
databases
• Apple’s
iTunes
sodware
uses
special-‐purpose
data
to
allow
users
to
find
songs
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
25
Edi0on
Data
Warehouses,
Data
Marts,
and
Data
Mining
• Data
warehouse
– Database
that
holds
business
informa0on
from
many
sources
in
the
enterprise
• Data
mart
– Subset
of
a
data
warehouse
• Data
mining
– Informa0on-‐analysis
tool
that
involves
the
automated
discovery
of
pa[erns
and
rela0onships
in
a
data
warehouse
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
26
Edi0on
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
27
Edi0on
Business
Intelligence
• Involves
gathering
enough
of
the
right
informa0on:
– In
a
0mely
manner
and
usable
form
and
analyzing
it
to
have
a
posi0ve
impact
on
business
strategy,
tac0cs,
or
opera0ons
• Compe00ve
intelligence:
– Limited
to
informa0on
about
compe0tors
and
the
ways
that
knowledge
affects
strategy,
tac0cs,
and
opera0ons
Principles
of
Informa0on
Systems,
Eleventh
28
Edi0on