8
SCIENCE
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 3
(Week 3)
Genetics: Heredity
and Variation
What I Need to Know
Are you familiar about the primary roles on how genes are passed
on from parents to offspring? We owe them to the experiments/findings
of Gregor Johann Mendel, who is also known as the Father of Genetics. He
was the first person who describes the manner in which traits are passed
on from one generation to the next.
This module will provide you an information and activities that will
help you learn about genetics. It is self-instructional and allows you to
learn in your own space and pace. It was designed to track and measure
your progress on the given concepts presented and to adjust instruction
accordingly. As you read this, you will learn more about heredity and
variations. Later on, you will be able to predict phenotypic expression of
traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
This module contains lessons on:
Lesson: Mendelian Genetics
- Phenotypic and Genotypic expression of Traits
- Punnett Square
MELC: Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns
of inheritance (S8LT-IVf-18).
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify and explain Genetics and the word associated with it;
2. identify the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the possible
offspring; and
3. solve simple problems by using a Punnet square.
1
What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.
For Items 1-3, refer to the following choices below:
A. dominant C. homozygous
B. heterozygous D. recessive
1. An allele that determines the phenotype of the offspring.
2. A genotype that will not manifest its physical characteristics if
dominant gene is present.
3. Having both recessive and dominant genes.
For Items 4 and 5, refer to the following choices below:
A. dominant C. phenotype
B. genotype D. recessive
4. The genetic makeup of an organism.
5. Appearance of the offspring is referred to as .
6. It is the number of times that the genotype would appear in an
Offspring after a test cross.
A. genotypic ratio C. homozygous
B. heterozygous D. phenotypic ratio
7. How many traits are involved in dihybrid cross?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
8. Which of the following represents homozygous genotype?
A. AALL B. ccAg C. IiGg D. RRYy
9. How many kinds of gametes can be produced by heterozygous
inflated long (RrLl) Pea plant?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
10. When Mendel crossed a plant with genotype RRYY (round, yellow
Seeds) and a plant with genotype rryy (wrinkled, green seeds),
what is the outcome of F1?
A. RRYY B. rryy C. RrYy D. rrYY
11. The offspring of two plants/animals of different species or
varieties.
A. dominant B. genotype [Link] [Link]
2
12. The inheritance of traits is controlled by .
A. chromosomes B. gametes C. genes D. hybrid
13. A cross with two traits is called .
A. dihybrid C. self-fertilization
B. monohybrid D. test cross
14. What are the kinds of gametes formed in a homozygous white
Flower and Short plant wwtt?
A. wt,wt,wt,wt [Link],WT,wt,wt
B. wt,Wt,wt,wt [Link],Wt,Wt,wt
15. Suppose you cross-pollinate a purebred red and purebred white
flowering plant. Red is the dominant trait. Using a Punnet
square, predict the colors of the flowers of the offspring.
A. All flowers will be red.
B. All flowers will be pink.
C. All flowers will be white.
D. All flowers will be combinations of red and white.
3
Lesson Mendelian Genetics
What’s In
In your previous lesson, you have learned that cells divide and
reproduce in two ways. Both types of cell division the chromosomes behave
similarly but not identically. In mitosis happens in a somatic cell and
divides into two daughter cells. It is an important process in normal
organism development. In meiosis the type of cell division by which germ
cell (eggs and sperm) are produced. These two are vital processes for the
existence of living things that reproduce sexually.
What’s New
In Genetics, Gregor Mendel described the manner in which genes are
passed on from one generation to the next. Mendel's insights greatly
expanded scientists' understanding of genetic inheritance, and they also led
to the development of new experimental methods.
According to this Mendelian concept, inheritance of a trait depends
on the passing-on of genes. For any given trait, an individual inherits one
gene from each parent so that the individual has a pairing of two genes. We
now understand the alternate forms of these units as ‘alleles’. If the two
alleles that form the pair for a trait are identical, then the individual is said
to be homozygous and if the two genes are different, the individual is
heterozygous for the trait.
What are the chances that you were born tall or short? Would you
say a 100% chance? 50/50? What does really mean? How do hidden genes
pass from one generation to the next? Although an individual gene may
code for a specific physical trait, that gene can exist in different forms, or
alleles. One allele for every gene in an organism is inherited from each of
that organism's parents. In some cases, both parents provide the same
allele of a given gene, and the offspring is referred to as homozygous for
that allele. In other cases, each parent provides a different allele of a given
gene, and the offspring is referred to as heterozygous for that allele. Alleles
produce phenotypes (or physical versions of a trait) that are produce either
dominant or recessive.
4
5
The dominance or recessiveness associated with a particular allele is the
result of masking, in which a dominant phenotype hides a recessive
phenotype.
Now let’s experience tracking our inherited traits by performing the
activity.
Activity 1. Who Play a Huge Part in Who we are?
Directions: Fill-in the table and answer the given questions.
Given in the first column are traits and their corresponding characteristics.
1. Look for the kind of characteristics your father and mother have per
trait.
2. Then take a look at yourself in front of the mirror and find out your
own characteristics per trait.
Traits Mother Yourself
Father
Eye color (black, brown, or others)
Skin complexion (Fair, dark, brown,
or others)
Color of Hair(black, brown, or others)
Condition of the Hair
(curly, wavy, or straight)
Shape of the frontal hairline
(straight, pointed, or widow peak)
Presence of freckles
Shape of Nose
(flat, pointed, or aquiline)
Guide Questions:
3. Where did you get most of your traits, from your mother? Or your
father?
4. Among the traits enumerated in the first column, are there traits that
you have which both your mother and father do not have? What are
they?
6
Rubrics Scoring Guide: 5 points each for number 3 and 4 questions.
Score 5 4 3 2
Criteria
Content Covers topic Includes Includes Content is
in-depth with essential essential minimal or
details and knowledge information there are
examples. about the about the several errors.
Subject topic. Subject topic but there
knowledge is knowledge are some
excellent. appears to be errors.
good.
What is It
A phenotype is an observable or measurable characteristic and is the
result of expressed genes.
Phenotypic ratio is a term that describes probability of finding the
patterns and frequency of genetic trait outcomes in the offspring of
organisms. It pertains to the relative number of offspring manifesting a
particular trait or combination of traits. It can be determined by doing a test
cross and identifying the frequency of a trait or trait combinations that will
be expressed based on the genotypes of the offspring. For example: when a
tall plant is crossed to a short plant, some of their offspring will be tall while
others will be short. To determine the phenotypic ratio, the number of times
the phenotypes (either tall or short) are expressed is counted. In this case,
the phenotypic ratio shall indicate how many of the offspring will be tall and
how many will be short based on the genotype.
Today, scientists use the word "phenotype" to refer to what Mendel
termed an organism's "external resemblance," and the word "genotype" to
refer to what Mendel termed an organism's "internal nature." Thus, to
restate Mendel's conclusion in modern terms, an organism's genotype
cannot be inferred by simply observing its phenotype. Indeed, Mendel's
experiments revealed that phenotypes could be hidden in one generation,
only to reemerge in subsequent generations. Mendel thus wondered how
organisms preserved the hereditary material associated with these traits in
the intervening generation, when the traits were hidden from view.
Mendel used two types of breeding methods to know the working of
gene and analyze how certain traits are inherited from grandparents and
7
parents. They are monohybrid and dihybrid. A Monohybrid cross is defined
as the cross happening in the F1 generation offspring of parents differing in
one trait only. A dihybrid cross is a cross happens in the F1 generation
offspring of differing in two traits.
Below are the differences between monohybrid and dihybrid based on
the genotype and phenotype of offspring.
Fig.1. Monohybrid Cross between Tall and Dwarf Plant
Source: [Link]
DIHYBRID CROSS
Phenotype of P1 Tall, White X Dwarf Black
Genotype of P1 TTWW ttww
Gametes of P1 TW tw
Genotype of F1
TtWw
Phenotype of F1 Tall white
Fig.2. Dihybrid Cross between Tall, White x Dwarf, Black Plant
8
What’s More
A Punnett square is a graphical representation of the possible
genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular cross or breeding event.
Creating a Punnett square requires knowledge of the genetic composition of
the parents. The various possible combinations of their gametes are
encapsulated in a tabular format. Most people are introduced to Punnett
squares through the experiments of Mendel. Among the various traits of the
common Pea plant that he observed, one was the color of the peas. Other
common examples used to elucidate the predictive power of this tool are the
inheritance of blood types and eye color in humans.
Mendel created true-breeding homozygous plants for both the alleles
– yellow and green color seeds. When he cross pollinated these
homozygotes, he found that all the offspring had yellow seeds. When he
allowed these yellow offspring to undergo self-pollination, he was surprised
to find that nearly twenty-five percent of the second generation of pea plants
contained green seeds. He concluded that the yellow allele was dominant
over the green one. In order to better understand this phenomenon, he
crossed some of the first generation plants with yellow seeds with a true-
breeding green plant. This would later be known as a test cross. In every
Punnett square, an allele is represented by the first letter of the dominant
phenotype. In this case, the dominant yellow color allele is denoted by the
capital letter ‘Y’ and the recessive allele by the small letter ‘y’. Each allele is
allowed to segregate independently into a gamete and the gametes are
represented just outside the table.
Figure 3. Presentation of a Punnett Square
Source: [Link]/punnetsquare/
Each of the boxes shows one possible genotype for the offspring. In
this test cross, half the offspring have yellow seeds and are genotypically
heterozygous. The other half is homozygous and has green seeds.
In the following activity, you will learn that Punnett squares can
accurately predict the ratios of various observable traits as well as their
underlying genetic composition.
9
Activity 2: When the Right One Comes Along!
In rabbits, gray hair is dominant to white hair. Also in rabbits, black
eyes are dominant to red eyes.
GG=gray hair BB= black eyes
Gg= gray hair Bb= black eyes
Gg= white hair bb= red eyes
1. What are the phenotypes of rabbits that have the following genotypes:
Ggbb ggBB
ggbb GgBb
2. A male rabbit with the genotype GgBb is crossed with a female rabbit
with the genotype GgBb. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and
proportions of the offspring in the Punnet square.
GB Gb gB gb
GB
Gb
gB
gb
Guide Questions:
3. How many out of 16 have gray hair and black eyes?
4. How many out of 16 have gray hair and red eyes?
5. How many out of 16 have white hair and black eyes?
6. How many out of 16 have white hair and red eyes?
10
What I Have Learned
Let’s check it out what you have gained from learning about
Mendelian Genetics by answering the following:
Directions: Match the definition in Column I with the correct term in
Column II. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
Column I Column II
1. Organism that has two different alleles of a gene. A. alleles
2. Chart use to predict the genotypes of offspring. B. Aristotle
3. Two forms of a gene. C. cells
4. Branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity. D. dihybrid
5. Segment of DNA located in the chromosome. E. gametes
6. Gene that shows up less often in a cross. F. gene
7. Two alleles inherited for a particular trait. G. Genetics
8. Physical feature resulting from a genotype. H. genotype
9. Tracks the inheritance of two traits. I. heterozygous
10. Father of genetics. J. Mendel
K. phenotype
L. recessive
M. Punnett square
11
What I Can Do
Now that you already know how to interpret the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring form by the crosses made, it is time to solve for
the phenotypic and genotypic ratio.
Activity 3: Count me in...
Directions: Solve the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.
1. Dominant and Recessive
(T=Tall & t=short
Cross: Tt x Tt
T t
T
t
Phenotypic ratio:
Genotypic ratio:
2. Incomplete Dominance
(TT=Tall, Tt=Tall, tt=short
Cross: Tt x Tt
T t
T
t
Phenotypic ratio:
Genotypic ratio:
3. Co dominance
(BB= Black, BW= tan, WW = white
Cross: BW x BW
B W
B
W
Phenotypic ratio:
Genotypic ratio:
12
Assessment
Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the best
answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. How many traits are involved in dihybrid
cross? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2. Which of the following represents homozygous dominant?
A. AALL B. ccAa C. IiGg D. RRYy
3. When Mendel crossed a plant with genotype RRYY (round, yellow seeds)
and a plant with genotype rryy(wrinkled green seeds), what is the
outcome of F1(first filial generation)?
A. RRYY B. rryy C. RrYy D. rrYY
4. How many kinds of gametes can be produced by purebreds?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
5. A cross between individuals that involve two heterozygous pairs of genes.
A. dihybrid cross B. genotype C. monohybrid cross D. phenotype
6. Contrasting forms or expressions of a trait that exhibits dominance and
recessiveness.
A. alleles B. heterozygous C. homozygous D. Punnet square
7. The classic Mendelian phenotypic ratio when a heterozygous is self-
crossed is
A. 3:1 B. 1:1 C. 1:2:1 D. 9:3:3
8. A genotype with a symbol Aa is said to be .
A. dominant B. heterozygous C. homozygous D. recessive
9. What information can be obtained from a Punnet square?
A. genotype of offspring
B. phenotype of offspring
C. phenotypic ratio of offspring
D. all of the above
10. Responsible for the inheritance of one gene.
A. dihybrid cross B. genotype C. monohybrid cross D. phenotype
13
II. Solve the following using a punnett square.
1. DD x DD
2. DD x Dd
For number 3-5, give all the possible gametes or sex cells of each genotype.
3. TTYy
4. GGII
5. RrGg
14
References
BOOKS:
Evanglista, Luisito L. Ph.D; K to 12 Practical Science Concepts and
Skills. United Eferza Academic Publications [Link] Pook, Lipa
Batangas 4217
Corcino, Karrie Kea L.; K to 12 Science for Millenial, pp.3-12: Salinlahi
Publishing House Inc.1206, Cardona St. Brgy. Poblacion, Makati City
Biyo, Jossette Talamera, Ph. D; K to 12 iLearn Science an Activity based
Book, pp.6-20: Innovative Educational Materials Inc.
Madriaga, Estrellita A., Ph.D.; K to 12 Science Links, Work text for
Scientific and Technological Literacy pp. 355-359: Philippine
Copyright 2017 by Rex Bookstore, Inc.
WEBSITES:
[Link]>[Link]-square
[Link]>EasyBiologyClassEBC>introductio
15
SCIENCE 8 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
MODULE 3: GENETICS: HEREDITY AND VARIATION
Name: Date:
Grade/Section: Score:
Activity No. 1
Oh!!! My words!
Most Essential Learning Competency: Predict phenotypic expression of
traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
K to 12 BEC CG: S8FE-Ia-15
Directions: Complete each statement below from the choices given.
Phenotype heterozygous GR
Gregor Mendel homozygous PR
Hybrid probability recessive
Genetics genotype dominant
1. The science that deals with heredity and the factors affecting the transmission of
the characteristics is .
2. The trait that is usually hidden and will just come out on the second generation
is .
3. The appearance of the offspring is referred to as .
4. The genetic make-up of the genes of the offspring is .
5. Having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes is called
6. The father of Science of Genetic is .
7. It is the trait that is being expressed in an organism. .
8. The extent to which something is probable is .
9. The offspring of two plants/animals of different species or varieties is called .
10. It is the number of times that the genotype would appear in an offspring after a
test cross is .
11. The relative number of offspring manifesting a particular trait or a combination
of traits. .
12. Having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes is
16
Name: Date:
Grade/Section Score:
Activity No. 2
Give me the Phenotype and the Genotype
Most Essential Learning Competency: Predict phenotypic expression of
traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
K to 12 BEC CG: S8FE-Ia-15
Directions: Solved using a punnett square.
Given: TT stands for tall
tt stands for short
1. If a tall plant is crossed to a heterozygous tall plant, what will be the
phenotype and genotype of the offspring?
Male T T
Female
T
2. How many of the offspring will be tall and how many will be short if the
parents heterozygous tall is crossed.
Male T T
Female
T I II
T III IV
3. What will be the phenotype and the genotype of the offspring if we cross a
homozygous tall parent with a homozygous short?
Male T T
Female
t I II
t III IV
17
Name: Date:
Grade/Section: Score:
Activity No. 3
Ratio!!! Ratio!!!Ratio!!!
Most Essential Learning Competency: Predict phenotypic expression of
traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
K to 12 BEC CG: S8FE-Ia-15
Directions: Solve this:
CC for curly hair
Cc for straight hair
When two parents heterozygous for genes for curly hair are crossed, how many of
their offspring’s would have curly hair? How many would have straight hair?
C C
Male
Female
C I II
c III IV
Rough coat (R) is dominant over a smooth coat (r). Rough coat Pig is crossed from a
heterozygous rough coat pig. Give the phenotypic ratio and the genotypic ratio of
the offspring.
Male R R
Female
R I II
r III IV
Give the PR and the GR of the offspring if we will Cross a parent which are
heterozygous tall?
Male T T
Female
T I II
t III IV
18
Name: Date:
Score:
Grade/Section:
Activity No. 4
Phenotypic Ratio vs Genotype
Most Essential Learning Competency: Predict phenotypic expression of
traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
K to 12 BEC CG: S8FE-Ia-15
Directions: SELF-CHECK: Solve the following problem using a punnett square.
TRY THIS:
Given alleles: DD- dark
dd – light
1. DD x DD
D D Phenotypic ratio: _
D Phenotype:
D
Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:
2. DD x Dd Phenotypic ratio: _
D D Phenotype:
D
d Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:
3. DD x dd
D D Phenotypic ratio: _
d Phenotype:
d
Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:
4. Dd x Dd
D D
Phenotypic ratio: _
D
Phenotype:
d
Genotypic ratio:
5. Dd x dd Genotype:
D D Phenotypic ratio: _
d Phenotype:
d
Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:
19
