Collapsed Structure

Search and Rescue Course

Lesson
Plan

Name:

OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN MIAMI-DADE FIRE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR

DISASTER ASSISTANCE RESCUE EARTHQUAKE TECHNOLOGY
-NEPAL
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Disaster Preparedness and Response Program was developed through a grant agreement
between the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance of the
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID/OFDA). The program was undertaken in
response to a request for assistance by disaster preparedness and response agencies and
institutions in the Latin American region. The request for assistance led to the development of
courses to better prepare these agencies and institutions to more efficiently mitigate disasters.

The Disaster Preparedness and Response Program has been expanded to include other regions of
the world with the same objectives as for Latin America — to assist response agencies and
institutions become better prepared to effectively and efficiently respond to and mitigate
disasters.

The Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course was designed, developed and delivered on the
basis of a detailed analysis and training needs assessment of the Latin America region as
delineated by the members of the Advisory Committee (ad hoc) assembled by USAID/OFDA in
San Jose, Costa Rica in November 1992. The course has been adopted for use in other regions of
the world.

We would like to acknowledge those individuals whose hard work and efforts have made this
course possible:

Sincere appreciation and gratitude is extended to Kamran Grasselli and Kathy Doran for their
assistance in editing and reviewing the materials, as well as many other members of Miami-Dade
Fire Rescue; and members of the agencies and institutions in the Latin America, Caribbean, and
Asia regions who made the original Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course possible.

Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Personnel

International Programs Bureau OIC ........................ Capt. Ricardo E. García

Course Development Coordinator ........................... Manuel F. Bazzani

CSSR Course Coordinator ....................................... Capt. Ronald K. Bernard

English Language Program Coordinator.................. Capt. Karls Paul-Noel

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: These materials may be reproduced and reprinted without permission
for non-profit use only, provided their source is cited and credit is given to those mentioned
above.

Revised September 2002

Miami, Florida, U.S.A.
ADAPTATION

This material has been adapted to suit the requirement and existing response system and
procedures in the Philippines. No major change in the content was changed thus the
methodology for conducting the course was not altered:

Philippines - Adaptation Core Group

Marlito Bautista, Philippine Army

Paul Jugueta, Office of Civil Defense
Romulo Fernando Villavecer, Bureau of Fire Protection
Joselito Tirona, Bureau of Fire Protection

With assistance from

Medardo Batiller, Emergency Rescue Unit Foundation
Andrew Alex Uy – Office of Civil Defense
Ryan Zaldy Abrera, Bureau of Fire Protection
Colasito Morong, Philippine Military Academy
Levi Cerillo, Bureau of Fire Protection
Noel Nelson Ababon, Bureau of Fire Protection
Brian Gamba, Emergency Rescue Unit Foundation
Antonio Onrubia, Zamboanga Medical Center
Caesario Ceniza, Bureau of Fire Protection

Initially adapted on October 17, 2005 in Laguna City, Philippines.

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Table of Contents

Lesson 1 .......................................................................................Course Introduction

Lesson 2 ................................................ Organizing and Starting a CSSR Operation

Lesson 3 ............................ Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types

Lesson 4 ..............................Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System

Lesson 5 .......................................................................................... Operational Safety

Lesson 6 ...................................................................Search and Location Techniques

Lesson 7 .............................................................. Tools, Equipments and Accessories

Lesson 8 .................................................................Rescue Strategies and Techniques

Lesson 9 ............................................................................................. Shoring Methods

Lesson 10 ....................................................................... Lifting and Stabilising Loads

Lesson 11 ................................................................................Pre-Hospital Treatment

Lesson 12 ............................................................................................... Course Review

Lesson 13 ................................................................................ Final Practical Exercise

Glossary
 CSSR Course
Lesson 1 – Overview
Course Introduction

Duration 2 hours and 30 minutes

Main points • Participant Introduction

• Participants’ Expectations
• Course Materials
• Participants’ Equipment
• Course Purpose, Instructional Objectives, Performance Objects
• Course Methodology
• Evaluation Method and Participants’ Codes
• Course Schedule and Attendance
• Participants’ Feedback
• Forms, Pre-work
• Facilities and Ground Rules
• File
• Groupings
• Pre-test
• Generally given by the course coordinator
Suggested • Thoroughly study the Reference Material.
preparation • Based on the Lesson Objectives, highlight the reference material (RM-1) on related
subjects.
• Check the WB and fill in the blanks to guide you in helping participants with needed
information.
• This is an informational lesson only and has no practical application.
• Before the beginning of the lesson, introduce all of the instructors, assistants, and
support personnel.
• Each participant should have a tool, equipment or accessory placed in front of him
so it can be presented along with the participant.
• Blank flipchart sheets should be used for the file located on the wall near the
instructor.

Evaluation
• No evaluation for this lesson.
system
• Power point (10)
Materials and • Flipchart (3)
resources • Flipchart board
• Flipchart pad
needed • Markers of various colours
• Each participant should have all of his PPE which will be checked by the instructor.
• Different tools, equipment, accessories for each participant
• Masking tape

Importance of • This lesson is essential to both instructors and participants because it sets forth all
this lesson requirements and expectations from the participants in order to successfully
complete the course.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

1 Course Introduction
Instructor Activity

PPT 1-1, PPT 1-2

Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you will become familiar with: assistant.

Present the lesson with a

1. Names and background information of the course description of the contents and
coordinator, instructors, assistants, support staff and the importance of the material.
the other participants. State the duration. This lesson is
important because it sets the tone
2. The following aspects of the course will be covered and presents the rules and
in this lesson: procedures for the remainder of
the course.
 Expectations
 Purpose Present lesson objectives. Ask a
participant to read them aloud
 Objectives from the workbook.
 Methodology
 Testing and Evaluation Ask participants to close their
 Materials workbooks for the time being.
 Logistics and Agenda
 Course overview and its relation to the OFDA Give a brief explanation and
description of the CSSR Course
First Responder Program. and its origins, as it relates to the
OFDA/ Program for Enhancement
of Emergency Response-PEER.
The second phase (2003-2008) of
the program is implemented by
the National Society for
Earthquake Technology-Nepal.

Risk of earthquakes and

collapses in the region.

ƒ Possible use of short

videotape (no more than 8-10
minutes).

ƒ Process of creating a CSSR

Team.

ƒ Requirements for taking the

CSSR Course.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Make sure each
1. Getting to Know Each Other participant has been
assigned a tool, piece of
The Course Coordinator, instructors, assistants, and support personnel equipment or accessory
should introduce themselves to the group. for the introduction
exercise.
The Course Coordinator will conduct an exercise so that you may become Explain the purpose is to
familiar with the other participants and become familiar with some of the become familiar with each
tools, equipment and accessories you will be using throughout the course. other. At the same time, it
will allow them to become
...................................................................................................................................................................................... familiar with some tools
and equipment that they
...................................................................................................................................................................................... will be using.

...................................................................................................................................................................................... Each participant has a

maximum of one minute
...................................................................................................................................................................................... to introduce him/herself,
stating their name, rank,
...................................................................................................................................................................................... profession/occupation,
institution to which they
...................................................................................................................................................................................... belong and any other
information that they
...................................................................................................................................................................................... consider of interest.
Present the TEA assigned
...................................................................................................................................................................................... to them, indicating any
other names by which it is
known, how it is used,
Allotted time: 20 minutes and any other basic
information.

Once the exercise is

complete, the assistant
collects all the tools and
equipment.

Ask participants to write

their nicknames in their
2. Participants’ Expectations name tents and tags.
Set up participants in
The purpose of this short exercise is to find out what your expectations of groups of six and ask
each group to write on a
the Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course are – knowledge you
flipchart paper two
hope to gain, skills you hope to acquire, etc. expectations they have of
the course. Allow 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................... minutes.

...................................................................................................................................................................................... After everyone is done,

ask a representative from
...................................................................................................................................................................................... each group to read their
expectations aloud to the
...................................................................................................................................................................................... rest of the class.
Tape the flipchart sheets
...................................................................................................................................................................................... with the expectations to
the wall where everyone
...................................................................................................................................................................................... will be able to read them.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3. Course Purpose PPT 1-3

Ask a participant to read

To train the participant in the techniques and methods necessary for the course purpose. The
searching, locating, stabilising, and extricating victims trapped in course purpose is the
collapsed structures, using the safest and most appropriate procedures for intention of the course.
the rescuer as well as the victim
Ensure that the course
...................................................................................................................................................................................... purpose is clear to
everyone. Allow time for
...................................................................................................................................................................................... questions.

...................................................................................................................................................................................... FC 1-1, FC 1-2

3.1 Performance Objectives

Ask participants to read
Upon completing the CSSR Course, you, as part of a team of 12 aloud the performance
members, will be able to: objectives.

1. Complete the correct and necessary actions upon Ensure that the
performance objectives
arriving at the scene and before initiating a search. are clear to everyone.
Allow time for questions.
............................................................................................................................................................
Remind them that the
............................................................................................................................................................
purpose is the intention of
the course. On the other
2. Apply the learned search techniques to a simulated hand, the performance
victim. objectives are what they
are expected to be able to
............................................................................................................................................................ do at the end of the
course.
............................................................................................................................................................

Emphasize the
3. Gain access to a selected void space to locate two importance of studying
simulated victims, using four basic techniques (rubble the materials for them to
removal, shoring, penetration and lifting). satisfy the performance
objectives.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

4. Correctly assess, stabilise and extricate a simulated

patient.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

To accomplish the above objectives, each group will work through

three consecutive simulated scenarios in the Final Practical
Examination. Each group will be assigned a full complement of
tools and equipment for a CSSR team. All groups must complete
all three scenarios within 9 hours or less, using the techniques and
procedures taught in this course.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Ask the participants to
3.2 Instructional Objectives read the instructional
objectives aloud from the
Upon completing the CSSR Course, you will be able to: workbook.

1. Describe how to organize and start a CSSR operation. Explain that the
instructional objectives
............................................................................................................................................................ reflect the knowledge and
theory the participants will
............................................................................................................................................................ have to learn in order to
be able to complete the
performance objective.
2. Describe the procedure to classify a collapsed structure and
the building marking system. Ensure that the
instructional objectives
............................................................................................................................................................ are clear to everyone.

............................................................................................................................................................ Allow for questions,

suggestions and
comments.

3. List the safety precautions that must be followed in a CSSR

operation.
............................................................................................................................................................

4. Describe the methods for locating void spaces and the steps
for locating possible victims.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

5. Name and describe the use and maintenance of the tools,

equipment and accessories used in a CSSR operation.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

6. List and describe the basic techniques for penetrating a

collapsed structure and gaining access to the patient.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

7. Describe pre-hospital treatment for one or more trapped

patients in a collapsed structure.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Each lesson will introduce its own corresponding training objectives.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 1-4
4. Course Materials
Ask the class to open
4.1 Participant Workbook (WB) their WB.

Stress the importance of

• The Participant Workbook is your own personal property and the WB, and that it
you need to keep it safe. Write your name with a marker on becomes their personal
the cover sheet in the box. property. It will only be
useful to them if they
............................................................................................................................................................ complete their workbooks
and take notes.
• We have ample space for you to take notes in order to
reinforce the material you are learning. All the material you Ask everyone to write
their names in the space
will be tested on will be drawn directly from the workbook, provided on the cover. If
including some of the spaces you fill in. applicable ask them to
insert the divider tabs into
............................................................................................................................................................ their WB binders.

• Check your workbook to make sure it is complete and that no Review the contents of
pages are missing. the workbook together
with the participants, from
............................................................................................................................................................
front to back, to make
sure no one is missing
any pages.

Discuss the importance of

4.2 Reference Material (RM) the RM and that most
lessons in the course will
• Generally, each lesson has its own reference material, which have RM. They must
you should study in order to complement the lecture. study it thoroughly in
order to complement the
classroom sessions.
• You will also receive a glossary and bibliographic references
as part of the reference material. Participants will also
receive a glossary.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Discuss purpose of PW to
4.3 Pre-Work create knowledge base
common to all
The Pre-Work, which you should have received and completed participants.
before coming to this course, serves to establish a common level of
knowledge among all participants. It is intended to make you Collect the pre-work.
familiar with all the basic concepts, tools and materials that will be Some lessons may have
used throughout the course. handouts, but not all.

4.4 Handouts
You will be receiving handouts occasionally from your instructors
for exercises, assignments, etc.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Verify that each

5. Participant Equipment participant has brought to
the course the PPE and
other supplies required for
You should have brought with you to the course a set of personal participation in the course.
protective equipment and other work equipment and materials, as
indicated:

Required Equipment Optional

• Hardhat (industrial or • Overalls or jump suit
fire-fighter) • Sunscreen lotion
• Eye protection/safety • Insect repellent
goggles • Raincoat or poncho
• Ear protection • Knee pads
• Dust mask • Cap or hat
• Safety steel-toe boots
• Safety whistle
• Work gloves, leather
• Work clothes (Long Other Required Materials
sleeve shirt) • Two passport-sized pictures
• Canteen or water bottle, (for the Class Directory and
minimum 1-litre capacity Registration Form)
• Waterproof flashlight
(mounted or hand-held • Office or work uniforms for
with spare batteries) the opening and closing
ceremonies

6. Course Methodology Discuss interactive/TFI

methodology.
The course methodology is highly participatory and allows constant
interaction and feedback between the instructors and participants. You
will be required to gain some background knowledge as well as acquire
manual skills. Objectives are clearly stated at the beginning of each
lesson.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Emphasize the
7. Evaluation Method importance of filling the
workbook correctly and
studying the reference
You will be evaluated in this course using three methods: material in order to
complete the evaluations
a. Lesson Post-Tests: You will take a written post-test (self-test) successfully.
every evening on the lesson(s) that you took that day. Questions
may be in the form of short answer, multiple choice, true/false, fill- Instructor will facilitate the
number coding of
in-the-blank or matching. You may also be asked to draw or participants, explaining its
complete a graphic or sign. These post-tests will be reviewed the purpose.
next morning.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

b. Practical Evaluations, which will be given in lessons with a

performance component. Duration will depend on complexity and
number of tasks. A final practical evaluation will be given after
lesson 12.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

c. Final Written Evaluation, which will be given before your final

practical exercise, covering all lessons.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Scoring System
Participants will take
Lesson Post-Tests: All lessons except 1,12 and 13 will have a post-test. home the post-test, to be
All post-tests must be passed with a score of 70 percent in order to reviewed by the
complete the course. instructors the next day
and will be collected.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Final Written Evaluation. There will be a final written evaluation,

covering all lessons, except 1, 12 and 13 with a minimum passing score of
70 percent in order to complete the course. This will weigh 50 percent of
the overall written evaluations (post-tests).
...............................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

Practical Evaluations: Lessons with a performance component will have

a practical evaluation afterwards. Practical evaluations are scored as Pass
or No-Pass, based on your performance of tasks and attention to safety. If
you receive a No-Pass score on a Practical Evaluation, you will be
allowed to take one make-up per Practical Evaluation.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................

See the CSSR Evaluation Chart on the following page.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Use the Evaluation Chart to
explain how and when the
participants will be
CSSR Evaluation Chart evaluated.
FC 1-3
Lesson Post-Tests Practical Evaluations.
Lesson
These will be scored. All must receive passing score to complet
Number
Minimum 70 percent. course.

1 Course Introduction

Organising and Starting a

2
CSSR Operation

Structures, Materials and

3
Damage Types

Structural Triage and the

4 INSARAG Building
Marking System

5 Operational Safety

Search and Location

6 Search and Location Techniques
Techniques

Tools, Equipment and Using Tools, Equipment and Accessories

7
Accessories Four Stations

Breaking and Breaching Materials –

8 Rescue Techniques
Four Stations

Building Shores –
9 Shoring Techniques
Four Stations

Lifting and Stabilising Cribbing, Using the Come-Along

10
Loads and Hydraulic Jack – Four Stations

Patient Assessment, Packaging and Extrica

11 Pre-Hospital Treatment
Victims

Course Review and Final

12
Written Evaluation

13 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Non-Passing Scores: If you are unable to obtain a passing score on a Post- It is obligatory to attend all
Test and final written evaluation, you will be allowed one make up test the activities (lessons,
exercises and evaluations).
following day, except for the final written evaluation which will be given
the same day; whereas if you are unable to obtain a passing grade for a Tardiness will not be
Practical Evaluation, you will not be eligible to participate in the Final accepted. Under special
Practical Evaluation. In such case, you may continue to participate in the circumstances an exception
remainder of the course at your choosing. Should you choose to continue be made, but not for more
than 15 minutes late.
participating, you will receive a Letter of Attendance for the course, after Violation of this rule will
completing all lessons. result in the participant
losing the lesson and being
...................................................................................................................................................................................... barred from passing the
course.
......................................................................................................................................................................................
Instruct participants to open
The FINAL PRACTICAL EVALUATION consists of a simulated the Course Schedule at the
CSSR incident. This is a pass or fail evaluation only. There will be no end of Lesson 1 in their
workbooks.
make-up for the Final Practical. It is divided into three phases for a total
duration of nine (9) hours. You can find a more complete description in Inform the class that the
Lesson 12. schedule will be posted in
several locations
...................................................................................................................................................................................... throughout the facilities so
that everyone can stay
...................................................................................................................................................................................... easily informed of the
schedule. This will make it
After successfully completing all course requirements, you will receive a easier for them as well as
Certificate of Completion. This Certificate will state that you have course personnel to be
punctual.
successfully achieved all lesson objectives and completed all tests,
practices and evaluation criteria. The Course Coordinator
may make changes to the
...................................................................................................................................................................................... schedule as needed and
these will be posted as they
...................................................................................................................................................................................... are made.

8. Course Schedule and Attendance

The rules for attendance and participation are as follows:
• Participation in all classes and course activities is mandatory.
• Punctuality – promotes mutual respect and responsibility among
participants.

Absences and tardiness: Tardiness and

missing classes is not acceptable. Only Participation in all course
under very special circumstances will an activities (lectures,
exception be made for one late arrival, to a practical exercises, and
maximum of 15 minutes. Missing a class evaluations) is
or arriving late for no special reason will MANDATORY.
disqualify you from passing the course.

Only in the case of real emergencies will interruptions to the course be

permitted. Telephone calls will be handled by administrative personnel,
who will take messages for all course participants.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

9. Participant Feedback Stress the importance of

filling out the Lesson
Daily feedback for individual lessons: At the end of each day’s classes, Evaluation Form after
there will also be a short, verbal feedback session to capture the strengths each lesson. They must
turn one in before leaving
of the course and those aspects needing improvement. We will also ask the room when the lesson
you to fill out the Lesson Evaluation Form at the end of each lesson. is finished. See form at
the end of the lesson in
...................................................................................................................................................................................... workbook. This allows
them to complete these
Overall course feedback. Once you have completed all lessons and the forms while the ideas and
Final Practical Evaluation, we will ask you to please complete the overall details are still fresh in
their memory. Otherwise
course feedback. We highly value your comments, as they will greatly
the evaluation forms will
assist us in improving the course for the future. lose their validity.

...................................................................................................................................................................................... Review the Lesson

Evaluation Form and
...................................................................................................................................................................................... answer any questions.

If they have not already

10. Required Forms done so, all forms must
be turned in by the end of
Lesson 1. Copy of the
• If you have not already done so, please make sure you have form can be found at the
completed and turned in the CSSR Course registration form, which end of Lesson 1 in the
contain the health, dietary and liability release form. workbook.

Emphasize that every

individual is responsible
for his or her own safety
and that they will be
exposing themselves to a
certain level of risk during
the course.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

11. Facilities and Ground Rules PPT 1-5

This topic will be

Classroom Etiquette discussed by the Course
Coordinator. It is recom-
• Smoking is prohibited inside any building; you will be able to mended to prepare,
smoke outside during breaks. beforehand, a welcome
sheet with instructions
....................................................................................................................................................................... and details for the
participants.
Meals
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Housing and Expenses

Covered expenses ...........................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Uncovered expenses .....................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Travel: Reservations, confirmations, itineraries, changes, should be

directed to administrative staff.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Safety:

• Take note of emergency procedures, classroom evacuation,

emergency exits:
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Location of safety areas in the facilities, meeting points, etc.:

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Safety is of utmost concern in the CSSR course. Participants will be PPT 1-6
given two warnings only with the third as ground for expulsion.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

• Location of the first aid kit and its contents:

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Emergency phone numbers, other:

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Tape a blank flipchart

sheet labelled “File” on
12. The “File” the wall, which will serve
to write down questions
and issues that need to
We will post a blank flipchart labelled “File” on one of the walls. We will be studied or will be
use it to record questions and issues that will need to be clarified in later covered in later lessons.
lessons or in the general review at the end of the course. You can also
write down your questions here for future reference:
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

▪▪▪▪▪

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Required Forms

Copies of the course

forms are included at the
end of the lesson if the
participant has not yet
turned them in.

CLOSING

Emphasize that there are

no surprises in this course
– every activity is based
on the stated lesson
objectives.

All instructors and course

personnel are here to help
the participants.

Allow for any questions,

explanations and/or
comments.

Ask them to fill out a

Lesson Evaluation Form
at this time.

Thank everyone for their

participation; introduce
the next lesson and the
instructor in charge.

PH November 2008 Course Introduction LP 1–14

Lesson 1: Course Introduction

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 1 Lesson 1
Objectives Objectives
2. The following aspects of this course:
Become familiar with: z Expectations
z Purpose
1 Names and background information of
1. z Objectives

course coordinator, instructors, assistants, z Methodology

z Testing
support staff and other participants.
z Materials
z Logistics and Agenda
z Course overview and its relation to the OFDA First
Responder Program

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Purpose of the Course Course Materials

To train the participant in the WB: Participant Workbook
techniques and methods necessary
g locating,
for searching, g stabilising,
g RM: Reference Material
and extricating victims trapped in
collapsed structures, using the safest PW: Pre-Work
and most appropriate procedures for
HO: Handouts
the rescuer as well as the victim.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Facilities and Ground

Rules Safety Rule
„ Classroom Etiquette
„ Meals Safety is of utmost concern in
the CSSR course. Participants
„ H i and
Housing d Expenses
E
will be given two warnings only
„ Travel with the third as ground for
„ Safety expulsion.
„ Optional Activities
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-6

1
Lesson 1: Course Introduction

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

PEER Networking Strategies

PEER Networking Strategies
1. PEER Webpage 2. Discussion Forum

[Link]

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

PEER Networking Strategies

PEER Networking Strategies
3. PEER database 4. PEER Mail Group
MFR Instructors mfri_peer@[Link]

CSSR Instructors cssri_ppeer@[Link]

@ g p

There are also mail groups for partner agencies, nodal agencies,
In-Country Consultants, and designated institutions.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-9 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction PPT 1-10

2
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Performance
…continued

Objectives Performance
Objectives
1. Complete the correct and
3. Gain access to selected void
necessary actions
i upon space to locate two simulated
arriving at the scene and victims, using four basic
before initiating a search. techniques (rubble removal,
shoring, penetration and
2. Apply the learned search lifting).
techniques to a simulated
victim
victim. 4. Correctlyy assess,, stabilise
and extricate a simulated
patient.

more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction FC 1-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction FC 1-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

CSSR
Evaluation Chart
Lesson Post -Tests Practical Evaluations.
Lesson
These will be scored. Minimum 70 All must receive passing score to
Number
percent. complete course.

1 Course Introduction

2 g g and Starting
Organising g a CSSR
Operation

3 Structures, Materials and Damage

Types

4 Structural Triage and the INSARAG

Building Marking System

5 Operational Safety

6 Search and Location Techniques Search and Location Techniques

7 Using Tools, Equipment and

Tools, Equipment and Accessories
Accessories – Four Stations

8 Breaking and Breaching Materials –

Rescue Techniques
Four Stations

9 Building Shores –
Shoring Techniques
Four Stations

10 Cribbing, Using the Come -Along

Lifting and Stabilising Loads
and Hydraulic Jack – Four Stations
Patient assessment, Packing and
11 Pre-Hospital Treatment
Extricating Victims
12 Course Review
13 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Course Introduction FC 1-3

1
 CSSR Course
Lesson 2 – Overview
Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation

Duration Lecture: 2 hours

• Incident Command System
Main points
• Definition of a CSSR operation
• Definition and structure of a CSSR Squad
• Phases of a CSSR operation
• Two stage of the operation phase of a CSSR operation
• Steps in the initial assessment stage during a CSSR operation
• Scope of operation

• Based on the Lesson Objectives, highlight the reference material on related

Suggested subjects.
preparation • Check the participant’s manual and fill in the blanks to guide you in helping
participants with needed information.
• Remember that the participants should have read the definitions for CSSR operation
and CSSR Squad. Use this as a starting point.
• Use examples of prior CSSR operations to explain the concepts.
• Read and complete the written test so that you will be able to review and discuss it
with the participants the following day.

Evaluation
• Written test the following day
system
• Power point (8)
Materials and • Flipchart (3)
resources • Flipchart board
• Flipchart pad
needed • Markers of various colours
• Projector
• Screen
• Test sheet
• Post-Test

Importance of • To familiarize the participants with the organisation and concepts of a CSSR
this lesson operation with its many different components and phases

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

2 Organising and Starting a

CSSR Operation

Instructor Activity

Objectives PPT 2-1, PPT 2-2

Introduce yourself and your

Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: assistant.

1. Define Incident Command System and its components Present the lesson topic,
explain lesson relevance in the
2. Define a collapsed structure search and rescue operation. course, state the duration, and
describe scheduled activities
and method of evaluation.
3. Describe the structure of a CSSR squad and the positions
within it. Describe importance of the
lesson.
4. List the five phases of a CSSR operation.
Present lesson objectives. Ask
5. List the six stages of the Operations Phase. a participant to read them aloud
from the workbook.
6. List the five steps of the initial assessment.
Ensure that the objectives are
clear to all participants.
7. Describe how a CSSR squad fits into the Incident
Command System. Stress the importance of being
organised in a CSSR operation.
8. Name the four levels in the scope of operations as they
pertain to CSSR. Ask participants to close their
workbooks for the time being.

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Incident Command System Give a brief explanation

of ICS and refer to local
structures within the
Definition: A flexible system for managing people and resources. national system,
among them the
...................................................................................................................................................................................... Emergency Operations
Centre (OEC)
The Incident Command System (ICS) provides a clear management
framework for all types of small and large-scale incidents, such as PPT 2-3, FC 2-1
multiple-casualty, multi-jurisdictional and multi-agency disasters, and Briefly explain the
wide-area search and rescue operations. organisational model in
TR 2-5, but do not go
The organisation of the ICS is built around five major management into details with regard
activities: command, operations, logistics, planning, and finance. to ICS, as it is beyond
the scope of this
course. Its purpose is
These five elements are the foundation upon which the ICS organisation
to provide background
develops. They apply whether handling a routine emergency, organising a knowledge for
major event, or managing a major response to a disaster. The most operations. Explain the
commonly used elements are the Incident Commander and Operations ICS in the Philippines.
Section.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

Incident
Commander

Information Officer
Safety Officer
Liaison Officer

Finance/
Operations Planning Logistics
Administration
Section Section Section
Section

Figure 1. Simplified ICS organisational chart.

It is beyond the scope of this course to teach the Incident Command

System; however, it is important to give you basic information about your
potential role in any such incident.

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1.1 Incident Commander

Describe description
The Incident Commander (IC) is the person in charge at the incident and responsibilities.
who must be fully qualified to manage the incident. As incidents
grow in size or become increasingly complex, a more highly
qualified IC may be assigned by the responsible jurisdiction or
agency.

The sole function of the IC is to manage the incident by assigning

tactical resources and overseeing operations, delegating authority to
others as required. The IC should not become involved in hands-on
activities.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

1.2 Incident Command Post Explain that the

Command Post is
The Incident Command Post (ICP) is the location from which the IC surrounded by upper-
oversees all incident operations. There is only one ICP for each incident level command
or event. Every incident or event must have some form of an Incident positions and various
lines of support.
Command Post. The various section chiefs and Incident Commander’s
support staff will work out of the ICP.

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

2. Definition PPT 2-4

Ask a participant to
read definition of
Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue CSSR from the TR.

According to the U.S.

National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA 1670) Ask for examples of
CSSR is an operation to CSSR to verify
everyone understands
conduct safe and effective the concept.
search and rescue
operations at collapsed
structure incidents involving
the collapse or failure of
reinforced and unreinforced
masonry, concrete, tilt-up and heavy timber construction.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

3. The CSSR Squad PPT 2-5

An active component of an emergency response system whose purpose is to Ask participants to

search for, locate, gain access to, stabilise and extricate trapped victims from a explain the various
collapsed structure. elements of the
purpose of a CSSR
......................................................................................................................................................................................
squad.

......................................................................................................................................................................................
Explain that the
minimum number of
members of a CSSR
In accordance with NFPA guidelines (for safety reasons in a hazardous squad is six, requiring
environment), the CSSR squad should have a maximum of six members, at least two CSSR
organised as shown in the following figure: squads to work and
rest on rotations in
order to maximise
productivity throughout
an operation.

PPT 2-6

Discuss elements of
squad components.

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Incident
Commander

Information Officer
Safety Officer
Liaison Officer

Finance/
Operations Planning Logistics
Administration
Section Section Section
Section

CSSR Squad

Squad
Leader

Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue

Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist (L)

(L)–Squad members rotate positions as Logistics Person.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Following is a brief overview of the functions assigned to the members of a Explain the functions
CSSR squad. of a squad leader.

Squad Leader

1. Communicate with the Command Post (CP) or Emergency

Operations Centre (EOC).
.......................................................................................................................................................................

2. Receive work instructions.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

3. Assign tasks to the rescuers.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

4. Decide which tools should be used to perform specific tasks.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

5. Monitor work rotations.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

6. Update the CP on progress and completed tasks.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

7. Safety officer for the squad.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

8. Maintain a log of all events, actions, and expenditures.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Rescuers Explain the function

of the Rescue
1. Carry out work instructions from the Squad Leader. Specialists
(Rescuers)
.......................................................................................................................................................................

2. Use the tools, equipment and accessories correctly and safely.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

3. Update the Squad Leader on task progress. Allow time for

questions or
....................................................................................................................................................................... comments.
4. Request from the Squad Leader the resources necessary to
complete the task.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Explain the functions

The logistics position is a rotating position within the squad. He/she is of the logistics
responsible for the tools, equipment and accessories, and other resources; position.
squad members will take turns assuming this responsibility.

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
(show the picture
It is standard procedure to work in pairs. The second rescuer stands illustrating the
behind the first, providing physical support and monitoring safety. buddy-buddy
Working in pairs also provides the opportunity for rotations and rest. system)

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Span of Control

A manageable span of control is defined as the number of individuals

one supervisor can manage effectively. In the Incident Command
System (ICS), the span of control for any supervisor falls within a
range of three to seven resources, with five being the optimum. If
those numbers increase or decrease, the Incident Commander should re-
examine the organisational structure.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Phases of a CSSR Operation FC 2-2

Describe the
phases, stages and
steps of a CSSR
operation-using
diagram.

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Phase I: Preparation (ongoing, before disaster) Make sure

participants fill in
blank spaces in their
 Selection of team members workbooks.
.............................................................................................................................................................

 Training of team members

.............................................................................................................................................................

 Personal protective equipment (PPE)

.............................................................................................................................................................

 Tools and equipment. Very important to maintain in

proper working condition and ready for mobilisation to
work site.
.............................................................................................................................................................

 Make general transportation arrangements.

.............................................................................................................................................................

Phase II: Activation and Mobilization (request to respond)

 Request transportation.
.............................................................................................................................................................

 Pack and load equipment.

.............................................................................................................................................................

 Notify team members.

.............................................................................................................................................................

 Obtain information on disaster. This includes

information such as type, location and topography,
magnitude/area, number of people affected, number of
buildings affected, weather, access routes
.............................................................................................................................................................

 Brief team members on current situation.

.............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Phase III: Operations Review definition of

Operations Phase.
The Operations Phase relates directly to search and rescue work,
and is divided into six stages. The second stage, or Initial
Assessment, consists of five steps. Discuss stages of
Operations Phase.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................... PPT 2-7

Stage 1: Securing the Scene

A procedure is carried out to ensure safety and protection to

the fullest extent possible for the rescuers, bystanders and
victims (hazard mitigation).
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Stage 2: Initial Assessment

This stage consists of a systematic and ordered procedure for

analysing conditions during a CSSR operation. The purpose is
to ensure safety and protection to the fullest extent possible
for the rescuers, bystanders and victims (hazard mitigation).
It begins with the operations phase and continues until the
rescue operation is complete.
....................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................

The initial assessment consists of the following five steps:

Step 1. Compile Information

Once at the scene, consult local authorities,

gather data and conduct a needs analysis.
Confirm and update all information obtained in
the activation phase.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Step 2. Establish Command Post.

Step 3. Establish operational objectives, such as:

– general access to the disaster site
– strategic planning and priorities
– allocating resources and personnel managing
operations begun by neighbours or other
organisations

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Step 4. Assign tasks to rescue squads. Discuss remaining

stages.
Step 5. Reassess the situation and make necessary
adjustments.
.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

Stage 3: Search and Locate

FC 2-3
Conduct a search using a specific set of techniques to obtain a
response or indications of the presence of live victims in a
void space inside a collapsed structure.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Stage 4: Gain Access to the victim

Remove rubble, break and breach materials and create a

passageway to access the void space where a live victim is
believed to be located.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Stage 5: Stabilise the patient

Perform basic life support on-site before extricating the

patient in order to improve later chances of survival. You
will hand off the patient to more advanced medical care after
extrication.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Stage 6: Extricate the patient

Remove rubble surrounding the patient, ensuring no further

injury. Shore loads as needed. Ensure no additional pressure
is applied to any trapped portions of the body.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Phase IV: Deactivation and Demobilisation Review all items.

Make sure
 Confirm no other operations are needed. participants fill in
blank spaces in their
.............................................................................................................................................................
workbooks.

 Account for all tools and equipment. Prepare tools and

equipment and pack them for transportation.
.............................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................

 Confirm that personnel have all their personal items.

.............................................................................................................................................................

 Arrange for transportation.

.............................................................................................................................................................

Phase V: Post-Operational Activities

 Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM)
.............................................................................................................................................................

 Medical physical examinations for rescue personnel.

.............................................................................................................................................................

 Equipment rehabilitation.
.............................................................................................................................................................

 Operational debriefing with rescue team.

.............................................................................................................................................................

 After-Action Report for institutional management.

.............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Scope of Operation PPT 2-8

Stress the
In a large-scale emergency such as an earthquake, the area of impact will importance of
usually be over a wide area, possibly covering many cities. As a result, the identifying the
incident will be managed by different groups at various levels, depending on various regions
their type of responsibility. affected to different
degrees by a
destructive event.
Incident Command
will establish them
and this will
Affected region: refers to the
overall area of impact, such as the
determine scope of
country or cities affected. work for the CSSR
squad.

Affected region Review definitions

City or area: refers to a for affected region,
smaller section of the affected city/area, scene and
region, such as a city or area
with many collapsed buildings. work site.

To clarify the
Scene differences, explain
City or area that there can be
two or more scenes
in an affected
region, two or more
work sites at a
scene, etc.
Scene:refers to one
particular building or
collapsed structure.

Work Site

Specific work site:

a specific area within the
building or collapsed
structure where a rescue
squad is assigned to work.

The work site is the scope of operation for a CSSR squad. As a member
of a CSSR squad, you will be concerned only with performing rescue work
on a specific site. Coordination on a larger scale will be taken care of by
personnel at a different level of administration.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

▪▪▪▪▪

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW

Lesson objectives
and other main
points. Ensure that
lesson objectives
have been met.
EVALUATION

Remind participants
to study for Post-
Test.
CLOSING
Thank class for their
participation and
announce the
coming lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation LP 2-13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 2 ▪ Post-Test (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation
1. Define a collapsed structure search and rescue operation.

Conducting safe and effective search and rescue operations at collapsed

structure incidents involving the collapse or failure of reinforced and un-
reinforced masonry, concrete, tilt-up and heavy timber.
2. Complete the structure of a CSSR squad and positions within it.

Squad Leader

Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue

Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist (L)

3. List the five phases of a CSSR operation.

9. Preparation

10. Activation and mobilisation

11. Operations

12. Deactivation and demobilisation

13. Post-operational activities

4. List three stages of the Operations Phase.

1. Securing the scene

2. Initial assessment

3. Search and locate

5. List three steps of the initial assessment.

1. Compile information

2. Command post

3. Operational objectives

PH Rev. November 2008 Organizing and Starting a CSSR Operation PT Inst 2-14
Lesson 2: Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 2 Lesson 2
Objectives Objectives (cont.)
5. List the six stages of the Operations phase.
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Define the Incident Command System and its 6. List the five steps of the initial assessment.
components.
2. Define a collapsed structure search and rescue 7. Describe how a CSSR squad fits into the
operation. Incident Command System.
3. Describe the structure of a CSSR squad and
8. Name the four levels in the scope of
the positions within it
operations as they pertain to CSSR.
4. List five phases of a CSSR operation.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Incident Command System Collapsed Structure Search

and Rescue
A flexible system According to the National Fire Protection
for managing
Association (NFPA 1670) CSSR is an
people and Incident
resources. Commander operation to conduct safe and effective search
Information Officer
and rescue operations at collapsed structure
Safety Officer incidents involving the collapse or failure of
Liaison Officer
reinforced and unreinforced masonry,
Finance/
Operations Planning Logistics
Section Section Section
Administration concrete, tilt-up and heavy timber
Section
construction.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

CSSR Squad CSSR Squad Organisation

An active component of an Squad
emergency response system whose Leader
purpose is
i to
t search h for,
f locate,
l t gain
i
access to, stabilise and extricate Rescue
Specialist
Rescue
Specialist
Rescue
Specialist
Rescue
Specialist
Rescue
Specialist (L)

trapped victims from a collapsed

structure. (L) – Squad members rotate positions as Logistics
Person

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-6

1
Lesson 2: Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

“Buddy System” Affected region: refers to the

Scope of
Operation
overall area of impact, such as the
country or cities affected.

Affected region
City or area: refers to a
smaller section of the affected
region, such as a city or area
with many collapsed buildings.

Scene
City or area

Scene:refers to one
particular building or
collapsed structure.

Work Site

Specific work site:

a specific area within the
building or collapsed
structure where a rescue
squad is assigned to work.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organising and Starting a CSSR Operation PPT 2-8

2
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Incident Command Operation Phases

System
Incident
Commander 1. Preparation Stages
3.1 Safety and security
Information Officer
Safety Officer
St
Steps
3.2 Initial Assessment
Liaison Officer 2. Activation and
Mobilisation 3.2.1 Compile information
Finance/
Operations Planning Logistics
Administration
Section Section Section 3.2.2 Command Post
Section

3.2.3 Operational objectives

3. OPERATIONS 3.2.4 Assign tasks

3.2.5 Reassess and adjust

3.3 Search and locate

4. Deactivation
andd 3.4 Gain access to patient
Squad Leader Demobilisation
3.5 Stabilise the patient

3.6 Extricate the patient

5. Post-
Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Operational
Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist Activities

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organizing and Starting a CSSR Operation FC 2-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organizing and Starting a CSSR Operation FC 2-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

CSSR Response
7 days Survival Rate (%)
Buried Highly
(trapped specialised
creased training/
more equipment

beneath and equipped

structural teams
elements)
5%
Inc
m

2 days
Estimated Time Elapsed

CSSR
Team
scope of
Trapped First
in void 15% response
action

8 hours spaces teams

Trapped, Community
beneath 30% response
non-structural groups
elements
4 hours

50%
Improvised rescues
Injured victims, by neighbors and
not trapped passers-by near the
collapse site

Victim Status Type of Response

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Organizing and Starting a CSSR Operation FC 2-3

1
 CSSR Course
Lesson 3 – Overview
Construction Materials, Structures
and Damage Types

Duration Lecture: 1 hour and 30 minutes

Main points • Definition of construction materials

• Classification of constructions materials
• Basic characteristics of concrete, steel, wood
• Construction methods
• Structural types
• Characteristics of a structure
• Structural damage types
• Types of collapse

• Thoroughly study reference material (RM-03)

Suggested • Based on the Lesson Objectives, highlight the reference material on related
preparation subjects.
• Fill in the blanks in a participant’s manual to guide you in helping participants with
needed information.
• Read and complete the written test so that you will be able to review and discuss it
with the participants the following day.

Evaluation
• Written test on the next day
system
• Power point (25)
Materials and • Brick
• Flip chart (1)
• Piece of thin wood (toothpick)
resources • Projector
• Magic markers (various colours)
• Screen
needed • Flip chart paper and board
• Post-Test
• Plastic/Rubber bands

Importance of • To inform the participant about the many different building materials and how those
this lesson materials are affected by outside forces

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types Overview
LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Construction Materials,
3 Structures and Damage Types

Instructor Activity

PPT 3-1, PPT 3-2, PPT 3-3

Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: assistant.

Present the lesson topic, explain

1. Define construction materials and classify them by their the relevance of the lesson to the
composition types and uses. course, state the duration, and
describe scheduled activities and
2. List and describe three forces that can affect construction method of evaluation.
materials
This lesson is important because
3. List three properties of each material: concrete, steel and identifying the construction
materials and structure type
wood. allows the rescuer to anticipate
the type of collapse (pancake, V,
4. Describe two methods of construction. lean-to, or cantilever). Also, this
lesson will assist in identifying
5. List four types of structures. material-specific tools. Identifying
damage types assists the rescuer
6. List at least three characteristics of a building in each of in determining the stability and
hazards of the structure.
the following four categories:
• General Present lesson objectives. Ask a
• Architecture participant to read them aloud
• Structural elements from the workbook. Ensure that
the objectives are clear to all
• Non-structural elements participants.

7. List and describe two types of damage in a structure and Ask the participants to contribute
their potential resulting failures. from their experiences related to
the lesson topic. Stress the
8. Name and describe the four basic collapse patterns. importance of knowing
construction materials, how they
respond to various forces and
what types of damage can be
expected.

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-1
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Construction Materials Read and discuss

definition.
FC 3-1
Natural materials processed by man and used in the construction
of buildings, which consist of structural and non-structural elements.
PPT 3-4
1.1 Classification by Composition
Discuss the various classi-
a. Stone: Marble, granite, slate. fications by composition.

............................................................................................................................................................ Promote discussion among

participants to allow them
b. Organic materials: Wood, plywood, paper, particleboard to generate results.

............................................................................................................................................................

c. Metal: iron, steel, aluminium.

............................................................................................................................................................

d. Conglomerates: concrete, plaster, adobe, clay

............................................................................................................................................................

e. Ceramics: tiles
............................................................................................................................................................

f. Glass: windows, glass block

............................................................................................................................................................

g. Plastics: polyurethane, polyethylene, thermosetting adhesive

............................................................................................................................................................

PPT 3-5
1.2 Classification by Use in the Structure
Discuss the various classi-
Structural/load-bearing elements fications by use.

Decorative elements and façades or veneers

Non-structural walls and partitions Discuss construction

materials in the typical
structure shown.
Covering elements (roofing)

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-2
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

2. Forces Acting on Construction Materials PPT 3-6

2.1 Tension
Illustrate the concept of
Forces that act to elongate or stretch a material. tension using a rubber
band or similar item (stretch
it and allow it to return to its
Examples: ....................................................................................................................................... original position).

Ask for examples from the

class.

Tension

2.2 Compression

Forces that act to crush or compress a material.

PPT 3-7
Examples: ....................................................................................................
Illustrate the concept of
................................................................................................................................ compression by pushing
down on the desk with your
................................................................................................................................ hands.
Compression

Ask for examples from the

class.
2.3 Shear

Forces acting in opposite, parallel directions and on different planes so PPT 3-8
that they cut or break a material.
Illustrate the concept of
shear by breaking a thin
piece of wood, a pencil or
toothpick.
Examples: .......................................................................................................................................
Ask for examples from the
..................................................................................................................................................................
class.

Apply the above three

concepts to the strength
and weakness of
construction materials that
rescuers will have to deal
with when gaining access
to victims.

Shear

The forces of tension, compression and shear, and combinations of these, are
those that affect materials and structures, with the potential to cause damage.

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-3
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 3-9
3. Properties of Construction Materials Ask participants to close
their workbooks.
3.1 Concrete

A construction material consisting of a mix of cement, rock, sand and/or

other inert materials, water and a small amount of air.

Drawing from the

Characteristics experience of the
• Resistant to fire and compression participants, ask them to
• Weak under tension and shear describe the properties of
concrete, steel and wood.
• Continues to harden with time
• Very heavy: one cubic meter (m3) weighs almost 3,000 kg Once the discussion is
complete, ask them to open
their workbooks and
complete the blank spaces.

Display a piece of concrete

to illustrate and discuss its
properties. Make emphasis
on the enormous weight of
concrete.

• Concrete cures by hydration, meaning that it needs water to

harden. Once dry, concrete always develops cracks, which
do not necessarily represent a failure. Concrete is strong in
compression but weak in tension, which is why steel rebar is
a necessary component of concrete beams, columns and
floors.

• To appreciate the significance of concrete in construction and

rescue operations, you must know how much it weighs:
approximately 2,400–3,000 kg/m3. On a smaller scale, a
piece of concrete measuring 15 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm weighs
approximately 32-40 kg.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-4
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3.2 Steel
Discuss properties in more
Characteristics detail.
• Can be bent without breaking (malleable)
• Easily conducts heat, sound and electricity Ask participants to
complete the blank spaces.
• Resistant to fire, tension and compression. It starts to lose
strength above 700 degree Fahrenheit.

3.3 Wood Discuss properties in more

detail.

Characteristics
Ask participants to
• Easy to cut complete the blank spaces.
• Light
• Not fire-resistant
• Good insulator (will not transmit electricity)
• Provides warning — creaks before breaking

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-5
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 3-10

4. Methods of Construction Read workbook text and

discuss how it relates to the
probable location of voids.
The type of construction will give some indication of the way a building
will collapse. Experience has shown that there are patterns in the way Ask participants for
structures collapse. Therefore, this knowledge is useful in determining examples of both types of
the probable location of voids and spaces where victims may be construction.
trapped, and in selecting the methods to employ in extricating them.
Buildings can be divided into two main categories: framed and
unframed.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

4.1 Unframed Structures Discuss description.

Make sure participants are

Unframed structures are those in which the weight of the floors and filling in blank spaces in
roof are supported by the bearing walls. their workbooks.

Allow time for questions

Examples of this type of structures are brick and joist (support pillar and comments.
for ceiling or floor) buildings and wood apartment buildings. As a
general rule, these do not exceed seven stories in height. Rescue
operations in unframed structure collapses are usually difficult,
lengthy and dangerous. To the uninitiated, an extensive collapse gives
the impression that the occupants have little chance of survival.
Fortunately, rescues can be made because of the formation of voids
created by structural members, strong objects such as machinery and
heavy furniture, or a combination of these.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-6
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Discuss description.
4.2 Framed Structures
Make sure participants are
filling in blank spaces in
Framed structures are erected by constructing a structural steel or their workbooks.
reinforced concrete skeleton made of horizontal beams and vertical
columns. Allow time for questions
and comments.
The floors and/or roof are not dependent on the walls for support.
Collapse can be more localized, but older concrete structures can
suffer a pancake failure, and some steel structures with poor joints
have overturned. The rescue teams face the same problem and seek out
voids created by the collapse, as in unframed structures. Many
buildings have elements of both unframed and framed structures. Most
buildings have non-bearing walls. A common structure is one with
exterior bearing walls with an interior framed system. A few examples
would be tilt-up concrete walls with a wood roof and floors, and older
brick or concrete wall warehouses with wood or concrete floors.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-7
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5. Structural Types PPT 3-11

Based on experience with earthquakes and collapses, building types can be Make sure participants fill in
also divided into four separate groups, with each exhibiting a distinctive the blank spaces in their
workbooks as you go
collapse pattern. These groups are: along.

5.1 Light Frame PPT 3-12

• Residential homes and apartments of up to four stories, and Discuss important

characteristics of light
constructed mainly of wood. The principal weakness is the frame construction and
lateral strength of the walls and the connections. problems commonly
encountered.

Make sure participants fill in

the blank spaces in their
workbooks as you go
along.

• Rescuers operating in a light-frame building collapse should

check for stability problems by looking for badly cracked or
leaning walls, and offset of the structure from the foundation,
or a leaning first story in multi-floor dwellings.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-8
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.2 Heavy Wall (URM) Unreinforced Masonry

PPT 3-13
These buildings are one to six stories in height, and may be
residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional. They have heavy Discuss important
characteristics of heavy
masonry walls and wooden floors. When operating in an wall (URM) construction
unreinforced masonry building make sure to check for loose and and problems commonly
broken parapet walls and ornamental masonry, broken connections encountered.
between walls and floors, cracked wall corners, and unsupported and
partially collapsed floors.

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-9
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 3-14
5.3 Heavy Floor
Discuss important
Structures in this category can be residential, commercial, or characteristics of heavy
industrial (concrete highway bridges). They have concrete frames floor construction and
problems commonly
and may be up to 12 stories tall. encountered.

Rescuers should evaluate the stability of the structure by checking:

• The confinement of the concrete within the reinforcement of

the columns

• Cracking of columns at each floor line

• Diagonal sheer cracking in major beams adjacent to supporting

columns

• Cracks in sheer walls

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-10
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.4 Pre-Cast Concrete

Buildings with fairly heavy floors and some heavy walls. Pre-cast
structures may be commercial or residential and also include pre-cast PPT 3-15
parking facilities. These structures generally are one to twelve stories Discuss important
in height. Principal weakness is in interconnection of parts: slabs to characteristics of pre-cast
walls/beams; beams to columns; walls to slabs, etc. Rescuers concrete construction and
operating at a pre-cast building collapse should check for badly problems commonly
encountered.
cracked walls, beam-to-column connections for broken welds and
cracked corbels, column cracking at the top and the bottom of joints, Highlight the importance of
and wall panel connections and shear wall connections at floor areas. obtaining this information
when arriving at a scene.

Point out that in the lesson

on Search and Location
Techniques the participants
will be using a data
collection form with which
they will be gathering this
type of structural
information.

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

6. Characteristics of a Structure
PPT 3-16
After seismic activity or other force causes structural and non-structural
damage, it is important to relate the characteristics of the structure to the
damage it has suffered.

6.1 General
• General characteristics of a structure include the following
elements:
 Occupancy type
..................................................................................................................................................

 Modifications to the original structure/plans (if applicable)

..................................................................................................................................................

 Location of utilities
..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-11
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
 Contents Review general
characteristics.
..................................................................................................................................................

 Number of occupants
..................................................................................................................................................

Review architectural
6.2 Architecture characteristics.

• Architectural characteristics of a structure include the Make sure participants are

following elements: filling in the blank spaces.

 Shape of building and foundation

..................................................................................................................................................

 Height and number of floors

..................................................................................................................................................

 Number of basement levels

..................................................................................................................................................

 Major cantilevers
..................................................................................................................................................

 Location of chases (stairwells, elevator shafts and service

chutes)
..................................................................................................................................................

 Primary materials used

..................................................................................................................................................

Review structural elements.

6.3 Structural Elements
• The structural or load-bearing elements of a structure include
the following:

 Columns
..................................................................................................................................................

 Beams, girders, trusses, joists, rafters, purlins, studs

..................................................................................................................................................

 Floor slabs, roof

..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-12
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

 Load-bearing walls
..................................................................................................................................................

 Foundations
..................................................................................................................................................

6.4 Non-structural Elements End this section by

reviewing and stressing the
difference between
• Non-load-bearing walls, partitions, in-fill structural and non-
structural elements. This
............................................................................................................................................................ will be relevant to the
upcoming discussion on
• Windows, doors and other openings (fenestrations) damages types.

............................................................................................................................................................

• Façades, veneers, parapets, and other

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-13
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

7. Damage Types and Potential Hazards

Damage to buildings can be categorized as structural and non-structural.
Structural damage affects the structural elements of a building, and
likewise, non-structural damage affects the non-structural elements of a
building. However, both types of damage are capable of causing injury,
death, contamination and other hazards.

7.1 Structural Damage PPT 3-17

Discuss differences
• Total structural collapse between structural and
non-structural damage.
............................................................................................................................................................
Ask participants to relate
• Leaning floors, roofs and walls what they have learned
about structural and non-
............................................................................................................................................................ structural elements to the
two damage types.
• Collapsed floors and roofs
PPT 3-18
............................................................................................................................................................
Point out structural and
non-structural damage in
• Collapsed columns in one or more floors image.

............................................................................................................................................................ PPT 3-19

• Substantial, permanent lateral shift in the structure

............................................................................................................................................................

• Cracks in columns, floor slabs and/or bearing walls

............................................................................................................................................................

• Cracked foundation
............................................................................................................................................................

• Cracked elevator shaft

............................................................................................................................................................

7.2 Non-Structural Damage PPT 3-20

• Generalized cracking
............................................................................................................................................................

• Cracked or fallen exterior façades and veneers

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-14
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

• Fallen staircases

............................................................................................................................................................

• Shift in the elevator shaft

............................................................................................................................................................

• Damaged utilities
............................................................................................................................................................

• Building signs and balconies

............................................................................................................................................................

7.3 Types of Hazards Discuss various types of

hazards.
In damaged, partially and fully collapsed structures, we can identify
three types of hazards:

• Falling: Part of the structure or its contents are in danger of

falling.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Collapse: The volume of enclosed space made by the

structure will be reduced, as stability is lost.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Other: Electricity, water, fuels, toxic gases (carbon

monoxide), hazardous materials (asbestos), biohazards
(industrial, medical), etc.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-15
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

8. Basic Collapse Patterns PPT 3-21

Ask participants to indicate
8.1 Cantilever what types of damage
might be expected in each
type of collapse.
Results from a wall collapse which allows a floor or roof assembly to
drop partially, but to remain suspended above the floor or base
below on the side where the wall failed. The opposite end of the floor
assembly remains attached to the wall and at its original connection
point. This type of collapse is extremely unstable and dangerous.

Cantilever

8.2 Lean-to PPT 3-22

Ask what types of damage

Found where a wall failure causes a floor or roof section to fall might be expected.
completely on one side, while the other end remains supported. This
collapse usually results in a triangular void. Remember that the
remaining supported end of the fallen section may be precariously
supported.

Lean-to

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-16
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

8.3 Pancake PPT 3-23

Ask what types of damage
Refer to multi-floor collapses where several floor slabs completely fail might be expected.
and stack up on top of each other. The resulting voids are limited in
space and are difficult to access, especially in concrete structures.

Pancake

PPT 3-24
8.4 V-Shape
Ask what types of damage
This collapse will be created when a floor assembly collapses in the might be expected.
middle due to failure of centre supports or overload of the floor. The
result is two identifiable voids which are created on each side of the
broken floor assembly.

V-Shape

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-17
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Identify the Failure Types PPT 3-25

Ask participants to study

the diagram and identify the
various failures and
damage types. Allow them
5-10 minutes to complete
the exercise.

Have a class discussion on

the exercise.

Identify the failure types above and whether they are structural or
non-structural:

A. Cracked floor at column (Structural)

B. Concrete floor or wall piece hanging by rebar (Structural)

C. Broken gas and water lines (Non-Structural)

D. Badly cracked concrete walls (Structural)

E. Concrete missing from inside rebar cage (empty basket)

(Structural)

F. Badly cracked in-fill walls of un-reinforced masonry

(Non-Structural)

G. Loose signs or wall panels and ornaments may fall

(Non-Structural)

H. Loose H.V.A.C. equipment and/or water tank

(Non-Structural)

I. Broken electrical lines (Non-Structural)

▪▪▪▪▪

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-18
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW

Lesson objectives and

other main points. Ensure
that lesson objectives have
been met.

EVALUATION

Remind participants to
study the RM in preparation
for Post-Test.

Ask participants to
complete Lesson
Evaluation Form.

CLOSING
Thank class for their
participation and announce
the next lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types LP 3-19
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Post-Test ƒ Lesson 3 (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types

Match the following construction materials (Column A) with their classification by

composition (Column B). Write the corresponding numbers in the spaces.

Column A Column B

1. Aluminium 2 Ceramics

2. Tiles 3 Organic

3. Wood 5 Conglomerates

4. Marble 1 Metals

5. Cement 4 Stone

Identify the each type of force in the three diagrams below and describe its effect on
construction materials.

Force: Compression

Effect: Acts to crush or compress a material

Force: Sheer

Effect: Forces acting in opposite, parallel

directions and on different planes such
that they cut or break a material

Force: Tension

Effect: Forces that act to elongate or stretch a

material

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PT Inst 3–20
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

List three characteristics for each of the following three materials:

1. Resistant to fire and compression

Concrete 2. Weak under tension and shear

3. Continues to harden with time

1. Malleable (bendable, flexible)

Steel 2. Resistant to fire and compression

3. Conducts heat, sound and electricity

1. Light

Wood 2. Not fire-resistant

3. Provides warning before breaking

Identify the method of construction of the damaged building pictured below:

9 Framed

___ Unframed

List the four basic types of structures.

Light frame

Heavy wall (unreinforced masonry)

Heavy floor

Pre-cast concrete
List two structural elements and two non-structural elements of a building:

Structural: Beam; column

Non-Structural: Wall; window

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PT Inst 3–21
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Draw arrows and label the types of damage you note in the following two paragraphs.
Classify them as structural (S) and non-structural (NS).

(S)

(S)
(S)

(NS)

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PT Inst 3–22
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Name and briefly describe the four basic collapse patterns.

CANTILEVER – Results from a wall collapse which allows a floor or roof

assembly to drop partially, but to remain suspended above the floor or base
below on the side where the wall failed

LEAN-TO – Where a wall failure causes a floor or roof section to fail

completely on one side, while the other end remains supported

PANCAKE – Multi-floor collapses where several floor slabs completely fail and
stack up on top of each other

V-SHAPE – Created when a floor assembly collapses in the middle due to

failure of centre supports or overload of the floor

PH Rev. November 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PT Inst 3–23
Lesson 3: Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 3 Lesson 3
Objectives Objectives (cont.)
1. Define construction materials and 5. List four types of structures.
classify them by their composition
types and uses. 6. List at least three characteristics of a
building in each of the following four
2. List and describe three forces that can categories: general, architecture,
affect construction materials.
structural elements, non-structural
3. List three properties of each material: elements.
concrete, steel and wood.
4. Describe two methods of construction.
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 3
Objectives (cont.)
Construction Materials

7. List and describe two types of damage Classified by composition

in a structure and their potential
„ Stone „ Conglomerates
resultingg failures.
„ Organic materials „ Ceramics
8. Name and describe the four basic Metal
„ „ Glass
collapse patterns.
„ Plastics

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Construction Materials
Tension
Classified by Use

• Structural/load-bearing elements
• Decorative elements
• Non-structural walls and partitions
• Covering elements (roofing)

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-6

1
Lesson 3: Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Shear

Compression
p

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Properties of Methods of Construction

Construction Materials
„ UNFRAMED STRUCTURES:
those in which the weight of the floors and
• Concrete roof are supported
pp by
y the bearing g walls.

• Steel „ FRAMED STRUCTURES:

• Wood consist of a structural steel or reinforced
concrete skeleton made of horizontal beams
and vertical columns.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-9 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-10

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Structural Types Light Frame Structure

„ Light frame
„ H
Heavy wall
ll
„ Heavy floor
„ Pre-cast concrete

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-11 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-12

2
Lesson 3: Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Heavy Wall Structure Heavy Floor Structure

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-13 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-14

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Pre-Cast Concrete
Characteristics of a
Structure
Structure

„ General
„ Architecture
„ Structural elements
„ Non-structural elements

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-15 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-16

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Structural Elements
Damage Types Beam

Cantilever
Damage to a building can be classified as two
types:

„ STRUCTURAL: affecting structural (load-

bearing) elements
„ NON-STRUCTURAL: affecting non-
structural and decorative elements
Foundation

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-17 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-18

3
Lesson 3: Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Non- Structural Elements

Colombia earthquake: structural and non-structural damage

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-19 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-20

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Basic Collapse Patterns Basic Collapse Patterns

Lean-to
Cantilever
Ca t eve

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-21 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-22

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Basic Collapse Patterns Basic Collapse Patterns

V-Shape

Pancake

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-23 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-24

4
Lesson 3: Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Identify Structural Damage

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types PPT 3-25

5
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Construction
Materials

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Construction Materials, Structures and Damage Types FC 3-1

1
 CSSR Course
Lesson 4 –Overview
Structural Triage and the
INSARAG Marking System

Duration Lecture: 1 hour and 45 minutes

• Definition of structural triage

Main points • Basic rules
• Factors to consider
• INSARAG marking system
• Marking system categories

• Thoroughly study reference material (RM-04)

Suggested • Based on the Lesson Objectives, highlight the reference material on related
preparation subjects.
• Fill in the blanks in the participant’s manual to guide you in helping participants with
needed information.
• Read and complete the written test so that you will be able to review and discuss it
with the participants the following day.

Evaluation • Written test the next day

system
• Power point (32)
Materials and • Flip Chart (9)
resources • Projector
• Projector screen
needed • Flipchart paper and board
• Post-Test

Importance of • To familiarize the participants with the different aspects of structural triage and how
this lesson to read the different symbols related to building and victim markings.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System Overview
LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Structural Triage and the

4 INSARAG Marking System

Instructor Activity

Objectives PPT 4-1, PPT 4-2

Introduce yourself and your

Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: assistant.

1. Define structural triage. Present the lesson topic, explain

the relevance of the lesson to the
2. List at least five basic rules for structural triage. course, state the duration, and
describe scheduled activities and
method of evaluation.
3. List at least five factors to consider in structural triage.
This lesson is important because
4. Define the INSARAG marking system. structural triage is a system which
identifies buildings which have a
5. List and describe the five categories of the INSARAG greater probability of having live
marking system. victims. The marking system
provides a clear and uniform
6. Demonstrate in a written exercise the use of the system indicating the building’s
structural status and work done
INSARAG building marking system. by CSSR team, live or dead
victims located, etc.

Present lesson objectives. Ask a

participant to read them aloud
from the workbook.

Ensure that the objectives are

clear to all participants.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–1
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Structural Triage PPT 4-3

Discuss two stages.

A rapid assessment of buildings during a CSSR operation, for selecting
those structures in which there is a greater likelihood of finding, Ask participants to discuss
any cases in the country or
accessing, and rescuing live victims. region where structural
triage may have been used.
Structural triage is conducted in two stages:
Refer to cases such as
1. The overall area that has been most affected is assessed Armenia, Colombia where
structural markings were
not used resulting in
2. Individual buildings are selected problems.

PPT 4-4, PPT 4-5,

2. Basic Rules for Structural Triage PPT 4-6, PPT 4-7

The goal is to maximise the number of live victims rescued while FC 4-1,FC 4-2, FC 4-3
minimizing risk to the victims and rescue squad. Structural triage must be
Discuss importance of
conducted according to the following rules: following basic rules for
structural triage and how
a. It is performed when three or more structures are assigned to a this benefits the rescue
single CSSR squad. team.

............................................................................................................................................................ Ensure participants

understand each of the
............................................................................................................................................................ basic rules.

b. Performed by a team of structure specialists and hazardous

materials specialists.
............................................................................................................................................................

c. For each group of buildings assigned to a CSSR squad, triage

should be completed within two hours. Structural triage should
take no more than 15 minutes per building or structure.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

d. Search and rescue operations can only begin after triage is

completed and priorities are established.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–2
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

e. Once the initial buildings have been prioritised, a detailed Complete the discussion on
assessment can be performed and structures marked during the basic rules and their
correlations.
initial search.
Make sure participants are
............................................................................................................................................................
filling in the blanks in their
workbooks.
............................................................................................................................................................

f. If there are many buildings to inspect, two groups may be

assigned to perform triage.
............................................................................................................................................................

g. Buildings that are found to be too hazardous in which to conduct

rescue operations must be clearly marked with “NO GO” except
when there is a live victim in the building. In that situation, you
need to consider the risk/benefit factor.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

h. A structure may receive a “NO GO” until required resources are

obtained.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

i. Structural triage must be repeated after any significant event

such as an after-shock, heavy equipment usage or victim
removal.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

FC 4-4
FC 4-5
3. Factors in Structural Triage
When performing structural triage, it is necessary to gather as much PPT 4-8, PPT 4-9
information as possible. The following factors must be considered:

• Occupancy type
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Type of structure
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–3
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

• Condition of the structure Complete the discussion on

basic rules and their
............................................................................................................................................................ correlations.
............................................................................................................................................................ Make sure participants are
filling in the blanks in their
• Mechanism of collapse workbooks.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Day, date and time of collapse

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Prior intelligence
............................................................................................................................................................

• Availability of resources
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Location of utility shut-offs

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Possible presence of hazardous materials

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–4
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 4-10
CSSR FC 4-6
Basic Decison-Making Process
Discuss decision-making
flowchart for structural
triage.
Gather information
Clarify that this process is
on structures
carried out mainly by the
CSSR Team Leader.

Allow time for questions

and comments.
Assess potential recovery of
victims vs. risks to CSSR Team

Analyse
resources vs.
rescue needs

Prioritise sites

Begin rescue operations

Figure 1. Simplified structural triage decision-making flowchart.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–5
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4. INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-11

Give a brief description of

The International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) the marking system.
Marking System uses symbols to identify the condition of structures, the
Explain that the former
presence of hazards and the status of victims in a standardised, simple system that was in use
and clear fashion that can be understood by all local, national and included symbols
international rescue personnel. resembling a cross, and
when they were used in
countries of non-Christian
......................................................................................................................................................................................
background they were
criticized. Afterwards, a
......................................................................................................................................................................................
meeting was organized by
INSARAG with urban
These symbols are used to reflect search team findings. search and rescue
specialists from Europe,
...................................................................................................................................................................................... Asia and the Americas,
which eventually led to the
...................................................................................................................................................................................... creation of the system
taught in this course.

The building marking system incorporates the following elements:

• Common identification system: marking.

..................................................................................................................................................................

• Structure assessment: go/no-go, search, rescue, and special

hazards of a particular structure, victim location.
..................................................................................................................................................................

• Results: warning, tracking, and continuity/ease of work transfer

(interoperability).
..................................................................................................................................................................

PPT 4-12

All markings must be

conspicuous, using a
high-contrast, durable,
fluorescent colour.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–6
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5. Marking System Information Categories PPT 4-13

The CSSR marking system can be divided into the following five categories: Discuss symbol information
categories.
• Assigned areas or work sites

• Structure assessment marking

• General hazard marking

• Facilities and vehicle markings

• Team and function markings

5.1 Assigned Areas or Work Sites

Certain markings are used to identify sites individually (e.g., by

address, physical location, unique designs, etc.). If no maps are
available, proceed with one of the following:

a. Sketch a map by hand.

b. Identify and label landmarks.
c. Assign a name to each site using Global Positioning System
(GPS) references.

Establish structure orientation on the map or sketch, including

exterior and interior.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

Location References of a Structure PPT 4-14

Discuss exterior location

It is important to identify locations within and around a single references.
structure. On the exterior of the structure, the address side of the
structure is defined as Side 1. Other sides of the structure shall be
assigned numerically in a clockwise manner from Side 1, as shown
in Figure 2.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–7
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

SIDE 3

Damaged
SIDE 2 SIDE 4
Building

SIDE 1

700-BLOCK ALPHA STREET

Figure 2. Exterior location references of a structure.

The interior of the structure will be divided into quadrants. The PPT 4-15
quadrants are identified alphabetically in a clockwise manner Discuss interior location
starting from where SIDE 1 and SIDE 2 meet. The centre core, references.
where all four quadrants meet, is identified as QUADRANT E (i.e.,
central lobby, etc.), as shown below. Remind participants that
letters and numbers in
diagrams always follow a
clockwise sequence.
Quadrant Quadrant
B C
E
Quadrant Quadrant
A D

700-BLOCK ALPHA STREET

Figure 3. Interior location references within a structure.

Identifying Floors
PPT 4-16

Multi-story structures must have each floor clearly identified. If not Discuss identifying floors in
clearly identifiable, floors should be numbered in relation to ground a building. Stress the
importance of keeping the
level. The grade-level floor is designated as the ground floor. The
same standard among
floors above are numbered as Floor 1, Floor 2, etc. Conversely, the search teams in order to
floors below the ground floor are Basement 1, Basement 2, etc. If promote coordination and
possible, floors should be permanently marked at each landing of organisation.
accessible stairways. Refer to Figure 4.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–8
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Floor 2

Floor 1

Ground Floor

Basement 1

Figure 4. Identifying floors in a structure.

Identifying Columns PPT 4-17

Discuss location of columns

in a building.
D D1 D2 D3 D4
Point out that numbering of
columns is organised from
right to left, and from the
front of the building to the
back.
C C1 C2 C3 C4
This system is very
important for indicating the
location of hazards, victims,
bodies, etc. within the
B B1 B2 B3 B4 structure.

Use examples.

Questions/comments?

A A1 A2 A3 A4

1 2 3 4
Front of Building

Figure 5. Identifying columns in a structure.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–9
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.2 Structure Assessment Marking

Markings are also used to
notate structure and hazards
assessment as well as the
location of victims.
1 m.

It identifies the condition

of the structure and
associated hazards in 1 m.

addition to the location of Figure 6. Place the mark at the primary

access point into the structure.
victims.

The symbol consists of a square figure, 1 metre by 1 metre, at the PPT 4-18
primary access point into any compromised structure (see Figure 6).
Discuss structure
Figure 7 on the next page shows the standard format for structure assessment marking.
assessment marking.

Building marking must include the following information:

• Over the top of the box should appear information regarding

the structure and possible hazards. This should also note
hazards on the outside of building such as overhead hanging
dangers.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• On left side of box will appear number of live victims

removed from the building.
............................................................................................................................................................

• On the right side of the box will appear the number of dead
removed from building.
............................................................................................................................................................

• At the bottom part of the box information on number of

persons that are missing and possible location of victims
within the building is written here.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–10
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

• Information contained inside the box; whether or not it is safe PPT 4-19
to work in the building (“GO or NO-GO”), the name of the
search and rescue squad doing the work in the building, the
time and date that work was started, and the time and date that
the squad left the building.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

BUILDING / HAZARD Explain all information

INFORMATION categories contained in
structure marking as shown
at left.
G/N
(GO or NO GO)

# LIVE # DEAD
TEAM NAME
VICTIMS REMOVED
DATE/TIME OF START
REMOVED
DATE/TIME OF END

# of Persons Unaccounted for (?);

Location of Other Victims

Figure 7. Format for structure assessment marking.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–11
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 4-20
Chem-Gases
Requires Shoring Discuss the figure at left,
clarifying that this is not a
completed building mark
G and shows work is in
progress.

Explain information
contained outside and
PHILIPPINE TEAM inside the square, and what
2 20/11 0730H they mean in the current
state of the marking.

2 dead in elevator

Figure 8. Sample marking box in progress, not complete.

It is important that the squad’s name is clear so if there are any questions
about the building, others will know where to go for this information.

As the situation changes in the building, whether it is the securing of a

hazardous condition or as victims are removed or new ones found, it is
important that the markings on the building reflect this new information. If
a new box is needed to show this new information, make sure that the old
box is clearly encircled so there is no confusion with the new markings.

Note: It is important not to destroy the information in the original marking

box as this initial information is usually the most accurate and would
otherwise be lost.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–12
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 4-21

Chem--Gases Review the general

Requires Shoring--Rats information contained in the
completed marking at left,
and what it all means to
G other rescue teams that
might encounter this
marking.

PHILIPPINE TEAM
2 20/11 0730H
7
20/11 1730H

12?
L-2 D-3 Floor 3, Quad A
2 dead in elevator

Figure 9. Sample marking box showing operation is complete

or when a new information box is made.

Marking Victim Locations

Begin discussion on victim
During the search function, it is necessary to identify the location markings.
of any known or potential victim. The amount and type of debris
in the area may completely cover or obstruct the location of the Discuss the importance of
known or potential victim. identifying the location of
potential victims and the
.................................................................................................................................................................. various markings that are
used to denote whether
.................................................................................................................................................................. they are dead, alive, or
unknown.
The search squad or other individuals conducting search and rescue
operations should make victim location markings every time a
known or potential victim is located and not immediately removed.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–13
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Method: PPT 4-22, PPT 4-23, PPT

4-24
• If there is only the potential presence of a victim(s) place only a
‘V’ at a point closest to the potential victim’s location
(Figure 10).
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• If the presence of a live or dead victim(s) is confirmed, place

an arrow pointing toward the victim(s) location next to the ‘V’
(Figure 11). Confirmation of a victim requires either visual or
audible contact. (See “Canine Alerts” below.)
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• In the event debris would obstruct the placement of the ‘V’ or,
the victim is being accessed from the side rather than the top, a
large ‘V’ with an arrow denoting the number of meters to the
victim should be drawn (Figure 11).
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................ ...

• If the victim(s) are confirmed dead, draw a horizontal line

through the ‘V’ along with an arrow indicating victim’s
location (Figure 12).
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Draw separate V’s to indicate live and dead victims.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

M-7

L-2 D-2
Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12.
Potential victim location. Confirmed live victim. Confirmed dead victims.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–14
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

The numbers L-3 and D-2 under the ‘V’s indicate the number of live
and dead victim(s) at this location. This number will decrease or
increase as known victims are removed, debris is moved and
possibly new victims found.

Figure 13 shows that as victims are removed crossing out the number
located below the ‘V’ is acceptable. It will then be replaced with the
new number of victims.

Explain how numbers can

be crossed out and a new
number written as victims
and/or bodies are
recovered.

D-21
Figure 13. Update of victim count.

Completion of Victim Extrication PPT 4-25, PPT 4-26

Explain circle meaning

To indicate that all victims, alive or dead, have been removed, draw victim or body removed and
a circle around the ‘V’ markings. operation is complete.

Remind participants to fill in

the blanks in their
workbooks. At the end of
the lesson they will be
completing an exercise on
the marking system.
M-7
L-3 D-2

Figure 14. Extricated live victims. Figure 15. Extricated dead victims.

Canine Alerts: All search dogs must be certified search canines

(K-9). A single canine alert requires a ‘V’ marking only (no arrow) to
indicate the location of a potential victim. If a second canine alerts at
the same location, draw an arrow next to the ‘V’.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–15
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.3 General Hazard Marking PPT 4-27

Discuss use single strand

General cordon markings (cordon banners, flagging, etc.) should be
of tape cordoning for
used for a small, defined area. The area can be expanded to include general hazards.
other non-buildings (such as bridges, danger zones, nuclear-
biological-chemical [NBC], security, etc.). Large areas may require Discuss how it will be used
barricades/fences/patrol, etc. An operational work zone requires a during the course and in
real-life situations.
single strand of tape around the perimeter; a collapse or hazard
zone requires two strands crossed like an ‘X’.

Figure 16. Operational work zone.

PPT 4-28

Explain the use of crossed

tape for a collapse or
hazard zone.
Discuss how it will be used
during the course and in
real-life situations.

Figure 17. Collapse / hazard zone.

5.4 Facilities and Vehicle Markings Review basic markings.

Facilities: Iconic flags, banners, balloons, or other must be used to

identify the team, team medical facility, the Command Post, etc.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

Figure 18. Sample vehicle markings.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–16
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Vehicles: Vehicles must be marked with team name and function

by a flag, magnetic sign, etc.
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

5.5 Team and Function Markings

Discuss how personnel
should wear the proper
The following information must be clearly displayed on all labels and uniforms for
emergency personnel: proper identification.

• Response team identity (country and team name) by Discuss team and function
uniform, patch, etc. markings, colour-coding for
identifying CSSR teams.
• Personnel positions must be colour-coded and labelled in FC 4-7, FC 4-8, FC 4-9
English plain text (using vests, arm bands, helmets, etc.), as
follows:
 Management position(s): white
 Medical position(s): red cross/crescent
 Safety/security position(s): orange

Figure 19: Sample safety helmet markings.

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–17
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.6. Table Top Exercise Other Marking Symbols

See RM 4-6.
Scenario:
Discuss remaining symbols
Today is October 7 and is 7PM. Your team, Phil Res-Q, begin search and use examples of each.
and rescue operations. You received information from OSOCC that Spend enough time on
there are 12 missing persons in your assigned working site. each one so that they are
clearly understood.
Your squad is able to rescue 5 live victims and 7 dead victims. You
Facilitate table top
concluded your operation on October 8 at 8:15 AM.
exercise. Ask participants
to answer the exercise
Answer: individually.

PPT 4-29, PPT 4-30, PPT

4-31, PPT 4-32
G
REVIEW
PHIL RES-Q
5 07/10 1900H
7 Lesson objectives and
08/10 0815H
other main points.

12? Ensure that lesson

objectives have been met.

EVALUATION

Instruction: Ask participants to identify the error/s in the markings Remind participants to
illustrated below. study the RM in preparation
for Post-Test.

Ask participants to
complete Lesson
Chem--gas
Evaluation Form.
G
CLOSING
PHIL RES-Q
5 08/10 0815H
7
07/10 1900H Collect Lesson Evaluation
Forms from everyone.
12?

Thank class for their

participation and announce
the next lesson.

Answer:

• Has to mitigate the identified hazard before placing the ‘G (Go)’

mark or place a ‘NG (No-Go)’ mark if not mitigated.

• Wrong time entry

• Do not destroy the original marking by placing an ‘X’

PH Rev. November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System LP 4–18
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Post-Test ƒ Lesson 4 (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System

Define structural triage.

A rapid assessment of buildings during a CSSR operation, for the purpose of selecting
those structures in which there is a greater likelihood of finding, accessing, and rescuing
live victims.

In the following list, mark the items that are considered to be among the basic rules for
structural triage:

(X) Search and rescue operations can only begin after triage is completed and
priorities are established.

( ) Structural triage is conducted initially by local residents.

(X) Triage may be re-evaluated once live victims are found.

(X) Structural triage is performed when three or more structures are assigned to a
single CSSR squad.

(X) Structural triage should take no more than 15 minutes per building or structure.

( ) The objective is to recover bodies during the search for victims.

Complete the following list of factors to consider in structural triage:

Type of structure

Condition of the structure

Mechanism of collapse

Day, date and time of collapse

Prior intelligence

Availability of resources
Location of utility shut-offs

Possible presence of hazardous materials

PH Rev November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PT-Inst 4–19
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

INSARAG is the acronym for the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group. The
INSARAG Marking System was established for what purpose?

It provides for conspicuous identification of work site hazards, standardised

mapping, sketch and landmark labelling with common symbols, structural
assessments, ensures the accuracy of search assessment markings and documents
CSSR team accomplishments.

Match each marking type in the list with the graphics below. Write the corresponding
number (circled) in the corresponding space.

(5) for marking vehicles and installations

(4) for identifying personnel and team member functions

(2) for marking victim location

(3) for marking work sites and assigned areas; operational zones

(1) for marking structural evaluation and victim location

SIDE 3
1 2
Damaged
SIDE 2 Building SIDE 4

Front of Building

SIDE 1 L-3
3 DANGER DANGER DANGER 4

Work Site

You and your CSSR squad arrive at the scene of a collapsed building that has been assigned
to you by the Command Post. You find the following mark on the building:

PH Rev November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PT-Inst 4–20
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

PHILIPPINE TEAM
2 29/11 0615H
4
29/11 1930H

7?

Today is November 30 and it is 7:20 a.m. You begin search and rescue operations
and your team, TF Yanig, is able to rescue five more live victims. You conclude
your operation at 8:40 p.m. that same day, and this ends your squad’s work at this
site. Below, draw the complete building mark that your squad should make before
leaving the work site.

Answer:

TF Yanig
5 30/11 0720H
30/11 2040H

2?

PH Rev November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PT-Inst 4–21
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

What other mark should your squad leave at the location where the live victims were
rescued?

Answer:

L-5

Would you cross out the original mark left by TF Yanig?

( ) Yes ( X ) No

PH Rev November 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PT-Inst 4–22
Lesson 4: Structural Triage and INSARAG Marking System

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 4 Lesson 4
Objectives Objectives (cont.)
Upon completing this lesson, you will be 4. Define the INSARAG marking system.
able to:
5. List and describe the 5 categories
g of
1 Define structural triage.
1. triage the INSARAG marking system.
2. List at least 5 basic rules for structural 6. Demonstrate in a written exercise the
triage.
use of the INSARAG building
3. List at least 5 factors to consider in marking system.
structural triage.
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Structural Triage Basic Rules for

Structural Triage
A rapid assessment of buildings a. Three or more structures
during a CSSR operation, for the
purpose off selecting
l ti those
th structures
t t b. Team of structural and hazardous
in which there is a greater likelihood materials specialists
of finding, accessing, and rescuing
live victims. c. Group of buildings: within two
hours; 15 minutes per building
more…

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued …continued

Basic Rules for Basic Rules for

Structural Triage Structural Triage
d. Operations can only begin after triage is g. Too hazardous: “No Go”
completed and priorities are established
h “No Go” until required resources
h.
e. Once prioritised, detailed assessment can be obtained
performed and structures marked

f. Two groups assigned if too many buildings

more… more…

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-6

Ph Oct 2005 1
Lesson 4: Structural Triage and INSARAG Marking System

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued
Basic Rules for Factors in
Structural Triage Structural Triage
i. Structural triage repeated after any
significant event: „ Occupancy type
„ Type of structure
• Victims removed „ Condition of the structure
• Aftershock or heavy equipment „ Mechanism of collapse
usage „ Day, date, and time of collapse
more…

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued
Factors in Basic Decision-Making
Structural Triage Process
Gather information on structures
„ Prior intelligence Assess potential recovery of victims
vs. risks to CSSR Team
„ A il bilit off resources
Availability
„ Location of utility shut-offs Analyse resources vs. rescue needs

„ Possible presence of Prioritise sites

hazardous materials
Begin rescue operations
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-9 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-10

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

INSARAG Clear Markings

Marking System
The International Search and Rescue Advisory
Group (INSARAG) Marking System uses symbols All markings must
to identify the condition of structures, the be conspicuous and
presence of hazards and status of victims in a made using a high
standardised, simple and clear fashion that can be contrast, durable,
understood by all local, national and international
rescue personnel. fluorescent colour.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-11 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-12

Ph Oct 2005 2
Lesson 4: Structural Triage and INSARAG Marking System

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Marking System
Location References — Exterior
Information
Categories SIDE 3
1. Assigned areas or work sites
2. Structure assessment and victim
Damaged
location SIDE 2 SIDE 4
Building
3. General hazards
4. Facility and vehicle markings SIDE 1
5. Team and function markings
700-BLOCK ALPHA STREET

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-13 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-14

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Location References — Interior Identifying Floors

Quadrant Quadrant
B C
E Floor 2

Quadrant Quadrant Floor 1

A D Ground
Floor

Basement 1

700-BLOCK ALPHA STREET

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-15 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-16

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Identifying Columns
D D1 D2 D3 D4

1 m.
C C1 C2 C3 C4

B B1 B2 B3 B4

1 m.
A A1 A2 A3 A4
Place the mark at the primary
1 2 3 4 access point into the structure.
Front of Building

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-17 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-18

Ph Oct 2005 3
Lesson 4: Structural Triage and INSARAG Marking System

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Marking Format
Sample
BUILDING / HAZARD
INFORMATION Marking: Chem-Gases
Requires Shoring

G/N “Work in G

Progress”
(GO or NO GO)

PHILIPPINE TEAM
# LIVE # DEAD 2 20/11 0730H
TEAM NAME
VICTIMS REMOVED
DATE/TIME OF START
REMOVED
DATE/TIME OF END

2 dead in elevator

# of Persons Unaccounted for (?);

Location of Other Victims

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-19 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-20

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Sample Potential Victim

Marking: Location
Chem--Gases

“Work Requires Shoring --Rats

Completed”
G

PHILIPPINE TEAM
2 20/11 0730H
7
20/11 1730H

12?
L -2-D-3 Floor 3, Quad A
2 dead in elevator
Draw a large “V” as close as possible to the
location of known or potential victim(s).

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-21 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-22

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Confirmed Live Victims Confirmed Dead Victims

7m
D-2
L-2
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-23 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-24

Ph Oct 2005 4
Lesson 4: Structural Triage and INSARAG Marking System

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Extricated Live Victims Extricated Dead Victims

7m
D-2
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-25 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-26

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Operations Work Zone Collapse / Hazard Zone

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-27 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-28

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Scenario
Scenario (cont)
Today is October 7 and is
7PM. Your team, Phil Res- Your squad is able to
Q, begin search and rescue 5 live victims
rescue operations.
operations You and 7 dead victims.
victims You
received information from concluded your
OSOCC that there are 12 operation on October 8
missing persons in your at 8:15 AM.
assigned working site.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-29 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-30

Ph Oct 2005 5
Lesson 4: Structural Triage and INSARAG Marking System

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Chem--gas

G G

PHIL RES-Q PHIL RES-Q

5 07/10 1900H 5 08/10 0815H
7
08/10 0815H
7 07/10 1900H

12? 12?

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-31 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System PPT 4-32

Ph Oct 2005 6
Today is October 7 and is 7PM.
Your team, Phil Res-Q, begin Your squad is able to rescue 5 live
search and rescue operations. victims and 7 dead victims. You
You received information from concluded your operation on
OSOCC that there are 12 October 8 at 8:15 AM.
missing persons in your assigned
working site.

Chem--gas

G G

PHIL RES-Q PHIL RES-Q

5 07/10 1900H
7 5 08/10 0815H
7
08/10 0815H 07/10 1900H

12? 12?

1
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued
Basic Rules for Basic Rules for
Structural Triage Structural Triage
1. Three or more structures 4. Many buildings: Two
assessment groups can be
2. Team of structural and formed.
hazardous materials
specialists
5. Too hazardous: “No Go”
3. Group of buildings:
within two hours, 15 6. Building prioritised →
minutes per building Detailed → Structures
marked

more… more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued
Factors in
Basic Rules for Structural Triage
Structural Triage
7. Triage completed — „ Occupancy type
begin search and rescue „ Type of structure
„ Condition of the
„ Victims removed —
repeat structural triage structure
t t
„ Mechanism of collapse
„ Aftershock / heavy „ Day, date, and time of
equipment usage —
collapse
repeat structural triage

more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Basic Decision-Making Process

…continued

Factors in Gather information

Structural Triage on structures

„ Prior intelligence Assess potential recovery of

„ Availability of victims vs. risks to CSSR Team

resources
„ Location of utility Analyse resources vs.
rescue needs
shut-offs
„ Possible presence of
Prioritise sites
hazardous materials

Begin rescue operations

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-6

1
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Standard Symbol Additional Examples

Shapes
CP Command Post
Facilities - circles
Emergency Operations
EOC Centre

Zones -
irregular shapes BoO Base of Operations

Command Office of Scene Operations

function - box OSOCC Coordination Centre

Reference point - OSOCC Reception Area

triangle RECEPT

Time notation Work Site

(with arrow point- 22/11 0700 Hrs. WS
23/11 1900 Hrs.
ing to activity site)
more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued
Additional Examples

AP Airport

LZ Landing Zone

H Hospital

F Fuel

Emergency
Medical

Reference Point
(include description)

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Structural Triage and the INSARAG Marking System FC 4-9

2
 CSSR Course
Lesson 5 – Overview
Operational Safety

Duration Lecture: 2 hours

• Dangers in a CSSR operation
Main points • Unsafe actions and conditions
• CSSR Course safety rules
• Safety concerns for each phase of a CSSR operation
• Safety Officer
• CSSR Safety Plan
• Safety Briefing and its components
• Carefully review RM-05
Suggested • Based on lesson objectives, highlight all relevant areas in RM-05
• Review the Participant Workbook in detail and complete the blank spaces in order to
preparation become familiar with what information the participants will be filling in
• Review and complete the lesson Post-Test as preparation to discuss the correct
answers the next morning

Evaluation • Written post-test the following morning

system
• Power point (17)
Materials and • Projection screen
resources • Flipcharts (4)
• Post-Test
needed

Importance of • To emphasize all safety issues of a CSSR operation and to make the participant
this lesson aware of the many hazards that may be present during such operations

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

5 Operational Safety

Instructor Activity

PPT 5-1, PPT 5-2, PPT 5-3

Objectives
Introduce yourself and your assistant.
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:
Present the lesson topic, explain the
relevance of the lesson to the course,
1. List at least five dangers a rescuer faces in a CSSR state the duration, and describe
operation. scheduled activities and method of
evaluation.
2. Identify unsafe actions and unsafe conditions.
Have participants read lesson objectives
3. Identify the CSSR Course safety rules. aloud from the workbook.

4. List at least three safety concerns for each phase of Ensure that the objectives are clear to
all participants.
a CSSR operation.
This lesson is very important in ensuring
5. Describe the function and importance of having a the safety and well being of the rescuers
Safety Officer in a CSSR squad. and the victims.

6. Identify the four parts of a CSSR safety plan and PPT 5-4 (Motivation)
briefly describe each one.
Example: In the Mexico City earthquake
in 1985 there were almost as many local
7. Describe the purpose of the Safety Briefing and list rescuers killed, as there were actual
its eight components. earthquake victims.

By following safety practices outlined in

these materials, the risk of injury and
accidental death can be minimized.

Encourage discussion among

participants about the importance of
safety in CSSR and illustrate how a lack
of safety can damage a CSSR
operation.

The loss of a team member means the

loss of team effectiveness.

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Safety in a CSSR Operation

CSSR operations are the most complex and difficult activities that first
responder teams face in the line of duty. There may be numerous factors
affecting safety during a CSSR operation, as shown below.
PPT 5-5

Discuss factors
affecting safety.

Discuss terrorism
threats including
secondary explosive
devices meant
specifically to harm
rescuers and first
responders.

Discuss with
participants how
safety is the
foundation for a
CSSR operation.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

2. Operational Standards Discuss the

importance of
following established
Follow established formats when working. formats and
methods when
• The use of tools as they were designed to be used working on a CSSR
operation.
• Let the tool do the work

• Train the way you will be expected to work

• Train with different tools in confined spaces

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Safety Rules

• Rules are established to minimize injuries and death

• Rules must be followed

• There should be consequences if rules are broken

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PPT 5-6
3. Safe and Unsafe Actions and Conditions
• Safe actions and conditions Promote a
brainstorm
- wearing PPE discussion among
participants on the
- working in pairs/teams concepts of unsafe
actions and unsafe
conditions.
- using tools correctly
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

• Unsafe actions and conditions

- a wall beginning to lean

- overhead structures showing signs of imminent collapse

- weather conditions (high wind, rain, lighting)

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PPT 5-7, PPT 5-8,

PPT 5-9, PPT 5-10,
4. CSSR Course Safety Rules PPT 5-11

FC 5-1, FC 5-2, FC
Due to the risks associated with the use of tools and equipment and the 5-3
environmental conditions under which the CSSR Course is conducted, all
persons involved in any manner with the course MUST follow the safety Emphasise that
rules outlined below. these safety rules
not only apply to this
course, but to all
1. Practice areas: No one is allowed to enter the practice areas CSSR operations.
without explicit prior authorisation from the instructor in charge or
the Course Coordinator. Review safety rules
1 through 5
........................................................................................................................................................................
Violations of safety
........................................................................................................................................................................ can result in
dismissal from the
course.

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

2. Personal protective equipment: Anyone entering the practice area Hard hat, gloves,
must be wearing (in the correct manner) all required personal boots, eye
protection, ear
protective equipment described in Lesson 1 (Course Introduction). protection, long
sleeve shirt, gas
....................................................................................................................................................................
mask.
....................................................................................................................................................................

3. Hygiene: To reduce as much as possible the possibility of

contamination or contagion, you must wash your hands with soap
and water before and after entering the work area; before and after
eating; and before and after using the bathroom.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

4. Safety officer: During the exercises and practicals, one individual

from the Course personnel will be the designated safety officer and
will be clearly and visibly identified. This person will be in charge
of all safety-related matters throughout the entire course, and will
have the authority to partially or completely halt all activities if
needed.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

5. Group safety: Each instructor and team leader will also be

responsible for the safety of the people in their respective groups.
Should you observe any unsafe action or condition, or an
emergency, immediately alert the Safety Officer. For this purpose,
everyone will receive an emergency whistle to use in an
emergency.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Continue with safety
6. Whistle signals: The Safety Officer will use the whistle to give rules 6-9.
alarm signals and alerts in the work area using the following signal
system:
• One long signal: stop all work and listen for instructions.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

• One long, one short: continue working.

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

• Three short signals: alarm signal, evacuate the area

immediately to a previously designated safety zone.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

In case of an
7. Safety Zone: The Safety Officer will establish a safety zone near emergency
the work area. The safety zone will be used in case of any evacuation of work
emergency requiring immediate evacuation of the work area. site, squad leaders
are responsible for
.................................................................................................................................................................... the accountability of
all personnel in their
.................................................................................................................................................................... squad.

....................................................................................................................................................................

8. Emergency medical services: A medical first responder kit and a

means of communications must be made available to ensure EMS
arrival within 15 minutes, should the need ever arise.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

9. Fire extinguisher: A portable 20-pound (9-kilo) dry-chemical fire

extinguisher will be available in case of fire. You must be aware of
its location during the course, especially when refuelling or
lubricating equipment used in this course.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Continue with safety
10. Drinking water: During all practical exercises you must carry a rules 10-15
canteen or drinking bottle filled with drinking water, to prevent
dehydration. A water container for all participants will be available
near the work area.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

11. Maintenance: You are responsible for maintaining all tools,

equipment and accessories. Instructions and standards for
maintenance are described in their respective manuals.
Additionally, the instructor in charge of each particular exercise or
practical session may provide instructions for maintenance.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

12. Rotations: Each work group must complete personnel rotations as

directed by the Safety Officer. Under normal conditions, rotations
will be every 15 minutes, but weather may be a factor.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

13. Trash: All trash must be placed into designated trashcans or waste
containers. No littering is permitted.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

14. Smoking and drinking: No smoking or drinking is allowed in the Smoking can
active work area. transfer
contaminants into
.................................................................................................................................................................... your lungs.

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Rain, slippery
15. Weather conditions: The Safety Officer will decide whether surfaces, lightning,
exercises can continue in the work area during adverse or high winds, etc.
threatening weather.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Continue with safety

16. Safety markings: All objects or areas in the work area that may rules 16-19.
pose a hazard to anyone must be marked with scene tape or safety
cones.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

17. Team safety: All operations involving the use of tools and Don’t let them get
equipment must be conducted in pairs, so that one person can use carried away with
this. It will get to be
the tool or equipment while the other acts as a safety lookout. The too much of a
safety lookout will use a signal system in which one tap on the distraction.
shoulder means to stop working, and two taps means to continue.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

18. Safety violations: Any participant, who repeatedly violates or

disregards the safety rules of this course, endangering him/herself
or others, may be expelled from the course at the discretion of the
Course Coordinator. No certificate or letter of attendance will be
issued in this case.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

19. Miscellaneous: The Course Coordinator will resolve any other safety Ask if there are any
issue not specifically covered in the CSSR Course Safety Rules. questions or if they
need any additional
explanation.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Additional notes on safety

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PPT 5-12
5. Safety Considerations during Mission Generate a
Phases discussion among
participants on
sharing
• The CSSR Team Leader is responsible for the safety of his team responsibility for
members. safety among all.

.................................................................................................................................................................... Make a brief

comment on
.................................................................................................................................................................... situations that have
occurred in CSSR
• Because there is no one person in a CSSR team designated as a operations due to
Safety Officer, every team member must remain acutely aware of not following safety
safety at all times and look out for each other. rules outside of the
work site, such as
drinking from dirty
.......................................................................................................
cups or not washing
hands before eating.
....................................................................................................... SAFETY
is Use a motto or
• All CSSR team members are responsible EVERYONE’S phrase such as “All
for giving warning about and preventing responsibility are responsible for
unsafe actions and/or conditions during all the one, and one is
phases of a CSSR operation. responsible for
all.”
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

5.1 Preparation Phase

Combine theory and
a. Cultivate a positive attitude toward safety in your team real-life cases or
members during class time and practical exercises. situations, as
Understand safety as a vital component of ensuring we applicable, for each
of the points
stay alive. mentioned in the
Preparation Phase.
b. Safe procedures and protocols. Ensure the safety and well
being of our team mates as well as of those we seek to help
(there is nothing worse than a rescuer needing rescue).

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

c. Equipment maintained proper operation, cleaning and

packing. Equipment should be exercised every three to
four months.

d. Personnel should be well trained, knowledgeable and

experienced. They should be prepared physically and
mentally. Personnel should maintain current health records
and keep shots up to date.

e. Trained and skilled in the equipment and techniques that

they will be using.

f. Information well informed of administrative procedures,

functions and problems that may arise. Also kept up to
date on what is happening at the disaster site if possible.
Continue combining
5.2 Activation and Mobilisation Phase theory and real-life
cases or situations,
a. Establish safety procedures and practices from the start of as applicable, for
mission. each of the points
mentioned.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

b. Emphasise safety during briefings.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

c. Make sure all CSSR team members have complete PPE and A ring can catch on
are in good mental and physical condition. Everyone must an object and rip a
finger off.
remove rings and all other jewellery to reduce risks.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

d. Ensure safety when boarding or disembarking air transport.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.3 Operations Phase Continue the

discussion on the
Operations Phase
a. Correctly identify the risks in the following: and continue to
• Base of Operations relate the material to
real-life situations
...................................................................................................................................
whenever possible.
• Work area
Stress each of the
................................................................................................................................... points carefully (a-
e).

Comment on the
b. Include the following in daily briefings: importance of daily
briefings and
• Alert and alarm signals discuss possible
consequences when
................................................................................................................................... this procedure is not
carried out.
• Escape routes and meeting places
Draw on the
experience of the
...................................................................................................................................
participants and ask
them to share.
• Designate safety officer, if appropriate.
...................................................................................................................................

• Use of identification vests

...................................................................................................................................

• Medical facility location and transportation method in

case of accident or injury.
..................................................................................................................................................

c. Safety guidelines while working on-site:

• Include safety standards in the work plan.

...................................................................................................................................

• Monitor operations and logistical activities for

compliance with safety standards.
...................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
• Emphasise accounting for personnel.
...................................................................................................................................

• Emphasise personnel rotations.

...................................................................................................................................

• Monitor personnel for fatigue and stress.

...................................................................................................................................

d. Team leaders must ensure all personnel follow hygiene Complete the
rules, especially before and after eating. discussion on the
Operations Phase.
..................................................................................................................................................
Ask participants to
..................................................................................................................................................
recall some of the
safety rules to be
followed when
working on site.

Washing your Re-emphasise that

hands will the CSSR Team
help prevent Leader is
you from responsible for
ensuring that all
contaminating
team members
yourself and comply with all
others. safety rules.

e. Report and investigate all injuries and accidents.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

5.4 Deactivation and Demobilisation Phase Discuss briefly,

emphasising PTSD.
Similar to the Activation and Mobilisation Phase. Emphasise fatigue,

stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

........................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.5 Post-Mission Activities Stress the

importance to the
team of completing
As soon as possible, document strong and weak safety points of reports fully and
mission. documenting all
injuries, exposures
........................................................................................................................................................................ and accidents.

a. Include all info in mission report, including lessons learned. Ask participants to
contribute from their
.................................................................................................................................................. own experiences as
it relates to this
.................................................................................................................................................. topic.

b. Hold post-mission evaluation session with all CSSR team

members to evaluate all aspects of mission.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Complete
c. Document how to improve specific safety procedures. discussion.

.................................................................................................................................................. Continue asking for

input from
.................................................................................................................................................. participants based
on their experience.
d. Provide treatment for PTSD.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

e. Replace all worn or deteriorated PPE and safety equipment.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 5-13
6. Safety Officer Discuss importance,
definition and
Definition: functions of Safety
Officer.
A person in charge of all safety-related matters and has the authority to
partially or completely halt all activities, if needed. Responsible in
maintaining a safe atmosphere for the CSSR operation.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Functions:

• Monitors actions and conditions during all phases of the operation.

• Watch over the entire rescue scene catching potentially dangerous

situations and addressing them before they become disastrous.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

The person tasked with this responsibility must resist the temptation to Emphasise that
become involved in the tactical operations him/herself. This requires extreme Safety Officer must
not become involved
self-discipline. Keep in mind that the success of the mission depends directly in hands-on
upon the ability to counteract hazards before they become problems. activities.

• The Safety Officer or Lookout works from a position of safe and clear
visual access just outside of the direct work area.

• This person must not become involved with the actual “hands-on”
portion of the operation. To do so would possibly limit his/her ability
to continue being an objective observer capable of identifying
hazards.

• They should be readily identifiable to all, by their radio designation

and by wearing a “Safety Officer” vest or, in a small group, identified
during the safety briefing.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–14

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

6.1 Categories of Safety Officer

• Overall Safety Officer for the entire CSSR operation. PPT 5-14

• Site-Specific Safety Officer is responsible for a working Explain different

categories of Safety
rescue. Officer.

• Special Hazards Safety Officer is a person or a team

assigned to a specific location to monitor a special hazard.
This could be one person designated to stand guard over an
electrical box while rescue workers operate in a confined
space, or a two-person team assigned to hike up-slope to serve
as early warning for rescuers working below a dam during
earthquake aftershocks.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

7. Safety Plan PPT 5-15

Discuss LCES:
The multi-hazard safety plan is a guide to the basic elements of safety for a Lookouts,
variety of incidents. The acronym used is LCES, which stands for Communications,
Lookouts, Communications, Escape Routes, and Safe Zones. In any Escape Routes, and
operations scenario these areas must be addressed to ensure the safety and Safe Zones.
accountability of all response team members.

7.1 Lookouts Begin discussion on

Lookouts
This is normally the function of the dedicated Safety Officer. That
person is the objective observer not involved in the hands-on
portion of the operation. They are dedicated to watching over the
entire operation identifying potentially dangerous situations and
addressing them before they become disastrous.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Discuss functions of
7.2 Communications Communications
Specialist.
The Communications Specialist develops the formal communications
plan. This plan will identify the Command, tactical and special radio
channels. These are the operations personnel’s lifeline to the outside
for resources, support, and safety. This plan will be provided as part
of the Response Team Action Plan.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–15

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Remember the Emergency Alert System is to be used in the event of Review
problems at the work site: communications
procedures and the
Emergency Alert
▬▬ Cease 1 long blast (3 second
System.
Operations duration)

▬▬ ● Resume 1 long and 1 short blast

Operations

●●● Evacuate 3 short blasts (1 second

each)

The method of delivery may vary depending upon the device

available. Some examples:

• Placing two radios together, speaker to microphone, and

depressing the transmit buttons a loud tone is heard on all
other radios tuned to that frequency.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Air horns, car horns, whistles, the Personal Alert Safety

System device and clear text over the radio are all excellent
methods for signalling. It is important that during the safety
briefing, before starting work, identify the specific methods
of signalling that will be used at the work site should a
problem arise during that operational period.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

1. Ask a participant
7.3 Escape Routes to read the definition
aloud.
An escape route is a pre-established path to an area of safe refuge.
The safest method of exiting an area may not be the most direct 2. Ask a participant
to read primary and
route. alternative escape
routes.
Some examples:

• After an earthquake, structural columns may still be standing

but subject to collapse during an aftershock.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–16

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

• The most direct route to safe refuge may lie directly in the
collapse path of the column. The route giving the column a
wide distance will be the safest.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Another option is to remain in place. If the working area has

been shored and leaving this area exposes you to a variety of
hazards, stay put.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Discuss importance
The rescue situation if often dynamic, constantly changing. This can of establishing an
occur because of external forces or because of the rescuer’s action. escape route in
The escape plan should be constantly updated to reflect changes in terms of safety to all
situation. team members.

• As a new plan is developed, each team member must be made

aware of the change in operation. An acknowledgement of
understanding must also be received from each team member.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• If the order is not repeated, the new plan is probably not clear Ask participants to
to each member of the team. The result can be injury or death. contribute from their
experience.
............................................................................................................................................................
Complete discussion
on Escape Routes.
............................................................................................................................................................

7.4 Safe Zones

Discuss definition
Safe zones, also referred to as “safe havens” are the pre-established and importance of
areas of safe refuge, meaning they are safe from hazards. This could safe zones.
be a designated area outside the hot zone or a safe area agreed upon
within the hot zone. If the safe zone is within the hot area, rescuers
may have to construct that area around the victims and themselves.
....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–17

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

An example of this would be a victim trapped inside a collapsed Ask participants to

structure while rescuers crib and shore the immediate area. In this contribute from their
experience.
case, the proper response for rescuers would be to hold their position
during an aftershock.

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Part of the Safety Plan should provide for a designated Safe Zone
where a team “head count” is taken. This count should be
immediately communicated to the next in the chain of command to
provide for 100% accountability in the event of an emergency.

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

FC 5-4
8. Safety Briefing
PPT 5-16, PPT 5-17

Components of the Safety Briefing Review components

of the Safety
• Chain of Command Briefing.
• Identifying the Safety Officer
• Safety Plan (LCES)
• Communication plan
• Medical plan
• Rehabilitation plan
• Special hazards
• General safety messages
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

▪▪▪▪▪

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–18

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW
Lesson objectives
and other main
points.

Ensure that lesson

objectives have
been met.

EVALUATION
Remind participants
to study the RM in
preparation for Post-
Test. Ask
participants to
complete the Lesson
Evaluation form.

CLOSING
Collect Lesson
Evaluation forms
from everyone.
Thank class for their
participation and
announce the next
lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety LP 5–19

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Post-Test ƒ Lesson 5 (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Operational Safety

1. List five dangers a rescue specialist faces in a CSSR operation.

1. Aftershocks

2. Contaminated air and water

3. Heavy lifting, fatigue and stress

4. Hazardous tools and equipment

5. Unstable structures

2. List one example of an unsafe condition and one example of an unsafe act in a CSSR operation.

Unsafe act: Operating tools without safety equipment

Unsafe condition: Unstable structure

3. Name three safety rules to be followed in a CSSR operation.

(See Safety Rules in Lesson 1. Any three selected will suffice.)

4. Name the two areas in which safety concerns should be identified during the Operations Phase of
a CSSR operation.

1. Base of operations

2. Work area

5. What is the primary function of the Safety Officer?

The person in charge of all safety-related matters; has the authority to partially or
completely halt all activities if needed.

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5–20

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

6. Identify the four parts of a CSSR safety plan.

1. Lookouts

2. Communications

3. Escape routes

4. Safe zones

7. When should the safety briefing be given? List eight components of the safety briefing.

Before commencing operations.

1. Chain of command

2. Identifying the Safety Officer

3. Safety Plan (LCES)

4. Communication plan

5. Medical plan

6. Rehabilitation plan

7. Special hazards

8. General safety messages

PH Rev. November 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5–21

Lesson 5: Operational Safety

Lesson 5
Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 5
Objectives Objectives (cont.)
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able 4. List at least three safety concerns for each
to: phase of a CSSR operation.
1 List at least five dangers a rescuer faces
1.
in a CSSR operation. 5. Describe the function and importance of
2. Identify unsafe actions and unsafe having a Safety Officer in a CSSR squad.
conditions.
3. Identify the CSSR Course safety rules.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 5 CSSR Operational Safety

Objectives (cont.)
6. Identify the four parts of a CSSR safety
After the Mexico City earthquake
plan and briefly describe each one.
in 1985 almost as many rescuers
7. Describe the purpose of the Safety
were killed as there were victims
Briefing and list its eight components. of the actual earthquake.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Factors Affecting Safety Unsafe Actions and

Conditions
Hazardous
Contaminated tools and
air and water equipment Vandalism
Aftershocks and theft
Extreme noise,, Heavy lifting,
extreme
„ Unsafe Actions
dust, smoke
and/or fire SA F E T Y fatigue and
Secondary
stress „ Unsafe Conditions
explosive devices Adverse weather
conditions
Unstable Confined Work site often
structures work space unfamiliar

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-6

1
Lesson 5: Operational Safety

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…cont’d.
Course Safety Rules Course Safety Rules
1. Practice areas 6. Whistle signals
2. PPE Stop: —
3. Hygiene
Evacuate: •••
4. Safety Officer
Continue: —•
5. Group safety
more… more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…cont’d. …cont’d.
Course Safety Rules Course Safety Rules

7. Safety Zone 11. Maintenance

8. EMS 12. Rotations

9. Fire extinguishers 13. Trash
10. Drinking water 14. Smoking and drinking
more… more…

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-9 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-10

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…cont’d.
Course Safety Rules CSSR Mission Phases
15. Weather conditions „ Preparation
16. Safety markings „ Activation and mobilisation
„ Operations
17. Team safety
„ Deactivation and
18. Safety violations demobilisation
19. Miscellaneous „ Post-mission activities
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-11 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-12

2
Lesson 5: Operational Safety

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Safety Officer Safety Officer Categories

The Safety Officer has the 1. Overall

authority to alter, suspend or
terminate activities involving an 2 Site-specific
2. Si ifi
imminent hazard to personnel.
3. Special Hazards

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-13 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-14

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Safety Plan Safety Briefing

Components
L — Lookouts • Chain of Command
C — Communication • Identifying the Safety Officer
E — Escape routes • Safety Plan (LCES)
• Communication Plan
S — Safe zones
more…

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-15 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-16

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…cont’d.
Safety Briefing
Components
• Medical Plan
• Rehabilitation Plan
• Special hazards
• General safety message

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety PPT 5-17

3
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued

Course Safety Rules Course Safety Rules

1. Practice areas 8. EMS
2. PPE 9. Fire extinguishers
3. Hygiene
10. Drinking water
4. Safety Officer
11. Maintenance
5. Group safety
12. Rotations
6. Whistle signals
Stop — 13. Trash
Evacuate •••
Continue — • 14 Smoking
14. S i and drinking
i i
7. Safety Zone 15. Weather conditions

more Î more Î
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety FC 5-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety FC 5-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Safety Briefing
…continued

Course Safety Rules

Components
16. Safety markings • Chain of Command
17. Team safety • Identifying the Safety
Officer
18. Safety violations • Safety Plan (LCES)
19. Miscellaneous • Communication Plan
• Medical Plan
• Rehabilitation Plan
• Special hazards
• General safety messages

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety FC 5-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Operational Safety FC 5-4

1
 CSSR Course
Lesson 6 – Overview
Search and Location Techniques

Duration Lecture: 2 hours

Practical: 2 hours

Main points • Definition of search and locating

• Composition of a search team and their equipment
• Steps to follow to perform a search and location
• Search modalities and search types
• Search patterns
• Victim management

• Thoroughly study the reference material (RM-06)

Suggested • Based on the lesson objectives, highlight the reference material on related subjects.
preparation • Fill in the blanks in the participant’s manual to guide you in helping participants with
needed information.
• Have on hand any experiences, stories, or comments related to this lesson.

Evaluation • Written test the next day

system • Demonstration in the use of two different physical search methods.

• Power point (34)

Materials and • Flip Chart (5)
resources • Practical exercise
• Handouts (6)
needed • Post-Test (1)
• Exercise guide (5)
• Bullhorn (4)
• Compass (4)
• Clipboard (5)
• Spray paint (4)
• Radios (Instructor)
• PPE

Importance of • Search and location is the foundation of any CSSR operation. This lesson will
familiarize the participants with the many ways to conduct a proper search and
this lesson location operation, using the various types of equipment available to the rescuer.

PH Rev. October 2008 Search and Location Techniques Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

6 Search and Location Techniques

Instructor Activity

PPT 6-1, PPT 6-2, PPT 6-3

Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: assistant.

Present the lesson topic, explain

1. Define search and location and describe its importance in the relevance of the lesson to the
the success of a CSSR operation. course, state the duration, and
describe scheduled activities and
2. Describe the composition of a search team and the basic method of evaluation.
equipment used.
This lesson is very important
3. List and describe the steps for searching and locating. because it tells the rescuers
where the trapped victims are
located so that they can begin
4. Define void space and identify probable locations in the extricating them.
four basic collapse patterns.
Present lesson objectives. Ask a
5. Describe the modes, types and patterns of conducting a participant to read them aloud
search. from the workbook.

6. Demonstrate in two practical exercises the steps for a Ensure that the objectives are
clear to all participants.
physical search and location, using two different patterns.
Discuss disasters in which victims
were rescued after being trapped
in void spaces for extended
periods.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Searching and Locating Ask participants to review

the Operations Phase as
discussed in Lesson 2.
A set of techniques and procedures whose purpose is to obtain a response
or indication of the presence of live victims in a void space within the PPT 6-4. Discuss
definition of searching and
collapsed structure. locating.

PPT 6-5. Survival chart.

Review importance of
Operations Phase as
2. Composition of a Search Squad discussed in Lesson 2.
Review phases diagram
on page WB 2-5.
Squad Leader
PPT 6-6

Rescuer 1 Rescuer 2 Rescuer 3 Rescuer 4 Rescuer 5

Figure 1. Basic search squad composition.

• Squad Leader:
– Responsible for developing the search plan, drawing diagrams, Explain the structure of a
keeping documentation and making recommendations to the CSSR Search Squad and
Incident Commander. the functions of the
positions.
– Performs the duties of the Safety Officer and is responsible for
monitoring security during the search operation.
• Rescuers:
– Physically carry out the search operation as outlined by the
squad leader.
Basic Equipment Required for Physical Searches PPT 6-7

• Complete set of personal protective equipment and emergency Discuss basic equipment
medical kit. needed for conducting a
physical search and
• Minimum personal supplies required to function unassisted for at least demonstrate the
12 hours: equipment in the
classroom.
– Drinking water
– Food
– Proper clothing
• Basic tools

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

• Radio equipment to communicate with team members and Command Continue discussion basic
Post search equipment.

• Portable radios (walkie-talkie)

• Building and work site marking supplies Ask participants to
contribute ideas regarding
– Paint equipment. You may also
have equipment present
– Chalk in the classroom for
demonstration purposes.
– Flags
– Cones
– Markers
• Warning and alert devices Allow time for questions
and comments before
– Megaphone moving to the next topic.

– Whistle Ask participants to close

their workbooks.
– Hammer
– Flags
– Horn
• Reconnaissance and vision
– Binoculars
– Photo camera
– Flashlight
• Search diagrams, pencils, colour pens, clipboards
• Technical search equipment, specialised or improvised
• Additional materials
– North American Hazardous Materials Response Guide
– Hazardous gas detector

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3. Steps for Searching and Locating PPT 6-8, PPT 6-9,

PPT 6-10
1. Compile and analyse available information. FC 6-1, FC 6-2, FC 6-3
FC 6-4, FC 6-5
....................................................................................................................................................................... The purpose of the
following steps is to
....................................................................................................................................................................... develop an orderly and
systematic procedure for
2. Secure the scene. correctly conducting a
search.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Distribute handouts
....................................................................................................................................................................... (Victim Id form and
Relative and Neighbours
3. Inspect and evaluate the structure. form). Refer to RM-6-14.

....................................................................................................................................................................... Data collection is not only

carried out by the squad
....................................................................................................................................................................... leader, but all squad
members as well.
4. Rescue victims with easy access on or near the surface, if this has not
already been done. Point out that the rescued
portion of Victim ID form
....................................................................................................................................................................... denotes live victims.

....................................................................................................................................................................... PPT 6-11, PPT 6-12,

PPT 6-13
....................................................................................................................................................................... Generate a discussion
among participants to
5. Make INSARAG markings on the structure as needed, if not already have them figure out the
done. steps. Simulate an
operation and help them
....................................................................................................................................................................... to discover each step.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

6. Create a diagram of the structure. Refer to handout. Distribute diagram

handouts (One blank and
one example form).

Refer to RM-6-14.

7. Select the area to be searched. Emphasise that in Step 7

the search area selected
....................................................................................................................................................................... is based on an analysis of
the information gathered.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Step 8 refers to the
8. Select a search method. modality, type and pattern
of search to be used.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Refer participants back to
Lesson 4 for marking
.......................................................................................................................................................................
system details.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

9. Conduct an appropriate search pattern and place INSARAG markings

where potential victims are detected, both on the structure and on the For Step 10 emphasise
diagram. that re-evaluating the
results and the search
....................................................................................................................................................................... plan is a continuous
process that can stop or
....................................................................................................................................................................... modify the search
operation at any time.
10. Continually analyse the results and re-evaluate the search plan (make Explain that the details for
necessary adjustments). Step 11 will be covered in
a later lesson and is of
....................................................................................................................................................................... extreme importance.

....................................................................................................................................................................... In Step 12 the presence of

victims is confirmed.
11. Initiate pre-hospital treatment of the victim.
Distribute Victim ID form
....................................................................................................................................................................... and Relatives and
Neighbours form. Refer to
....................................................................................................................................................................... RM-6-14.

12. Confirm the presence and location of potential victims with the
resources and equipment available.

4. Void Spaces PPT 6-14

Remind participants that

A physical space in a collapsed structure where a person trapped within victims trapped in void
could remain alive for a short period. spaces represent only
15% of the total.

Give examples of void

Possible location of void spaces in typical collapse patterns spaces that might be
created in a collapse.
Identify the locations most
likely to contain live
victims.

PPT 6-15,16,17,18, 19,

20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

Discuss V-shape and

pancake collapses.

Figure 2. V-shape collapse.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Point out that void spaces,
and therefore survivors,
are least likely in pancake
collapses.

Figure 3. Pancake Collapse

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Discuss cantilever
collapses.

Figure 4. Cantilever collapse.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Discuss lean-to collapses.

Ask participants to review

the four collapse patterns
and their characteristics.
This is a review of
material from Lesson 3.

Discuss possible locations

of void spaces.

Figure 5. Lean-to collapse.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

5. Search Modalities PPT 6-26

Explain differences
5.1 Hasty Search (Primary) between hasty and
extensive searches.
This type of search is conducted to quickly detect the presence of Allow for discussion
survivors on the surface or easily accessible void spaces. Hasty among participants.
search accomplishes the following:
– Rapid detection of victims
– Scene assessment (information gathered as a result aids in size-
up of the rescue problem)
– Sets priorities
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.2 Extensive (Grid) Search (Secondary) Use flipchart or

blackboard to illustrate
grid search.
This type of search is conducted in a methodical manner to pinpoint
the exact location of victims. It is designed to cover the entire
assigned search area carefully and in detail. An extensive or grid
search accomplishes the following:
– A thorough, systematic search
– Redundant checks
– Allows for use of alternate search resources
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

This process may need to be repeated as new information is received

and/or as the condition of the structure changes.

6. Search Methods PPT 6-27

Explain the basics of the

6.1 Physical Search three types of search,
beginning with physical
Physical search operations do not require specialists or unique, search.
expensive equipment. They only require the senses and some
established procedures.

PPT 6-28

Figure 6. Physical search over a rubble pile.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

This search tactic is the first, and sometimes the only, search method
used by local emergency service agencies that do not possess technical
or canine search resources.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Local first responders must rely on fundamental search techniques. A Point out that physical
readily accessible and willing group of volunteers can be quickly search is the main type of
search that will be
trained and supervised to safely conduct physical search operations discussed in this course,
after a disaster. Basic physical search is usually performed though the other two are
immediately after an incident, and may be done by locals. very useful when the
necessary equipment and
resources are available.

Figure 7. Physical search over a pancake collapse.

Physical/Void Search
PPT 6-29

Figure 8. Void search.

A search team may need to modify and adapt modes to fit their
specific needs.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

6.2 Canine Search Discuss canine search.

Uses the acute sense of smell of dogs specially trained to detect live Comment on the rigorous
humans. training and resources
required to conduct this
search, and results that
you are aware of during
rescue operations.

Figure 9. Initiating a canine search.

Certified canine teams with highly specialized dogs provide the best
way to locate trapped victims in a large area in the shortest amount of
time. They are able to access areas too small or too unstable for
humans to enter. Canines can be used for hasty and extensive
operations.

A thorough site search with two well-qualified search dogs has a high
probability of conclusive results. The disaster trained search canine is
trained to detect those victims that are still alive. Rescuers should
coordinate their activities with that of the canine team during their
search operation.
Discuss technical search.
6.3 Technical Search
Mention that modern
Requires highly trained personnel and specialized equipment for technology has produced
sound and temperature detection, video, vibration, etc. Can be carried some very efficient
equipment that
out using specially manufactured or locally improvised equipment.
unfortunately is extremely
expensive. However, later
.......................................................................................................................................................................
in the lesson some
suggestions are given in
.......................................................................................................................................................................
using ingenuity and
creativity to create and
.......................................................................................................................................................................
improvise equipment
locally at a reduced cost.
The latest state-of-the-art electronic search equipment has added a new
dimension to the search function by extending its range. Whenever
possible, dogs and electronic devices should be utilised together.
Technical search equipment can be classified into two groups: Briefly discuss visual
search instruments.
– Visual search instruments
Refer to RM for additional
– Electronic listening devices information.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

7. Hailing Search Method Procedure Ask if the three search

methods are clear.
The search team leader signals for silence and all work to stop around the
Discuss hailing method
area. Four team members form a cross pattern, spaced at intervals of and explain how it is part
approximately 8-16 metres, in safe locations as close as possible around the of the physical search.
search area. This will be discussed in
greater detail later in the
Going ‘around the clock,’ each searcher calls out loudly or with a lesson.
megaphone, “If you can hear me call out for help or knock five times on
Begin discussing hailing
something.” Instead of hailing, searchers may also knock something solid procedure.
(usually metallic) that is a contiguous part of the site debris in order to elicit
a response.

12 o'clock
(North) Continue method
discussion.
PPT 6-30
Explain diagram and
pointing toward the source
of the sound.
Explain that everyone
must have the same Site
Sketch to ensure that
triangulation is effective.
Other ways of indicating a
direction are to use the
hands of the clock or
geographical orientation.
Use examples of the
above to ensure that the
participants are clear on
6 o'clock using these references for
direction.
Figure 10. Setup for the hailing method.

All searchers then listen and point in the direction of any potential response
to the instructions. If more than one searcher hears the sound, the direction
in which they point will triangulate on the source of the sound of the victim.
This must be noted on the site sketch or on personal notes, where each
rescuer makes a rough sketch of the area and the direction of the source of
sound. Use a coordinate grid system and/or the clock system (using North
as 12 o’clock).

The collapse pattern, building materials and a multitude of other

variables can cause voices to be heard clearer than knocking, and other
times vice versa. Use both methods for greater efficiency.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

A variation of the hailing method is to set up several searchers in a straight

line across the site, or in grid patterns, as when performing the physical/void
search. In this scenario, rescuers are also aligned next to, but off, the rubble
pile to detect sound the others on the pile may not hear. The rescuers will
hail in the order given, listen and then advance as safety permits. This
ensures the entire structure is covered in an extensive grid-pattern search.

4 m 4 m 4 m
Figure 11. Hailing method using a line search.

Explain that search

patterns described allow a
8. Physical Search Patterns for Interior given area to be covered,
Spaces such that if a victim is
calling for help, the
chances are high that he
Occasionally you will encounter structures that have not totally collapsed or she will be detected.
and contain large, open areas or a building with many intact rooms, in which This course describes the
live victims, unable to remove themselves or communicate, will be found. most widely used
patterns. There may be
An organized approach will yield the best opportunity to locate a victim, and several others and
to declare the area searched. adaptations or
combinations of these.

8.1 Multiple Rooms PPT 6-31

The basic instruction for searching multiple rooms is “go right, stay Explain and describe the
multiple room and line
right.” search patterns.

Remind participants to
continue filling the blank
spaces in their
workbooks.

Figure 12. “Go right, stay right” method for multiple room search.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1) After entering the structure, turn to the right, stay in contact with
the right wall, either visually or physically, until the entire
accessible area has been searched and the team returns to the
starting point.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

2) If the search team needs to exit and cannot remember the

direction they entered, simply turn around and stay in contact
with the same wall, either physically or visually, keeping it on
your left.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

8.2 Large Open Areas (Line Search) PPT 6-32

Use the line search method in auditoriums, cafeterias, and offices with Complete the steps for the
multiple partitions. line search pattern.

1) Spread search team members in a straight line across the open area, Explain to participants that
3 to 4 metres apart. they will be practicing two
of the patterns later in the
2) Slowly walk through the entire open area to the other side. lesson.

4 m 4 m 4 m
Figure 13. Line search method.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................ ...

3) Team members on the ends of the line search perimeter rooms

using the go right-stay right method.

4) The procedure may be repeated in the opposite direction.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

9. Victim Management Instruct participants to

close their workbooks for
a moment.
The following concepts and procedures should be applied the moment the
search is initiated until the last victim is found.
PPT 6-33
9.1 Precautions during a search
Have participants engage
– Never make inappropriate comments the victim should not hear. in a discussion to produce
Keep your comments on a positive note. Always assume on their own the
someone is listening to you. precautions and the steps
for initial contact.
– The victim is in the worst possible position and fighting to stay
alive, and you can enhance their chances of survival by being
positive about the possibility of finding and extricating them.
– You may be the first person the victim is able to communicate
with; therefore it is important to project a sense of confidence
and hope.

9.2 Steps for initial contact with a located victim PPT 6-34

Discuss steps for initial

contact with a victim.

Ask participants to open

their workbooks and
complete the blank
spaces.

1) Identify and overcome language barriers.

2) Identify yourself as a rescuer, projecting confidence and calm

in your voice and choice of words.

3) Obtain the following information:

– Name
– Adult or child (approximate age)
– Type and extent of injury
– Hydration status
– Warmth
– Degree of confinement

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–14

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4) Provide emergency medical treatment as quickly as possible. Complete steps for initial
contact with a victim.
5) Ask about other potential victims and their condition.

6) Inform the victim of rescue operations.

7) Inform the victim if you have to leave for short periods.

8) Provide protection from the environment as much as possible.

9) Consider direct or indirect intervention of a relative or friend,

etc.
Ask participants to
suggest new ideas and
10. Improvised Search Equipment help them devise new
methods for improvised
10.1 Acoustic detection (use to amplify sound through search equipment.
a crack or opening in a building) Take notes of the
– Stethoscope participants’ ideas to
introduce into lesson
– Recorder with microphone mounted on a pole materials.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

10.2 Visual detection

– Telescopic mirror with illumination
– Common video camera
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

10.3 Sound transmission

– Loudspeaker mounted on an extension, with microphone
– Portable radios
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

10.4 Other
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–15

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Refer to forms discussed in RM 6-14. Refer to RM-6-14.

REVIEW

Lesson objectives and

other main points.

Ensure that lesson

objectives have been met.

EVALUATION

Remind participants to
study the RM in
preparation for Post-Test.

Practical Exercise

Ask participants to
complete Lesson
Evaluation Form. Allow
several minutes and
collect.

See Exercise Guide 6.

CLOSING

Thank class for their

participation and
announce the coming
lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques LP 6–16

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Post-Test ƒ Lesson 6 (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Search and Locating Techniques

Complete the following definition for searching and locating:

A set of techniques and procedures whose purpose is to obtain a response or indication of the
presence of live victims in a void space within the collapsed structure.

Describe the different functions of the members of a CSSR squad:

Searchers: Physically carry out the search operation as outlined by the team leader.

Safety: Performs the duties of the Safety Officer and is responsible for monitoring
security during the search operations.

Leader: Responsible for developing the search plan, drawing diagrams, keeping
documentation and making recommendations to the incident commander.

From the following list of basic search and rescue equipment, identify those needed for structure
marking:

_____ Binoculars 9 Spray paint

9 Flags 9 Cones

_____ Flashlight _____ Hammer

_____ Periscope _____ Gloves

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6–17

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Number the following steps in proper order for a search and location operation:

Conduct an appropriate search pattern and place INSARAG markings

where potential victims are detected, both on the structure and on the
9 diagram.

1 Compile and analyse available information.

11 Initial pre-hospital treatment of the victim.

Rescue victims with easy access on or near the surface, if this has not
4 already been done.

Continually analyse the results and re-evaluate the search plan (make
10 necessary adjustments).

8 Select a search method.

Confirm the presence and location of potential victims with the resources
12 and equipment available.

2 Secure the scene.

6 Create a diagram of the structure.

3 Inspect and evaluate the structure.

Make INSARAG markings on the structure as needed, if not already

5 done.

7 Select the area to be searched.

Define void space.

A physical space in a collapsed structure where a person trapped within the space
could remain alive for a short period.

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6–18

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

List and describe the characteristics of the two search modalities:

Hasty Search Extensive/Grid Search

Rapid detection of victims A thorough, systematic search

Scene assessment Redundant checks
Sets priorities Allows for use of alternate search
resources

Identify the void spaces in the following four drawings, using arrows to indicate their locations:

PH Rev. November 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6–19

Lesson 6: Search and Location Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 6 …continued
Lesson 6
Objectives Objectives
1. Define search and location and 3. List and describe the steps for
describe its importance in the searching and locating.
success of a CSSR operation.
4. Define void space and identify
2. Describe the composition of a probable locations in the four basic
search team and the basic collapse patterns.
equipment used.
more Î more Î
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued

Lesson 6 Objectives Searching and Locating

5. Describe the modes, types and A set of techniques and procedures
patterns of conducting search. whose purpose is to obtain a response or
6 Demonstrate in two practical
6. indication of the presence of live victims
exercises the steps for a in a void space within a collapsed
physical search and location, structure.
using two different patterns.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Survival Rate Search Squad

100 91 81
90
al Rate (%)

80 Squad Leader
70
60
50 36.7 33.7
40
Surviva

30 19
20
10 7.4
Rescuer 1 Rescuer 2 Rescuer 3 Rescuer 4 Rescuer 5
0

0.5 24 48 72 96 120

Time Elapsed (Hours)

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-6

1
Lesson 6: Search and Location Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Basic Equipment for 50% victims on surface

Physical Search
„ Personal protective equipment
„ Personal supplies (unassisted for
12 hours)
„ Marking supplies
„ Communication devices
„ Warning and alert devices
„ Reconnaissance and vision
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

35% victims lightly trapped 15% victims trapped in void spaces

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-9 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-10

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Steps to
…cont’d.
Steps to
Search and Locate Search and Locate

1. Compile and analyse information. 5. Make markings on the structure.

2. Secure the scene. 6 Create a diagram.
6. diagram
3. Inspect and evaluate the structure.
7. Select search area.
4. Rescue surface victims.
8. Select search method.
more … more…

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-11 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-12

2
Lesson 6: Search and Location Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…cont’d.
Steps to
Search and Locate Void Spaces
9. Conduct search and place
INSARAG markings on structure
and diagram.
diagram
10. Analyse results and re-evaluate.
11. Pre-hospital treatment.
12. Confirm potential victim location.
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-13 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-14

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Possible Location of
Void Spaces
Structurally resistant areas:
„ Basements
„ Elevator shafts
„ Bathrooms
„ Inside hallways
„ Concrete walls

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-15 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-16

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-17 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-18

3
Lesson 6: Search and Location Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-19 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-20

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-21 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-22

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-23 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-24

4
Lesson 6: Search and Location Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Search Modalities

• Hasty
y search
• Extensive search

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-25 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-26

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Physical Search
Search Methods

• Physical search
• Canine
C i search h
• Technical search

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-27 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-28

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Void Search Hailing Method

12 o'clock
(North)

“We are rescuers –

make some noise
so we can hear
h
you!!”

Silence is essential
6 o'clock

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-29 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-30

5
Lesson 6: Search and Location Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Search Patterns:
Search Patterns:
Line Search
Multiple
Rooms

“Go right,
stay right.”
4m 4m 4m

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-31 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-32

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Victim Management Victim Contact

• Precautions during a search

• Steps
St ffor iinitial
iti l contact
t t with
ith
a located victim

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-33 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Search and Location Techniques PPT 6-34

6
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Steps for Search

…continued

and Location Steps for Search

and Location
1. Compile and analyse 5. Make markings on
information. the structure.
2. Secure the scene. 6. Create a diagram.
3. Inspect and evaluate 7. Select search area.
the structure. 8 Select search
8.
4. Rescue surface method.
victims.
more Î more Î

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Searching and Locating FC 6-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Searching and Locating FC 6-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Search Area/Site Sketch

…continued

Steps for Search

Team # _______ Date: ________ Time:_________ Location/GPS _________ Page: ____ of ______
A B C D E F G H I

and Location
1

9. Conduct search and 3

place victim markings,

markings 4
both on the structure and
on the diagram. 5

10. Analyse results/ 6

re-evaluate 7

11. Pre-hospital treatment. 8

12 Confirm potential
12. 9

victims with available Legend / Required Symbols Resources

Utilized
y North arrow Chemical Detected victim

resources and y Scale

y Sides 1, 2, 3 and 4 Structural Live victim L - 3 Physical/
Hailing
Acoustic
Optical

equipment. y Access points:

1st 2st
Environmental Dead victim
D-3
Canine Other

Command Staging Area S

Cut services: E G W
Post
Electricity Gas Water

Emergency Heavy
Trucks equipment
vehicles

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Searching and Locating FC 6-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Searching and Locating FC 6-4

1
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

50% victims on
surface

35%
victims lightly
trapped

15%
victims
trapped in
void spaces

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Searching and Locating FC 6-5

2
 CSSR Course
Lesson 7 – Overview
Tools, Equipment and Accessories
Duration Lecture: 1 hour and 45 minutes
Practical component: 8 hours
Main points • Definition of tools, equipment and accessories (TEA)
• Classification of TEAs according to their use
• Classification of TEAs according to their power source
• Steps to follow before, during and after use of TEAs
• Guidelines to follow during use of TEAs

• Thoroughly study reference material (RM-07)

Suggested • Based on lesson objectives, highlight the reference material on related subjects.
preparation • Fill in the blanks in the participant’s manual to guide you in helping participants with
needed information.
• Have on hand any experiences, stories or comments related to this lesson.
• Have the practical exercise stations prepared before the lesson.
• Meet with all assistant instructors prior to the class for station assignments and to clarify
any doubts.
• Have assistant instructors present for the lecture portions.
• Any material needed for the practical exercise should be prepared a day in advance.

• Written test the next day

Evaluation • Demonstration of the use of tools, equipment and accessories at four practical stations at
system the end of the lecture

Materials and • Power point (9) • Chain saw (2)

• Projector
Other Materials
• Circular saw electric (1)
resources • Projector screen • Module for working
• Reciprocating saw (1):
needed • Handouts (1) walls
• Post-Test (1) (4) wood blades and • Concrete slabs
• Exercise guides (5) (4) metal blades
• Wood 10 cm x 10 cm x
• Clipboards (5) • Hydraulic jack: 3 meters (8)
• Radios (Instructor) 10-ton (1) • Wood 10 cm x 10 cm x
• PPE 20-ton (1) 3 meters (4)
• Level 24”
• Tape measure • Light accessories with • Tin sheeting number 28
• Framing square (stations) extension cords or 24, 1 meter x 0.5
• Lumber pencil • Hammer drill (1) meter (4)
• Generators (4) • Drill (1) ½” bit • Rebar ½” between 40
• Come-along (1) Wood (2) centimetres to 1 meter
• Metal (2)
Rotary rescue saw: • Plywood sheeting 1,2
metal blades (2) • Tarp per stations meters x 2,4 meters x1,
concrete blades (2) 25 cm (4)
• Chipping Hammer
• Fire Extinguisher
Importance of • To familiarize the participant with the many tools, equipment or accessories available in a
this lesson CSSR cache, and how to properly use and maintain them in a safe manner. It is
imperative that the rescuer be familiar with the operation and safe usage of the tools,
accessories and equipment in order to accomplish the required tasks.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Tools, Equipment and

7 Accessories
Instructor Activity

PPT 7-1, PPT 7-2

Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you should be able to: assistant.

Present the lesson topic, explain

1. Define tools, equipment and accessories (TEA). the relevance of the lesson to the
course, state the duration, and
2. List four categories of TEA according to their use. describe scheduled activities and
method of evaluation.
3. List five power sources for equipment and tools.
Present lesson objectives. Ask a
4. List the general steps for use and maintenance of tools participant to read them aloud
from the workbook.
and equipment (before, during and after their use).
Ensure that the objectives are
5. Demonstrate in four practical exercises the correct use of clear to all participants.
TEA.
Comment on the importance of
knowing the proper operation and
handling of tools, equipment and
accessories used in CSSR, as
well as maintenance and other
guidelines for use.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Definitions PPT 7-3

Ask a participant to read
1.1 Tools the definition of tool from
the workbook.

A tool is a device that is used to perform or facilitate manual or Ask for some additional
examples of tools besides
mechanical work, using only the strength of the operator. what is in the workbook.

Examples:..............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Figure 1. Brick hammer and adjustable wrench.

1.2 Equipment PPT 7-4

Ask a participant to read

A piece of equipment is a machine or device that performs a physical the definition of
task, whose operation depends on an external power source in order equipment. Ask for
to increase work capacity. additional examples.

Prepare examples that

Examples:.............................................................................................................................................. will differentiate tools from
equipment (for example, a
....................................................................................................................................................................... hammer, a chainsaw).

....................................................................................................................................................................... Promote a discussion

regarding the
characteristics and
capabilities of the tools
and equipment used by
the participants in their
rescue activities. Also
ask them to contribute
their experiences with
maintenance and getting
Figure 2. Chainsaw and rotary hammer drill. maximum productivity
from the TEA they have
used.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1.3 Accessories PPT 7-5

Ask a participant to read

An accessory is a component that supplements or completes a tool
the definition of accessory
or piece of equipment, and which increases the operator’s ability to from the workbook.
perform a task.
Ask for some additional
examples of accessories
Examples:.............................................................................................................................................. besides what is in the
workbook.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Stress the importance of
....................................................................................................................................................................... everyone using the same
name or word to describe
TEA throughout the
course.

Develop a strategy that

will allow you to shift from
Figure 3. Carpenter’s apron and chipping hammer bit. the discussion on TEA to
working on how they are
classified according to
use.

PPT 7-6

2. Classifying Tools, Equipment and Ask a participant to read

Accessories According to their Use the definition on the
transparency.

2.1 Search TEA Starting with TEA for

search, explain that these
Search tools, equipment and accessories are used in searching for are used to detect and
locate victims trapped in a
potentially trapped victims and locating them in collapsed structures. collapsed structure as
They can be used individually or in conjunction with each other. seen in Lesson 5.

2.2 Rescue TEA With TEA for rescue,

these are used to
Rescue tools, equipment and accessories are those used to penetrate a penetrate and cut
structure and gain access to a victim in a CSSR operation (Figure 4). materials when locating
and removing trapped
....................................................................................................................................................................... victims.

....................................................................................................................................................................... Promote a group

discussion on what types
....................................................................................................................................................................... of TEA the participants
would use to penetrate
any given structure.

Figure 4. Rotary rescue saw (K-12) and reciprocating saw.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

2.3 Operations Support Equipment and Accessories Discuss operations

support equipment and
This category includes all items and devices used to aid in accessories and explain
conducting a CSSR operation and which support rescue activities the significance of
operations support in a
(Figure 5).
CSSR operation. See RM
....................................................................................................................................................................... 7-3 and 7-4.

....................................................................................................................................................................... To reinforce this point

mention communications,
ventilation, power
generation, etc. and how
these activities support a
CSSR operation.
Discuss the HO 7-1 for
additional information
As a follow-up, elaborate
on the subject of
Figure 5. Generator and hand-held two-way radios. equipment that is used to
break, cut, and otherwise
penetrate, explaining that
there many of the tools
are also used for these
same purposes as well as
for measuring,
hammering, separating,
lifting, etc.

Discuss PPE and relate it

2.4 Personal Protective Equipment to Lesson 5 on safety.
Make special reference to
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is required in order to prevent unsafe actions and unsafe
injuries while working on a CSSR operation. Some basic PPE items conditions.
are shown below: Use RM 7-4 as your
guide.

Generate a group
discussion on what parts
of the rescuer’s body
require protection during a
CSSR operation.

Figure 6. PPE items: work gloves, eye protection and safety helmet.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Begin this section by
3. Classifying Tools and Equipment asking the group
According to Power Source questions such as, “What
are some other ways we
can classify TEA?”
3.1 Electrically-powered
PPT 7-7
............................................................................................................................................................
Ask a participant to read
............................................................................................................................................................
the transparency aloud.
............................................................................................................................................................
Explain classification of
tools and equipment by
power source, such as
electric, air-powered,
hydraulic, etc.

Explain the difference

between pneumatic and
electrically-powered tools
and equipment.

Give several examples for

each type of power
source. Use RM 7-4 as a
Figure 7. Electric drill and circular saw. guide.

3.2 Pneumatic (Air-Powered)

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Figure 8. Pneumatic (air) chisel.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
3.3 Internal Combustion
Explain and discuss
............................................................................................................................................................ internal combustion
equipment. Discuss main
............................................................................................................................................................ characteristics,
uses/functions, and where
............................................................................................................................................................ they can and cannot be
used.

Can internal combustion

equipment be used in
closed spaces?

Figure 9. Generator

Explain and discuss

3.4 Hydraulic hydraulic equipment.
Discuss main
............................................................................................................................................................ characteristics, uses/
functions, and where they
............................................................................................................................................................ can and cannot be used.

............................................................................................................................................................ Can hydraulic equipment

be used underwater or in
a horizontal position?

Allow time for questions

and comments. Make any
clarifications as needed.
Remember to record in
the File questions that
need to be answered
later.

Figure 10. Hydraulic bottle jacks.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Discuss the come-along
3.5 Other Types and other types of
equipment. This category
............................................................................................................................................................ includes all equipment
whose characteristics,
............................................................................................................................................................ mechanisms or power
source do not easily fit
into the previously
mentioned categories,
such as some mechanical
devices, manually-
operated, gas-powered
Figure 11. Hoist (come-along).
(such as the acetylene
torch), etc.

Ask participants for

additional suggestions.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Use the table shown to
review the classifications
Classifying Tools, Equipment & Accessories of TEA.
According to Use Instruct participants to fill
in the table with the
examples presented in
Search Examples: discussion.

Rescue Examples:

Operational Examples:
Support

According to Power Source

Electrical Examples:

Air Powered Examples:

Internal Examples:
Combustion

Hydraulic Examples:

Other Examples:

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4. General Steps for Use and Maintenance PPT 7-7 and PPT 7-8

Point out that a member

There are seven general steps you should follow when using any tool or of a CSSR squad, not
piece of equipment in a CSSR operation. These steps are in addition to the only must know the
specific instructions for each particular tool or piece of equipment. characteristics of the TEA,
but also the steps for their
Before proper care and
maintenance. This
includes care before,
a. Put on all required PPE. during and after use.
............................................................................................................................................................. Ask participants to
suggest ideas for the
b. Verify availability of fuel and power sources. general steps.

............................................................................................................................................................. Remind participants that it

is also extremely
c. Verify proper operation of tool. important for TEA to be in
order, so they can be
............................................................................................................................................................. easily found and
accounted for. Use the
d. Check required accessories for each tool or piece of equipment. phrase: “Every tool in its
place, and a place for
.............................................................................................................................................................
every tool.”

Complete the general

e. Follow all safety rules (course rules and manufacturer’s rules). steps and answer any
questions the participants
.............................................................................................................................................................
may have.

During See RM 7-5 to 7-7.

f. Use proper technique when using a tool or piece of equipment.

.............................................................................................................................................................

After
g. Follow proper cleaning and maintenance procedures for each
tool or piece of equipment.
.............................................................................................................................................................

4.1 Tips for Using Equipment

Follow these important guidelines when using various pieces of
equipment:

• Always use the proper bit or blade for the material to be

penetrated and make sure that it is firmly installed in the
equipment before operating.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Present equipment tips
• Do not operate a drill until it is in contact with the material to and generate a discussion
be penetrated. among the group.

............................................................................................................................................................ Present ideas and tips

based on your own
............................................................................................................................................................ experience and ask
participants to contribute
• Conversely, when operating a rotary saw, bring it up to full from theirs as well.
speed before making contact with the material to be
penetrated.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• When drilling, do not stop the drill while the bit is inside the
material – doing so may cause the bit to jam in the material.
Likewise, do not allow the blade of a rotary saw to come to a
stop while cutting material – remove it fully first.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• If a drill bit becomes jammed in the material and you are

unable to remove it with normal drill action, do not use the
whole drill as a lever on the bit – remove the drill from the bit
and try to loosen it with hand tools.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

4.2 Equipment Monitoring Form Explain how to use the

form to keep track of
maintenance, amount of
The Equipment Monitoring Form on the following page is as a sample use, warranty information,
for tracking all activity and usage for a piece of equipment. The and other important
Maintenance Log and Use Log portions can be broken out onto information.
separate pages, as those portions can become lengthy. Because the
form records maintenance, it is essential from the safety standpoint.

▪▪▪▪▪

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Equipment Monitoring Form

Description:

Model: Brand:

Serial #: ID Tag:

Cost: Date of Purchase:

Repair Company: Warranty Expiration Date:

Specifications:

Accessories:

Maintenance Log

Description of Labour Warranty

Date Technician
Work Performed Expiration Date

Use Log

Date Amount of Time Used Operator Comments

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW
Review lesson
objectives and other
main points.

Ensure that lesson

objectives have been
met.

EVALUATION

Remind participants to
study the RM in
preparation for Post-
Test.

Practical Exercise.

Ask participants to
complete the Lesson
Evaluation form.

CLOSING

Collect Lesson
Evaluation forms from
everyone.

Thank class for their

participation and
announce the next
lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories LP 7-12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Post-Test ƒ Lesson 7 (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Tools, Equipment and Accessories
1. Below you will find three definitions for tools, equipment and accessories. Match the
correct definition for each term by writing the correct answer in the space provided: (T)
for tools, (E) for equipment and (A) for accessories.

( T ) A device that is used to perform or facilitate manual or mechanical work, using

only the strength of the operator.

( E ) A machine or device that performs a physical task, whose operation depends on

an outside power source in order to increase work capacity.

( A ) A component that supplements or completes a tool or piece of equipment, and

which increases the operator’s ability to perform a task.

2. Identify each item pictured below and on the following page, using the name it has been
given in this course. In addition, identify it as a tool, piece of equipment, or accessory,
by writing ‘T,’ ‘E’ or ‘A’ in the “T/E/A” column.

Name T/E/A

Chain E

Framing square T

Bucket A

Bolt cutter T

Adjustable wrench T

PH Rev. Oct. 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PT-Inst 7–13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Name T/E/A

Rotary hammer drill E

Wood circular saw E

Gas container A

3. List and describe the steps you should take before starting the item pictured below.

Put on all required PPE.

Verify availability of fuel and power sources.

Verify proper operation of tool.

Check required accessories.

Follow all safety rules.

PH Rev. Oct. 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PT-Inst 7–14

Lesson 7: Tools, Equipment and Accessories

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 7 Lesson 7
Objectives Objectives
Contd.
1. Define tools, equipment and
accessories (TEA). 4. List the general steps for use and
2. List four categories of TEA according maintenance of tools and equipment
to their use. (before, during and after their use).
3. List five power sources for equipment 5. Demonstrate in four practical
and tools. exercises the correct use of TEA.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Tool Equipment
A device that is used to perform or A machine or device that performs a
facilitate manual or mechanical work, physical task, whose operation
using only the strength of the depends
p on an outside p
power source in
operator. order to increase work capacity.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Accessory Classifying TEA by Use

A component that supplements or
completes a tool or piece of „ Search
equipment, and which increases the „ Rescue
operator’s ability to perform a task. „ Operations support
„ Personal protection

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-6

1
Lesson 7: Tools, Equipment and Accessories

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Classifying TEA by Use and Maintenance

Power Source
„ Electric „ Before — PPE, verify fuel/power source
„ Pneumatic (air) „ During — proper operation
„ Internal combustion „ After — cleaning/maintenance
„ Hydraulic
„ Other: mechanical advantage, etc.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Before using power tools,

read manufacturer’s instructions

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Tools, Equipment and Accessories PPT 7-9

2
 CSSR Course
Lesson 8 – Overview
Rescue Strategies and Techniques

Duration Lecture: 1 hour, 45 minutes

Practical component: 6 hours

Main points • Approach strategies for search and rescue

• Techniques for accessing and rescuing a patient
• Steps to ensure and evaluate access conditions
• Removing rubble
• Procedures for cutting and penetrating metal, wood, concrete, block and
brick
• Thoroughly study reference material (RM-08)
Suggested • Based on the lesson objectives, highlight the reference material on related
preparation subjects.
• Fill in the participant’s manual to guide you in helping participants with
needed information.
• Have an hand any experiences, stories or comments related to this lesson.
• Have the practical exercise stations prepared before the lesson.
• Meet with all assistant instructors prior to the class for station assignments
and to clarify and doubts.
• Have assistant instructors present for the lecture portion.
• Any material needed for the practical exercise should be prepared a day in
advance.
• Written test the next day
Evaluation • Demonstration in applying techniques for cutting and penetrating different
system materials conducted at four different stations.
• Power point (13)
Materials and • Post-Test (1) • Spray paint
resources • Evaluation sheet (1) • Tin Snips
needed • Practical exercise • Spray Bottle
• Clipboards (5) • Crow Bar
• Radios (Instructor) • Sledgehammer
• PPE • Chain saw
• Level 24” (4) • Reciprocating saw (3):
• Tape measure (4) (4) wood blades and
• Generator (4) (4) metal blades
• Rotary rescue saw (4): • Hammer drill (3)
• (2) metal blades • Chipping hammer (3)
• (2) concrete blades • Drill (2):
• Claw Hammer (2) wood blades and
• Chisel (2) metal blades
• Fire Extinguisher Other Materials
• Exercise Guide (4)

Importance of • With the skills gained from the last lesson, this lesson will familiarize the
participant with proper techniques of cutting and penetrating the various
this lesson construction materials encountered during a CSSR operation, using the
appropriate tool.

PH Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rescue Strategies
8 and Techniques
Instructor Activity

TR 8-1, TR 8-2
Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you will become familiar with: assistant.

Present the lesson topic,

1. Describe the two ways of approaching a located trapped explain the relevance of the
victim. lesson to the course, state
the duration, and describe
2. List the four techniques for accessing and rescuing a victim. scheduled activities and
method of evaluation.
3. List the five factors to analyse when evaluating access
conditions. This lesson is very important
because depending on the
type of material that is to be
4. List the steps for removing rubble. penetrated, different
techniques are used based
5. Describe the procedures for penetrating five different on the properties of that
materials: wood, metal, concrete, brick and cinder block. material.

6. Demonstrate in a practical exercise the procedure for cutting Present lesson objectives.
Ask a participant to read
and penetrating the five materials listed above, correctly them aloud from the
using the required TEA. workbook.

Ensure that the objectives

are clear to all participants.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Approach Strategies PPT 8-3

Ask participants to close

Once the search has ended and the trapped victim has been located, it is their workbooks.
then necessary to make a decision on how to approach the victim.
Open a discussion by
asking participants to
share experiences and
opinions on the subject of
Vertical search strategies and
Approach techniques.

Guide the discussion in

Horizontal such a way as to arrive at
Horizontal
Approach the idea that rescuing a
Approach
trapped victim is based on
the ability to identify and
Vertical explore the possibility of
void spaces and apply the
Approach
necessary techniques to
gain access to these,
using the minimum effort
Vertical approach and greatest possible
safety for both the rescuer
.......................................................................................................................................................................
and the victim.

.......................................................................................................................................................................
Ask participants to identify
a variety of approach and
rescue strategies
Horizontal approach (keeping workbooks
closed).
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Differentiate between
APPROACH STRATEGIES strategy and technique.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Body position is more • Likely to work with
comfortable concrete
• Easier to use tools and • Debris may fall on
equipment the victim. (Must
Vertical • Easy access ensure piece being
• Cleaner work cut does not fall on
conditions the victim)
• Time-consuming

• Easy penetration • Uncomfortable

• Material in most cases body position
is not concrete • Crawling frequently
• Debris does not fall on required
the patient • Tool positioning
Horizontal
awkward
• Dirtier working
conditions
• Aftershocks risky to
rescuer

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PPT 8-4

Discuss vertical and

horizontal approaches
and their main
characteristics.

Use RM 8-1 as back-up

material.

Participants may open

their workbooks.

Instruct participants to fill

Figure 2. Horizontal approach. in the table on vertical and
horizontal approaches.
Provide information as
needed.

Figure 1. Vertical approach.

Discuss pictures of
vertical and horizontal
2. Access and Rescue Techniques approaches during a
rescue.

2.1 Removing rubble Review RM 8-1 and 8-2

on access techniques.
2.2 Shoring
PPT 8-5
2.3 Cutting and penetrating
Comment on removing
rubble and shoring in
2.4 Lifting and stabilising loads general terms.

Ask participants to share

any experiences.

Comment on cutting and

penetrating.

Discuss lifting and

stabilising loads.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 8-6

3. Evaluating Access Conditions Review access conditions

as described in the steps.
At this point, the search has been conducted and victims located. Now the
Point out that an orderly
focus is to analyse access points to make sure the route is safe for victim
sequence of steps is
extrication efforts to begin. The following five steps must also be taken: required for this process,
in order to ensure the
a. Ensure utilities are cut off. safest access possible
• Water lines during a rescue.
• Gas pipes
• Electrical system
• Air conditioning system
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

b. Proceed to victim marking location.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

c. Mitigate hazards.

• Shoring
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

d. Establish safety zones and escape routes.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

e. Secure your access area and remove rubble.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4. Removing Rubble Before reading from the

workbook, ask
When victims are trapped near the participants to come up
surface of a collapsed structure, you CAUTION: Be careful not with the steps for
will need to remove the rubble to move pieces that may removing rubble.
surrounding them in order to extricate affect the stability of the
Generate a discussion on
them. It is very important to be very structure or rubble pile. the type of rubble that can
methodical and work gradually when When in doubt, consult a be generated during a
removing rubble. Use the following structural engineer. rescue. Clarify that rubble
removal is an on-going
procedure: procedure that takes
1. Determine the manner in which the building collapsed and place before, during and
after penetration.
verify the condition of its components.
PPT 8-7
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Re-emphasise the caution

.......................................................................................................................................................................
in the highlighted box
regarding the stability of
the structure or rubble
2. Remove small pieces first and only large pieces that may be loose.
pile.
Never remove any pieces that are under pressure or wedged in
place. Discuss the steps for
removing rubble.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Allow time for questions
....................................................................................................................................................................... and answers.

Figure 3. Rubble removal following an earthquake.

3. To remove pieces that are under pressure it may be necessary to

shore first.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
4. Avoid cutting into load-bearing walls.
Emphasise taking extra
....................................................................................................................................................................... care during penetrating in
the event that an
....................................................................................................................................................................... unconscious or
immobilised victim is
trapped against the other
Note: Simple methods such as a bucket brigade may be very effective for
side of the material.
removing rubble.
Comment on knowing the
...................................................................................................................................................................................... capabilities and limitations
of the tools being used.
......................................................................................................................................................................................
Comment on having the
necessary manual skills to
properly, cut, breach,
break, and otherwise
penetrate the various
construction materials.

Review the concepts of

tension, compression and
shear, relating them to the
weaknesses in the
materials and the
techniques used with
tools, equipment and
accessories.

Relate this lesson with the

material covered in
Lesson 3, where tools,
equipment and
accessories were
Figure 4. Rubble removal following an earthquake.
discussed in detail.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5. Procedures for Cutting and Penetrating

Materials
When breaching a wall or floor, always be aware that a trapped victim
may be in direct contact with the other side of the material you are cutting
through. Therefore, you must use extreme caution when cutting and
penetrating to avoid accidentally injuring the person you are trying to save.
Additionally avoid cutting too deeply to prevent damaging structural
elements, wires, water pipes, etc.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

To properly select a tool for a task, you should have a good understanding
of the capabilities and limitations of the tools available to you. You must
always work within the capabilities of the tool and use it properly.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

5.1 Cutting and Penetrating Metal and Wood PPT 8-8

Ask participants to outline
Several tools and pieces of equipment are used in cutting and the steps for cutting metal
penetrating metal and wood: and wood without looking
at their workbooks.
PPT 8-9
Tools for Cutting Metal Tools for Cutting Wood
Review the steps for
• Tin snips • Axe cutting metal and wood.
• Bolt cutters • Hatchet
• Hacksaw • Hand saw See RM 8-10 for
• Reciprocating saw • Power drill or hand drill supporting material.
• File • Chainsaw Allow time for questions
• Power drill • Circular saw and comments regarding
• Rotary rescue saw • Reciprocating saw the procedure.
• Circular saw (with metal- • Rotary rescue saw
cutting blade)
• Air chisel
• Acetylene torch

Figure 5. Cutting sheet metal. Figure 6. Cutting a wood panel.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Ask participants to outline
Procedure for Cutting Metal and Wood the steps for cutting metal
and wood without looking
1. Use full PPE. at their workbooks.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Review the steps for
cutting metal and wood.
2. Select the proper tool.
See RM 8-10 for
supporting material.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Allow time for questions

and comments regarding
3. Make the work area is free of hazards. the procedure.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

4. Knock on the metal or wood to find a hollow area.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

5. Make an inspection hole. Use caution when breaking through the

other side.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

<WHAT IS THE REAL REASON WHY MAKE INSPECTION

HOLE? HOW BIG?>
6. Cut a triangular access hole, large enough to permit access.
Additionally avoid cutting too deeply.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

7. Remove the piece you have

cut. Protect against any
sharp edges by filing,
covering them, or bending
the metal back.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

8. Shore if necessary.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.2 Cutting and Penetrating Concrete Block and Brick PPT 8-10 and 8-11
Explain that this
The procedure discussed in this section refers to vertical walls that are procedure is used only on
still in or close to their original position. Penetration is horizontal. vertical walls in their
Other techniques would be used for these materials when collapsed or original position or close
to it.
in a horizontal position.
Discuss potential hazards
A word of caution: It is best to avoid cutting through walls. of this type of breaching.
Breaching through unreinforced masonry (URM) walls may cause
additional collapse or building instability. Instead, you should look Review list of tools
for existing natural or created horizontal openings. required for this
procedure.

Tools for Cutting Brick and Concrete Block Make any appropriate
comments on the pictures
• Large and small sledgehammer in the workbook.
• Chisel
• Pick Begin reviewing the
procedure for cutting and
• Pry bar or crowbar penetrating concrete
• Chipping hammer block and brick.
• Impact hammer
• Impact drill Finish reviewing the steps
for cutting and penetrating
• Rotary hammer drill
concrete block and brick.
• Rotary rescue saw

Figure 7. Breaching concrete block.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Procedure for Cutting and Penetrating Concrete Block
VERY IMPORTANT:
and Brick Review precautions
regarding cutting pre-
1. Use full PPE. tensioned concrete
reinforcements.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Review list of tools
required for this
2. Select the proper tool. procedure.

....................................................................................................................................................................... Before reviewing the steps

from the workbook, ask
participants to describe
3. Make sure the work area is free of hazards. their own experience
cutting reinforced
.......................................................................................................................................................................
concrete.
4. Make an inspection hole. Use caution when breaking through the After discussion is
other side. complete, begin review
the steps.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

5. Break into the block or brick, cutting a triangular hole, starting at the
bottom (base of triangle). Additionally avoid cutting too deeply.

With concrete block, first break into the hollow area (cell), which is
weaker. With bricks, first break into the mortar between the bricks.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

6. Remove the broken pieces. Always move the pieces out of the hole;
do not push them in.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

7. Shore if necessary.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Figure 8. Breaching a brick wall.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.3 Cutting and Penetrating Reinforced Concrete

Tools for Cutting Reinforced Concrete

• Large and small For cutting steel reinforcements:

sledgehammer
• Reciprocating saw
• Chisel
• Hacksaw
• Pick
• Bolt-cutter
• Pry bar or crowbar
• Acetylene torch
• Chipping hammer
• Impact hammer
• Impact drill
• Rotary hammer drill
• Rotary rescue saw

PPT 8-12 and 8-13

Vertical concrete wall (top view)

Explain when this

procedure is used and the
potential hazards of this
Horizontal concrete slab (side view)
type of breaching.

Explain cutting the

concrete at angles to
Direction of breach prevent the cut portion
from falling on or toward
Figure 9. Cut concrete at an angle to prevent the potential victim.
loose piece from falling on or toward victim.

Procedure for Cutting and Penetrating Reinforced Concrete VERY IMPORTANT:

Review precautions
Cable reinforcements need to be identified early to ensure the rescue regarding cutting pre-
team can recognise the difference between cables and rebar. Cutting tensioned concrete
pre/post-tensioned cables can result in the immediate failure of the reinforcements.
slab or structural member. Generally, rescue teams should not cut Review list of tools
tensioned cable or should cut them only under the direction of a required for this
procedure.
structural engineer.
Before reviewing the steps
1. Use full PPE. from the workbook, ask
participants to describe
their own experience
2. Select the proper tool. cutting reinforced
concrete.
3. Make sure the work area is free of hazards.
After discussion is
4. If possible, make an inspection hole. Use caution when complete, begin review
breaking through the other side. the steps.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5. Horizontal approach: Your goal is to cut a triangular hole (70 Discuss steps for
horizontal approach.
cm) in the concrete.
Discuss steps for vertical
a. Make the two upper cuts at a slight angle off perpendicular approach.
(80-85 degrees). This will prevent the cut portion from
falling inward, where it could potentially injure a victim. Be sure to allow time for
questions and comments
............................................................................................................................................................ before continuing.

............................................................................................................................................................

b. If the concrete is thicker than the depth of the saw blade,

begin chiselling and remove pieces, starting from the bottom
(base) and working upward.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Discuss steps for vertical

approach.
Allow for questions and
comments.

Figure 10. Breaching on horizontal approach.

6. Vertical approach: Your goal is to cut a square/rectangular

hole in the concrete.
............................................................................................................................................................

Make a small hole in the centre of the piece you will be cutting
out, that you will use to lift the cut portion.
............................................................................................................................................................

Cut two opposing sides of the square at a slight angle off

perpendicular (70-80 degrees). This will later prevent the cut
portion from falling downward.
............................................................................................................................................................

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Complete the square by cutting the remaining two sides in a

normal perpendicular fashion.
............................................................................................................................................................

Then lift out the piece using the hole in the centre. If the
concrete is thicker than the depth of the saw blade, you will
need to chisel and remove pieces.
............................................................................................................................................................

Figure 11. Breaching during a vertical approach.

7. Cutting reinforcements: A different approach is required when Discuss the step for
encountering reinforced concrete with steel rebar or stranded cable. cutting reinforcements.
Re-emphasise extreme
Loosen the concrete around the rebar to make room for tools. caution.
Then you can use a reciprocating saw, bolt cutters, rebar cutters or
a torch to cut the individual bars away. If for any reason it
becomes necessary to cut cables, you should use a torch to cut one
strand at a time to allow for slow de-tensioning.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

8. Shore if necessary.
▪▪▪▪▪

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW

Lesson objectives and

other main points.

Ensure that lesson

objectives have been met.

EVALUATION

Remind participants to
study the RM in
preparation for Post-Test.

Practical Exercise.

Ask participants to
complete the Lesson
Evaluation form.

CLOSING

Collect Lesson Evaluation

forms from everyone.

Thank class for their

participation and
announce the next lesson.

Ph Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques LP 8–14

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 8 ƒ Post-Test (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Rescue Strategies and Techniques

When a victim trapped in a collapsed structure is found, the two types of approaches used can be
either vertical or horizontal. State two advantages and disadvantages of each type of
approach.

Advantages Disadvantages

Body position is more

Likely to work with concrete
comfortable
Vertical

Debris may fall on the victim

Easier to use tools and
equipment Time-consuming
Easy access Must ensure piece being cut
does not fall
Cleaner work conditions

Uncomfortable body position

Easy penetration
Horizontal

Crawling frequently required

Material in most cases is not
Tool position awkward
concrete
Dirtier working conditions
Debris does not fall on the patient
Aftershocks risky to rescuer

List the four different techniques used for gaining access and rescuing a victim.

6. Removing rubble

7. Shoring

8. Cutting and penetrating

9. Lifting and stabilizing loads

PH Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PT-Inst 8–15

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

You arrive with your CSSR squad at the collapsed building pictured below. The building was
evaluated and two potential victims were detected. What steps would you and your squad
take to evaluate access conditions? Please make your answer brief.

TEAM
G
3 SALVADOR 2 2
25/11
0830 Hr

D-2 L-3
5

1. Ensure utilities are cut off.

2. Proceed to victim marking location.

3. Mitigate hazards.

4. Establish safety zones and escape routes.

5. Secure your access area and remove rubble.

(True or False). When removing rubble from a collapsed structure, it is best to remove debris
that is found under pressure first and then proceed to the lighter and looser debris next.
False.

PH Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PT-Inst 8–16

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

When removing rubble from a collapsed structure, if you have any doubts pertaining to what you
can or cannot remove, you should consult with: (Circle one.)

a) Safety Officer c) Incident Commander

b) Disaster Engineer d) Structural Engineer
For the following questions, please fill in the missing steps.

Procedure for cutting and penetrating concrete block and brick.

a. Use full PPE.

b. Select the proper tool.

c. Make sure the work area is free of hazards.

d. Make an inspection hole. Use caution when breaking through the other side.

e. Break into the block or brick, cutting a triangular hole, starting at the bottom (base of
triangle). Additionally avoid cutting too deeply.

f. Remove the broken pieces. Always move the pieces out of the hole; do not push them
in.

g. Shore if necessary.

Procedure for cutting metal and wood.

Use full PPE.

Select the proper tool.

Make the work area is free of hazards.

Knock on the metal or wood to find a hollow area.

Make an inspection hole. Use caution when breaking through the other side.

Cut a triangular, access hole large enough to permit access. Avoid cutting too
deeply.
Remove the piece you have cut. Protect against any sharp edges by filing, covering them, or
bending the metal back.

Shore if necessary.

Procedure for penetrating reinforced concrete.

Use full PPE.

Select the proper tool.

PH Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PT-Inst 8–17

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Make sure the work area is free of hazards.

If possible, make an inspection hole.

Horizontal approach: cut a triangular hole in the concrete.

1. The two upper cuts should be _________________ (perpendicular/angled).

2. If the concrete is thicker than the depth of the saw blade, begin chiseling and remove
pieces, starting from the bottom and working upward .

Vertical approach: cut a square/rectangular hole in the concrete.

1. Make a small hole in the centre of the piece you will be cutting out, that you will use
to lift the cut portion.

2. Cut two opposing sides of the square ________________ (perpendicular /angled).

This will later prevent the cut portion from falling downward.

3. Complete the square by cutting the remaining two sides in a normal perpendicular
fashion.

4. Then lift out the piece using the hole in the centre. If the concrete is thicker than the
depth of the saw blade, you will need to chisel and remove pieces.

Cutting reinforcements: Chip away the concrete around the rebar to make room for tools.
Then you can use a reciprocating saw, bolt rebar cutters or a torch to cut the individual
bars away. If for any reason it becomes necessary to cut cables, you should use a torch
to cut one strand at a time to allow for slow de-tensioning.

Shore if necessary.

PH Rev. November 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PT-Inst 8–18

Lesson 8: Rescue Strategies and Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 8 Lesson 8
Objectives Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will become 4. List the steps for removing rubble.
familiar with:
5. Describe the procedures for penetrating
1 Describe the two ways of approaching a
1. five different materials: wood
wood, metal
metal,
located trapped victim. concrete, brick and cinder block.
2. List the four techniques for accessing and 6. Demonstrate in a practical exercise the
rescuing a victim. procedure for cutting and penetrating the
3. List the five factors to analyse when five materials listed above, correctly
evaluating access conditions. using the required TEA.
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Approach Strategies
Vertical
Vertical Approach
Approach

Horizontal
H i t l Horizontal
Approach
Approach

Vertical

Approach

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Access and Rescue

Evaluating Access Conditions
Techniques

„ Removing rubble a. Ensure utilities are cut off

„ Shoring (Lesson 9) b
b. Proceed to victim marking location
„ Cutting and penetrating c. Mitigate hazards
„ Lifting/stabilising loads (Lesson 10) d. Establish safety zones and escape routes
e. Secure access area and remove rubble

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-6

1
Lesson 8: Rescue Strategies and Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Removing Rubble Cutting

Metal
„ Determine manner of collapse and verify
conditions
„ Remove small pieces first
„ Shore before removing pieces under
pressure
„ Avoid cutting into load-bearing walls

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Cutting
Cinder
Block

Cutting
Wood

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-9 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-10

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Vertical concrete wall

Cutting Cutting (top view)

Brick Reinforced
Concrete

Horizontal concrete
slab (side view) Direction of breach

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-11 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-12

2
Lesson 8: Rescue Strategies and Techniques

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Cutting
Reinforced
Concrete
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Rescue Strategies and Techniques PPT 8-13

3
 CSSR Course
Lesson 9 –Overview
Shoring Methods

Duration Lecture: 2 Hours

Practical component: 5 Hours

Main points • Definition of shoring

• Elements that make up a shoring system
• Factor for the selection and design of a shoring system
• Types of shoring
• Members and functions of a shoring system
• Procedures to construct two types of shoring

• Thoroughly study reference material (RM-09)

Suggested • Based on the lesson objectives, highlight the reference material on related subjects.
preparation • Fill in the participant’s manual to guide you in helping participants with needed information.
• Have an hand any experiences, stories or comments related to this lesson.
• Have the practical exercise stations prepared before the lesson.
• Meet with all assistant instructors prior to the class for station assignments and to clarify
and doubts.
• Have assistant instructors present for the lecture portion.
• Any material needed for the practical exercise should be prepared a day in advance.
• Use flip chart outside for practical exercise demonstration.

• Written test the next day

Evaluation • Demonstration of steps to construct a vertical shore and a window/door shore will be
system conducted after each lecture.

Materials and • Power point (18)

• Flipcharts (10)
resources • Flipchart board (2)
needed • Post-Test (1)
• Evaluation sheet (1)
• Practical exercise
• Clipboards (5)
• Radios (Instructor)
• PPE
• Wood
• Nails
• Hammers
• Level (2)
• Tape measure (4)
• Pencils (4)
• Square

Importance of • To familiarize participants with proper techniques needed to stop a building from collapsing
this lesson by selecting the proper shoring systems for each specific situation.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods Lesson 9 – Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

9 Shoring Methods
Instructor Activity

Objectives TR 9-1, TR 9-2

Introduce yourself and your

Upon completing this lesson, you will become familiar with: assistant.

1. Define shoring and identify its components. Present the lesson topic,
explain the relevance of the
2. List the factors that determine the design and method of lesson to the course, state the
duration, and describe
shoring. scheduled activities and
method of evaluation.
3. Describe four types of shoring.
Comment on the importance of
4. List the five factors to analyse when evaluating access CSSR teams being well
conditions trained in shoring, which will
allow them to secure the work
5. List the positions and functions of the members of a shoring site and protect themselves,
and therefore reach trapped
team. victims more safely and
efficiently. Once they have
6. List the procedures for building a window/door shore and a reached the victim, shoring
vertical shore. Demonstrate these procedures in a practical also provides protection for
exercise. them and allows for better and
safer mobility during the
extrication.

Present lesson objectives. Ask

a participant to read them
aloud from the workbook.

Ensure that the objectives are

clear to all participants.

Ask participants to close their

workbooks.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Shoring PPT 9-3

Open a group
discussion by asking
The temporary support of only that part of a damaged, collapsed, or partly them what they
collapsed structure that is required for conducting search and/or rescue understand by
shoring, to share any
operations at reduced risk to the victims and rescue team. possible experiences
with shoring or what
...................................................................................................................................................................................... they may have
otherwise read or
...................................................................................................................................................................................... learned about it.
Ask participants to
Shoring can also be applied to the following: share their ideas on
the purpose of
a. Structures with severely damaged panels shoring.
Keeping workbooks
b. Structures with loose pieces of concrete closed, ask the group
c. Cracked or broken pre-fabricated panels to come up with a
d. Cracked masonry walls definition for shoring.

Shoring follows a Double-Funnel Principle, which means that a shore

TR 9-4
collects a load, channels it and redistributes it safely to another surface or
structure that can support it. Ask a participant to
read the definition for
shoring out loud.

Read from RM 9-1.

Load Discuss with

participants what
Collector types of spaces are
those where shoring
is most effective and
likely to be used, with
Load regard to
Support affected/damaged
structures.

Discuss the double-

Load funnel principle, and
Distributor how a shore must
satisfy the three
functions of this
Figure 1. Double-funnel principle.
principle.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Components of a Shore
PPT 9-5

(Damaged floor) Review the individual

components, allowing
the participants time
to label the graphic in
their workbooks.

Header Discuss each

Gusset Cleat component in-depth
Post and how they relate
Shims to the double-funnel
principle described
Mid-point Diagonal
earlier.
brace braces
Clarify that this is not
Wedges necessarily the order
in which the shore is
assembled; rather,
Sole Plate they are the basic
components of all
vertical shores.
Gusset plate

Figure 2. Sample vertical shore.

Label the components of the vertical shore above as the instructor Continue describing
describes them and write in their descriptions and functions below. components of a
shore.

• Sole plate: provides a foundation for the shoring system by

supporting the weight being transferred from above and distributes
it over a wider area.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Header beam: collects the weight from above and spreads it

throughout the shoring system.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Post: supports the weight collected by the header and transfers it to

the sole plate where it is distributed.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
• Diagonal bracing: locks the entire shoring system together as one Continue describing
unit, supporting against possible eccentric loads. It is the last components of a
component to be installed. shore.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Gusset plate: a small piece of 13 mm or 18 mm plywood nailed to

the top and bottom of posts to aid in placement of the header and
secure the posts to the header and sole plate.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Wedges/shims: two wooden inclined planes married together and

placed under the bottom of the posts. These provide compression
for the shoring system. The shim is a single wedge used to fill in
gaps above the shoring system.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Cleat: a 5 cm x 10 cm wooden piece nailed to the post and header or

sole plate to secure the shoring; small pieces of wood used to
secure other parts of a shoring system.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

2. Determining Factors PPT 9-6

A variety of factors will determine what method of shoring is required in a Discuss the various
particular situation. factors that will
determine the method
of shoring required in
a. Weight of construction materials a particular situation.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Complete the
discussion on
....................................................................................................................................................................... determining factors in
shoring.
b. Weight of the structural elements to be supported
Explain that in real-
....................................................................................................................................................................... life situations a
detailed system must
....................................................................................................................................................................... be used those factors
in the weight of
c. The normal load capacity of the existing undamaged structure materials being
supported, capacity of
....................................................................................................................................................................... the shore, the
condition of the
....................................................................................................................................................................... structure, etc.

d. Condition of the structure to be supported Allow time for

questions and
.......................................................................................................................................................................
comments.

Refer to RM 9-1.
e. Condition of the foundation and floor/surface angle to determine
stability of shoring
.......................................................................................................................................................................

f. Availability of shoring materials

.......................................................................................................................................................................

g. Lateral and vertical instability

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3. Types of Shoring PPT 9-7

Discuss purpose of
3.1 Vertical vertical shoring.

The main purpose of the vertical shore is to stabilise damaged

floors, ceilings or roofs. It can also be used to replace missing or
unstable bearing walls or columns.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

VERTICAL SHORE SPECIFICATIONS

with 10x10 cm post, header and sole plate PPT 9-8

Maximum Maximum Distance Maximum Load-Bearing Review the various

Height Between Posts Overhang Capacity per Post specifications for
different sizes of
2.5 m 1.25 m 60 cm 3,600 kg vertical shores.
(8'0") (4'0") (2'0") (8,000 lbs.)
3.0 m 1.50 m 80 cm 2,270 kg
(10'0") (5'0") (2'6") (5,000 lbs.)
3.7 m 1.80 m 90 cm 1,600 kg
(12'0") (6'0") (3'0") (3,500 lbs.)

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
3.2 Window/Door
Discuss purpose of
window/door shoring
This type of shore supports a window or door that is in danger of
and when it can and
collapse. Diagonal braces are only used when the opening is not cannot be used.
needed for access or egress.
PPT 9-9

Review the
components in the
graphic of a
window/door shore.

Figure 3. Typical window/door shore.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................... ...

3.3 Other Types of Shoring Point out to

participants that
though they will not
Several additional types of shores can be used in collapsed structures, be building these
though they will not be taught in this course. Your reference types of shores in this
material discusses them in further detail. Some examples include: course they can find
additional information
• T-Spot Shore: The main purpose of the T-shore is to initially on these and other
stabilise damaged floors, ceilings or roofs, so that the more types of shores by
referring to RM 9.
substantial shoring can be constructed at less risk. This shore is (See RM 9-15.)
quickly placed and only temporary, also used during quick
extrication of a victim. PPT 9-10
Discuss T-spot shore.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Figure 4. T-Spot shore.

• Raker Shore: A triangular system of shoring used to support PPT 9-11

Discuss raker shore.
leaning or unstable walls or columns. Rakers must always be
installed in series; at least two must be erected in any given
situation.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Figure 5. Raker shore

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

• Laced Post Shore: A high-capacity, four-post system that is PPT 9-12

used to support sagging floors and ceilings, or other overhead
Discuss laced-post
hazards. It can be used as a safe haven. shore.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Review graphics of
laced-post and
horizontal shores and
allow for questions
and comments.

Figure 6. Laced post shore.

• Horizontal Shore: Used to stabilise a damaged wall against PPT 9-13

another undamaged wall in hallways, corridors or between
Discuss horizontal
buildings. shore.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Figure 7. Horizontal shore.

Sometimes people have to improvise shoring methods, as dictated by the PPT 9-14
availability of materials. A building shored with bamboo is shown in the
Discuss improvised
pictures below. shoring as shown in
the pictures of
bamboo shoring.

PPT 9-15
Figure 8. Improvised bamboo shores.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4. Members and Functions of a Shoring Briefly comment on

the air shore, and
Team other manufactured
shoring devices,
If sufficient manpower were available, a shoring team could be organised mentioning that
though not used very
using two separate 6-person squads, one squad as an assembly team and often, they are just as
another as a cutting team. However, a single squad may be required to effective.
perform both sets of duties.
Complete discussion
4.1 Assembly Group of other types of
shoring.
Whenever possible, the members of the Assembly Group should be
PPT 9-16
assigned the following functions:
Explain the functions
• Shoring Officer (Rescue Squad Officer): is in charge of the of the assembly
operation. Also works with structural specialists (if available) to group.
determine where to place shores. If a Safety cannot be
Explain each of the
designated, the Shoring Officer will also take on this role. position of the
assembly team.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Measurer: measures all shoring components and relays the

information to the layout person of the cutting team.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Two Shorers: these work together assembling and erecting

shores in place.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Safety: responsible for overall safety of the assembly team.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Runner: Ensures tools, equipment and shoring materials are

moved from the shoring operation primary access point to the
shoring site and assists in the erection of shores as needed.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4.2 Cutting Group PPT 9-17

Whenever possible, the members of the Cutting Group should be Discuss composition
of cutting group and
assigned the following functions: describe the functions
of each of the
• Cutting Group Officer (Rescue Squad Officer): in charge of positions described.
selecting the cutting site. The site should be close to the shoring
operation. The Cutting Team Officer doubles as the Safety. Furthermore, there is
a TEA person
............................................................................................................................................................
assigned to both
groups. Explain the
............................................................................................................................................................
function of this
position.
• Layout: sets up the cutting station and records measurements.
Performs all measuring and layout of angles.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Feeder: moves and feeds measured and marked shoring

material from the Layout to the Cutter and helps secure it during
cutting.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Cutter: cuts the measured materials.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Tools and equipment person: directs where materials and

equipment are to be placed and moved, and is responsible for
keeping track of all tools. This person is assigned to both the
Cutting Group and the Assembly Group.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• Runner: ensures tools, equipment and shoring materials are

moved from the cutting area to the shoring operation primary
access point.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Assembly Group PPT 9-18

Assembly Discuss how the

Group assembly group and
Officer the cutting group
work together in a
CSSR operation
when building shores.

Make emphasis on
the value of teamwork
among members and
how it affects shore-
building.
Runner
Discuss the graphic
and review positions
and teamwork among
Safety Measurer Two Shorers groups.
Tools/
Equipment
Person

Cutting
Group Cutting Group
Officer

Layout

Runner
Feeder Cutter

Figure 9. Assembly Group organization.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5. Building Shores (two types)

5.1 Nail Specifications
For the CSSR Course, duplex/common (double-headed) nails of two
sizes will be used. Using these nails makes disassembly easier.
However, under actual rescue conditions, common nails of a similar
size can be used.

All plywood (gusset plates) must be nailed using 8d common nails

only.
Discuss the nail sizes
used for the CSSR
Figure 10. 8d nail, approximately actual size (6.5 cm.) course, as well as the
double-headed and
All dimensional wood must be nailed using 16d common nails only. common nails.

FC 9-1

Figure 11. 16d nail, approximately actual size (9 cm.)

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–14

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

The following diagrams show the correct nailing patterns that should be used Discuss nail patterns.
when shoring: Explain importance of
following these
patterns because
they provide the
greatest holding
power while
weakening the wood
as little as possible.

Point out special

Top or bottom gusset Corner gusset plate on Bottom gusset plate with spaces
plate on a vertical shore a vertical shore for wedges on a vertical shore
positioning of gusset
plate on raker shore
to allow for viewing of
the raker end. This
ensures full contact
with the top cleat
before nailing, and
provides sufficient
space for wedges at
5 x 10 cm diagonal and Triangular corner
the bottom cleat.
5 x 15 cm diagonal and midpoint braces
midpoint braces gusset plate
Emphasise proper
measurement,
especially with regard
to cutting angles;
Space for wedges
improper angles can
cause great loss of
resistance.
Triangular gusset plate on
a vertical shore
Point out that though
Raker top gusset plate Raker bottom gusset plate
this lesson is
Figure 12. Nail patterns for shoring. completely hands-on
in nature, it is
essential for them to
know proper shoring
theory in order to
build them correctly.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–15

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5.2 Vertical Shore Introduce the

procedure for building
a vertical shore and
The two sizes of lumber most commonly used in vertical shoring are discuss lumber sizes.
10 x 10 cm and 15 x 15 cm. The estimated weight of the floor and its
contents will help to determine the size of shoring materials and their FC 9-2, FC 9-3, FC 9-
spacing. 4, FC 9-5

Businesses and commercial occupancies with heavier structural

elements and greater floor height and/or loading may require 20 x 20
cm or even 30 x 30 cm lumber. The Structural Specialist should be
used to help determine the correct size and placement of shoring
materials.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Step 1. Determine where to erect the vertical shore Review Steps 1-3 in
detail.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• After installing initial temporary shoring as needed, clear the

area of debris, down to the floor, removing thick carpeting if
necessary. A clearance of approximately one metre wide is
usually adequate.
............................................................................................................................................................

• If the vertical shore is to bear directly on soil, examine the

ground for stability. If the earth is soft, you should install
additional supports under the sole plate to transfer the load over a
wider area.
..................................................................................................................................................

Step 2. Measure and cut sole plate and header.

• Lay the sole plate on the floor or ground directly under and in
line where the header will be installed.
..................................................................................................................................................

• The sole plate should be as level as possible.

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–16

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Step 3. Measure and cut the posts to the proper height. Review Steps 1-3 in
detail.
............................................................................................................................................................

• Place the header on top of the sole plate.

............................................................................................................................................................

• With the end of the tape measure on top of the header where the
posts are to be installed, slide the tape up to the bottom of the
structural element to be shored. Measure in at least three places
deducting the width of the wedges to be used and use the
shortest measurement.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Step 4. Attach cleats or gusset plates to the header and posts, on Continue reviewing
opposite ends and opposing sides. steps for building a
vertical shore.
• The posts should be at least 30 cm, but less than 60 cm from Make sure you allow
each end of the header. participants to ask
questions and get
............................................................................................................................................................ any clarification
necessary.
............................................................................................................................................................

• This will allow the diagonal braces to be attached directly to the

header, posts, and sole plate.
............................................................................................................................................................

Step 5. Install the posts and the header on top of the sole plate to
support the damaged structural element.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• The first two posts are installed at opposite ends at least 30 cm,
but less than 60 cm from each end of the sole plate.
............................................................................................................................................................

• Keep the posts in line and plumb with header and sole plate.
............................................................................................................................................................

• Shim the structural elements down to the header to keep it as

level as possible
............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–17

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Step 6. Install a set of wedges under the bottom of each post. Continue with Steps 6
- 8.
..................................................................................................................................................
Answer any final
• Tap them together simultaneously until the posts are under questions on the
compression and tight. procedure for building
a vertical shore.
• Nail behind the wedges to secure them in place.
............................................................................................................................................................

Note: You may want to use duplex nails to allow for adjustment of
the wedges later on.

Step 7. Attach cleats or gusset plates on opposite ends and

opposing sides of the sole plate and posts and nail in place.
............................................................................................................................................................

Step 8. Attach the diagonal braces to each side of the vertical

shore.
............................................................................................................................................................

• Mid-point braces, when needed, should be installed prior to the

diagonal braces (except when 5 cm material is used, and then the
mid-point braces are placed over the diagonals)
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• The diagonal braces should be long enough to span its entire

length and be attached to the sole plate and header and each post.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

• If possible, diagonal braces should be installed in an X-pattern

on opposite sides of the system.
............................................................................................................................................................

• Vertical shoring systems that span a long area may require

several sets of diagonal braces to connect multiple posts.
............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–18

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
FC 9-6
Damaged floor

Plywood Header
gusset Cleat
plates (2" x 4")
Post
(4" x 4" min.)

Mid-point braces
(on both sides)
Diagonal braces
(4" x 4" > 10' tall (attach to the header,
6" x 6" > 15' tall) all posts & sole plate)

Wedges
(10 x 10 x 45 cm
or
5 x 10 x 30 cm)

Nail Sole plate

behind wedges

Gusset plate
(opposite side of
diagonal braces)

Figure 13. Details of a vertical shore.

5.3 Window/Door Shore FC 9-7, FC 9-8, FC 9-

9, FC 9-10
The window and door shore is usually installed in entry points
Review the basic
intended for use by rescue personnel to hold up or stabilise loose purpose and structure
headers or lintels that have lost their integrity. of a window/door
shore.
Additional load stress is usually exerted from above and therefore,
constructed similar to the vertical shore. If additional load stress is Remind them of when
a window/door shore
exerted from the side, the window and door shore is constructed
can and cannot be
similar to the horizontal shore. used.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–19

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Step 1. Determine where to erect the window/door shore. Begin with Step 1.

After initial temporary shoring has been installed, clear the area
of debris or remaining framing material.
............................................................................................................................................................

Step 2. Measure and cut the sole plate to the proper length Continue steps for
deducting the width of the wedges to be used. Window/Door Shore.

............................................................................................................................................................
Allow for questions
and comments.
Step 3. Measure and cut the header to the proper length deducting
the width of the wedges to be used.
............................................................................................................................................................

 Prefabricate a built-up header, if required (see end of

procedure).
............................................................................................................................................................

Step 4. Measure and cut the posts to the proper height.

............................................................................................................................................................

 Place the header on top of the sole plate.

 With the end of the tape measure on top of the header where
the posts are to be installed, slide the tape up to the bottom of
the structural element to be shored on both sides deducting
the width of the wedges to be used.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

 If you get two different measurements, use the shorter of the

two.

Step 5. Install the sole plate with a set of wedges at one end and Continue steps for
tap them together simultaneously until the sole plate is Window/Door Shore.
under compression and tight. Allow for questions
and comments.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

 The sole plate should be as level as possible, using shims as

necessary under the sole plate.
..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–20

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Step 6. Install the header with a set of wedges at the opposite end
of the sole plate and tap them together simultaneously until
the header is under compression and tight.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

 The header should be as level as possible, use shims as

necessary above the header.
............................................................................................................................................................

Step 7. Install the posts between the header and sole plate and
against the sides of the opening.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

 Install the first post under the wedge-side of the header to

prevent accidental movement if the header wedges loosen up.
............................................................................................................................................................

 Keep the posts in-line and plumb with the header and sole
plate.
............................................................................................................................................................

 Install a set of wedges under each post, on top of the sole

plate. Then tighten the wedges to lock the shore in place.
............................................................................................................................................................

Step 8. Attach cleats or gusset plates to at least one side of the

header and posts and nail in place.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Step 9. Confine the wedges by placing a cleat against the inside Cover remaining
face of each post at the bottom and nail them in place with steps for
Window/Door Shore.
five 16d nails to each post and two 16d toe-nails to the sole
plate.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

 Future adjustment of the wedges may be required. Duplex

nails can be used to allow for this.
..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–21

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Step 10. Install diagonal braces on the window and door shore when Cover remaining
the opening is not used for access or egress. steps for
Window/Door Shore.
..................................................................................................................................................
Discuss a built-up
..................................................................................................................................................
header, its purpose
and when it is
needed.
Built-up Header
A built-up header is used when additional support is needed or if the Discuss the graphic
opening is more than 1.8 metres wide and only 10 x 10 cm material is of a window/door
shore.
available.
Prior to installation of the header, cut two 10 x 10 cm beams to proper
length for header and set them one on top of the other. Place 15 cm-
wide plywood strips (same length as the headers) on each side to join
the two pieces, and hammer 8d nails at 8 cm on-centre from each strip
of plywood to each 10 x 10 beam.
• Total nailing will be two rows of 8d nails spaced at 8 cm on-
centre, per side.
• The header will be 20 cm thick, equivalent to a 10 x 20 cm
beam.

Additional notes on building a window shore: Allow for any final

questions or
....................................................................................................................................................................... comments on the
window/door shore.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–22

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW

Lesson objectives
and other main
points.

Ensure that lesson

objectives have been
met.

EVALUATION

Remind participants
to study the RM in
preparation for Post-
Test.

Practical Exercise.

Ask participants to
complete Lesson
Evaluation Form.
Allow several
minutes.

CLOSING

Collect Lesson
Evaluation Forms
from everyone.

Thank class for their

participation and
announce the coming
lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods LP 9–23

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 9 ƒ Post-Test (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Shoring Methods

Shoring can be defined as the TEMPORARY support of only that part of a damaged,
collapsed, or partially collapsed structure that is required for conducting SEARCH and/or
RESCUE operations at reduced risk to the victims and rescue team.

List the components of a vertical shore.

1. SOLE PLATE
2. HEADER
3. POST
4. DIAGONAL BRACING
5. GUSSET PLATES
6. WEDGES/SHIMS

3. List two factors that determine the design and method of shoring.
1. WEIGHT OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
2. WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE TO BE SUPPORTED

4. List the types of shores taught in this lesson.

1. VERTICAL
2. WINDOW/DOOR
5. Number the following steps (1–8) in the proper order for building a vertical shore.

5 Install the posts and header on top of the sole plate to support the damaged
structural element.
7 Attach cleats or gusset plates on opposite ends and opposing sides of the sole
plate and post and nail in place.
2 Measure and cut sole plate and header.
1 Determine where to erect the vertical shore.
4 Attach cleats or gusset plates to the header and posts on opposite ends and
opposing sides.
8 Attach the diagonal braces to each side of the vertical shore.
6 Install a set of wedges under the bottom of each post.
3 Measure and cut the posts to the proper height.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods PT-Inst 9–24

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

6. Number the following steps (1 – 10) in the proper order for building a window/door
shore.

4 Measure and cut the posts to the proper height.

8 Attach the cleats and/or gusset plates.

1 Determine where to erect the window/door shore.

3 Measure and cut the header.

10 Install diagonal braces (when applicable).

5 Install the sole plate with a set of wedges.

2 Measure and cut the sole plate.

7 Install the posts and wedges.

9 Confine the wedges.

6 Install the header with a set of wedges.

PH Rev. November 2008 Shoring Methods PT-Inst 9–25

Lesson 9: Shoring Methods

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 9 Lesson 9
Objectives Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will become
familiar with: 4. List the five factors to analyse when evaluating
access conditions.
1. Define shoringg and identify
y its components.
p
2. List the factors that determine the design and 5. List the positions and functions of the members of
a shoring team.
method of shoring.
.
3. Describe four types of shoring. 6. List the procedures for building a window/door
shore and a vertical shore. Demonstrate these
procedures in a practical exercise.
PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-1 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Shoring Double-Funnel Principle

The temporary support of only that
part of a damaged, collapsed, or Load
Collector
partly
p y collapsed
p structure that is
required for conducting search and Load
Support
rescue operations at reduced risk to
the victims and the rescue team. Load
Distributor

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-3 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Shore Components Determining Factors

Damaged floor

Load

Header
Gusset Cleat
Post Shi
Shims
Mid-point Diagonal Distance
Height
brace braces Overhang between
Wedges posts

Sole Plate

Gusset plate

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-5 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-6

1
Lesson 9: Shoring Methods

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Vertical Shore Vertical Shore Specifications

with 10 x 10 cm POST, HEADER and SOLE PLATE

Maximum Maximum Maximum Load-bearing

Distance Capacity per
Height Between Posts Overhang
Post
2.5 m 1.25 60 cm 3,600 kg
(8’0”) (4’0”) (2’0”) (8,000
(8 000 lbs.)
lb )

3.0 m 1.50 80 cm 2,270 kg

(10’0”) (5’0”) (2’6”) (5,000 lbs.)

3.7 m 1.80 90 cm 1,600 kg

(12’0”) (6’0”) (3’0”) (3,500 lbs.)

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-7 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Window / Door Shore “T”-Spot Shore

Shims
Shims Header
Cl

Diagonal braces
ea

Wedge
t

(when not used for

access) 5 x 10 cm

10 x 10 cm
minimum

Wedge Cleats
10 x 10 cm (to box in wedges)
Cl

Wedge
ea

10 x 10 cm
t

Sole Plate
Wedge
5 x 10 cm

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-9 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-10

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Raker Shore Laced Post Shore

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-11 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-12

2
Lesson 9: Shoring Methods

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Horizontal Shore Bamboo Shore

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-13 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-14

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Air Shore Shoring Team Composition

Cutting Group Assembly Group

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-15 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-16

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Cutting Group Assembly Group

Cutting Shoring
Officer Officer

Layout
Runner Measurer

Feeder
Shorers
Cutter Tools/Equipment Safety
Runner

PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-17 PH Rev Nov 2008 Shoring Methods PPT 9-18

3
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Recommended Vertical Shore

Nailing Patterns
Damaged floor

Top or bottom gusset Corner gusset plate on a Triangular corner

plate on a vertical shore vertical shore gusset plate Header
Gusset Cleat
Post Shims
Diagonal
Mid-point braces
brace

Wedges

5 x 15 cm diagonal and midpoint braces 5 x 10 cm diagonal and midpoint braces

Sole Plate

Gusset plate
Space for wedges

Triangular gusset plate on

a vertical shore
Raker top gusset plate Raker bottom gusset plate

PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-1 PH Rev. Nov, 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued
Steps: Vertical Shore Steps: Vertical Shore
1. Determine where to 4. Attach cleats or gusset
erect the vertical shore. plates to the header
and posts, on opposite
2. Measure and cut the
ends and opposing
sole plate and
sides.
header.
5. Install the posts and
3. Measure and cut the header on top of
the posts to the sole plate.
proper height. 6. Install a set of wedges
under the bottom of
more… each post.
PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-3 more…
PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-4
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued

Steps: Vertical Shore Window/Door Shore

7. Attach cleats or gusset The header requires width to thickness ratio of 10:1.
Example: an opening 1 m wide requires a header 10 cm thick.

plates on opposite ends

and opposite sides of the Shims Header
Shims

sole plate and posts and Diagonal braces

(when not used
for access)
Wedge
5 x 10 cm

nail in place. 10 x 10 cm
minimum

8. Attach the diagonal Wedge Cleats

braces to each side of the 10 x 10 cm (to box in wedges)

Wedge
10 x 10 cm
Sole Plate
vertical shore. Wedge
5 x 10 cm

The header, post and sole plate should all be the same width
to maximise strength and connection with braces and cleats.

more…
PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-5 PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-6

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Steps: Window/
…continued

Door Shore Steps: Window/

Door Shore
1. Determine where to erect 5. Install the sole plate with a
the window/door shore. set of wedges at one end and
tap them together
2. Measure and cut the sole
simultaneously until the sole
plate to the proper length. plate is under compression
3. Measure and cut the and tight.
header to the proper 6. Install the header with a set
length. of wedges at the opposite
4. Measure and cut the posts end of the sole plate and tap
to the proper height. them together the same way
as above.
more

PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-7 PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-8
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued …continued

Steps: Window/
Door Shore Steps: Window/
Door Shore
7. Install the posts between 9. Confine the wedges by
the header and sole plate placing a cleat against
and against the sides of the inside face of each
the opening. post at the bottom.
8. Attach cleats or gusset
plates to at least one side 10. Install diagonal braces
of the header and posts on the window and door
and nail them in place. shore when the opening
is not used for access or
egress.
more

PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-9 PH Rev. Nov. 2008 Shoring Methods FC 9-10
 CSSR Course
Lesson 10 –Overview
Lifting and Stabilising Loads

Duration Lecture: 1 Hour

Practical Exercise: 2 hours
ƒ Factors in lifting a load
Main points ƒ Methods for lifting loads
ƒ Definition of lever
ƒ Components and classes of levers
ƒ Applications of the hoist
ƒ Types of cribbing
ƒ Steps to build cribbing
ƒ Steps to lift and stabilise a load
ƒ Steps to roll a load using pipes

ƒ Carefully review RM-10

Suggested ƒ Based on lesson objectives, highlight all relevant areas in RM-10
preparation ƒ Review the Participant Workbook in detail and complete the blank spaces in
order to become familiar with what information the participants will be filling in
ƒ Write in any relevant additional notes or comments in the lesson plan
ƒ Prepare the practical stations ahead of time
ƒ Material kits for the practical stations must be ready the day before
ƒ Meet with your assistant instructors and helpers and distribute tasks, answer
questions
ƒ All assistants must be present for the lecture portion of the lesson in order to
assist properly with the practical stations
ƒ Review and complete the lesson Post-Test as preparation to discuss the correct
answers the next morning

ƒ Written test the next day

Evaluation ƒ Demonstration of techniques used to lift and move a load; proper use of levers
system and equipment and the use of cribbing to stabilize a load will be conducted after
lecture.

Materials and • Transparencies (24)

resources • Projection screen
needed • Flipcharts (2)
• Post-Tests (one for each participant)
• Practical Evaluation Form (one for each participant)
• Clipboard for each instructor
• Two-way radios (6)
• PPE for everyone

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads Lesson 10 – Overview

 • 4 x 4 meter tarp (one per station)
TEA
• Electric generator (one per station)
• Portable lights (one per station)
• Extension cords (2 per station)
• Prying bars, 1.6-metre length minimum (8)
• Sledgehammers (8)
• Wedges 5 x 10 x 30 cm (16)
• Wedges 10 x 10 x 45 cm (32)
• Wood blocks 10 x 10 x 45 cm (120)
• Wood blocks 5 x 10 x 45 cm (40)
• Galvanized steel tubes, 10-cm diameter x 1.5 metres long (16)

Importance of To familiarize the participant with the different methods of moving and lifting a load
by using the simplest of resources that may be available at the cache.
this lesson
Reinforced concrete slabs, 2.0 metres by 1.8 metres by 10 cm (4)
Additional
Materials

Practical Using four stations, set up the participants in four (4) groups, each one
Execerise of them to work through all four stations. Each station will be
Description monitored by one lead instructor and one assistant instructor, who will
monitor time use. The instructors will explain and demonstrate the
techniques for lifting, stabilising and moving loads, as described during
lecture and based on the Lesson Plan. See the Exercise Guide for each
station.

The lead instructor must ensure that the materials kits for each station
be ready the day before, using the kit configuration table included in
this document.

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads Lesson 10 – Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lifting and
10 Stabilising Loads
Instructor Activity

PPT 10-1, PPT 10-2, PPT 10-3

Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you will become familiar with: assistant.

Present the lesson topic, explain

1. List three factors that you must determine before lifting a the relevance of the lesson to
load. the course, state the duration,
and describe scheduled
2. List and describe three methods for lifting a load. activities and method of
evaluation.
3. Define a lever, its three components and the three classes
of a lever. This lesson is very important
because many times victims are
trapped underneath a structural
4. List at least three applications of the hoist. member or a heavy object. The
victim can be freed using
5. List two types of cribbing used to stabilise a load. mechanical advantage
techniques (manually-powered)
6. List the five steps to build cribbing for lifting and which will be taught in this
stabilising a load. lesson.

Present lesson objectives. Ask a

7. List the steps to roll a load using pipes. participant to read them aloud
from the workbook.
8. Demonstrate in two practical stations the techniques for
lifting, stabilising and rolling loads. Ensure that the objectives are
clear to all participants.

Comment on why knowing how

to lift and stabilise loads is
essential in CSSR work. Relate
it to freeing a victim trapped
underneath a structural member
or heavy object.

Ask participants to close their

workbooks.

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Before Lifting or Moving a Load Ask participants what

factors they think would
have to be analysed
The following factors must be examined before lifting or moving a load: before lifting or moving a
load. Try to get them to
• Weight of the load list three factors.

....................................................................................................................................................................... PPT 10-4

....................................................................................................................................................................... Participants may now

open their workbooks.
• Consequences when the load is moved (what will happen)
Refer to RM 9-1 for
....................................................................................................................................................................... weights of common
building material and
....................................................................................................................................................................... construction.

Discuss weight,
• Selection of the method for lifting or moving the load consequences and
method.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Participants should
.......................................................................................................................................................................
understand that they must
study the possible
consequences of moving
a load before they attempt
it.

PPT 10-5, PPT 10-6

2. Methods for Lifting Loads Discuss the basics of
levers, including the three
2.1 The Lever components: load,
fulcrum and force.
The lever is the simplest method for lifting a load. A lever is a rigid
Discuss three classes of
bar, either straight or bent, that is free to move on a fixed point called a levers, based on location
of fulcrum in reference to
fulcrum. load and force.
The fulcrum is the object or place that supports the load when a lever is
used to move another object.

Applications of levers:
 To move a load that is too heavy to move by hand
 Pulling / hauling
 Raising

There are three components that make-up a lever: fulcrum, load, and PPT 10-7
force.
Fulcrum: .....................................................................................................
Load: ............................................................................................................
Force: ........................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
PPT 10-8
Three Classes of Levers
Discuss Class 1 levers.
Levers are divided into three classes based on where the fulcrum is
located in relation to both the load and force. FC 10-1

Class One Lever: The fulcrum is placed between the force and
the load, which provides the greatest mechanical advantage
when lifting a load vertically. You can increase the
mechanical advantage by using a longer lever.

Examples:
.................................................................................................................................................. ...

Figure 1. Class One lever examples (F=fulcrum).

PPT 10-9
Class Two Lever: The load is placed between the force and
the fulcrum. This is the most useful and efficient lever for Discuss Class 2 levers.
moving objects horizontally.

Examples:
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Figure 2. Class Two lever examples.

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Class Three Lever: The force is placed between the load and PPT 10-10
the fulcrum. This type of lever is used when force may be
sacrificed for distance, and reduces mechanical advantage.
Give a few examples of
Examples: each type and discuss
advantages/
disadvantages.

Discuss Class 3 levers.

Give some examples and

discuss advantages/
Figure 3. Class Three lever examples. disadvantages.

Discuss the basics of the

2.2 The Come-Along hoist’s functions and
mechanisms.
The come-along provides mechanical advantage for lifting and
pulling using a lever and gear ratcheting system. It consists of an Allow for questions and
anchor hook on one end and another hook attached to a retractable comments.
chain or steel cable. You must reference the
three uses of a come-
....................................................................................................................................................................... along during a CSSR
operation:
.......................................................................................................................................................................
ƒ Lifting a load with
....................................................................................................................................................................... pulleys
ƒ Dragging or removing
debris
ƒ Securing a structural
member

Figure 4. The come-along.

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

The following figure shows the many uses of the come-along. Discuss the various uses
of the Come-along.

Allow for questions and

comments.

FC 10-2

Figure 5. Various uses of the come-along.

2.3 Hydraulic Jacks

These devices are operated with a lever to apply hydraulic pressure

to a ram. Hydraulic jacks are used primarily for lifting heavy loads. PPT 10-11
Though they usually have only a short reach, they are extremely
powerful – a hand-operated bottle jack can lift as much as 50 tons. It is Discuss mechanism and
important to keep the hydraulic jack perpendicular to the ground – method of operation of
hydraulic jacks.
the jack is not designed to handle lateral loads.
Allow for questions and
.......................................................................................................................................................................
comments.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

Figure 6. Various bottle jacks.

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3. Using Cribbing to Stabilise Loads Ask a participant to read

the definition aloud.

Cribbing: The construction of a stable platform using wood pieces, Describe basic cribbing.
which is used to stabilise and support loads. Finish description of
cribbing.

Cribbing is constructed of 10 x 10 cm-sized wood pieces arranged as a

column to support the weight of an object. Wedges are used to fill in small
spaces and secure the object in its position as it is being lifted. Shims are
also used to change the angle of thrust in order to achieve optimum contact
with uneven or sloping surfaces.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Failure of a wood cribbing system is slow and noisy as the wood fibres are
crushed. This usually provides ample warning of impending failure for
rescuers.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

The requirements for improvised cribbing are:

• The material must be flat on both surfaces
• The material must be able to withstand the weight of the object being
supported.

Examples include: Furniture, bricks, concrete blocks, tires, and rims

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Discuss box cribbing.

3.1 Types of Cribbing PPT 10-12

BOX: Built with wood blocks in a square configuration, using two

parallel blocks per layer. Layers are set at 90 degrees to each
other with the ends of the wood blocks overlapping each other by
10 cm. The box crib has an open centre.
............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Review box cribbing
Box Cribbing Capacity capacities and the
exponential effect on
strength with increased
10 cm x 10 cm beams: 11,000 kilos thickness of wood.

15 cm x 15 cm beams: 27,000 kilos

Figure 7. Box cribbing.

Explain platform
PLATFORM (cross-tie): Built with wood blocks in solid layers of cribbing.
_______ or more wood pieces each. Layers are set 90 degrees to
each other. Little or no space is left between the wood pieces. PPT 10-13
The ends of the wood pieces must also overlap each other by 10
cm. Point out that other
material can be
substituted for wood.
............................................................................................................................................................
Give some examples and
ask the participants for
............................................................................................................................................................
suggestions.

Discuss the capacities of

platform cribbing.
Platform Cribbing Capacity
Briefly explain under what
conditions platform
10 cm x 10 cm beams = 48,000 kilos cribbing is recommended.
15 cm x 15 cm beams = 120,000 kilos

Figure 8. Platform cribbing.

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3.2 General Guidelines for Cribbing

a. The first layer should be solid to fully distribute the load, Solid first level
especially on softer surfaces, such as soil and asphalt.
..................................................................................................................................................
PPT 10-14
..................................................................................................................................................
Height limits
b. Height limit: The general rule is to limit cribbing to three
times the width of the pieces of wood being used for cribbing
(3:1 height-to-width ratio). For example, if the pieces of wood Refer to RM regarding
are one metre wide from one side of the first crib to the outer height-to-width ratio.
side of the last crib (across), the cribbing should not exceed
three metres in height.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

c. Always overlap corners by approximately 10 cm. This Overlapping corners

prevents splitting off corners of individual pieces, which can
affect overall stability.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Explain the basics briefly.
3.3 Procedure for Lifting and Stabilising a Load
Show TR 10-15 through
This procedure consists of gradually lifting the target object or load 10-18 as you explain the
and inserting one layer of cribbing after another until sufficient steps, pointing out the
clearance and stability are obtained. Make sure to use full PPE before details in the images.
starting any work. Mention that wedges,
essential in shoring, are
1. Make an initial opening using a pry bar or similar tool. also extremely useful in
starting loads to be lifted.
.................................................................................................................................................. Wedges can be made of
wood, heat-resistant
2. Set up a lever system with the pry bar. plastic or metal.

.................................................................................................................................................. Remind participants that

they will be having a
3. Lift the load gradually to create an opening large enough to practical exercise on this
procedure.
set up the first layer of cribbing under it. Use wedges to prop
up the load gradually as you are lifting; if the pry bar slips or Allow time for questions
breaks, this will prevent the load from dropping any distance. or comments.
It is not necessary to lift the full height of the next layer of
cribbing all at once.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

4. Raise the fulcrum, raise the load again, and set up the next
level of cribbing with the wood pieces at 90 degrees to the
previous layer.
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Complete steps and

5. Reposition and raise the fulcrum and continue to raise the discussion of procedure
load until enough clearance is obtained to extricate the victim for lifting and stabilising a
safely. load.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Figure 9. Methods for safely lifting a load.

Review safety measures

3.4 Safety Measures for Cribbing and make sure everyone
has understood them
• “Lift an inch, crib an inch.” clearly.

............................................................................................................................................................

• Never place hands beneath a load while cribbing!

............................................................................................................................................................

• For maximum stability, the height cribbing should not exceed

three times the width of the cribbing blocks (3:1 ratio).
............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
Explain that the use of
4. Rolling a Load this procedure is usually
very limited because it
You can use metal tubes to roll heavy loads instead of lifting them. Follow requires a flat surface,
the simple steps below using the picture as a guide. and disaster areas rarely
have them.
1. Raise the load slightly using a Class One lever, just enough to slide Review the steps.
three metal tubes underneath it (use the lifting technique for
cribbing).
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Show TR 10-19 to 10-24

and point out the details
in the images.

2. Using Class Two levers, push the load in the desired direction. The
tubes may be fanned to turn the load as it rolls.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW

Lesson objectives and

other main points.

Ensure that lesson

objectives have been met.

EVALUATION

Remind participants to
study the RM in
preparation for Post-Test.

Practical Exercise.

Ask participants to
complete Lesson
Evaluation Form. Allow
several minutes.

CLOSING

Collect Lesson Evaluation

Forms from everyone.

Thank class for their

participation and
announce the coming
lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads LP 10-12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Post-Test ƒ Lesson 10 (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Lifting and Moving Loads

List the three factors that must be examined before moving or lifting a load.
1. Weight of the load
2. Consequences of the movement
3. Proper method

Considering that a concrete floor 15 cm thick weighs 30 kg/m2, if you need to lift a square slab
4.2 metres by 2.5 metres, what would the approximate weight of the slab be?

( ) 1,000 kilos
( ) 3,150 kilos
( X ) 315 kilos
( ) 12,300 kilos
( ) None of the above

The type of lever that has the load between the fulcrum and the force is classified as what type?

( ) First Class
(X) Second Class
( ) Third Class

List three uses for a Come-along during a CSSR operation.

4. Lifting a load with pulleys
5. Dragging or removing debris
6. Securing a structural member

Describe the limitations of a hydraulic jack in a CSSR operation.

7. Lifting capacity
8. Lifting distance, as set by the length of the piston
9. Can only be used vertically

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Moving Loads PT-Inst 10–13

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Identify the following images:

Box cribbing

Crosstie/Platform cribbing

List the steps for rolling a load on metal tubes.

Lift the load

Insert metal tubes

Use levers to push the load in the desired direction

PH Rev. November 2008 Lifting and Moving Loads PT-Inst 10–14

Lesson 10: Lifting and Stablising Loads

Lesson 10
Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 10
…continued

Objectives Objectives
1. List three factors that you must 4. List at least three applications of
determine before lifting a load. the hoist.
2 Li
2. Listt andd describe
d ib th
three methods
th d 5 Li
5. Listt two
t types
t off cribbing
ibbi used
d tto
for lifting a load. stabilise a load.
3. Define a lever, its three 6. List the five steps to build cribbing
components and the three classes for lifting and stabilising a load.
of a lever.
more… more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued

Lesson 10 Before lifting a load

Objectives consider:
7. List the steps to roll a load using
pipes.
g
• Weight
8. Demonstrate in two practical
stations the techniques for lifting, • Consequences
stabilising and rolling loads.
• Method

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Methods for
Lifting Loads Lever
Levers A lever is a rigid
Jacks bar, either
straight or bent,
bent
that is free to
move on a fixed
point called a
Come-along fulcrum.
Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-6

1
Lesson 10: Lifting and Stablising Loads

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Components of a Class 1 Lever

Lever

Applied force
Load
Lever Upward
U d
force
Load
Fulcrum
Fulcrum
Downward force
Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-7 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-8

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Class 2 Lever Class 3 Lever

Upward force

Load
Load Upward
force Fulcrum
Fulcrum
Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-9 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-10

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Hydraulic Jack Box Cribbing

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-11 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-12

2
Lesson 10: Lifting and Stablising Loads

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Platform Cribbing Cribbing

Solid Base

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-13 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-14

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Cribbing with Inserting a wedge to

Four Bearings initiate cribbing

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-15 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-16

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-17 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-18

3
Lesson 10: Lifting and Stablising Loads

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-19 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-20

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lifting to insert tubes for rolling

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-21 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-22

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Tubes fanned for turning load

Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-23 Rev. PH Nov 2008 PPT 10-24

4
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Uses of the Hoist

Types of Levers
First Class

Second Class

Third Class

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads FC 10-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Lifting and Stabilising Loads FC 10-2

1
 CSSR Course
Lesson 11 – Overview
Pre-Hospital Treatment

Duration Lecture: 2 hours

Practical Evaluation: 2 hrs

Main points • Mechanism of injury in collapsed structures

• Types of injuries seen
• Crush syndrome
• Compartment syndrome
• Immobilizing a patient on a backboard and transporting
• Thoroughly study reference material (RM 11)
Suggested • Based on the lesson objectives, highlight the reference material on related
preparation subjects.
• Fill in the participant’s manual to guide you in helping participants with
needed information.
• Have on hand any experiences, stories or comments related to this lesson.

Evaluation • Written test the next day

system
• Power point (6)
Materials and • Flip Chart (6)
resources • Flip chart paper and board
needed • Practical evaluation
• Post-Test (1)
• Spine board (4)
• Back board straps
• Cervical collar (4)
• Ace bandage 6” (8)

Importance of • By properly managing the patient and his injuries, the participant will gain
this lesson the required knowledge to save a life amidst the panic and chaos.

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment Lesson 11 – Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

11 Pre-Hospital Treatment

Instructor Activity

PPT 11-1, PPT 11-2

Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: assistant.

Present the lesson topic, explain

1. Identify the possible mechanisms of injury in a structural the relevance of the lesson to the
collapse. course, state the duration, and
describe scheduled activities and
2. List the potential injuries that could be expected in a method of evaluation.
structural collapse.
Present lesson objectives. Ask a
3. Describe the conditions in a patient that might indicate the participant to read them aloud.
Ensure that the objectives are
presence of crush syndrome or compartment syndrome. clear to all participants.

4. Demonstrate the pre-hospital treatment for trapped victims. Explain that all present should
have mastery of basic emergency
medical response (from MFR) and
that the focus of this lesson will be
only on special conditions
commonly associated with
collapsed structure incidents.

Point out that it is of no use to the

victim if the rescuer is a great
searcher, shorer and concrete
cutter if, when he is found, the
rescuer provides poor or
inefficient treatment and the victim
dies as a result.

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Mechanisms of Injury and Their PPT 11-3

Consequences Discuss crush and

compression injuries and
briefly describe each one.
It is very important for the rescuers not to lose sight of the primary Explain that they will be
objective of a CSSR operation. Their first responsibility is to assess, covered in detail further into
stabilise and extricate victims with the least possible injury. the lesson.

1.1 Crushing or compression

Potential injuries and consequences:

• Compartment syndrome
............................................................................................................................................................

• Crush syndrome
............................................................................................................................................................

• Wide variety of fractures

............................................................................................................................................................

• Internal and external haemorrhaging

............................................................................................................................................................

Discuss falls.
1.2 Falls
Potential injuries and consequences:

• Fractures of the extremities, skull and spinal column

............................................................................................................................................................

• Internal and external haemorrhaging

............................................................................................................................................................

Discuss low temperatures.

1.3 Low temperatures
Make sure participants are
Potential injuries and consequences: completing the blank spaces
in their workbooks.

• Hypothermia and associated complications

............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1.4 Blunt Trauma Discuss blunt trauma.

When discussion
This can be caused by impact by furniture, loose objects or materials
contusions, use the
from the structure (at high velocity in explosions). Potential injuries example of the Zamboanga
and consequences include: City bombing, in which the
explosion caused many
• Internal and external haemorrhaging injuries with flying debris.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Shock
............................................................................................................................................................

• Various injuries
............................................................................................................................................................

• Severe contusions
............................................................................................................................................................

1.5 Contaminated air Discuss contaminated air.

It is common in collapsed structure situations to encounter large Is everyone filling in their

workbooks?
amounts of airborne dust, and in some situations hazardous and/or
flammable vapours.

Potential injuries and consequences:

• Respiratory difficulties
............................................................................................................................................................

• Cardiac arrest
............................................................................................................................................................

• Respiratory arrest
............................................................................................................................................................

• Neurological problems
............................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1.6 Lack of water and food Discuss the effects of lack

of water and food.
• Dehydration Discuss the effects of
prolonged isolation.
............................................................................................................................................................

Allow time for questions and

• Starvation comments.
............................................................................................................................................................

• Shock
............................................................................................................................................................

• Renal failure
............................................................................................................................................................

1.7 Prolonged isolation and desperation

• Traumatic stress
............................................................................................................................................................

2. Crush Syndrome PPT 11-4

Ask a participant to read the

Definition: Complications resulting from blood toxicity that arise after definition aloud from the
an extremity or muscle mass has been compressed and circulation workbook.
compromised for an extended period of time.
Explain that crush and
compartment syndromes
...................................................................................................................................................................................... must be treated promptly by
qualified medical personnel,
...................................................................................................................................................................................... as their effects are
potentially fatal.
Crush syndrome can result when an extremity is caught under pressure
between two objects. It is common in trapped victims of collapsed
structures. Swelling may be a major problem with resulting loss of blood
supply distally. Patients may suffer (tourniquet shock) when the object is
removed and toxins that have been built up behind the blockage are released
and travel to the heart with often fatal results.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

According to studies on patients with crush syndrome, if they receive proper Point out that in RM 11
there is additional scientific
treatment in a timely manner, there is a 60 percent chance of remaining
material on the syndromes
alive. Crush syndrome does not necessarily occur in every incident where a that they can provide to
victim is trapped. As a general rule, the syndrome may be considered doctors in these cases.
present on the basis of three criteria:
• involvement of a muscle mass
• prolonged compression
• compromised circulation

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

For instance, entrapment of a hand is unlikely to initiate the syndrome.

Compression time may be as short as one hour but the average time is four
to six hours or greater.

The major problem that faces the rescuer when dealing with suspected crush
injury is dissuading helpful bystanders from attempting to remove the
compressive force prior to treatment.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Be sure to discuss the signs

Signs and symptoms of crush syndrome and symptoms in detail.
• Anxiety ........................................................................................................................
• Difficulty breathing .................................................................................................
• Decreasing blood pressure ....................................................................................
• Changes in body temperature ..............................................................................
• Rapid pulse .................................................................................................................
• Cardiac deficiency ...................................................................................................
• Loss of consciousness ............................................................................................
• Absent pulse and capillary refill in the distal limb
....................................................................................................................................................................... Explain the possibility of
septicaemia
• Shock ............................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3. Compartment Syndrome PPT 11-5

Ask a participant to read the

Definition: An increase in pressure in the closed space of the muscle definition out loud from the
caused by tissue swelling that causes destruction of muscle fibres and workbook.
nerves.
Describe compartment
......................................................................................................................................................................................
syndrome and review the
signs and symptoms
......................................................................................................................................................................................
carefully.

Help the participants

Compartment syndrome usually develops over a period of several hours and distinguish clearly between
may not be present initially. It may be the result of crush syndrome, closed crush and compartment
or open fractures, sustained compression, or after blood flow has been syndromes.
returned. As the duration and magnitude of interstitial pressure increases,
necrosis of soft tissue eventually develops. While compartment syndrome Allow time for questions and
comments.
can occur in most areas of the body, the more common sites are the forearm,
calf and thigh.
......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

There are two prerequisites for compartment syndrome to occur:

• An envelope within the tissue that limits the available space
• A cause of increased pressure within the envelope

Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome

• Swollen limb in an unconscious patient .....................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Severe pain, disproportionate to the injury ...............................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Pain on passive stretching of the muscles in the compartment ..........

.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Diminished pulse ...............................................................................................

• Poor capillary refill ............................................................................................
• Decreased sensation in the affected extremity .........................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................

• Shock ......................................................................................................................
• Dehydration .........................................................................................................
• Loss of motor function in the affected limb ....................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4. General Treatment for Trapped Patients PPT 11-5

1. Do not remove the source of pressure until treatment has begun. FC 11-1, FC 11-2, FC 11-3,
FC 11-4
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Ask everyone to close their
2. Check ABC’S workbooks. Ask a
participant to come to
....................................................................................................................................................................... flipchart and write down
suggestions from the
3. Protect the patient from possible hazards resulting from the rescue classroom on what they
attempt. believe to be the proper
treatment for a trapped
victim.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

4. Administer oxygen
.......................................................................................................................................................................

5. Immobilise the neck and spine.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

6. Maintain body temperature

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Once all suggestions have

7. Protect the patient from the environment. been written, ask
participants to open their
....................................................................................................................................................................... workbooks.

8. Monitor the patient’s cardiac state. Review the general steps

for treatment without going
....................................................................................................................................................................... in-depth into each.

9. Allow qualified medical personnel to provide the required Keep making reference to
what they learned in the
treatment. MFR Course.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Remind participants that the
specific treatments for crush
10. Place the patient on the backboard or stretcher, immobilise him or her, syndrome and compartment
and proceed with removal from the site, using correct procedure at syndrome must be
every step. administered only by
qualified emergency
....................................................................................................................................................................... medical personnel.

11. Remember the protocols for contact with victims that were covered in Allow time for questions and
comments.
Lesson 6.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

The specific treatments for crush syndrome and compartment syndrome Complete discussion on
must be administered by qualified emergency medical personnel. Consult remaining steps for previous
page.
the reference material for this lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

5. Immobilising a Patient on a Backboard FC 11-5, FC 11-6

1. Stabilising the patient’s head. Briefly review the steps for

immobilisation.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Ask for a few volunteers to
2. Place the cervical collar. conduct a demonstration.

After the demonstration is

.......................................................................................................................................................................
complete, ask for other
volunteers to conduct a full
3. Rotate the patient onto the backboard. demonstration (participants
only).
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Use the procedure in RM 11
as a guide.

4. Inspect the patient’s back.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

5. Centre the patient on the backboard.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

6. Immobilise the patient onto the backboard.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

7. Check pulse, motor function and sensation after immobilising the

patient.
.......................................................................................................................................................................

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

Correct Immobilisation

INCORRECT

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
REVIEW

Lesson objectives and

other main points.

Ensure that lesson

objectives have been met.

EVALUATION

Remind participants to
study the RM in
preparation for Post-Test.

Practical Exercise.

Ask participants to
complete the Lesson
Evaluation form.

CLOSING

Collect Lesson Evaluation

forms from everyone.

Thank class for their

participation and
announce the next lesson.

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment LP 11-10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 11 ▪ Post-Test (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

Pre-Hospital Treatment
1. Complete the table below.

Mechanism of Injury Expected Injuries

Lack of water and food Dehydration and/or starvation, Shock,

kidney failure

Prolonged isolation and Traumatic stress

desperation

Contaminated air Respiratory problems

Possible cardiac or respiratory arrest

Crushing and/or compression Fractures, internal and external

haemorrhaging,

compartment syndrome, crush

syndrome
Falls Fractured extremities, skull, or
spinal column

Low temperatures Hypothermia

Blunt trauma caused by impact from Assorted injuries, internal or

furniture, objects and structural
materials
external haemorrhaging, shock,
contusions

2. List the conditions present in a victim that might indicate the possibility of crush
syndrome or compartment syndrome.

Crushing or compression of one or more extremities

Partial or total blockage of circulation in affected extremities

Any of the above conditions for a period of 4-6 hours or greater

Intense pain and/or swelling in affected extremities

Weak or absent distal pulses in affected extremities

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PT 11–11

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

3. What immediate steps must you and your CSSR squad take upon find a victim with
possible crush syndrome? Select all the correct answers by placing an “X” in the spaces
provided.

( ) Remove the compressive force and initiate treatment

( X ) Immobilise the victim neck and spine

( X ) Administer oxygen

( X ) Check ABC’s (airway, breathing and circulation)

( X ) Treat for shock

( ) Extricate the victim immediately and take him/her in for treatment by medical
doctors at the nearest hospital

PH Rev. November 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PT 11–12

Lesson 11: Pre-Hospital Treatment

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 11 …continued

Lesson 11
Objectives
Objectives
1. Identify the possible mechanisms 3. Describe the conditions in a patient
of injury in a structural collapse. that might indicate the presence of
crush syndrome or compartment
2. List the potential injuries that syndrome.
could be expected in a structural
collapse. 4. Demonstrate the pre-hospital
treatment for trapped victims.
more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PPT 11-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PPT 11-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Mechanisms of Injury Crush Syndrome

Crushing or
Prolonged isolation compression Lack of food
and desperation and water
• Compressed for an
extended period of time
Falls
• Blood toxicity
• Fatal results
Contaminated air Low temperatures
Blunt trauma

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PPT 11-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PPT 11-4

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Compartment Syndrome The primary objective

of a CSSR Operation is
• Sustained compression in the to…
closed space
p of the muscle
• Destruction of muscle fibres Save lives!
and nerves

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PPT 11-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment PPT 11-6

1
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued

General Treatment General Treatment

for Trapped Patients for Trapped Patients
1. Do not remove
pressure until 6. Maintain body
y
treatment has begun temperature
2. ABC
7. Protect the
3. Protect patient from
hazard and patient from the
environment environment
4. Oxygen
8. Monitor cardiac
5. Immobilise state
more… more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment FC 11-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment FC 11-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

…continued …continued

General Treatment General Treatment

for Trapped Patients for Trapped Patients
9. Allow qualified 11. Remember the protocols
for contact with victims that
medical personnel were covered in lesson 6.
to administer the
required treatment
[Link] on the
backboard
backboard,
immobilise and
remove

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment FC 11-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment FC 11-4

1
 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Immobilising a
…continued

Patient on a Immobilising a
Backboard Patient on a
Backboard
• Head
• Cervical collar • Centering
• Patient onto the • Immobilising
board • Checking
• Inspecting the
patient’s back
more…
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment FC 11-5 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Pre-Hospital Treatment FC 11-6

2
 CSSR Course
Lesson 12 – Course Review

Duration
2 hours

Main points • Review of each lesson as to content and skill component

• Answer questions on the ‘File”
• Remind participants to fill the course evaluation to be collected the next day
• Brief the participants for the Final Practical Exercises

Suggested
preparation
• All instructors should be present to answer questions from the participants.

Evaluation
• No evaluation for this lesson
system

• LCD projector
Materials and
• Power point
resources
• Flipchart
needed • The ‘File’

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE Lesson 12 – Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

12 Course Review

Instructor Activity

PPT 12-1
Objectives
Introduce yourself and your
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: assistant.

Present the lesson topic,

1. Answer questions and resolve issues that were recorded in explain lesson relevance in the
the ‘File’ by the participants. course, and state the duration.

2. Review the most important practical procedures that were Describe importance of the
demonstrated and practiced throughout the course. lesson.

3. To outline what is expected of the Final Practical Exercise Present lesson objectives. Ask
a participant to read them aloud
and answer any questions regarding the evaluation. from the workbook.

Ensure that the objectives are

clear to all participants.

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 12-1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

1. Introduction

Thank participants for their participation and willingness to learn. It

was a great pleasure for the entire group of instructors.

The class benefited from all the participation and a higher level of
learning was achieved.

Congratulate the participants for working well together in their

practical stations, particularly with the final practical exercise.

2. Development

Answer any questions and resolve issues from all lessons. Instructors in
particular lessons will answer the questions. <The Course Coordinator will
act as the moderator.>
<Review the file and answer issues, if any>

<Lesson 13: The Assistant Course Coordinator will be responsible for

facilitating Lesson 13, the Final Practical Exercise, will briefly describe the
details of the exercise, its system, scenario, its evaluation and any other
issues.>

<Remind the participants to fill the course evaluation to submit the next
day>

3. Close
“This review has covered all of the lessons throughout the course. We
hope you have taken advantage of this review to have all your
questions answered and any issues cleared up. Good luck on
succeeding evaluations – later with the final written evaluation and
tomorrow for the final practical exercise.”

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 12–8

Final Practical Evaluation

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 12
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Answer questions and resolve issues that were

recorded in
i the ‘File’
‘ i ’ by the participants.
i i
2. Review the most important practical procedures
that were demonstrated and practiced throughout
the course.
3. To outline what is expected of the Final Practical
Exercise and answer any questions regarding the
evaluation.
Rev. PH Nov 2008 Final Practical Evaluation PPT 12-1

1
 CSSR Course
Lesson 13 – Overview
Final Practical Exercise

Duration Phase 1: 45 minutes (lecture)

Phase 2: 45 minutes (search in building)
Phase 3: 7 hours, 30 minutes (work in props)

Main points • Scene assessment

• Void space search
• INSARAG Marking System
• Penetrating, removing rubble, shoring, lifting and extricating the patient

• Carefully review the Exercise Guides for the Final Practical Evaluation
Suggested • Based on lesson objectives, highlight all relevant areas.
preparation • Carefully review the tasks that the groups must complete and the sequence of activities.
• Write in any relevant additional notes or comments in the lesson plan.
• Prepare all stations the day before and inform participants that once they have been
assigned to their work groups at the end of the previous lesson, they should select their
group leaders before beginning the Final Practical.

• Phase 1 consists of a written group evaluation using a questionnaire that the group will turn
Evaluation in at the end of the Final Practical Exercise.
system • Phases 2 and 3 are evaluated based on group performance, which the instructor checks off
on a checklist.

Materials and • Phase 1

– Power point with images of collapsed structures (3)
resources – LCD projector
needed – Projection screen
– Phase 1 Team Questionnaire
• Phase 2
– Clipboards (2)
– Megaphone (1)
– Blank sheets of paper (15)
– Site Sketch Diagrams (6)
– Neon-coloured spray paint cans (2)
– Safety vests (2)
– Perimeter tape (2 rolls)
– Two-way radios (6)
– Ball-point pens, blue or black (2)
– PPE for everyone
• Phase 3
– All items used throughout the CSSR course, plus any additional supplies available.

• Other equipment and supplies

– Exercise field with props prepared as directed in the Coordinator’s Guide and the
Final Practical Exercise Guide
– A building to conduct the search in Phase 2

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE Lesson 13 – Overview

LESSON PLAN Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

13 Final Practical Exercise

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 12-1

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

PPT 13-1
1. Purpose
To demonstrate the knowledge, techniques and skills learned in the CSSR
course; to take the required steps when arriving on the scene, searching,
locating, stabilizing and extricating a simulated victim in a simulated
collapsed structure.

2. Performance Objectives
Upon completing the CSSR Course, you will be able perform the following
tasks as part of a 10-12 member CSSR team:

a. Describe the correct initial steps that must be taken when arriving at
the scene and before initiating a search.

b. Apply search techniques for trapped victims.

c. Gain access to void spaces in order to locate potential victims, using

three basic techniques (removing rubble, shoring, and penetration).

d. Correctly stabilize and extricate a simulated patient.

The Final Practical Exercise will be divided into three phases.

3. Tools, Equipment and Supplies

In order to complete the performance objectives, each work group will be
given three consecutive simulated scenarios and the following general
equipment and supplies:

3.1 Phase I
• Slide projector with replacement bulb
• Two (2) slides of collapsed structures
• Two (2) blank questionnaires
• Two (2) clipboards for note-taking
• Ten (10) blank sheets of paper
• Two (2) pens (blue or black ink)

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–2

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

3.2 Phase II
• Two (2) clipboards with note pads
• One (1) megaphone
• Ten (10) blank sheets of paper
• Two (2) pens (blue or black ink)

3.3 Phase III

• Four (4) pry bars
• Two (2) crowbars
• Four (4) sledgehammer
• Two (2) flat chisels
• Two (2) diamond-point chisels
• Two (2) chipping hammers
• Two (2) axes
• Two (2) hatchets
• Four (4) saws
• Four (4) hacksaws with 3 replacement blades for each (12
blades total)
• Two (2) vise grips
• Two (2) pairs of pliers
• Two (2) pipe wrenches
• Two (2) adjustable (crescent) wrenches
• Two (2) slotted screwdrivers
• Two (2) Philips screwdrivers
• Two (2) files
• Two (2) hand drills
• Four (4) shovels
• Four (4) picks
• Two (2) machetes

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–3

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity
• Four (4) brick hammers
• Two (2) orange spray paint cans
• Two (2) sisal ropes, 30 metres
• Four (4) torches (flashlights)
• Two (2) tarps, 4 x 4 metres
• Two (2) measuring tapes, 3 metres
• Thirty-two (32) wood blocks, 10x10x45 cm
• Two (2) wood beams, 10x10 cm x 3 m
• Seven (7) wood beams, 10x10 cm x 5 m
• Eight (8) wood beams, 5x10 cm x 2.5 m

Optional Tools
• Two (2) “Jaws of Life”
• Two (2) hydraulic jacks (20-ton capacity)
• Two (2) chainsaws
• Two (2) electric/battery-powered drills
• Two (2) circular saws
• Two (2) air chisels
• Two (2) portable electric generators
• Two (2) rotary rescue saws

You must use your own complete set of personal protective

equipment. You must complete all three phases within nine (9) hours,
following the techniques and procedures learned in this course.

The Final Practical Exercise will be conducted in a field location with

three simulated scenarios.

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–4

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4. Procedure Checklists
Total time limit for all phases: 9 hours
Total number of instructors: 6 instructors, 2 assistants

4.1 Phase I: Organising and Starting a CSSR

Operation
Time Limit: 45 minutes
(There may be an activation call for a CSSR operation up to 3 hours
before the start of Phase I.)
Number of Instructors: One lead instructor, one assistant

Sequence:
1) Organise group and assign specific duties for scene assessment.

2) Take required safety precautions.

3) Conduct preliminary study to estimate the number of potential

trapped victims.

4) Establish work areas based on the scene.

5) Identify the type of structure.

6) List any additional resources required.

7) Identify risks.

8) Place marks on structures as required.

9) Other actions the group must take before initiating search.

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–5

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4.2 Phase II: Search

Time Limit: 45 minutes
Number of Instructors: One lead instructor, two assistants

Sequence:
1) Gather information from neighbours, relatives and personnel in
charge of the building.

2) Complete inspection of building (360 degrees, if possible).

3) If available, obtain plans, photographs, or diagram of building.

4) Consult a structural engineer regarding safety before allowing

rescue personnel to enter structure.

5) Develop plan of action to conduct search.

6) Assign tasks to team members appropriately.

7) Establish and prioritise areas with greater chance of having

trapped victims.

8) Prepare and use a grid or coordinate system to ensure that all

areas of the structure have been searched.

9) Locate all possible access points.

10) Use the call and listen method correctly.

11) Use the sound transmission method correctly.

12) Consider the possible use canine teams or other alternative

search methods.

13) Locate the possible trapped victim with minimum margin of

error.

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–6

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course
Instructor Activity

4.3 Phase III: Removal, Shoring, Lifting, Penetration

and Rescue
Time Limit: 7 hours, 30 minutes
Number of Instructors: One lead instructor per simulator, two
assistants

Sequence:
1) Select the correct tools and materials required.

2) Build horizontal shoring.

3) Cut and penetrate the wood/metal wall.

4) Break and penetrate the cinder block wall.

5) Break and penetrate the brick wall.

6) Break and penetrate the concrete wall.

7) Conduct complete patient assessment before moving the patient.

8) Lift the concrete pad to remove the patient.

9) Stabilise and immobilise the patient on long backboard before

extrication.

10) Bring out the patient correctly through all the walls.

11) Maintain all safety measures throughout the entire operation.

12) Conduct the operation as a team, with proper rotation and task
distribution.

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13–7

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Team Grade Sheet

TEAM NUMBER START TIME END TIME

TEAM MEMBER NAMES

1. _______________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________________________

6. _______________________________________________________________________

7. _______________________________________________________________________

8. _______________________________________________________________________

9. _______________________________________________________________________

10. ______________________________________________________________________

11. ______________________________________________________________________

12. ______________________________________________________________________

NOTES

INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE TEAM LEADER SIGNATURE

DATE SCORE CIRCLE ONE

PASS FAIL

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE WB 12–8

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Phase I
Team Questionnaire
This exercise is a simulation of a collapsed structure incident. Based on the image with which
you are presented, you will need to answer the questions and complete the steps outline in this
questionnaire. You will have 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire. Once your team has
completed it or you have reached the time limit, turn it in to the instructors.

Recommendation: Be objective, brief and technical in your responses.

1. Draw a flowchart in the space below showing how your team organized and distributed specific
CSSR tasks upon arriving at the scene.

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE WB 12–9

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

2. List five safety precautions that must be implemented upon arriving at the scene and before
starting operations in the collapsed structure.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3. Calculate a preliminary estimate of the number of potential victims trapped in the structure.
Explain how you made your calculations.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4. Using the Site Sketch form included in this questionnaire, draw a diagram of the collapsed
structure scene.

5. Identify the type of structure being analysed in this exercise (reinforced concrete, wood, brick,
etc.).
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE WB 12–10

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

6. List the additional resources (personnel and material) that you think should be requested for this
scene during the next eight hours.
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

7. Identify the potential risks that your personnel may encounter once rescue operations are initiated
in the collapsed structure.
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

8. Using the Site Sketch form on the following page, draw a correct set-up for cordoning off the
area and marking buildings before the search begins.

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE WB 12–11

 Search Area/Site Sketch
Team # _______ Date: ________ Time:_________ Location/GPS _________ Page: ____ of ______
A B C D E F G H I

Legend / Required Symbols Resources

Potential victim Utilized
y North arrow Chemical
y Scale Confirmed M-7
Physical/ Acoustic
y Sides 1, 2, 3 and 4 Structural victim L-3
M-2 Hailing Optical
y Access points: Dead victim
Environmental Canine Other
1st 2st D-3

Service Symbols Cut services: When services

Command Staging Area S
E G W are cut, a cross is placed on E Post
Electricity Gas Water top of the symbol.
Electricity

Emergency Heavy
Trucks equipment
vehicles

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13-12

 Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Final Practical Evaluation

Demonstration and Practice Checklist

Group #: Station:

Team Activity* Completed Not Comp.

Squad organised CSSR functions among members at

1
the start of the operation.
Gathered information based on the initial
2
description and image provided in Phase I.
Developed an action plan to conduct search, based
3
on site sketch.

4 Located the victim using the hailing method.

Placed the appropriate mark to indicate the presence of

5
a potential live victim.
Used the proper techniques to break and breach
6
walls.
Built window/door shoring properly inside the
7
module.
Correctly performed initial assessment of patient
8
and immobilised him on backboard.
Extricated the patient, using the techniques for
9
lifting and stabilising loads.
Called out all required safety rules while carrying
10
out their tasks.
Work was conducted as a team, with a good distribution
11
of tasks.
*Activities in bold type require satisfactory performance for a passing grade on this evaluation.

Observations:

PASS … Instructor:

FAIL … Course Location: Date:

Instructor Signature:

PH Rev. November 2008 FINAL PRACTICAL EXERCISE LP 13-13

Final Practical Evaluation

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Lesson 13
Purpose
To demonstrate the knowledge, techniques
and skills learned in the CSSR course;; to
take the required steps when arriving on
the scene, searching, locating, stabilizing
and extricating simulated victims in a
simulated collapsed structure.

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Final Practical Evaluation PPT 13-1 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Final Practical Evaluation PPT 13-2

Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue Course

Rev. PH Nov 2008 Final Practical Evaluation PPT 13-3 Rev. PH Nov 2008 Final Practical Evaluation PPT 13-4