11

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Functional Groups in Organic
Chemistry
 General Chemistry 1 – 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
First Edition, 2020

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 11

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Functional Groups in Organic
Chemistry
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 - 12 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry!

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For the learner:

Welcome to the (General Chemistry 1 - 12) Self-Learning Module (SLM) on

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry!

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3
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
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4
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is composed of one lesson, namely:

● Lesson 3 – Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define functional group;

2. describe the different functional groups; and

3. identify the functional groups in organic compounds.

5
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. A group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the
parent molecule and are categorized based on the atoms present aside from
carbon and hydrogen in the main chain is called _______.
a. Functional group
b. organic group
c. non-organic group
d. molecular group

2. The group with hydroxyl bond attached to R - group is called ______.

a. Alcohol
b. Ether
c. Carboxylic acid
d. Ester

3. A substituent group formed when a carboxylic acid group reacts with alcohol
group leaving water as the other product is called _________.
a. ether
b. ester
c. aldehyde
d. ketone

4. An alkyl chain with an attached amino group and carbonyl group is called
__________.
a. amine
b. amide
c. aldehyde
d. ketone

5. A group with a general formula of RCHO is called _________.

a. amine
b. aldehyde
c. ketone
d. carboxylic acid

6
6. A group with a general formula of RCOOH is called _________.
a. amine
b. aldehyde
c. ketone
d. carboxylic acid

7. A group with a general formula of RCOR is called _________.

a. amine
b. aldehyde
c. ketone
d. carboxylic acid

8. A group with a general formula of RCOOR is called _________.

a. amide
b. ether
c. alcohol
d. ester

9. A group with a general formula of ROR is called _________.

a. amide
b. ether
c. alcohol
d. ester

10. Pentan-2-ol has a functional group of __________.

a. amide
b. ether
c. alcohol
d. ester

11. Vitamin C has a functional group of ___________.

a. amide
b. ether
c. alcohol
d. carboxylic acid

12. Benzanamide has a functional group of ___________.

a. amide
b. ether
c. alcohol
d. carboxylic acid

13. Which of the following is NOT a derivative of carboxylic acid?

a. ester
b. alcohol
c. amide
d. acid chloride

7
14. R- is a general formula of _____________ group.
a. alkane
b. alkyl
c. alkenyl
d. aklanyl

15. How many oxygens is/are in methoxy propanoate molecule?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

8
 Lesson
Functional Groups in
2 Organic Chemistry

What’s In

In the previous modules, Lewis structures and VSEPR theory provide simple
descriptions of bonding in molecules. They treat all bonding to be due to the pairing
up of electrons which, if accurate, should provide similar properties for bonds of the
same type (e.g. all single bonds). Organic compounds also exhibit several geometric
shapes in relation to their structures:

Activity 1: Predict the molecular geometry of the following organic compounds and
give their bond angles:

Substance Bond angle Molecular geometry

methanal

methane

ethylene

9
 Notes to the Teacher
Important Abbreviations:
R - alkyl group NH - amino group
CO - carbonyl group OH - hydroxyl group
COO - carboxyl group X - halogen

10
 What’s New

Consider the structures of the following substances and answer the questions
that follow. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Oxalic acid: a poisonous

crystalline acid with a sour taste,
present in rhubarb leaves, wood
sorrel, and other plants. Its uses
include bleaching and cleansing.

Malonic acid: an acid found in

apples

Citric acid: an acid found in citrus

fruits

Questions:
1. How many carbons, oxygens and hydrogens are found in each molecule?

2. Which substances have similar structures? Which one is different? Justify

your answer.

11
 What is It

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Brown et al. (2009)

stated that the word “organic” was originally used by eighteenth-century chemists to
describe substances obtained from living sources such as plants and animals. These
scientists believed that nature inhabits a specific quality and that only organisms
could make organic compounds.

This romantic notion was disproved in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler, a German

chemist who prepared urea, an organic compound, from the reaction between
inorganic compounds lead cyanate and aqueous ammonia (Brown et al. 2009).

Today, more than 20 million synthetic and natural organic compounds are
discovered (Brown et al. 2009).

Functional Group
A functional group is a group of atoms that is largely responsible for the
chemical behavior of the parent molecule.

Functional Groups are divided into several categories namely:

1. Hydrocarbons
2. Groups containing Halogens
3. Groups containing Oxygen
4. Groups containing Nitrogen
5. Groups containing Sulfur
6. Groups containing Phosphorus
7. Groups containing Boron

1. Hydrocarbons –
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of carbon-hydrogen chain.
These group of compounds are divided into:
a. Alkanes – single-bonded aliphatic hydrocarbons. They have a general
formula of CnH2n+2. Its name ends with -ane. Alkanes are named based
on the number of carbon atoms present in the main parent chain.
Remember that alkanes are the simplest organic compounds therefore
they don’t contain any functional group in their structures.

12
 Number of Prefix and Molecular Formula
Carbons in name
Parent Chain

1 methane CH4

2 ethane C2H6

3 propane C3H8

4 butane C4H10

5 pentane C5H12

6 hexane C6H14

7 heptane C7H16

8 octane C8H18

9 nonane C9H20

10 decane C10H22

These prefixes are also used to name the parent chain in organic compounds.

b. Cycloalkanes
These are single-bonded, cyclic hydrocarbons. They have a
general formula of CnH2n . Its name starts with cyclo- and ends with -
ane.

Ex.

Cyclopentane cyclooctane cyclopropane

(C5H10) (C8H16) (C3H6)

c. Alkenes
Alkenes are double-bonded hydrocarbons. They have a general
formula of CnH2n. Its name ends with -ene.

Ex.
(C2H4) (C3H6) (C4H8)
ethene propene but-1-ene

13
 Note: Even though cycloalkanes and alkenes have the same molecular
formula, they differ on the type of bonds present and the way their carbons
are attached. Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbon which means only
single bonds are present in the molecules and the cycloalkanes are cyclical
in shape. On the other hand, alkenes are unsaturated which means both
single and double bonds are present in the molecules and alkenes are
straight, linear chain.

d. Alkynes
These are triple-bonded hydrocarbons. They have a general
formula of CnH2n-2 . Its name ends with -yne.

Ex. Ethyne(C2H2), hex-1-yne (C6H8), butyne (C4H6)

e. Aromatic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons contain a planar unsaturated ring of
atoms that is stabilized by an interaction of the bonds forming the ring

Ex. Methylbenzene (C6H5CH3), nitrobenzene(C6H5NO2),

aminobenzene(C6H5NH2), benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)

2. Groups containing Halogens

a. Haloalkanes
These (symbolized as RX (R-alkyl groups and X-any halogen eg.
F, Cl, Br, I) are organic compounds that contain Group VIIA nonmetal
elements or halogens such as Fluorine(RF), Chlorine(RCl),
Bromine(RBr) and Iodine(RI). The halogens substitute the place of the
hydrogens. As substituents, they are named as Fluoro- + -alkanes,
Chloro- + -alkanes, Bromo- + -alkanes, and Iodo- + -alkanes.

Ex.
(C3H7Br) (C4H7F) (CH3I)
Bromopropane Fluorocyclobutane Iodomethane

3. Groups containing Oxygen - Compounds that contain C-O bonds each

possess differing reactivity based upon the location and hybridization of the
C-O bond, owing to the electron-withdrawing effect of sp-hybridized oxygen
(carbonyl groups) and the donating effects of sp2-hybridized oxygen.

14
a. Alcohol
Alcohols are (symbolized as ROH) composed of hydroxyl (-OH)
group attached to parent chain hydrocarbons. The hydroxyl group
replace the hydrogen from the main alkane chain. Its name ends with
-ol.

Ex. Propanol (C3H7OH) , ethanol (C2H5OH), butan-2-ol (C4H9OH or

CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3), phenol (C6H5OH)

b. Ketone
Ketones are (symbolized as RCOR’) composed of a carbonyl
group (carbon - oxygen double bond) attached to 2 alkyl groups (R and
R’). Its name ends with -one.

Ex. Butanone (CH3CH2COCH3), pentanone (CH3CH2COCH2CH3),

propanone/acetone (CH3COCH3)

c. Aldehyde
Symbolized as RCHO, aldehydes are composed of a carbonyl
group attached to alkyl group (R) and H. Its name ends with -al.

Ex. Hexanal (CH3(CH2)4CHO), pantanal (CH3(CH2)3CHO),

ethanal (CH3CHO), propanal (CH3CH2CHO)

d. Carboxylic acid
These (symbolized as RCOOH) are omposed of carboxylic acid
group (-COOH) attached to the main alkyl chain. Its name ends with -
oic acid.

Ex. butanoic acid (CH3(CH2)2COOH), benzoic acid (C6H5COOH),

ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), methanoic acid (HCOOH)

e. Ester
Esters (symbolized as RCOOR’) are derived from the carboxylic
acid group where the -OH group is replaced with the O-alkyl (alkoxyl)
group. Esters are derived when a carboxylic acid and alcohol reacts
with one another, leaving H2O as the other product. Their names end
with -oate.

Ex. ethyl propanoate (CH3CH2COOCH3), methyl butanoate

(CH3(CH2)2COOCH3), hexyl ethanoate (CH3COO(CH2)5CH3)

f. Ether
These (symbolized as ROR’) composed or alkoxy group (RO-)
attached to the main alkyl chain. Its name starts with alkoxy- and ends
with parent alkyl chain name. In naming ethers, make the shorter
alkyl chain as the substituent and make the longer alkyl chain as the
parent chain.

Ex. Methoxymethane or dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), ethoxybutane or

butyl ethyl ether (CH3CH2O(CH2)3CH3), propoxypentane or pentyl
propyl ether (CH3(CH2)2O(CH2)4CH3)

15
4. Groups containing Nitrogen

a. Amine
Amine is where an alkyl group/s is/are attached to nitrogen atom

Primary amine
Symbolized as RNH2, primary Amine has only 1 alkyl group and
the two (2) hydrogen atoms are attached to nitrogen. Its name ends with
-amine.

Ex. Methanamine (CH3NH2) , ethanamine (CH3CH2NH2),

hexanamine (CH3(CH2)5NH2)

Secondary amine
Written generally as R2NH, it has 2 alkyl groups and the 1
hydrogen atom is attached to nitrogen. Its name is N-alkyl-N-
alkylamine.

Ex. N-ethyl-N-methylamine (CH3CH2NHCH3)

Tertiary Amine –
It is symbolized as R3N where 3 alkyl groups are attached to a
nitrogen. Its name N-alkyl-N-alkyl-N-alkylamine. Name the alkyl
substituent in alphabetical order.

Ex. N-ethyl-N-methyl-N-propylamine [(CH3CH2)(CH3)(CH3CH2CH2)N]

b. Amide

This (symbolized as RCONH2) is a carboxylic acid group

derivative where OH is replaced by NH2 group. Its name is alkylamide.

Ex. Ethanamide (CH3CONH2), propanamide (CH3CH2CONH2)

16
 What’s More

Activity 2. Identifying functional groups

I. Identify the functional group/s present in each of the following organic

compounds. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Organic compound Functional Group Present

1. Ethoxypropane

2. Hexanol

3. Ethanal

4. Benzene

5. Butene

6. Hex-3-yne

7. Ethylamine

8. Tertbutytpentanoate

9. heptanamide

10. Chloropentane

II. Identify the type of hydrocarbon present in the following

structures:

1. 3.

2. 4.

17
Activity 3
Encircle all the functional groups you can see in the following organic compounds.

1.

Hint: 14 functional groups

Source: Organic “Chemistry I For Dummies, 2nd Edition (2014)

Hint: 12 functional groups

Source: "Functional Groups and Naming" [Link]. (2020)

18
 What I Have Learned

Summarize what you have learned from the very beginning by answering the
following questions. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Define Functional Group.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2. Give the general categories of functional groups and give the specific
functional groups under them.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the functional groups present in the following molecule? Hint: 3
functional groups are present.

19
 What I Can Do

Name 5 common organic compounds that are found in your home.

Draw their Lewis structures and give their molecular formula. Encircle and
identify the functional group/s that is/ are present in each molecule. Write
your answers in another sheet of paper.

Ex. Acetic acid in vinegar

Substance Molecular formula Lewis structure

CH3COOH - more preferable

Acetic acid
C2H4O2
in vinegar

Carboxylic acid

20
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. All of the following contains a functional group except:

a. alkanes
b. alkenes
c. alkynes
d. alcohol

2. Formalin, a preservative that is used as an antiseptic in early surgeries has

an IUPAC name of methanal. What is the functional group present in
formalin?
a. aldehyde
b. ketone
c. alcohol
d. ether

3. It is a functional group derived from the reaction between carboxylic acid

and alcohol.
a. ester
b. ketone
c. amide
d. amine

4. Amino acids, the building blocks of protein, are composed of carboxylic acid
group and ___________.
a. ester
b. ketone
c. amide
d. amine

5. Propanol and ethanol are two of the most widely used antiseptics and
sanitizers to combat COVID-19 pandemic. These two chemicals contain what
functional group?
a. aldehyde
b. ketone
c. alcohol
d. ether

6. Vinegar, lemons and Vitamin C contain what functional group in common?

a. aldehyde
b. ketone
c. alcohol
d. carboxylic acid

21
 7. The general formula of CnH2n-2 describes what hydrocarbon?
a. alkane
b. alkyne
c. alkene
d. cycloalkane

8. The general formula of CnH2n+2 describes what hydrocarbon?

a. alkane
b. alkyne
c. alkene
d. cycloalkane

9. All the following contains carbonyl groups except:

a. aldehyde
b. ketone
c. alcohol
d. carboxylic acid

10. R3N best describes what kind of amine?

a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. none of these

11. All of the following are Haloalkanes except for ____________.

a. Bromoethane
b. Chloromethane
c. Iodohexane
d. Nitroheptane
12. Chlorobenzene is an aromatic compound that contains the following atoms
except for ____________.
a. Chlorine
b. Carbon
c. Oxygen
d. Hydrogen

For items 13-15, refer on the structure of vanillin, which is an aromatic flavoring
in vanilla ice cream.

C
22
13. What is the functional group present in A?
a. Aldehyde
b. Amide
c. Ether
d. Ketone

14. What is the functional group present in B?

a. Alcohol
b. Amine
c. Ether
d. Carboxylic acid

15. What is the functional group present in B?

a. Alcohol
b. Amine
c. Ether
d. Carboxylic acid

23
 Additional Activities

Congratulations! You’ve completed the module. To better remember the lesson,

write inside the box all the concepts you that you can remember in the discussion.

24
 25
What's More
I.
1. ether
What I Know Assessment
2. alcohol
1. a 3. aldehyde
1. a
2. a 4. aromatic
2. a
3. b 5. alkene
3. a
4. b 6. alkyne
4. d
5. b 7. amine
5. c
6. d 8. ester
6. d
7. c 9. amide
7. b
8. d [Link]
8. a
9. b II.
9. c
10. c 1. alkyne
10. c
11. d 2. cycloalkane
11. d
12. a 3. alkane
12. c
13. b 4. alkene
13.a
14. b 14.c
15.b 15.a
Answer Key
References

Brown, Theodore L. ... et al, Theodore L. Brown, Jr H. Eugene. LeMay, Bruce E.

Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, and Patrick Woodward. 2009. Essay.
In Chemistry: the Central Science - 12th Edition, 12th ed., 1004–21.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Chang, Raymond. 2010. “Organic Chemistry.” Essay. In Chemistry, 10th ed.,

1026–52. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Organic “Chemistry I For Dummies, 2nd Edition (2014)" [Link].

June 29, 2020. [Link]
/[Link]
"Functional Groups and Naming" [Link]. June 29, 2020.
[Link]
and-naming

26
 EDITOR’S NOTE
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and
addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on
DepEd’s Most Essential Competencies (MELC). This is a
supplementary material to be used by all learners of
SOCCSKSARGEN Region in all public schools beginning SY 2020-
2021. The process of LR development was observed in the
production of this module. This is Version 1.0. We highly encourage
feedback, comments, and recommendations.

For
For inquiries orfeedback,
inquiries or feedback, please
please write
write or call:
or call:
Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN
Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN
Learning Resource Management
Learning Resource ManagementSystem
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Telefax
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