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Trigonometry

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Trigonometry

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mimi himawan
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Trigonometry (_) Syllabus E6.1 £63 © Inter 1e sine and cosine rules st ond use thres-figure bearings, Solve probler for any triongle and the formule arse of triengle 56.2 = fab sin. ‘Anply Pythagoras! theorem andthe sine, cosine and tangent ratios for acute cngles tothe 56.4 0 side or of an angle of «right Soive simple tigonometrical problems in three le. dimensions ineluding angle between o line and trical problems in two aplane insions involving ongles of elevation and dopression. Exend sine and cosine values to ongles between 90° and 180° ( ) Contents ‘Chapter 29 Bearings {E6.1) Chapter30 Trigonometry (E6.2) Chepter31 Further trigonometry (E6.3, E6.4) ©) The Swiss @ Leonhard Euler Euler, like Newton, was the greatest mathematicion of his generation. He studied all areas of mathematics and continued to work hard after he had gone bind ‘Asa young man, Euler discovered and proved: the sum of the infinite series >|) int beds. td This brought him to the attention of other methematicians. Euler made discoveries in many areas of mathematies, especially calculus and trigonometry. He also developed the ideas of Newion and Leibniz, Euler worked on graph theory and functions and was the firs to prove several theorems in geometry. He studied relationships between o triangle’s height, midpoint, and circumscribing and inscribing circles, and an expression for the area of 6 tetrchedron (a triengular pyramid) in terms ofits sides He also worked an number theory and found the largest prime number kaawn at the time. ‘Some of the most important constant symbols in mathemoties, x, 6 and i (the square feat of —1), wore introduced by Euler Leonhard Euler (1707=1783) @ The Bernoulli family The Bernoullis were a family of Swiss merchants who were friends Of Euler. The two brothers, Johann and Jacob, were very gifted mathematicions and scientists, as were their chiklfen end grandchildren. They made discoveries in calculus, irigonomeiry and probability theory in mathematics; In science, they worked on astronomy, magnetism, mechanics, thermodynamics and more. Unfortunately many members of the Bernoulli femily were not pleasant people. The older members of the family were jealous of each other's successes and often stole the work of their sons and grandsons and pretended that it was their own. (2) Bearings NB: All diagrams are not drawn to scale, © Bearings 180° In the days when sailing ships travelled the oceans of the world, compass bearings like the ones in the diagram above were used. ‘As the need for more accurate direction arose, extra points were added to N.S, E, W, NE, SE, SW and NW. Midway between North and North East was North North East, and midway between North East and East was East North East, and so on, This gave sixteen points of the compass. This was later extended even further, eventually to sixty four points, As the speed of travel increased, new system was required. The new system was the three figure bearing system. North was given the bearing zero. 360° in a clockwise direction was one full rotation. @ Back bearings The bearing of B from A is 135° and the distance from A to B is 8 cm, as shown (left). The bearing of A from B is called the back bearing. ince the two North lines are parallel p= 135° (alternate angles), so the back bearing is (180 + 135)", That is, 315°, (There are a number of methods of solving this type of problem.) 29 Bearings Worked example Exercise 29.1 ‘The bearing of B from A is 245°. ‘What is the bearing of A from B? 8 Since the two North lines are parallel: ‘b= 65° (alternate angles), so the bearing is (245 — 180)". ‘That is, 065°, 1. Draw a diagram to show the following compass bearings and journey. Use a seale of 1 em: 1 km. North can be taken to be a line vertically up the page. Start at point A. Travel a distance of 7 km on a bearing of 135° to point B, From B, travel 12 km on a bearing of 250° to point C. Measure the distance and bearing of A from C, 2 Given the following bearings of point B from point A, draw diagrams and use them to calculate the bearings of A from B. a) bearing 163° b) bearing 214° 3. Given the following bearings of point D from point C, draw diagrams and use them to calculate the bearings of C from D. a) bearing 300° b) bearing 282° Trigonometry Student assessment | 1 A climber gets to the top of Mont Blane, He can see in the distance a number of ski resorts. He uses his map to find the bearing and distance of the resorts, and records them as shown below: Val d'Isére 30 km Les Ares 40 km LaPlagne 45km bearing 205° Méribel 35 km bearing 320° Choose an appropriate scale and draw a diagram to show the position of each resort. What are the distance and bearing of the following? a) Val d’Isere from La Plagne b) Méribel from Les Ares A coastal radar station picks up a distress call from a ship. Itis 50 km away on a bearing of 345°. The radar station contacts a lifeboat at sea which is 20 km away on a bearing of 220". Make a scale drawing and use it to find the distance and bearing of the ship from the lifeboat. An aircraft is seen on radar at Milan airport. The aireratt is210 km away from the airport on a bearing of 065°. The aircraft is diverted to Rome airport, which is 130 km away from Milan on a bearing of 215°. Use an appropriate scale and make a scale drawing to find the distance and bearing of Rome airport from the aireratt, (30) Trigonometry NB: All diagrams are not drawn to scale. In this chapter, unless instructed otherwise, give your answers exactly or correct to three significant figures as appropriate. Answers in degrees should be given to one decimal place. There are three basic trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine and. tangent. Each of these relates an angle of a right-angled triangle to a ratio of the lengths of two of its sides. ‘The sides of the triangle have names, two of which are dependent on their position in relation to a specific angle. The longest side (always opposite the right angle) is called the hypotenuse. The side opposite the angle is called ‘the opposite side and the side next to the angle is called the adjacemt side, Note that, when the chosen angle is at A, the sides labelled opposite and adjacent change (left). a © Tangent 4 tan c — Lenath of opposite side & Tengih of adjacent side eee a) Calculate the size of angle BAC in each of the triangles on the left. opp. ) tan = Facet FH) tan = 5 (8 Ale zou) «-uw(4) : = = 69.4 (3 sib) x = 38.7(3s.0) il at) ZBAC +387" (dp) ZBAC = 69.4 (dp) b) Calculate the length of the o__Son__p opposite side QR (right), tan 42° =2 pom 6 x tan 42° =p p= 540 (3 sc) OR =5.40 em (Gs.f.) Trigonometry % sae ©) Calculate the length of the adjacent side XY. Nea 4 tan 3s" = 5 z 2 l6om 2X tan 3s°=6 Calculate the length of the side marked x cm in each of the diagrams in questions 1 and 2. b) A ©) P__12em_@ har \ ee a ey A 9,1 __p + Y 8 tom —*c f » 9 D xm ec oon fe . 4 y a eee C 6.5om, a 30 Trigonometry 3. Calculate the size of the marked angle x° in each of the following diagrams. a) a Tem pep 0) Dp w5em eg °) a Gam gem tom a F Bison d) P °) ) o L at 780m ton bf a 4am FR 5 G2om A uw Som ON L 2 typotenuse a @ Sine sin N = 22th of opposite side Jength of hypotenuse M nN Worked examples a) Calculate the size of angle BAC. x serge PHOS F. hypotenuse = 12 320m ( 7 ) xasnt( = B 7m x= 35.7(Ldp) ZBAC = 357° ([Link].) PB ier oO b) Calculate the length of the hypotenuse PR. q it sin 18°= — . £ aon qX sin 18" = 11 A | sin 18° a q = 35.6 3s.) PR = 35.6cm(3s.L) Trigonometry Exercise 30.2 1. Calculate the length of the marked side in each of the following diagrams. ayok b) @ teem P ) A com B Va iw i 8em Jom om a N d) ) + em d 2om 2 Litem OK 2 Calculate the size of the angle marked x in each of the following diagrams, a) BR sem A b) 0 2 E loom 60m oaom—F f) A oam 8 e naar 2em F you Ne) Pp 716m ‘830m 28cm 4.2m uw Q t4em © @ Cosine length of adjacent side Tength of hypotenuse cos Z= 30 Trigonometry Worked examples) Calculate the length XY. idjacer cos 62° = —dincont _e hypotenuse 20 200m 2 = 20 X cos 62° 2=939(3sf) XY = 9.39 em (3 s+) 1b) Calculate the size of angle ABC. 33 cosas = a 2 x= 68(Ldp) ZABC = 638° (dp) Exercise 30.3 1, Calculate the marked side or angle in each of the following diagrams. a) b) ) d) - doen atom PR em u 2 aN é ? ) ®) a) Hox oam A 7. A boat sets off on a trip from S, It heads towards B, a point 6 km away and due North, At B it changes direction and heads towards point C, also 6 km away and due East of B. At Cit changes direction once again and heads on a bearing of 135° towards D which is 13 km from C. a) Calculate the distunce between S and C to the nearest 0.1 km. bh) Calculate the distance the boat will have to travel if itis to return to $ from D. 8. Two trees are standing on flat ground. ‘The height of the smaller tree is 7 m. The distance between the top of the smaller tree and the base of the taller tree 15m. The distance between the top of the taller tree and the base of the smaller tree is 20m. a) Calculate the horizontal distance between the two trees h) Calculate the height of the taller tree. @ Trigonometry Exercise 30.5 1. By using Pythagoras’ theorem, trigonometry or both, calculate the marked value in each of the following, diagrams. In each case give your answer to | d.p. 174em MX t4em _Y Gem Zz 2. A sailing boat sets off from a point X and heads towards Y, a point 17 km North. Atpoint Y it changes direction and heads towards point Z, a point 12 km away on a bearing of 090°. Once at Z the crew want to sail back to X. Calculate: a) the distance ZX, b) the bearing of X trom Z. N t 2 | 3% Anaeroplane sets off from G (left) on a bearing of 024° H towards H. a point 250 km away. At H it changes course . and heads towards J on a bearing of 05S° and a distance of 180 km away. a) How far is H to the North of G? b) How faris H to the East of G2 c) How far is J to the North of H? d) How faris J to the Bast of H? &) What is the shortest distance between Gand J? £) What is the bearing of G from J? 4, Two trees are standing on flat ground. The angle of elevation of their tops from a point X on the ground is 40°. Ifthe horizontal distance between X and the small tree is 8 mand the distance between the tops of the two trees is 20m, calculate: a) the height of the small tree, b) the height of the tall tree, ¢) the horizontal distance between the trees. &. PORS isa quadrilateral, . The sides RS and QR are _ the same length, The sides OP and RS are parallel. 5 @ Calculate: a) angle SOR, b) angle PSO. c) length PO, ‘ek d) length PS, e) the area of PORS. 30 Trigonometry Worked examples <2 —> @ Angles of elevation and depression ‘The angle of elevation is the angle above the horizontal through which a line of view is raised. The angle of depression is the ungle below the horizontal through which a line of view lowered. a) The base of a tower is 60m away from a point X on the ground. If the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from X is 40° calculate the height of the tower. Give your answer to the nearest metre. h tan 40” = 60 b) An acroplane receives a signal from a point X on the ground. Ifthe angle of depression of point X from the aeroplane is 30° calculate the height at which the plane is fi Give your answer to the nearest 0.1 km. A sin 30° == 6 h= 6X sin 30° The height is 3 km. 1. Aand Bare two villages. Ifthe horizontal distance between them is 12 km and the vertical distance between them is 2 km calculate a) the shortest distance between the two villages, b). the angle of elevation of B from A. 2 Xand ¥ are two towns. Ifthe horizontal distance between them is 10 km and the angle of depression of Y from X is 7° calculate: a) the shortest distance between the two towns, 'b) the vertical height between the two towns. A girl standing on a hill at A, overlooking a lake, can see a smal! boat ata point B on the lake. If the girl is ata height 0150 m above B and ata horizontal distance of 120 m away from B, calculate: a) the angle of depression of the boat from the girl, fh) the shortest distance between the girl and the boat, Trigonometry 8k <— 12k —> ‘Two hot air balloons are | km apart in the air. If the angle of elevation of the higher from the lower balloon is 20°, calculate, giving your answers to the nearest metre: a) the vertical height between the two balloons, b)_ the horizontal distance between the two balloons. A boy X ean he seen by two of his friends ¥ and Z, who are swimming in the sea. If the angle of elevation of X from Y is 23° and from Z is 32”, and the height of X above Y and Z, is 40 m calculate: a) the horizontal distance between X and Z, b) the horizontal distance between Y and Z. Note: XYZ is a vertical plane A plane is flying at an altitude of 6 km directly over the fine AB. It spots two boats A and B, on the sea. If the angles of depression of A and B from the plane are 60° and 30° respectively. calculate the horizontal distance between A. and B. Two planes are flying directly above each other. A person standing at P can see both of them. The horizontal distance between the two planes and the person is 2 km, If the angles of elevation of the planes from the person are 65° and 75° calculate: a) thealtitude at which the higher plane is flying, bb) the vertical distance between the two planes. Three villages A, B and C can see each other across a valley. The horizontal distance between A and B is 8 km, and the horizontal distance between B and C is 12 km. The angle of depression of B from A is 20° and the angle of elevation of C trom B is 30°. Caleulate, giving all answers to 1 dip. a) the vertical height between A and B, b) the vertical height between Band C, ©) the angle of elevation of C from A, d)_ the shortest distance between A and C. Note: A,B and C are in the same vertical plane. 30 Trigonometry <6 8km—>——10km— inoculars, three people P,Q and R can see each other across a valley. The horizontal distance between P and Qis 6.8 km and the horizontal distance between Q and Ris 10 km. If the shortest distance between P and Q is 7 km and the angle of depression of Q from R is 15°, calculate, giving appropriate answers: a) the vertical height between © and R, b) the vertical height between P and R, c) the angle of elevation of R from P, 4) the shortest distance between P and R Note: P, Q and R are in the same vertical plane. 10. Two people A and B are standing either side of a transmission mast. A is 130 m away from the mast and B 200 m away. angle of elevation of the top of the mast from A is 60°, calculate: a) the height of the mast (o the nearest metre, b) the angle of elevation of the top of the mast from B. @ Angles between 0° and 180° When calculating the size of angles using trigonometry. there are often two solutions. Most calculators, however, will only give the first solution. To be able to calculate the value of the second possible solution, an understanding of the shape of trigonometrical graphs is needed. @ The sine curve The graph of y = [Link] plotted (left), where x is the size of the angle in degrees. The graph of y = sin x has # a period of 360” (ie. it repeats itsell every 360" © amaximum value of | (at 90°), ¢ aminimum value of ~1 (at 270°). Trigonometry Worked example Exercise 30.7 sin 30° = 0.5. Which other angle between 0” and 180” has a sine of DS 80° 90° 150° 1 From the graph above it can be seen that sin 150° = 0.5, sin x = sin(180° ~ x) 1. Express each of the following in terms of the sine of another angle between 0” and 180° a) sin 60° b) sin 80" ©) sin 115° d) sin 140° e) sin 128° f) sin 167° 2. Express each of the following in terms of the sine of another angle between 0° and 180° a) sin 35° b) sin 50" ©) sin 30" d) sin 48° e) sin 104° f) sin 127° 3. Find the two angles between 0° and 180° which have the following sine. Give each angle to the nearest degree. a) 0. b) 0.99 ©) 0.09 d) 0: ¢) 0.2 f) 047 4. Find the two angles between 0° and 180° which have the following sine. Give each angle to the nearest degree. a) 0.94 b) 0.16 ©) 080 d) 0: ©) 0.28 f) 033 © The cosine curve The graph of y = cos xis plotted (left), where xis the size of the angle in degrees, ‘As with the sine curve, the graph of ‘cos x has © a period of 360° © amaximum value of 1, © aminimum value of —1. Note cos x° = — e0s(180 — x)° 30 Trigonometry Worked examples 1) cos 60° = 0.5. Which angle between 0° and 180" has a cosine of -D.S? From the graph above it can be seen thal cos 120 80 €08 60" = —e0s 120". b) The cosine of which angle between 0° and 180° is equal to the negative of cos 50°? cos 130° cos 50° Exercise 30.8 1. Express each of the following in terms of the cosine of e another angle between 0° and 180°: a) 00s 20" b) cos 85 ©) cos 32" d) cos 95° e) cos 147" 1) cos 106° Express each of the following in terms of the cosine of another angle between 0° and 180°: a) cos 98" b) cos 144" ©) cos 160° d) cos 143" e) cos 171" 1) cos 123° Express each of the following in terms of the cosine of another angle between 0° and 180°: a) cos 100° b) cos 90" ©) -eos 110° d) ~cos 45° 2) =cos 122°) ~cos 25° The cosine of which acute angle has the same value a) cos 125" b) cos 107" ©) —cos 120° d) ~cos 98° e) —cos 92° £) cos 110° Trigonometry Student assessment | 1. Calculate the length of the side marked x cm in each of the following, » 9 ry o 4 Som aaem cm. 3em b (os &) ZO» me < 5 “* 2. Calculate the size of the angle marked in each of the following. b) ° 4) 148.0m : E> 3. Calculate the length of the side marked g cm in each of the following, a) b) soem as ‘Rem om °) ” ey 4) ZZ I~ bem 48 om f < Ss qem Trigonometry ee 20m 145m Student assessment 2 1, A map shows three towns A, B and C, Town A is due North of C, Town B is due East of A. The distance AC is 75 km and the bearing of C from B is 245°. Calculate, gi answers to the nearest 100 m: a) the distance AB, b) the distanee BC. 2. Two trees stand 16 m apart. Their tops make an angle of at point A on the ground, a) Express 6” in terms of the height of the shorter tree and its distance x metres from point A. b) Express 0° in terms of the height of the taller tree and its distance from A. ©) Form an equation in terms of x, d) Calculate the value of x ©) Calculate the value 8. zm 3. Two boats X and Y, sailing in a race, are shown in the diagram (left). Boat X is 145 m due North of a buoy B. Boat ¥ is due Bast of buoy B. Boats X and Y are 320m apart, Calculate: a) the distance BY, bb) the bearing of ¥ from X, ©) the bearing of X from Y. 4. Two hawks P and Q are flying vertically above one another. Hawk Q is 250 m above hawk P. They both spot a snake at R. @ Using the information given, calculate: a) the height of P above the ground, astm — b)_ the distance between P and R, Yc). thedistance between Q and R. <—2.8m —__> Trigonometry Student assessment 3 A 1 « ie Bs 3 A boy standing on a cliff top at A can see a boat sailing in the sea at B. The vertical height of the boy above sea level is 164 m, and the horizontal distance between the boat and the boy is 4 km. Calculate: a) the distance AB to the nearest metre, b) the angle of depression of the boat from the boy. Draw the graph of y = sin.2° for 0° b) the angle of elevation of the airship from A at 1530, ©) the distance between A and the airship at 1530, g2km d) atwhat time, to the nearest minute, the angle of elevation of the airship from A will be 85° a <7 km > Student assessment 4 1. Draw-a graph of y = cos 6°, tor 0° < 9° < 180°, Mark on the angl values of y. 0°,90°, 180°, and also the maximum and minimum. 2. The cosine of which other angle between ( and 180° has the same value as a) cos 128 b) eos 80°7 30 Trigonometry “The Great Pyramid at Giza is 146 m high. Two people A and B are looking at the top of the pyramid. The angle of elevation of the top of the pyramid from B is 12°, The distance between A and B is 25m. 1.8m 25m Itboth A and B are 1.8 m tall, calculate: a) the distance on the ground from B to the centre of the base of the pyramid, bh) the angle of elevation 8 of the top of the pyramid from A, ©) the distance between A and the top of the pyramid. Note: A,B and the top of the pyramid are in the same vertical plane. 4. ‘Two hot air balloons A and B are travelling in the same horizontal direction as shown in the diagram below. A is travelling at 2 m/s and B at 3 m/s. Their heights above the ground are 1.6 km and I km, respectively. At midday, their horizontal distance apart is 4 km and balloon B is directly above a point X on the ground. Calculate: zis a) the angle of elevation of A = from X at midday. b) the angle of depression of gms B from A at midday, ©) their horizontal distance * apart at 1230, 4) the angle of clevation of B 16km ~ from X at 1230, + @) the angle of elevation of A ee irom B at 1230, 1) how much closer A and B x are at 1230 compared with <4 sm ——_> midday. 5. a) Onone diagram plot the graph of y = sin 0° and the graph of y = cos 0°, for 0° < 6° < 180°. b) Use your graph to find the angles for which sin 8 = cos @° (a1) Further trigonometry @ The sine rule With right-angled triangles we can use the basic trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine and tangent. The sine rule is a relationship which can be used with non right-angled triangles. B A 77 © ‘The sine rule states that: a b sin A” sinB or alternatively Worked examples) Calculate the length of side BC: Using the sine rule: A 4 ‘Som e § Xain GF sin 30 a=17(1dp) BC=771em(3 b) Calculate the size of angle C. & ‘Using the sine rule: sinA 85em Bem “a sinc = = a ce C= 69.8" (1dp.) al Further trigonometry Exercise 31.1 1. Calculate the length of the side marked x in each of the a) é Yen oo. 3 4 & AZ 2 Calculate the size of the angle marked 6° in each of the tollowing. d) 3. AABC has the following dimensions: AC = 10cm, AB = 8 cmand ZACB = 20". a) Calculate the two possible values for ZCBA. 1b). Sketch and label the two possible shapes for AABC. APQR has the following dimensions: PQ = 6cm, PR = 4emand ZPOR = 40", a) Calculate the two possible values for ZORP. b) Sketch and label the two possible shapes for APOR. © The cosine rule ‘The cosine rule is another relationship which can be used with non right-angled triangles. " A 2 ° ‘The cosine rule states that: @ = +2 —2becos A Trigonometry Worked examples 1) Calculate the length of the side BC. e Using the cosine rule: @ = 62+ —2becosA aon @=P+P—(2X9% 7X cos 50°) a '1_+ 49 — (126 X cos $0°) = 49.0 a=Vo0 00 (38.6) .00 om (3 sf) fe\ A BC bh) Calculate the size of angle A, 8 Using the cosine rule: P= +2 2be cosa. tem Rearranging the equation gives: 200m toa Are Ee A 2be 1S? +12? = 207 cos A= 15em 2815 X12 A= cos" (—0.086) © 949° (1 dp.) Exercise 31.2 1. Calculate the length of the side marked x in each of the — fotlowing. b) oom °) 150m 31 Further trigonometry 2 a) 40m 20m 25m a) gon Bem 15em Exercise 31.3_ 1. x 20m w 24m 30m Y “4 2 Zz Calculate the angle marked 6° in each of the following, b) °) et ane: gem 150m e) oe = Four players W, X, ¥ and Z are on a rugby pitch, The diagram (left) shows a plan view of their relative positions. Calculate: a) the distance between players X and Z, hy) ZZWX, ©) ZWZX, d) 2YZx, ©) the distance between players W and Y. ‘Three yachts A, B and C are racing off Cape Comorin in India. Their relative positions are shown (below). Calculate the distance between B and C to the nearest 10m. Trigonometry 3. There are two trees stant fing on one side of a river bank. On the opposite side, a hoy standing at X. Using the information given, calculate the distance between the two trees. 40m 60m ine x © The area of a triangle bh Area Also: sinc = a Rearranging: h=asin€ Therefore area = ab sin C Exercise 31.4 1, Calculate the area of the following triangles. ) ») 9 ) bom XN oan [ee/ 12mm doom » om ‘4em \“t2mm 235 me 2. Calculate the value of.x in each of the forms —— P tom madi aoa = 50 om? a1 Further trigonometry 4am ABCD is a school playing field (left). The following lengths are known: OA =83m, OB = 122m, OC = 106 m, OD = 78m Calculate the area of the schoo! playing field to the nearest 100m? ‘The roof of a garage has a slanting length of 3 m and makes an angle of 120” at its vertex (leit). The height of the walls of the garage is 4 m and its depth is 9m. Calculate: a) the cross-sectional area of the roof, b) the volume occupied by the whole garage. © Trigonometry in three dimensions Worked example The diagram (below) shows a cube of edge length 3 cm. om H gon @ i) Caloulate the length EG. aN Kiem @ sen @ Hon G ‘Triangle EHG (above) is right angled, Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the length EG. EG? = BH? + HG? EG =F +3'=18 EG = Vi8cm=424em (3 s.f) Trigonometry Calculate the length AG. Triangle AEG (below) is right angled. Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the length AG. A 8 a . h 3.0m Som F Som E Vien G H Bom 6 AG? = AE? + EG? AG =F + (VI8" AG = 9418 A AG = V27 cm =5.20em (33.1) Calculate the angle EGA, 3 To calculate angle EGA we use the triangle EGA’ tanG = i vis E Vien 6 G=33(ldp) Exercise 31.5 1. a) Calculate the length HF. D ~~). Calculate the length HB. ©) Calculate the angle BHG. 4 ,,, F 4om Haan @ 2 a) Caleulate the length CA. b) Calculate the length CE. ©) Calculate the angle ACE. 3. In the cuboid (right): a) Calculate the length EG. 49 6m b) Calculate the fength AG. ©) Calculate the angle AGE. al Further trigonometry Tom wom 5 r 9 In the cuboid (left) calculate: a) the angle BCE, b) the angle GFH. ‘The diagram (right) shows a right pyramid where A is vertically above X. a) i) Calculate the length DB. ii) Calculate the angle DAX. b) i) Calculate the angle CED. ii) Calculate the angle DBA. ‘The diagram (left) shows a right pyramid where A is vertically above X. a) i) Calculate the length CE ii) Calculate the angle CAX. b) i) Calculate the angle BDE. ii) Calculate the angle ADB. In this cone (right) the angle YXZ = 60°. Calculate: a) the length XY, b) the length YZ. ¢) the circumference of the base. In this cone (leit) the angle XZY = 40°, Calculate: a) the length XZ, b) the length XY. One corner of this cuboid has been slived off along the plane QTU. WU = 4em. a) Calculate the length of the three sides of the triangle OTU. b) Calculate the three anglesP,QandTin 106m triangle POT. a ©) Calculate the area of a triangle POT. vo een Trigonometry 4om Worked example A 8 Bem Bon © The angle between a line and a plane 8 To calculate the size of the angle between the line AB and the shaded plane, drop a perpendicular from B. It meets the shaded plane at C. Then join AC. ‘The angle between the lines AB and AC represents the angle between the line AB and the shaded plane. ‘The line AC is the projection of the fine AB on the shaded plane. i) Calculate the length EC. First use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the length, EG: E “i dion Fr H Som G em H Son EG? = EH? + HG? EG? =2? +5? EG? =29 EG =V29em Now use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate CE: (V207 + EC =29+16 EC = V45 cm =6.71em (35.0) a1 Further trigonometry Exercise 31.6 1. Calculate the angle between the fine CE and the plane ADHE. To calculate the angle between the line CE and the plane ADHE use the right-angled triangle CED and calculate the angle CED. A 8 ¢ si ay sen] Deen sen . 48.2° (Id.p.) Name the projection of each Pp Q line onto the given plane (right): a) TRentoRSWV b) TRonto PQUT ©) SU onto PORS d) SU onto TUVW ¢) PV onto ORVU f) PV onto RSWV Name the projection of each line onto the given plane (left): a) KMonto JNM b) KM onto JKON ¢) KM onto HIML d) 10 onto HLOK e) 10 onto JKON £) TO ontoLMNO ‘Name the angle between the given line and plane (left) a) PT'and PORS b) PU and PORS ©) SVand PSWT d) RTand TUVW e) SU and QRVU f) PVand PSWT a) Calculate the length BHT (right). b) Calculate the angle Sem between the line BH and the plane EFGH. Trigonometry a) Calculate the length AG. b) Calculate the angle between the line AG and the plane EFGH. ©) Calculate the angle between the line AG and the plane ADHE., ‘The diagram (right) shows a right pyramid where A is vertically above X, a) Calculate the length BD. b) Calculate the angle between AB and CBED. The diagram (left) shows a right pyramid where U is vertically above X. a) Calculate the length WY. b) Calculate the length UX. ©) Caleulate the angle between UX and UZY. A tom 8 \ 8. ABCD and EFGH are square faces lying parallel to cach Jom a other. Calculate: a) the length DB, b) the length HF, a ecm ¢)_ the vertical height of the object, 5 oS d) the angle DH makes with the plane ABCD, iter 8 A igom 8 9, ABCD and EFGH are square faces lying parallel to cach other Calculate: a) the length AC, b) the length EG, ©) the vertical height of the object, d) the angle CG makes with the plane EFGH. al Further trigonometry Student assessment | 1. Calculate the size of the 48m obtuse angle marked 9° in the triangle (right) 26 om LON For the cuboid (Left), calculate: a) the length EG, b) the length EC. 4 ©) ZBEC. For the quadrilateral lr oe (right), calcutate: a) the length JL, K bh) ZKIL, ©). the length JM, T d) the area of JKLM. For the square-based right pyramid (left), calculate: a) the length BD, M b) ZABD, ©) the area of AABD, the vertical height of the pyramid. Student assessment 2 1. Using the triangular prism (left), ealeulate: a) the length AD. b) the length AC, ¢) the angle AC makes with the plane CDEE, ) the angle AC makes with the plane ABFE For the triangle (left), calculate: & 2 a) the length PS, tem b) ZQRS, ©) the length SR, & 3 A The cuboid (right) has one ofits corners removed to leave a flat triangle BDC. Caleulate: a) length DC, bh) length BC, ©) length DB, d) ZCBD, ©) the area of ABDC, £) the angle AC makes with the plane AED. isan

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