ETABS MODELLING

• Column center lines in AutoCAD

• Use built in settings, metric SI units
Grid lines:

• Unform grid spacing if lengths of all beams are same, otherwise custom grid
spacing.
• Display grid data as ordinates – distance from starting point (left for
horizontal distance, bottom for vertical distance)
• Display grid data as spacing (spacing between two grid lines)
• Simple story data, number of stories is 6 for G+5, if considering footing to
plinth also then its 7
• Custom story data, different heights for different floors, can change floor
names
• Master story – this story details will be copied to the other similar story
• Similar stories – these stories will have same properties, if a change is made in
one story, all other stories will be changed
• Create the model after entering required data
Defining material properties:

• Define → material properties → add new material

• India, concrete, grade → ok → check density, modulus of elasticity, strength
• India, rebar (for reinforcement bars), steel (for steel structures), grade → ok →
check density. Ultimate strength is 1.15 times of yield strength
Defining members:

• Column → Define → section properties → add new material → rectangular →

name, material, depth (always the larger dimension), width → modify/show
rebar → design type column → rebar material HYSD → reinforcement is to be
checked if the no. of bars is fixed or the building already exists, otherwise
reinforcement to be designed
• Beam → Define → section properties → add new material → rectangular →
name, material, depth (always the larger dimension), width → modify/show
rebar → design type beam → rebar material HYSD
• Beam depth is including slab thickness
• Stiffness modifiers for columns – 0.7, beam – 0.35
• If the units are in SI and if we have dimension in fts, enter along with units ex:
16’5”, software will convert it automatically
• To view 3D view of only on floor, click on perspective view
Drawing columns:

• Draw column or quick draw column → if all columns are of same size in all
floors, then select all stories or similar stories at bottom right → select grid
points where columns exist
• If the center of column is not exactly at center, there will be a minor change in
stress, load values, but that can be neglected as we are considering load
factors and safety factors
• If you move the column center from grid point, column and beam will not
connect
• Alternate way is to provide links, but that will be hectic.
• How to move: edit → move joints → enter the distance in the direction it
needs to be moved
• How to link: draw → draw links, links settings need to be done, but providing
it is not necessary
Drawing beams:

• Draw beam → select property as the beam you want to draw

• Be careful while drawing beams, beams should end at center of column, go to
draw → snap options and turn off arch layer and intelligent snaps, then while
drawing only column center will be shown.
• To move a beam, select, edit, move, enter the distance
Drawing secondary beams:

• Draw beam → in plan offset enter the distance in mm → beam will be drawn
left to the starting point
• Drawing secondary beams: copy paste at the required distance
• Extending a beam: select object, joint, boundary →edit, align joints → extend
frame objects
• Drawing cantilever beam: select joint → edit, extrude → joints to frame →
enter distance, number of objects 1
• To draw a beam perpendicular to any other beam, go to snap options and
turn on perpendicular projections
Defining and drawing slabs:

• When there are 4 beams supporting slab, Ly/lx <= 2 → 2-way slab or else 1
way. Lx smaller, Ly larger dimension
• Load distributed in one direction (on to 2 beams), in 1 way slab. 4 beams in 2-
way
• If beams are provided on 2 sides only, then the slab will be one way, load will
distribute towards beams. Cantilever slab – only one support
• Defining 2-way slabs: define → section properties, slab sections → add new
property → name, material, modelling type is membrane (to only transfer
 load to beams and columns, load will not be supported by slab) if we take
shell, slab will support the load
• Defining 1-way slabs: make a copy of 2-way slab and tick use one way
distribution option
• There is no option to define cantilever slab. We use shell which distributes the
load based on supports. The only drawback is shell provides the stiffness to
slab; we can reduce stiffness by changing few settings. Use shell thin for
cantilever slab.
• Divide shell into meshes. Select cantilever slabs → assign → shell → floor auto
meshing → auto cookie → tick 1,2 and 4 (500mm approx.)
• Use draw floor to draw any shape of slab, for rectangular slab use draw
rectangular slab option
• Select the respective slabs and draw
• To change the orientation of slab, select the slabs → assign → shell → local
axes → 90
• View → set display options → can hide and view anything we want like slab
beam sizes, colors, labels etc.
• Orientation of columns: assign → frame → local axes → 90
Drawing staircase:

• Staircase modelling, 1-way slabs, load will be on short beams unlike the
regular 1-way slabs
Releasing moments:

• We need to release the moment of simply supported and cantilever beams

otherwise the software will assume all the joints as fixed
• In fixed beams, negative BM at fixed supports (tension top, compression
bottom), positive at middle span. In SSB, zero moment at supports, at mid
span positive BM. In cantilever beams, at fixed support, negative BM.
• If the beam does not have any column on both ends, then it will be simply
supported beam. If the beam is continuous, joints will act as fixed supports. If
the beam supporting secondary beam does not have support (columns) then
they will not support the secondary beam, rather they will act as load
• If there is no column at the end of the continuous beam, it will simply be
supported
• Select SSBs, go to assign → frame → release → tick moments at start and end
• Moments developed due to vertical and horizontal loads is M33, horizontal
BM is due to horizontal loads only. Hence release both M22 and M33
• To see the moment released ends, go to set display options → object
assignments, frame assignments → end releases
• If only one side of beam is released, same procedure is followed by only
releasing moments at start or end of the beam
• Do not have to do anything for cantilever beam
Loads acting:

• Loads: DL, LL, WL, EL

• Dead loads: self-weight, floor finish, soil fillings, wall loads
• Live loads: occupants, furniture
• Wind loads: due to wind, >10m height, IS 875 part 3
• Seismic loads: earthquake loads, IS 1893
• Wall loads are applied on slab, if the wall is resting on slab, if its resting on
beam, load is applied on beam
• LL and FF are applied on slabs
Defining loads:

• Define → load patterns → for dead self-weight multiplier is 1 and for rest all,
its zero. → add new load
• Similarly add external wall load, internal wall load, finishing loads, soil filling
(all these super dead) and live load
• Types of loads: point loads and UDL
Applying loads on beams:

• Apply wall loads on beams as UDL (area UDL)

• Dead load of wall as UDL = density*thickness*height of wall
• If the wall is not throughout the beam, apply partial UDL
• On terrace, only parapet wall loads will come. And staircase and lift wall
loads will also come
• Select beams → assign → frame loads → distributed → gravity direction,
select load pattern as WL, enter load in uniform load, if the load is acting on
entire beam
• If wall is not throughout the beam, select trapezoidal loads → absolute
distance from end 1 (check after applying)
• To delete any load, select beam, select the load pattern you want to delete →
delete existing loads
• Can apply loads at a time on similar floors
• On terrace, lift and staircase walls will be of story height. Select parapets wall
resting on beams and apply load. Height of parapet wall 1meter
Applying loads on slabs:

• LL, FF, SF and loads of walls resting on slabs is applied as UDL (area UDL),
loads are given in IS: 875 part 2
• Select slabs → assign → shell loads → uniform load → load pattern, live
• LL on terrace – 2 kN/m2
• To see how many loads are acting, select right click and check loads
• FF – 1.5 kN/m2 on entire floor, except staircase. We must add steps load,
1.5+2 kN/m2
• Soil filling loads are applied where soil filling is done, generally in washroom
• Soil filling load = volume (l x b x h) x density of soil / slab area
• Density of soil – 16 to 22 kN/m3, take 17
• Slab area can be read from software. Select and right click on slab, in
geometry you will find area
• Wall load on slabs is calculated same as soil filling load. Density of brick is
19.23 kN/m3
• Select slab and assign wall load.
• To check where a particular load patterns are applied, go to display → load
assigns → frames → select required load pattern
• To check the length of any member, go to draw → draw dimension lengths
Lift:

• Generally, lift machine base is placed 4 ft above terrace base, but in modelling
we provide a slab at terrace level only
• Lift machine load 10 kN/m2. It is a dead load. Can apply as FF or SF
• Create another story for head room of lift and staircase.
• Copy staircase and lift room slabs on terrace and replicate them
• Select → edit → replicate → story, select headroom
• After replicating, delete all the loads acting on the story you copied from
below (make sure you select one story option only while deleting)
• Then apply FF 1.5 kN/m2 and live load 2 kN/m2
• ‘Get previous selection option’ is used to get the previous selection, obviously
duh

After applying all the loads, check your model once for any errors or left outs
Load combinations:

• Analysis – BM, SF, axial force, and torsion. Due loads these internal forces
will develop
• Loads are increased for design, factor of safety.
• All loads act at the same time on structure. That is why we use load
combinations for design
• If factor of safety is > 1 → ultimate combinations (limit state of collapse)
• If FOS is 1 or <1 → limit state of serviceability
• For deflection factor is 1 because its limit state of serviceability
• Define → load combinations → add new combo → 1.5 (DL+LL) → for all
dead and live loads take scale factor as 1.5 and 1 (DL+LL) for deflection check
• Similarly define other combinations
• Another method → add default design combos (not preferred)
Checking errors in model:

• Check material properties

• Check sizes of sections
• Analyze → check model → select all options
• If there is any error, it will show
• To select sections using their names, go to select → labels → frames → select
names
• If the beams are overlapping, use reshape command
• Merge joints if the joints are too close
Analysis:

• Select joints at ground floor and assign joint restraints

• Run analysis
Reading results from analysis:

• To see deformed shape due to any load, display → deformed shape → select
the load/ load combination you want
• To see BMD, SFD, display → force/stress diagrams → frame → in beams M33
and V2 is checked
• Select beam and right click to see BMD SFD of a particular beam at a
particular distance
• M33, V22 - vertical, M22, V33 – horizontal
• Beam: BM, SF, torsion, deflection
• Column: axial force, BM, torsion
• M22 – shorter, M33 – longer dimension for column design
• Larger dimension of column should be towards longer length of beam
Design:

• Software design results will be very conservative, its recommended to design

manually
• Analysis must be done before designing
• Design → concrete frame design → view/revise codebook preferences →
select IS 456, consider additional moment (due to buckling) for big spans and
large areas
• Select design combinations
• Start design/check
Beam design:

• Display design info → design output → select what you want girl!
• Select beam, right click and details
• If the beams fail, change dimensions and check for moment releases
• Beam rebars 20mm maximum
• If the reinforcement is greater than 1000mm increase size
• Supporting beam size should be greater than equal to secondary beams
• Software does not check for deflection, we need to check separately
• Check deflection for working loads. Deflection should not be greater than
span/350, 20mm
• Stirrups 8mm, 10mm
• Shear reinforcement needs to be checked. Calculate spacing = asv/ASV *
1000, asv = area of each stirrup x2 for 2 legged
• Spacing should not be less than 100mm → increase diameter
• If the beam keeps failing after making all the changes, increase column size in
that case and check
Column design:

• Start with same size of columns

• Percentage of steel is checked. Minimum – 0.8%, maximum – 4%
• Design → concrete frame → design info → rebar percentage
• Check longitudinal reinforcement. Decide number of bars
• Bar to bar spacing should not be less than 70 to 60mm. According to code it
should be 5mm greater than coarse aggregate dimensions
• For economic structure, up to 2.5% steel
Grouping:

• Group columns of same size and of approximately same steel

• Select columns of same size, go to view, and show selected objects only.
Check the reinforcements and group them
Detailing:

• Fixed beams, at top, provide continuous bars according to middle span steel
• Provide extra bars at supports till 0.25L distance
• Minimum diameter of bar is 12mm in beam, 10mm in slab
• At bottom, support will have minimum steel, take maximum, and provide
continuously
• Overlap should be done in compression, not in tension zone
• Mid span extra bars, 0.75L distance
• In SSB, at top, take maximum steel area value and provide it throughout
beam
• At bottom, take maximum value at supports and provide continuously and
provide extra bars at middle span
• Shear reinforcement: spacing 100, 150, 200mm generally. Minimum 100mm
• At supports, 0.3L distance, remaining middle span stirrups are provided
Wind analysis:

• IS 875 part 3. Wind load acts on faces of the structure. We apply it on face of
structure
• Design wind pressure Pz (N/m2) clause 5.4
• Vz = Vb*k1*k2*k3, Vb = basic wind speed page 53
• k1 – risk coefficient page 11. k2 – page 12. k3 - topography factor
• Multiply by area and assign half to each column
• Apply on 4 faces separately and take maximum BM for design
• Define → load patterns → 0 (X+), 180 (X-), 90(Y+), 270 (Y-) angles→ auto
lateral load → IS 875 → modify lateral load → Vb, k1, k2, k3, terrain category,
class, windward coefficient (considering 20% opening, 0.8), leeward (0.5) →
wind direction, modify→ give angles
• When applying lateral loads, its important to assign diaphragm, then the
structure will behave as one point
• Select all slabs → assign → shell → diaphragm → rigid (for RC), semi rigid
(steel)
• Top displacement due to wind load should be less than or equal to total
height of structure/350
• Display → story response plots → display type – max story displacement,
case – four cases
• If it crosses the limiting value, either increase column size or provide shear
walls
• For design we need to consider extra combinations
• 1.2(DL+LL+WL) – four cases, 1.5(DL+WL) – four cases
• Select all design combinations and run
Seismic analysis:

• IS 1893 part 1
• EQX, EQY Define → load patterns → X, Y directions → auto lateral load IS:
1893 2016 → modify lateral load → select direction, zone factor, soil type,
period, R
• Define → mass source → modify → untick self-mass, tick specified load
patterns, for all loads multiplier is 1, for live load if <=3 – 0.25 or else 0.5
• To see displacements, story response plots. Limit is H/250
• Load combinations → add new combo → 1.5(DL+EQX/EQY),
1.2(DL+LL+EQX/EQY)
• For design select all combinations. If R =3 i.e., OMRF, select whole structure
→ design, concrete, view/revise overwrites → framing type, ordinary
Types of seismic analysis:

• Static analysis – load is constant, maximum load is considered

• Static linear (elastic range) - Equivalent static analysis
• Static nonlinear(plastic) - Pushover analysis
• Dynamic analysis – load is changing.
• Dynamic linear – Response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis
• Dynamic nonlinear – Nonlinear time history analysis
• Response of structure – displacement, velocity, acceleration
Code books:

• IS 875 part 1 – dead loads

• IS 875 part 2 – live loads
• IS 875 part 3 – wind loads
• IS 1893 part 1 – seismic loads for buildings
• IS 456 – design
• IS 13920 – ductile detailing
• IS 16700 – tall buildings
Equivalent static analysis:

• Static linear
• From base shear, lateral loads are calculated
• Natural period – with and without infill walls (formulas in codebook)
• If we use the formula with infill walls, walls stiffness will be considered, and
structure will become more stiff
• Define EQX, EQY → modify → enter required details
• Mass source → same procedure done as in seismic analysis
• After analyzing, to see base shears, display → story response plots → load
case (EQX /EQY), story shears. To see table, formatted table
Response spectrum analysis:

• Displacement depends on force, stiffness

• Stiffer, less displacement
• RCC – 5% damping, steel – 2%
• Lateral forces in all modes are calculated
• Qi = Ah*phi*Pi*Wi
• Phi – mode shape
• Pi – modal participation factor
• Wi – seismic weight
• If 90 % modal mass is acting in the first few modes, then no need to go further
• There are different values of story shears in different modes. Combinations
are used, different methods (SRSS, CQC)
• Define → functions → response spectrum → select IS 1893 code → add new
function → fill in all details, damping ratio – 0.05 (even if damper is not there)
• Load cases → add new → X, Y directions → load case – response spectrum,
load type - acceleration, for X direction U1, function – RS, combination –
SRSS. For Y direction - U2
• Display → show tables → analysis results
• Mode 1, mode 2 – translation, otherwise structure will undergo torsion
• 90% mass should be present in considered more
• Define → modal cases
• Response spectrum base shear should be greater than equivalent static
analysis, but it should not be too high
• If it is less, then scale factor for RS = EQ V/RS V
Time history analysis:

• Define → functions → time history, from file → add new functions → THX,
THY → browse and upload file, enter required data
• Define → load cases → add new case → time history, linear model,
acceleration, U1 (for X direction), time history function, motion type –
transient, output time size – interval of ground motion
• Results of time history analysis can be seen from display → plot functions
• Define plot functions and add whatever values you want to see
• Story shears - Shear 22 – Y direction, shear 33 – X direction
• Since the earthquake considered has not occurred in the same area of our
structure, we need to match it response spectrum graph
• Define → functions → time history, matched to response spectrum, add new
function →MTHX, MTHY → target RS – response spectrum, reference – time
history function X for X direction and Y for Y direction, X linear – Y linear,
match time history
• Add 2 more load cases using matched time history
Pushover analysis:

• Nonlinear static
• Pushover analysis is done after designing the structure
• For concrete, Takeda, or concrete hysteresis
• For steel, kinematic, or elastic hysteresis
• Define → material properties →M20 or whatever you are using →modify →
nonlinear material data → select hysteresis type (concrete)
• Same procedure for steel also (kinematic)
• Define load combinations
• Select all columns → assign → frame → hinges → auto, to assign hinge at start
point of column, 0. To assign at end, 1, add → ASCE 41-17, hinge table
(concrete column) → DOF – P-M2-M3, P values from gravity combinations,
gravity + lateral (from equivalent static), drops load after E, shear
reinforcement from current design
• Set display options → object assignments → nonlinear hinges
• Same procedure for hinges at ends of columns
• For beams, beams - flexural, M3. Apply at start and end
• After applying hinges, add nonlinear load cases
• Load cases → add new case → add gravity nonlinear case, load case -
nonlinear static, initial conditions – zero, load type – load pattern, DL, LL,
scale factor 1, load application – displacement control, use monitored
displacement (run analysis for gravity loads only, find maximum
displacement, and put that here along that direction on that story and joint)
• After running analysis, display → deformed shape → hinge state
• To see multiple states, in load case, instead of end result, set multiple state
• Procedure – analyze and design for gravity linear loads only, then analyze for
gravity nonlinear only.
• Display → hinge results
• Now define load cases pushover X → initial conditions – continue from
(gravity nonlinear), load type – acceleration, for X direction Ux, scale factor 1,
(get maximum displacements from EQX, EQY and substitute here)
• Pushover Y will start from pushover X, U2
• Analyze for gravity and seismic loads only (do not run pushover), design,
now run analyze for gravity loads, nonlinear and pushover
• If you cannot see the pushover load case in results, then check for errors in
model
Nonlinear time history analysis:

• Material properties
• Hinges
• Load cases → X, Y directions → nonlinear, initial conditions – gravity
nonlinear