Reading & Writing Skills

Subject: Reading and Writing Skills

Quarter: Third Quarter

Topic: Patterns of Development

Module 3. Objectives. At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

Distinguish between and among patterns of development in writing across disciplines: a) narration,

b) description, c) definition, d) exemplification / classification, e) comparison and contrast, f) cause
and effect, g) problem - solution, and g) persuasion

Determine the best pattern of development for selected topics

Write an essay about any topic using patterns of development

Introduction. Now that you have learned cohesion techniques and outlining, we now proceed to another writing skill that needs
to be enhanced to become a better writer.

Task 1. Rearrange the jumbled letters below and form a word that could be associated to the given word.

(Pattern) YSTRAGTE
(Problem- ORESEVL

Solving)

(Narration) RYSTO (Comparison) ALSMIIR

(Definition) GMIENAN (Cause & Effect) NAEORS

(Exemplification) PELEMAX (Persuasion) VNCINOE

(Classification) RCTGAEOY (Description) YROSSNE

Discussion

Patterns of Development

Writing pattern or pattern of paragraph development refers to a specific strategy or method that a writer uses to
develop ideas in a paragraph. It suggests a type of support to an idea that one can use in a type of paragraph. It
also helps a writer how to make sense of the different pieces of information.

Narration
The focus of this story pattern is basically to narrate or tell a story. It emphasizes the what, when, and where
something happened. Its purpose comes along with effective sequencing order of events in a chronological
order. Moreover, action words and transitional words characterized a narrative paragraph.

Example:

Yesterday, Thea and her two brothers, Michael and Edward had the most wonderful time together. They strolled in
the mall. They went inside the department store and bought bucket hats and matching shirts. Next, for lunch,
they ate at their favorite restaurant, ordered the usual chicken and rice combo and shared many funny moments.
After that, they watched a comedy movie and laughed their hearts out. After a long day, they went home tired but
fulfilled. They definitely shared good moments together and bonded more as siblings.

In this narrative paragraph, for the most part, logical sequence of actions supplies the narrative sequence: "They
strolled in the mall. . . They went inside the department store. They ate at their favorite restaurant." Because of
the linear arrangement of these sentences on the paragraph, the reader assumes the actions take place in
sequence. However, here and there, transitions such as yesterday, next, after that, after a long day, were needed
to emphasize important time relationships.

Description

This pattern of development gives characteristics or details on what an object, a person or a place looks like.
When using this pattern, use powerful and appropriate adjectives and use effectively the five senses (sight,
smell, taste, hear, touch) to create a clear image on a reader’s mind.

There are two types of description paragraph—objective and subjective.

1) Objective description is used in scientific writing to describe factual and scientific characteristics. 2)
Subjective description is used in fiction wherein a writer uses his own perspective to describe a person, an event
or a thing.

Example

Every summer, my brothers and I spend our vacation in my Lola’s house. It always feels like my first home. It is
already an old house. You could already say it’s old because of the worn-out fences. Still, I love spending my
summer there. When you go inside, that musty smell welcomes you or the smell of rice cakes from the kitchen.
Lola really loves to make rice cakes and my favorite is ‘suman’. Every day is a fun day. My brothers and I would
either play in Lola’s backyard with her dog, Bantay or we go to the river nearby. In the next morning, she would then
cook delicious meals and they’re all tasty. Lola’s home is always a happy home.

In this type of description, the author is describing an impression of what is observed in his Lola’s house. This is an
example of a subjective description. Since the writer used clear images and sensory imagery, the reader is now
able to experience Lola’s house as to how it appeared and felt for the writer.

Task 2. Complete the table below by supplying words or phrases that best describe the given subjects. Use any of your
senses to provide appropriate descriptions.

Subject Sight Hearing Smell Taste Touch

Example: long-legged soft voice heavenly

concert

beach side

adobo

Definition

The focus of this pattern is to explain or give a comprehensive understanding of a concept, a term or an idea.
To define a term, a writer provides a general definition, then gives clear details to support. You may define a
term or a concept by its characteristic, function, and examples.

Kinds of Definition:

1) Informal definition is either denotation or connotation of the word. Denotation is the dictionary meaning of
the word.

For example: Rose is a family of prickly shrub with pinnate leaves and showy flowers.

Connotation is the secondary meaning of a word and not necessarily included in the dictionary. Rather it is how a
writer understands a word based on their own personal or consensual experiences.

In the example: A dozen of pink roses is usually given to their beloved ones. Instead of literally referring to flowers,
love and romance are connoted.

2) Formal definition consists of three principal parts: the species (WORD) n + Genus (CLASS) + Differentiae. The
WORD is the name of the object, process, or concept defined. This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the
CLASS or general group to which the objects belongs.

For example: Skimming (species) is a reading technique (class) of allowing the eyes to travel over a page very
quickly, stopping only here and there to gain an idea (differentia).

For the expanded or extended definition, the following are common methods used in paragraph
development (Abao, Bacus, and Dayagabit).

Methods Examples

By stating its San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the Philippines and today, it is
characteristics known as one of the first-class cities in the province of Laguna. It is also
called the City of Seven Lakes namely: Bunot Lake, Calibato Lake, Mohicap
Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Sampaloc Lake, and Yambo lake. These
seven freshwater lakes are crater form of a steam-blast eruption from Mt.
Cristobal.

By function In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for their actions, such
as following the precautionary measures given by the health experts to
avoid the spread of the virus.

By what it is not Far from the normal situations that we had before, the pandemic makes
each one of us skip buying unnecessary items.

By what it is similar to Jollibee and McDonalds both offer savory chicken and delicious pasta that
children love.

By examples The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021 amidst the
pandemic is a great challenge to the Department of Education. They
continue researching different alternative ways of teaching and learning to
be implemented in schools such as online learning, modular learning, and
lastly learning from TV shows and radio program.

By origin of word or Writers around the world define literature in different ways. The origin of
etymology the word literature is derived from the Latin word Litera which means letter.

By its effect Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the world embraces
the new normal. People have become more conscious about sanitation
and hygiene. They now learn physical distancing in public places. And,
most of the people stay at home either working or developing new hobbies
and exploring new things.

Exemplification & Classification

Exemplification is a pattern of development wherein a writer uses examples to illustrate and further explain an
idea. By this pattern, examples used clarify more the general idea in the paragraph.

Classification divides and organizes ideas or concepts in classes, groups or categories based on criteria and
relationships between the items. This pattern helps the reader understands even the complex and vast idea as it
will be classified.

Example

You can be awesome on your ‘first day high’ in college by being friendly, responsive and easy-going. In that case,
you can immediately have friends and be at ease in your journey to college. First, be friendly. For example, always
be the first one to say “Hi!” and introduce yourself. For you not to look awkward, always wear a smile. Next, be
responsive. A first day is always a getting-to-know stage. Whenever a person asks you a question, answer
accordingly. Lastly, be easy going. Keep your chill and just go with the flow. As long as it doesn’t hurt or offend you,
just go for it. Basically, these are the “must be-attitudes” if you’re a freshman.

Comparison and Contrast

Comparison is used to put emphasis on the similarities between two entities, whereas contrast is for the
differences.

The focus of this pattern is to point out the similarities and differences between two or more entities. Through
this pattern, you gain a deeper understanding of the items you are comparing, their relationship to each other,
and what is most important about them.

Venn Diagram and Table Chart are graphic organizers that can be used to have a better outcome using this
pattern.

Venn Diagram shows all possible logical relations between or among subjects.

Table Chart is a means of arranging information in rows and columns to show the connections of items. A
criterion shall be indicated to determine the similarities and differences of the subjects.

Approaches in Comparison and Contrast pattern

1) Side-by-side. The writer discusses both items based on each point of comparison and contrast.

Example:

If you are a graduating elementary student, you have the opportunity to study in secondary schools that cater
your interest: Philippine High School for the Arts and Philippine Science High School.

PHSA and PSHS are both government-run secondary schools. PHSA is an attached agency of Department of
Education, whereas PSHS is operated by Department of Science and Technology. PHSA has only two campuses in
Laguna, unlike PSHS that has campuses across the country.

For admission, PHSA holds its annual auditions called ANSYAS wherein students show their expertise in Dance,
Creative Writing, Music, Theater Arts, and Visual Arts. On the other hand, for PSHS, one must undergo a one-time
 process called Requirement for Admission, Criteria, and Evaluation (RACE) to determine the qualifiers.

2) Separately. The writer describes the first element then followed by the second element.

Example:

If you are a graduating elementary student, you have the opportunity to study in secondary schools that cater
your interest either in sciences or arts.

Philippine High School for the Arts is a government-run secondary school located in Laguna. It offers courses in
the arts, specifically in Dance, Music, Creative Writing, Theater Arts, and Visual Arts. Every year, a nationwide
audition called ANSYAS is conducted for aspiring students of their school. PHSA is an attached agency of
Department of Education.

On the other hand, Philippine Science High School is a research-oriented public high school located in various
provinces. It operates as an attached agency of Department of Science and Technology. One must undergo a
one-time process called Requirement for Admission, Criteria, and Evaluation (RACE) to determine the qualifiers.

Transition words: like, similar to, also, unlike, similarly, in the same way, likewise, again, compared to, in contrast, in
like manner, contrasted with, on the contrary, however, although, yet, even though, still, but, nevertheless,
conversely, at the same time, regardless, despite, while, on one hand... on the other hand

Source:

DepEd Q1 Module 1. Patterns of Development in Writing Across Disciplines

(2019). Science and Technology Academic and Research-Based Openly-Operated KioskS (STARBOOKS).
DOST STI.