10-5

10-20 A double-pane window consists of two layers of glass separated by a stagnant air space. For
specified indoors and outdoors temperatures, the rate of heat loss through the window and the inner surface
temperature of the window are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the window is steady
since the indoor and outdoor temperatures remain constant at Air
the specified values. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since
any significant temperature gradients will exist in the direction
from the indoors to the outdoors. 3 Thermal conductivities of
the glass and air are constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is
negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass and air are
given to be kglass = 0.78 W/m⋅°C and kair = 0.026 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis The area of the window and the
individual resistances are Ri R1 R2 R3 Ro
A = (1.2 m) × (2 m) = 2.4 m 2 T∞1 T∞2

1 1
Ri = Rconv,1 = = = 0.0417 °C/W
h1 A (10 W/m2 .°C)(2.4 m2 )
L 0.003 m
R1 = R3 = Rglass = 1 = = 0.0016 °C/W
k1 A (0.78 W/m.°C)(2.4 m2 )
L 0.012 m
R2 = Rair = 2 = = 0.1923 °C/W
k2 A (0.026 W/m.°C)(2.4 m 2 )
1 1
Ro = Rconv, 2 = = 2o 2
= 0.0167 o C/W
h2 A (25 W/m . C)(2.4 m )
Rtotal = Rconv,1 + 2 R1 + R2 + Rconv, 2 = 0.0417 + 2(0.0016) + 0.1923 + 0.0167
= 0.2539 °C/W
The steady rate of heat transfer through window
glass then becomes
T −T [24 − (−5)]°C
Q& = ∞1 ∞ 2 = = 114 W
Rtotal 0.2539°C/W
The inner surface temperature of the window glass can be determined from
T −T
Q& = ∞1 1 ⎯ ⎯→ T1 = T∞1 − Q& Rconv,1 = 24 o C − (114 W)(0.0417°C/W) = 19.2°C
Rconv,1

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 10-26

10-48 Two cylindrical aluminum bars with ground surfaces are pressed against each other in an insulation
sleeve. For specified top and bottom surface temperatures, the rate of heat transfer along the cylinders and
the temperature drop at the interface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2
Heat transfer is one-dimensional in the axial direction Interface
since the lateral surfaces of both cylinders are well-
insulated. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of aluminum bars Bar Bar
is given to be k = 176 W/m⋅°C. The contact
conductance at the interface of aluminum-aluminum
plates for the case of ground surfaces and of 20 atm ≈
2 MPa pressure is hc = 11,400 W/m2⋅°C (Table 10-2).
Ri Rglass Ro
Analysis (a) The thermal resistance network in this T1 T2
case consists of two conduction resistance and the
contact resistance, and they are determined to be
1 1
Rcontact = = = 0.0447 °C/W
hc Ac (11,400 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)[π (0.05 m) 2 /4]
L 0.15 m
R plate = = = 0.4341 °C/W
kA (176 W/m ⋅ °C)[π (0.05 m) 2 /4]
Then the rate of heat transfer is determined to be
ΔT ΔT (150 − 20)°C
Q& = = = = 142.4 W
R total Rcontact + 2 R bar (0.0447 + 2 × 0.4341) °C/W
Therefore, the rate of heat transfer through the bars is 142.4 W.
(b) The temperature drop at the interface is determined to be
ΔTinterface = Q& Rcontact = (142.4 W)(0.0447 °C/W) = 6.4°C

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 10-35

10-59 A composite wall consists of several horizontal and vertical layers. The left and right surfaces of the
wall are maintained at uniform temperatures. The rate of heat transfer through the wall, the interface
temperatures, and the temperature drop across the section F are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time. 2 Heat transfer
through the wall is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 Thermal contact resistances
at the interfaces are disregarded.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be kA = kF = 2, kB = 8, kC = 20, kD = 15, kE = 35 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis (a) The representative surface area is A = 0.12 × 1 = 0.12 m 2 . The thermal resistance network and
the individual thermal resistances are
R2
R1 R5 R7
R3
T1 T2

R4 R6
⎛ L ⎞ 0.01 m
R1 = R A = ⎜ ⎟ = = 0.04 °C/W
⎝ kA ⎠ A (2 W/m ⋅ °C)(0.12 m 2 )
⎛ L ⎞ 0.05 m
R 2 = R 4 = RC = ⎜ ⎟ = = 0.06 °C/W
⎝ kA ⎠ C (20 W/m ⋅ °C)(0.04 m 2 )
⎛ L ⎞ 0.05 m
R3 = R B = ⎜ ⎟ = = 0.16 °C/W
⎝ kA ⎠ B (8 W/m ⋅ °C)(0.04 m 2 )
⎛ L ⎞ 0.1 m
R5 = R D = ⎜ ⎟ = = 0.11 °C/W
⎝ kA ⎠ D (15 W/m⋅ o C)(0.06 m 2 )
⎛ L ⎞ 0.1 m
R6 = R E = ⎜ ⎟ = = 0.05 o C/W
⎝ kA ⎠ E (35 W/m ⋅ °C)(0.06 m 2 )
⎛ L ⎞ 0.06 m
R7 = R F = ⎜ ⎟ = = 0.25 °C/W
⎝ kA ⎠ F (2 W/m ⋅ °C)(0.12 m 2 )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + + ⎯
⎯→ Rmid ,1 = 0.025 °C/W
Rmid ,1 R 2 R3 R4 0.06 0.16 0.06
1 1 1 1 1
= + = + ⎯
⎯→ Rmid , 2 = 0.034 °C/W
Rmid , 2 R5 R6 0.11 0.05
Rtotal = R1 + Rmid ,1 + Rmid , 2 + R7 = 0.04 + 0.025 + 0.034 + 0.25 = 0.349 °C/W
T − T∞ 2 (300 − 100)°C
Q& = ∞1 = = 572 W (for a 0.12 m × 1 m section)
Rtotal 0.349 °C/W
Then steady rate of heat transfer through entire wall becomes
(5 m)(8 m)
Q& total = (572 W) = 1.91 × 10 5 W
0.12 m 2
(b) The total thermal resistance between left surface and the point where the sections B, D, and E meet is
Rtotal = R1 + Rmid ,1 = 0.04 + 0.025 = 0.065 °C/W
Then the temperature at the point where the sections B, D, and E meet becomes
T −T
Q& = 1 ⎯→ T = T1 − Q& Rtotal = 300°C − (572 W)(0.065 °C/W) = 263°C
⎯
Rtotal
(c) The temperature drop across the section F can be determined from
ΔT
Q& = → ΔT = Q& R F = (572 W)(0.25 °C/W) = 143°C
RF

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 10-45

10-70 Steam flows in a steel pipe, which is insulated by gypsum plaster. The rate of heat transfer from the
steam and the temperature on the outside surface of the insulation are be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the centerline and no variation in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is
negligible.
Properties (a) The thermal conductivities of steel and gypsum Insulation
plaster are given to be 50 and 0.5 W/m⋅°C, respectively.
Analysis The thermal resistances are

Ri Rsteel Rins Ro Steam

Ti To
L
1 1
Ri = = = 0.0003316°C/W
hi Ai (800 W/m ⋅ °C)π (0.06 m)(20 m)
2

ln( D 2 / D1 ) ln(8 / 6)
Rsteel = = = 0.0000458°C/W
2πk steel L 2π (50 W/m ⋅ °C)(20 m)
ln( D3 / D 2 ) ln(16 / 8)
Rins = = = 0.011032°C/W
2πk ins L 2π (0.5 W/m ⋅ °C)(20 m)
1 1
Ro = = = 0.0004974°C/W
ho Ao (200 W/m ⋅ °C)π (0.16 m)(20 m)
2

The total thermal resistance and the rate of heat transfer are
R total = Ri + Rsteel + Rins + Ro = 0.0003316 + 0.0000458 + 0.011032 + 0.0004974 = 0.011907°C/W
T − To (200 − 10)°C
Q& = i = = 15,957 W
R total 0.011907 m 2 ⋅ C/W
(b) The temperature at the outer surface of the insulation is determined from
T − To (Ts − 10)°C
Q& = s ⎯
⎯→ 15,957 W = ⎯
⎯→ Ts = 17.9°C
Ro 0.0004974 m 2 ⋅ °C/W

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 10-50

10-75 An electric hot water tank is made of two concentric cylindrical metal sheets with foam insulation in
between. The fraction of the hot water cost that is due to the heat loss from the tank and the payback
period of the do-it-yourself insulation kit are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no variation in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal resistances of the water tank and the outer
thin sheet metal shell are negligible. 5 Heat loss from the top and bottom surfaces is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.03 W/m⋅°C for foam insulation and k = 0.035
W/m⋅°C for fiber glass insulation
Analysis We consider only the side surfaces of the water heater for simplicity, and disregard the top and
bottom surfaces (it will make difference of about 10 percent). The individual thermal resistances are
Ai = πDi L = π (0.40 m)(2 m) = 2.51 m 2
1 1
Ro = = = 0.008 °C/W
hi Ai (50 W/m .°C)(2.51 m 2 )
2

Rfoam Ro
Ao = πDo L = π (0.46 m)(2 m) = 2.89 m 2 Ri
1 1 Tw T∞2
Ro = = = 0. 029 °C/W
ho Ao (12 W/m 2 .°C)(2.89 m 2 )
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(23 / 20)
R foam = = = 0.37 °C/W
2πkL 2π (0.03 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(2 m)
Rtotal = Ri + Ro + R foam = 0.008 + 0.029 + 0.37 = 0.407 °C/W
The rate of heat loss from the hot water tank is
T − T∞ 2 (55 − 27)°C
Q& = w = = 68.8 W
Rtotal 0.407 °C/W
The amount and cost of heat loss per year are
Q = Q& Δt = (0.0688 kW)(365 × 24 h/yr) = 602.7 kWh/yr
Cost of Energy = (Amount of energy)(Unit cost) = (602.7 kWh)($0.08 / kWh) = $48.22
$48.22
f = = 0.1722 = 17.2%
$280
If 3 cm thick fiber glass insulation is used to wrap the entire tank, the individual resistances becomes
Ao = πDo L = π (0.52 m)(2 m) = 3.267 m 2
1 1 Ri Rfoam Rfiberglass Ro
Ro = = = 0 .026 o
C/W
ho Ao (12 W/m 2 ⋅ o C)(3.267 m 2 ) Tw T∞2
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(23 / 20)
R foam = = = 0.371 °C/W
2πk1 L 2π (0.03 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(2 m)
ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(26 / 23)
R fiberglass = = = 0.279 °C/W
2πk 2 L 2π (0.035 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(2 m)
Rtotal = Ri + Ro + R foam + R fiberglass = 0.008 + 0.026 + 0.371 + 0.279 = 0.684 °C/W
The rate of heat loss from the hot water heater in this case is
T − T∞ 2 (55 − 27)°C
Q& = w = = 40.94 W
Rtotal 0.684 °C/W
The energy saving is
saving = 70 - 40.94 = 29.06 W
The time necessary for this additional insulation to pay for its cost of $30 is then determined to be
Cost = (0.02906 kW)(Time period)($0.08 / kWh) = $30
Then, Time period = 12,904 hours = 538 days ≈ 1.5 years

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 10-63

Critical Radius of Insulation

10-87C In a cylindrical pipe or a spherical shell, the additional insulation increases the conduction
resistance of insulation, but decreases the convection resistance of the surface because of the increase in the
outer surface area. Due to these opposite effects, a critical radius of insulation is defined as the outer radius
that provides maximum rate of heat transfer. For a cylindrical layer, it is defined as rcr = k / h where k is
the thermal conductivity of insulation and h is the external convection heat transfer coefficient.

10-88C It will decrease.

10-89C Yes, the measurements can be right. If the radius of insulation is less than critical radius of
insulation of the pipe, the rate of heat loss will increase.

10-90C No.

10-91C For a cylindrical pipe, the critical radius of insulation is defined as rcr = k / h . On windy days, the
external convection heat transfer coefficient is greater compared to calm days. Therefore critical radius of
insulation will be greater on calm days.

10-92 An electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 1-mm thick plastic cover. The interface temperature and
the effect of doubling the thickness of the plastic cover on the interface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the centerline and no variation in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible.
5 Heat transfer coefficient accounts for the radiation effects, if any.
Properties The thermal conductivity of plastic cover is given to be k = 0.15 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis In steady operation, the rate of heat transfer from the wire is equal to the heat generated within the
wire,
Q& = W& e = VI = (8 V)(13 A) = 104 W Rplastic Rconv
T1 T∞2
The total thermal resistance is
1 1
Rconv = = = 0.3158 °C/W
ho Ao (24 W/m .°C)[π (0.0042 m)(10 m)]
2

ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(2.1 / 1.1)

R plastic = = = 0.0686 °C/W
2πkL 2π (0.15 W/m.°C)(10 m)
R total = Rconv + R plastic = 0.3158 + 0.0686 = 0.3844 °C/W
Then the interface temperature becomes
T −T
Q& = 1 ∞ 2 ⎯ ⎯→ T1 = T∞ + Q& R total = 30°C + (104 W )(0.3844 °C/W ) = 70.0°C
R total
The critical radius of plastic insulation is
k 0.15 W/m.°C
rcr = = = 0.00625 m = 6.25 mm
h 24 W/m 2 .°C
Doubling the thickness of the plastic cover will increase the outer radius of the wire to 3 mm, which is less
than the critical radius of insulation. Therefore, doubling the thickness of plastic cover will increase the
rate of heat loss and decrease the interface temperature.

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 10-72

10-117 Circular aluminum fins are to be attached to the tubes of a heating system. The increase in heat
transfer from the tubes per unit length as a result of adding fins is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform
over the entire fin surfaces. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the fins is given to be k = 186 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis In case of no fins, heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length is
Ano fin = πD1 L = π (0.05 m)(1 m) = 0.1571 m 2 180°C
Q& no fin = hAno fin (Tb − T∞ ) = (40 W/m 2 .°C)(0.1571 m 2 )(180 − 25)°C = 974 W
The efficiency of these circular fins is, from the efficiency curve, Fig. 10-43
L = ( D 2 − D1 ) / 2 = (0.06 − 0.05) / 2 = 0.005 m ⎫ 25°C
⎪
r2 + (t / 2) 0.03 + (0.001 / 2) ⎪
= = 1.22
r1 0.025 ⎪
⎪
⎛ h ⎞
1/ 2
⎪
L3c / 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ t⎞ h
= ⎜L+ ⎟ ⎬η fin = 0.97
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠ kt ⎪
⎝ kA p ⎠ ⎪
⎪
⎛ 0.001 ⎞ 2o
40 W/m C ⎪
= ⎜ 0.005 + ⎟ = 0. 08
⎝ 2 ⎠ (186 W/m o C)(0.001 m) ⎪
⎭
Heat transfer from a single fin is
Afin = 2π (r2 2 − r1 2 ) + 2πr2 t = 2π (0.03 2 − 0.025 2 ) + 2π (0.03)(0.001) = 0.001916 m 2
Q& fin = η fin Q& fin,max = η fin hAfin (Tb − T∞ )
= 0.97(40 W/m 2 .°C)(0.001916 m 2 )(180 − 25)°C
= 11.53 W
Heat transfer from a single unfinned portion of the tube is
Aunfin = πD1 s = π (0.05 m)(0.003 m) = 0.0004712 m 2
Q& unfin = hAunfin (Tb − T∞ ) = (40 W/m 2 .°C)(0.0004712 m 2 )(180 − 25)°C = 2.92 W
There are 250 fins and thus 250 interfin spacings per meter length of the tube. The total heat transfer from
the finned tube is then determined from
Q& total,fin = n(Q& fin + Q& unfin ) = 250(11.53 + 2.92) = 3613 W
Therefore the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of the addition of the
fins is
Q& increase = Q& total,fin − Q& no fin = 3613 − 974 = 2639 W

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 10-81

10-123 A hot plate is to be cooled by attaching aluminum pin fins on one side. The rate of heat transfer
from the 1 m by 1 m section of the plate and the effectiveness of the fins are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The temperature along the fins varies in one direction
only (normal to the plate). 3 Heat transfer from the fin tips is negligible. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is
constant and uniform over the entire fin surface. 5 The thermal properties of the fins are constant. 6 The
heat transfer coefficient accounts for the effect of radiation from the fins.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the aluminum plate and fins is given to be k = 237 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis Noting that the cross-sectional areas of the fins are
constant, the efficiency of the circular fins can be determined to be 3 cm
D=0.25 cm
hp hπD 4h 4(35 W/m 2 .°C)
m= = = = = 15.37 m -1 0.6 cm
kAc kπD 2 / 4 kD (237 W/m.°C)(0.0025 m)

tanh mL tanh(15.37 m -1 × 0.03 m)

η fin = = = 0.935
mL 15.37 m -1 × 0.03 m
The number of fins, finned and unfinned surface areas,
and heat transfer rates from those areas are
1m2
n= = 27,777
(0.006 m)(0.006 m)

⎡ πD 2 ⎤ ⎡ π (0.0025) 2 ⎤
Afin = 27777 ⎢πDL + ⎥ = 27777 ⎢π (0.0025)(0.03) + ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
= 6.68 m 2
⎛ πD 2 ⎞ ⎡ 2⎤
Aunfinned = 1 − 27777⎜ ⎟ = 1 − 27777 ⎢ π (0.0025) ⎥ = 0.86 m 2
⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
Q& =η Q & = η hA (T − T )
finned fin fin, max fin fin b ∞

= 0.935(35 W/m .°C)(6.68 m )(100 − 30)°C

2 2

= 15,300 W
Q& unfinned = hAunfinned (Tb − T∞ ) = (35 W/m 2 .°C)(0.86 m 2 )(100 − 30)°C
= 2107 W
Then the total heat transfer from the finned plate becomes
Q& total,fin = Q& finned + Q& unfinned = 15,300 + 2107 = 1.74 × 10 4 W = 17.4 kW
The rate of heat transfer if there were no fin attached to the plate would be
Ano fin = (1 m)(1 m) = 1 m 2
Q& no fin = hAno fin (Tb − T∞ ) = (35 W/m 2 .°C)(1 m 2 )(100 − 30)°C = 2450 W
Then the fin effectiveness becomes
Q& fin 17,400
ε fin = = = 7.10
&
Q no fin 2450

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 10-103

10-151 An ice chest made of 10-cm thick styrofoam is initially filled with 45 kg of ice at 0°C. The length
of time it will take for the ice in the chest to melt completely is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since the specified thermal conditions at the boundaries do not
change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 The inner
surface temperature of the ice chest can be taken to be 0°C at all times. 5 Heat transfer from the base of the
ice chest is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of styrofoam
is given to be k = 0.033 W/m⋅°C. The heat of Ts Rchest Rconv
fusion of water at 1 atm is hif = 333.7 kJ/kg . T∞

Analysis Disregarding any heat loss through the Ice chest

bottom of the ice chest, the total thermal resistance
and the heat transfer rate are determined to be
Ai = 2(0.3 − 0.03)(0.4 − 0.06) + 2(0.3 − 0.03)(0.5 − 0.06) + (0.4 − 0.06)(0.5 − 0.06) = 0.5708 m 2
Ao = 2(0.3)(0.4) + 2(0.3)(0.5) + (0.4)(0.5) = 0.74 m 2
L 0.03 m
Rchest = = = 1.5927 °C/W
kAi (0.033 W/m.°C)(0.5708 m 2 )
1 1
Rconv = = = 0.07508 °C/W
hAo (18 W/m .°C)(0.74 m 2 )
2

R total = Rchest + Rconv = 1.5927 + 0.07508 = 1.6678 °C/W

T − T∞ (28 − 0)°C
Q& = s = = 16.79 W
R total 1.6678 °C/W
The total amount of heat necessary to melt the ice completely is
Q = mhif = (50 kg)(333.7 kJ/kg) = 16,685 kJ

Then the time period to transfer this much heat to the cooler to melt the ice completely becomes
Q 16,685,000 J
Δt = = = 9.937 × 10 5 s = 276 h = 11.5 days
Q& 16.79 J/s

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 10-110

10-156 Two persons are wearing different clothes made of different materials with different surface areas.
The fractions of heat lost from each person’s body by perspiration are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is accounted for in the heat transfer coefficient. 5 The human body is
assumed to be cylindrical in shape for heat transfer purposes.
Properties The thermal conductivities of the leather and synthetic fabric are given to be k = 0.159 W/m⋅°C
and k = 0.13 W/m⋅°C, respectively.
Analysis The surface area of each body is first determined from
A1 = πDL / 2 = π (0.25 m)(1.7 m)/2 = 0.6675 m 2
A2 = 2 A1 = 2 × 0.6675 = 1.335 m 2
The sensible heat lost from the first person’s body is
L 0.001 m Rleather Rconv
Rleather = = = 0.00942 °C/W
kA (0.159 W/m.°C)(0.6675 m 2 ) T1 T∞2
1 1
Rconv = = = 0.09988 °C/W
hA (15 W/m .°C)(0.6675 m 2 )
2

R total = Rleather + Rconv = 0.00942 + 0.09988 = 0.10930 °C/W

The total sensible heat transfer is the sum of heat transferred through the clothes and the skin
T − T∞ 2 (32 − 30)°C
Q& clothes = 1 = = 18.3 W
R total 0.10930°C/W
T −T (32 − 30)°C
Q& skin = 1 ∞ 2 = = 20.0 W
Rconv 0.09988°C/W
Q& sensible = Q& clothes + Q& skin = 18.3 + 20 = 38.3 W
Then the fraction of heat lost by respiration becomes
Q& respiration Q& total − Q& sensible 60 − 38.3
f =& = = = 0.362
Q& total Q& total 60
Repeating similar calculations for the second person’s body
L 0.001 m
Rsynthetic = = = 0.00576 °C/W Rsynthetic Rconv
kA (0.13 W/m.°C)(1.335 m 2 ) T∞2
T1
1 1
Rconv = = = 0.04994 °C/W
hA (15 W/m 2 .°C)(1.335 m 2 )
R total = Rleather + Rconv = 0.00576 + 0.04994 = 0.05570 °C/W
T −T (32 − 30)°C
Q& sensible = 1 ∞ 2 = = 35.9 W
R total 0.05570°C/W

Q& respiration Q& total − Q& sensible 60 − 35.9

f =& = = = 0.402
Q& total Q& total 60

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 10-118

10-162 A 6-m-diameter spherical tank filled with liquefied natural gas (LNG) at -160°C is exposed to
ambient air. The time for the LNG temperature to rise to -150°C is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer can be considered to be steady since the specified thermal conditions at the
boundaries do not change with time significantly. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal
symmetry about the midpoint. 3 Radiation is accounted for in the combined heat transfer coefficient. 3 The
combined heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The temperature of the
thin-shelled spherical tank is said to be nearly equal to the temperature of the LNG inside, and thus thermal
resistance of the tank and the internal convection resistance are negligible.
Properties The density and specific heat of LNG are given to be 425 kg/m3 and 3.475 kJ/kg⋅°C,
respectively. The thermal conductivity of super insulation is given to be k = 0.00008 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis The inner and outer surface areas of the insulated tank and the volume of the LNG are
A1 = πD1 2 = π (4 m) 2 = 50.27 m 2
A2 = πD 2 2 = π (4.10 m) 2 = 52.81 m 2 Rinsulation Ro
T1 T∞2 LNG tank
V1 = πD1 / 6 = π (4 m) / 6 = 33.51 m
3 3 3
-160°C
The rate of heat transfer to the LNG is
r −r (2.05 − 2.0) m
Rinsulation = 2 1 = = 12.13071 °C/W
4πkr1 r2 4π (0.00008 W/m.°C)(2.0 m)(2.05 m)
1 1
Ro = = = 0.00086 °C/W
ho A (22 W/m .°C)(52.81 m 2 )
2

Rtotal = Ro + Rinsulation = 0.00086 + 12.13071 = 12.13157 °C/W

T − TLNG [24 − (−155)]°C
Q& = ∞ 2 = = 14.75 W
R total 12.13157 °C/W
We used average LNG temperature in heat transfer rate calculation. The amount of heat transfer to increase
the LNG temperature from -160°C to -150°C is
m = ρV 1 = (425 kg/m 3 )(33.51 m 3 ) = 14,242 kg
Q = mc p ΔT = (14,242 kg)(3.475 kJ/kg.°C)[(−150) − (−160)°C] = 4.95 × 10 5 kJ
Assuming that heat will be lost from the LNG at an average rate of 15.17 W, the time period for the LNG
temperature to rise to -150°C becomes
Q 4.95 × 10 5 kJ
Δt = = = 3.355 × 10 7 s = 9320 h = 388 days
Q& 0.01475 kW

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