INDIAN FOREST SERVICE

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Paper – 1 | TOPIC WISE

EDITION : 2020
Contact : +917223970423 Hornbillclasses@[Link]
Gole ka mandir, Gwalior (MP) 474005
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MARKS DISTRIBUTION

Subjects 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

SECTION - A

Silviculture 57 106 123 81 60 150 105 115 105

Mangroves and cold
25 8 28 18 38 21 10 5 20
desert
Silviculture system 40 30 30 68 48 48 38 31 20
Silviculture of Indian tree
38 38 20 20 20 × 10 24 -
Species
SECTION - B
Agroforestry + Social
16 20 38 31 36 28 26 25 45
forestry
Watershed management 10 × 20 10 10 × 10 × 10

Tribology × × × × 10 20 8 × 20
JFM 15 15 15 15 × 8 7 10 ×
Tree improvement &
38 55 46 38 38 18 10 15 40
Breeding
Tree seed technology × 10 20 20 0 20 10 5 10
EnB 25 36 28 50 28 46 40 5 30
Forest soil 38 8 35 16 28 × 30 53 20
Total marks 302 326 403 367 316 359 304 288 320

NOTE : The distribution of marks is for basic understanding of the importance of subjects so that they can be
prepared according to priority. There is no specific definite pattern of distribution because the questions not
only jump from one part to another but also from one paper to another. Sometimes questions also come in
interlinked forms which cover the area of two more subjects.

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SECTION - A

Samples : [Link]

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Subject-1 SILVICULTURE

▪ SILVICULTURE : General principles, Ecological and physiological factors influencing vegetation,

natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation, grafting techniques; site
factors; nursery and planting techniquesnursery beds, poly-bags and maintenance, water budgeting,
grading and hardening of seedlings; special approaches; establishment and tending.

• Write scientific names of four major tree species in each of southern Tropical Semi-
evergreen Forest and Northern Tropical Wet-Evergreen Forest (8 m).
• Explain the modern nursery techniques for production of quality planting stock (8 m).
• Discuss the factors which influence the choice between natural and artificial regeneration
2019 (8 m).
• What are the different types of grafting ? Explain ‘Cleft Grafting’ with neat sketches (8 m).
• Draw a schematic diagram showing altitudinal zonation of forest vegetation (10 m).
• Explain different grades of thinning. Discuss in brief the thinning practices adopted for teak
plantations (15 m).

• Justify that the study of SILVICS is essential for the successful afforestation program in India
(8m).
• Explain different kinds of thinning and its application in the forest ( 8m).
• Explain the Eco-physiological factors that are more concerned to the silviculturist (15 m).
• Can ‘climate change’ changed the period of phenology ? share with examples (10 m)
• Write in detail about the influence of parent rock in the distribution of tree species (8 m).
• Write the problem and prospects of exotic tree species in India with suitable examples (15)
• Enlist different types of nurseries and write different types of nursery beds used in a
nursery (7.5 m).
• Enlist different types of containers used in a forest nursery and explain different methods
2018 of seed sowing followed in a nursery (7.5 m)
• What is succession and climax? Give the causes of forest succession (10 m).
• Write the soil-water relationship of any forest area. Describe the influence of water table in
the growth and development of tree species (10 m).
• Linked : Write in brief on the criteria of selection of tree for resistance to adverse
environments for high-quality timber production (8m)
• Linked : Define the characteristics of Mangrove forests (8 m).
• Linked : What is hydrology? Describe the role of hydrology in the planning and
management of watershed development. Do tree species improve the infiltration rate, soil
temperature, water level, and hydrological cycle? Justify with few examples (10 m)
• Linked : Discuss the physiology of root parasitism in the sandal tree (8 m).

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• Give four examples of uses of Pollarding in Indian forestry (8).

• Enlist four groups of forest types under the moist tropical forest as per the Champion and
Seth classification of forest types (8m).
• Name the method of thinning that best promotes genetic improvement of the regular
stand besides controlling density. Give reasons in support of your answer (8 m).
• Calculate the number of seeds required to raise a 20 hectare plantation with 4 m x 4 m
spacing and an extra plant in the centre of each square. Plant percent of the species is 75%
(8 m).
• Enlist the advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation. What future do you
foresee for it in forestry ? (10 m).
• Some rural communities are opposed to chir pine and advocate removal of chir pine and its
replacement with broadleaved multipurpose trees. What is your reaction in this matter?
2017 (10 m).
• Regulation of solar radiation given a powerful tools to the forester justify (10 m).
• what is SUB-CLIMAX ? Explain its importance in the context of Indian forestry (10 m).
• Discuss in detail, the kind of MYCORRHIZA and the benefits derived by plant from them
(8m)
• Why SITE SPECIFIC PLANNING is essential for forest management ? Explain different
components of site-specific management (8m).
• Describe the effect of thinning on volume increment (10 m).
• Define succession. Explain different types of succession in detail, citing suitable examples.
Discuss various theories of succession (15 m).
• Explain the classification of forest types in India by Champion and Seth. Enlist major forest
types and their group (10 m).

• Comment on ‘Forest has moderating influences on soil and air temperature’ (8 m).
• Describe the important objectives of thinning. Differentiating crown thinning from ordinary
thinning. Write grades of ordinary thinning ( 8m).
• Write the importance of soil organic matter in the forest. How is calculation of number of
seedlings carried under Line, square, Triangular and Quincunx methods of planting (20 m).
• Write in detail the term girdling and pruning. Write scientific names of five trees/Shrubs
each for the cold desert and mangrove forest (20 m | 1/3 Q).
2016
• Discuss the reasons for widespread use of exotics for plantations and specific advantages of
exotics over native species (8m)
• Explain the role of forest in environmental conservation (10 m).
• Justify the statement “ Forest substantially check soil erosion and control runoff (8m).
• How are the forest classified in India ? Discuss its significance in forest management (10 m
| ½ Q ).
• Enumerate the classification of tropical dry deciduous forests given by Champion and Seth

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(1964). Mention two species for each forest type (10 m).

• Comment upon the dieback (dying back) phenomenon in Shorea robusta. Is it a problem or
a adaptation ? ( 8 m).
• Describe the methods of pre-sowing treatment of seeds for raising Nursery (10)
• How can a forest with shade bearer and light demander tree species be managed under
uniform shelterwood system ? (10 m | 1/3 Q)
• Explain the term Hardning off. What are the internal factors affecting forest resistance ?
2015
(10 m).
• Explain How the Latitude influences the forest types of the earth (10 m).
• Comment upon the adaptive and survival strategies of the plant species endemic to the
cold desert area of the western Himalaya (10 m).
• Explain the necessity of grading of seedlings before plantation (10 m).

• Mixed forest stand offers complete utilization of land, Comment (8 m).

• Discuss in detail the evolution of the concept of plant succession (20 m).
• Explain the following – (1) Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds (5 m).
(2) Elite thinning are often difficult to execute (5).

• What do you mean by plantation schedule ? give in detail the factors which decide the
success of plantation program (10 m)
• Explain the importance of soil and air temperature on the growth of forest trees (10).
• Explain the survival strategies of the following group of plants (20 m) - (a) Halophytes, (b)
Phraetophytes (c) Xerophytes (d) Succulent.

• Discuss the natural regeneration in soil, give steps recommended for ensuring its successful
regeneration ( 8m).
• Why does height of a tree considered a better criteria for a site selection than its diameter
2014
discuss (5m).
• How is site quality important in timber production ? discuss the methods used to measure
the site quality (15 m).
• Explain the importance of snow in regeneration of cedrus deodara (5).
• Difference b/w - (1) ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae (4 m).
(2) Exogenous dormancy and endogenous dormancy (4 m).
• Discuss in detail the objective of artificial regeneration (10 m).
• Describe the characteristics and structure of an even-aged stand (10 m).
• Linked : Discuss the characteristics of a mangrove forest with examples (8 m).
• Linked : Exotics have potential, do you agree or disagree. Justify your responce (5 m).
• Linked : What is stand density ? How spacing is used to control stand density ? Discuss (15).
• Linked : Describe the following - regeneration survey (2.5 m)

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• Enumerate the factors which decide the choice of species for plantation (8).
• Configuration of the land surface has an impact on local climatic conditions and wind
movement, which in tum have a bearing on forest." Comment (8 m).
• Explain the evolution of the concept of plant succession (8 m).
• Explain the role of thinning in forestry. What are the different methods of
thinning followed in regular crops? Discuss in detail crown thinning (20 m).
• Explain various factors affecting the coice b/w natural regeneration and artificial
regeneration with reasoning ( 10 m).
• Based on Objectives, what are the different classifications of the forestry ? (10 m).
• Elaborate upon the multipurpose tree species ideotype selection criteria (8 m).
• Large scale mortality has been noticed in Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica What could
be the possible reasons for this mortality? (10)
• Discuss the mechanism of drought resistance, drought tolerance and drought avoidance in
2013 plants (10 m).
• Describe flora and distribution of group: Type 14/C2 East Himalayan sub-alpine birch fir
forests (10 m).
• Linked : Write a note on ‘role of microorganism and rhizobium in amelioration of forest
soils (10 ).
• Linked : Describe the operational use of vegetative propagation in tree improvement (10
m).

• Linked : What are the specific problem of the following wastelands ? suggest at least three
species for planting in each of them (5 × 4 = 20 m).
1. Hot desert
2. saline and alkaline soils
3. Wetlands
4. Cold desert

• Comment critically on the following –

(1) Failure of forest plantations (5 m).
(2) Linked : Recycling of nutrients in Narutal forest (5)
(3) Linked : Successful regeneration in a forest depends upon silvicultural system (5m).
(4) Basis of forest classification and why there is need for such classification (5).
(5) How snow affects the forest vegetation ? (5m)
2012 (6) importance of plant succession in Forestry practices (5 m).
(7 ) Reasons of dying Dalbergia sissoo (5m).
• Briefly discuss the - Canopy architecture in forestry ( 4m).
• Differentiate b/w – (1) Growth and development of trees, (2) Ectomycorhizae and
Endomycorrizae, (3) NTFP and MPTS (5 × 3 = 15 m).
• What are ecological aspects for Selecting the tree species ? Discuss (8m).
• Gregarious flowering is an indicator of drought in the area.' Do you agree with this

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statement ? (4 m).
• Differentiate clearly b/w natural and artificial regeneration of forest, describe the manner
in which natural regeneration of teak, sal and deodars takes places (16 m).
• Discuss the role of forest in interception, surface runoff, Infiltration of rain fall, regulation
of stem flow and maintaining Soil fertility (5m).
• Do forests influence the rainfall ? If so, how ? ( 5 m).
• Discuss in detail the protective role of national forests in India ( 10 m).
• Comments upon - Exotics in Indian Forestry (5m).
• Highlight the salient features of – (1) Aerial seeding (2) Stump planting (2x3=6).
• Describe flora and distribution of Group : 16 C1 of Champion & Seth's Forest Type (8 m).
• Describe the altitudinal variations in flora of Eastern and Western Himalayas through a
schematic diagram ( 10 m).
• Linked : What are the major ecological consideration in Afforestation (5 m).

• Why are locality factors considered important for any silvicultural operation? ( 10 m).
• Linked : Explain the role of fire in silviculture of Shorea robusta (10 m).
• Linked : What is a regeneration stock map ? How is it prepared ? (10 m).
• How do we calculate the seed requirement of a species while raising nursery? Also explain
the method of calculating the number of plants required per hectare for plantation ( 10m).
• Explain the following points in relation to nursery management (4 × 5 = 20 m) – (1) Site
selection and layout, (2) Soil working, (3) Methods of raising nursery stock, (4) Plant
protection measures, (5) Nursery register.
• Linked : Define a forest type. Discuss the differet forest types found along tidal swamp
forests with their species composition. Give a note on how Rhizophora racemosa is
managed in mangrove forest of sundarban ( 3 + 12 + 5 = 20 m).
2011
• Differentiate between ( 5 × 2 = 10 m).
(1) Exogenous dormancy and endogenous dormancy
(2) Artificial regeneration and Natural regeneration
• Discuss the direct use value of biodiversity (10 m).
• Differentiate between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae with respect to structure and
function (10 m).
• Give legal definition of forests in lndia. Write about the major groups of forest types of
India (10 m).
• Describe the initial causes of secondary succession. Write various seral stages of succession
leading to the development of Shorea robusta forests (10 m).
• Describe the tangible and intangible benefits of forests ( 10 m).

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Subject-2 MANGROVES & COLD DESERT

▪ MANGROVE AND COLD DESERT : MANGROVE : Habitat and characteristics, mangrove, plantation-
establishment and rehabilitation of degraded mangrove formations; silvicultural systems for
mangrove; protection of habitats against natural disasters.
COLD DESERT - Characteristics, identification and management of species.

MANGROVES

• What are the major causes of degradation of mangrove forest ? Discuss in brief the methods
2019
of rehabilitation of degraded mangroves (15 m).

2018 • Define the characteristics of mangrove forest (8m).

• Describe the unic characteristics of mangrove forest vegetation (10 m).

• Enlist 6 genera of mangroves. Name 2 state and 1 UT with the large area under mangrove
2017
forest ( 8m).

• Write the scientific name of 5 trees / shrubs each for the cold deseart and mangrove forest
2016 (5- 5m)

• Discuss the sustainable management of mangrove forest in india (8 m).

• How is the accrual of tangiable and intangiable benefits of mangroves forest being affected
2015 by their degradation ? (10 m)
• Give names of : 5 species of mangrove forest (5 m).

• Discuss the characteristics of mangrove forest with examples (8m).

2014 • Describe fish bone technique

• Explain the following mangrove habitat (8 m).

(a) Deltaic mangrove habitai
(b) Coastal mangrove habit (both east & west)
2013 • What are the specific problem of the following wasteland ?
(a) Wetland
Suggest at least 3 species for planting in each of them.

2012 • How are the mangrove forest managed in india ? (5 m).

• Suggest measures to rehabilitat degraded mangroves forest (10 m).

• Define a forest types, Discuss the different forest types found along tidal swamp forest with
2011
their species composition. Give a note on how rhizophora racemosa in mangroves is
managed in mangrove forest of sundarban.

• Explain - Mangrove ecosystems have physiologically dry soil

2010 • Give the zonation of land-sea interface in a typical mangrove eco-system with its
characteristics

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• Describethe characteristics of Mangrove forest. Explain the silvicultural system followed to

2009
manage the mangrove forest

2007 • Discuss the silvicultural system for managing mangrove forests of India

2006 • How degraded mangrove formations can be rehabilitated

COLD DESEART
• What are the characteristic features of cold deserts of the Himalayas ? Write the scientific
2019
names of any 5 tree species of cold desert ( 10 m).

2018 • NO

• Where are cold deseart found in india ? explain site characteristics encounterinred in cold
2017
deseart and stem suggested to overcome problems in their afforestation (10 m).

• Write in details the term girdling and pruning. Write the scientific name of 5 trees / shrubs
each for the cold deseart and mangrove forest (20m)
2016
• Wtire the characteristics of cold deseart. Discuss soil working and planting techniques for
cold deseart (8m).

• Comment upon the adaptation and survival strategies of the plant species endemic to the
2015 cold deseart area of the western Himalaya (10 m).
• Give names of : 5 species of cold deseart (5 m).

2014 • Discuss the importance of willow cultivation in cold deseart (8m).

• Write about the species diversity and centre of origin of Willows (Salix species). Describe its
various uses under short rotation forestry (8 m).
2013
• Willow is the life line in dry temperate region (Lahul-spiti) but its large scale drying is causing
great concern. Give your viewpoints (8 m).

2010 • How and why should cold desert forest ecosystem be conserved? (10 m)

2009 • Describe – (a) Cold desert.

2006 • Discuss afforestation of cold deserts with suitable tree species

2004 • How willow cultivation is life line in cold desert areas of the country ?

• Discuss briefly about the various measures for afforestation of cold desert and suitability of
Much different tree species
older • Discuss the forest types of cold desert ecosystem.
• Discuss the problems of stand establishment in cold areas

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Subject-3 SILVICULTURE SYSTEM

▪ SILVICULTURE SYSTEMS : Clear felling, uniform shelter wood selection, coppice and conversion
systems, Management of silviculture systems of temperate, subtropical, humid tropical, dry tropical
and coastal tropical forests with special reference to plantation silviculture, choice of species,
establishment and management of standards, enrichment methods, technical constraints, intensive
mechanized methods, aerial seeding, thinning.

• Write the special characteristics of Indian Irregular Shelterwood System and differentiate it
from Uniform System (15 m).
• “Felling height and felling intensity play a major role in the advantages sustainability of
2019
clumps of bamboo species” Comment (10 m).
• Explain the alternative strip system and the clear strip system. Write the advantages and
disadvantages of clear-felling system (15 m).

• Enlist the classification of silvicultural systems on the basis of mode of regeneration and
pattern of felling (15 m).
2018
• What is conversion? Discuss the need of conversion of one silvicultural system to another
(15 m).

• Enlist the general rules governing the felling of bamboo in forests. What are the
consequences of gregarious flowering of bamboo ? What special measures would you take
in the event of gregarious flowering? (15 m)
2017
• How a SELECTION FOREST is managed under the felling series? Describe with suitable
examples/diagrams (15 m).

• Define clear felling system. How is saransa sal (Shorea robusta) forest managed under clear
felling followed by natural regeneration ? (8)
• Describe the silvicultural system which may be introduced to manage a plantation forest of
Azadirachta indica (20M).
2016 • Discuss in brief the Simple Coppice System. Write different types of Coppice System (20).
• Describe kinds and pattern of fellings followed in Shelterwood Uniform System. Explain
Uniform System which is followed to manage (Pinus roxburghii) forests of Himachal Pradesh
(20 M).

• Describe the major factors which affect the length of the regeneration period in a Periodic
Block (8 m).
• Comment upon the variations practised in the silvicultural system of Shorea robusta in the
2015 States of UP, Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal (8 m).
• How can a forest with shade bearer and light demander tree species be managed under
Uniform Shelterwood System? (10 M).

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• Describe the silvicultural system which is introduced to manage Shorea robusta forest after
the failure of Uniform System (10 M).
• how is Tectona grandis forest managed under clear fellinf followed by artificial regeneration
? (10 m).

• give a short account on the management of uneven-aged forests (8m).

• Discuss the uniform system with artificial regeneration (10 m).

2014 • Explain the forest conversion process of coppice system to Uniform broad-leaved high forest
by natural regeneration (20 m).
• Discuss two stories high forest and explain its advantages (10 m).

• Explain the factors which affect the length of regeneration period in a Periodic Block. What
is the effect of regeneration period on the form of crop? (8m).
• How is allotment of areas made in Permanent and Floating Periodic Blocks? (10 m).
• Describe the method followed to introduce the uniform Shelterwood System in a forest
2013
where Cedrus deodara is mixed with Pinus wallichiana (10 m).
• Write about the impact of felling height and felling intensity on the sustainability of
bamboo's clump (10 m).

• Successful regeneration in a forest depends upon silvicultural."system. (5 m)

• How will. you classify a silvicultural system ? Discuss important features of Uniform system
with 'reference to Pinus roxburghii and give its merits and demerits ( 4+8+4 = 16)
• briefly describe the clear felling silvicultural system with particular reference to –
2012 (a) Nature of crop produced
(b) Felling system
(c) Tending
(d) Regeneration
(e) Advantages and disadvantages (10 m)

• Define forest conversion. Explain the adverse situations under which conversion is advisable.
Write in brief the general techniques of forest conversion (2 + 4 + 4 = 10 m).
• Briefly describe the selection system with particular reference to the following. (2 × 5 = 10
m).
2011 (i) Character of crop produced
(ii) Felling cycle
(iii) Tending
(iv) Regeneration
(v) Advantages and disadvantages

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Subject-4 SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREE SPECIES

▪ SILVICULTURE OF TREES : traditional and recent advances in tropical silvicultural research and
practices. Silviculture of some of the economically important species in India such as Acacia catechu,
Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia lebbeck, Albizzia procera, Anthocephalus Cadamba,
Anogeissus latifokia, Azadirachta indica, Bamboo spp, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Casuarina
equisetifolia, Cedrus deodara, Chukrasia tabularis, Dalbergia sisoo, Dipterocarpus spp, Emblica
officindils, Eucalyptus spp, Gmelina Arborea, Hardwickia binata, Largerstroemia Lanceolata, Pinus
roxburghi, Populus spp, Pterocarpus marsupium, Prosopis juliflora, Santalum album, Semecarpus
anacrdium, Shorea robusta, Salmalia malabaricum, Tectona grandis, Terminalis
tomemtosa,Tamarindus indica.

• Write a brief account of the phenology, Silvicultural characters and methods of regeneration
of Dalbergia sissoo. ( 8 m).
2019 • Discuss in details Silviculture of Albizzia lebbeck (15 m).
• Give a brief account of Origin and natural distribution of the following (15 m) – (i) Adina
cordifolia, (ii) Cedrus deodara and (iii) Santalum album.

• Discuss the physiology of root parasitism in sandal tree (8M).

• Write the phenology of the following (5M)
(a) Tectona grandis
(b) Melia dubia (not in syllanus)
2018 (c) Shorea robusta
(d) Cedrus deodara
• Give the silvicultural characteristics and economic importance of the following (10)
(a) Azadirachta indica
(b) Acacia catechu

• Describe the natural distribution of - Shorea robusta, and Azadirachta indica.(10 M).
2017 • Write silvicultural characters of Casuarina equisetifolia and Abies pindrow (10 M).

• Describe in brief the distribution, phenology, silvicultural characteristics, artificial regeneration

and uses of the following species ( 20m) –
2016
(1) Techtona grandis (2) Santalum albus.

2015

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• What are the traditional practices and recent advances in tropical silvicultural
2013
research? (10 M).

• Give distribution, phenology, method of regeneration and brief silvicultural management of

two tree species belonging to each family below : (a) Melieceae (b) Papilionaceae, grown in
2012 India. 4x4=16
• Discuss in brief the silviculture of the following species : (i) Shorea robusta (ii) Bamboo
species. 2x4=8

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SECTION - B

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Subject-1 AGROFORESTRY, SOCIAL FORESTRY

▪ AGROFORESTRY – Scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated
land use, planning especially related to (i) soil and water conservation; (ii) water recharge; (iii) nutrient
availability to crops; (iv) nature and eco-system preservation including ecological balances through pest-
predator relationships and (v) Providing opportunities for enhancing biodiversity, medicinal and other
flora and fauna. Agroforestry systems under different agro-ecological zones; selection of species and role
of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and fuel security. Research and Extension
needs.
▪ SOCIAL/URBAN FORESTRY - objectives, scope and necessity; people's participation.

AGROFORESTRY
• Agroforestry is a better land-use system for climate change mitigation and
2019 adaptability. Justify (8 m).
• What are MPTs ? explain their role in social forestry (10 m).

• Write about the diagnostic and design survey of agroforestry. Can it help the
2018 farmers in the integration of tree with crops to enhance the crop productivity in
agroforestry system? Justify (10 m).

• Discuss the impact of agroforestry practices on the environment in general and on

soil properties in particular, with a suitable example (8 m).
2017
• Differentiate between Windbreaks and Shelterbelts. Discuss in brief, their impact on
the environment (10m).

• Discuss the role of agroforestry in nutrient cycling and soil conservation. How is
2016
saline soil reclaimed ? (20 m)

• Discuss the needs and scope of agro-forestry for the benefits of people (8 m)
• Elaborate upon the social objectives of agroforestry (8m).
2015 • The adoption of agroforestry practices by the farming community is the result of
increasing human and cattle populations. Discuss (10 m).
• Outline the role of tree architecture in agroforestry (10 m).

• Describe the benefits and constraints of agroforestry (8 m).

• Why are agroforestry systems becoming popular in Himalayan Tarai regions,
2014
Western plains and Southern parts of India? Discuss your answer with reasons and
tree-crop combinations adopted in these regions and parts of the country (20 m).

2013 • What are the unique requirements for tree improvement in agroforestry? (8m).

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• Describe tree-crop allelopathy in agroforestry (8m).

• What are the fundamental bases of classification of agroforestry systems? (10 m).

• How shelterbelt and windbreaks are helpful in sand dune stabilization and desert
control ? (5m).
2012 • What do you know about recent progress in Agroforestry research and development
in our country for sustainable development ? (5m).
• what is D & D? Who can make use of D & D and How? (10 m).

• While selecting the species for agroforestry, the below-ground and above ground
interaction between the component species need to be considered. Discuss ( 10 m).
• Write short notes on – (i) Aquaforestry,..... (iv)Home gardens (2 ½ ×4 = 10 m).
2011 • Explain the various components of a hydrological model for an agroforestry system
(10m).
• Compare nutrient cycling in a natural forest, an agroforestry system and an
agriculture field. Discuss how it helps to sustain soil fertility (10 m).

• Comment on - The needs of research in Agroforestry in India.

2010
• Explain diagnosis and design in Agroforestry.

• Define agroforestry. Describe an agroforestry model suitable to rehabilitate

degraded hills. Discuss the gain of agroforestry system.
Muc
h • Write the scientific names of 10 Multi-purpose tree species (MPTs) commonly
older planted in social forestry.
• Describe the traditional agroforestry system practiced in North-eastern India.

References :

1. An introduction to agroforestry by Nair PKR, Springer publication.

2. Textbook of Agroforestry by Chundawat BS & Gautam S K, CBS publication, New Delhi.
3. Introduction to forestry & agroforestry by Parthiban KT et. al, Scientific publication, Jodhpur.
4. A textbook of social forestry and agroforestry by Divya MP et. al, Satish serial publishing house.
5. Forestry – Principles and application by Raj AJ & Lal SB, Scientific publication, Jodhpur.
6. Indian forestry by Manikanandan K & Prabhu S, Jain brothers.

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SOCIAL FORESTRY

2019 • Briefly describe the Aim, objectives and scope of urban forestry in India (8 m).

• What is farm forestry? Write about the objectives, difficulties and financial return
2018
from the farm forestry (10 m).

• Explain the scope and aims of Urban forestry. Discuss the need of urban forestry
2017
in the improvement of city environment (20 m).

• Briefly discuss aims, objectives and scope of social forestry. Why is people's
2016
participation must in social forestry ? (10m).

2015 • ×

2014 • ×

2013 • ×

2012 • How social forestry differs from other types of forestry? (5m).

• Management challanges in the urban forestry are unique as compared to other

2011
social forestry programs. Discuss.

• Drawback of social forestry programs in India.

2010
• Short notes on – management of urban forestry.

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Subject-2 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT – Concepts of the watershed; the role of mini-forests and forest trees
in overall resource management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent
control, river channel stabilization, avalanche and landslide controls, rehabilitation of degraded
areas; hilly and mountain areas; watershed management and environmental functions of forests;
water-harvesting and conservation; groundwater recharge and watershed management; the role of
integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass, and fodders.

• Write the characteristics of Watershed. Explain the forest affecting watershed

2019
management (10 m).
2018 ×
• what is Water harvesting? List the different methods of water harvesting and
2017
suggest various practices for efficient use of conserved water (20 m).
• Define Watershed. Describe tree-based models for reclamation of degraded hills
2016
(10)
• Good watershed management must consider the social, economic and
2015
environmental sustainability and institutional factors. Comment (10 m).
2014 ×
• what is watershed management? Explain its objective and role in rural
2013
development (10 m).
2012 ×
• Explain the various components of a hydrological model for an agroforestry system
2011 (10m).
• Discuss strategies and plans adopted for the treatment of catchment areas (10 m)
2009 • Explain the term – (1) Catchment, (2) Watershed, (3) Micro-watershed.
• What is a watershed ? What are its characteristics? What are the factors
2008 responsible for watershed deterioration? how do you manage the watershed for
sustainable use ? (20m)

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Subject-3 TRIBOLOGY

Tribology : Tribal scene in India; tribes, the concept of races, Principles of social grouping, stages of
tribal economy, education, cultural tradition, customs, ethos and participation in forestry programs

• Enumerate and Discuss the factors responsible for restricting tribal population in the national
2015
parks (10 m).

• Name different tribes of India state-wise and their specific characteristics. How can we make
2014
use of their traditional knowledge in forest conservation (flora and fauna) ? (20 m).

2013 • Give the fundamental characteristics of the tribal economy in India (8 m).

• Write short notes on (i) Tribal economy, (ii) Chola Naickans, (iii) Gujjars, (iv) Gonds (10 m).
2011
• Discuss the characteristics which are shared by the diverse tribal groups all over India (10 m).

• How can we make use of the traditional knowledge of the major tribes of India in forest
2010
conservation (both flora and fauna) ? [Linked Q]

• Discuss various approaches required to motivate the members of a tribal community to

2009
introduce social forestry plantation in their farmland. [Linked Q]

2007 • Describe the ethnic communities of India. Give their contribution to ethnobotany

2006 • Forest are key to the tribal economy, Justify

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Subject-4 JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT

JFM : Details of steps involved such as the formation of Village Forest Committees, Joint Forest
Participatory Management. Principles, objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs

• Why are participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques important for planning and
2019 execution of Joint forest management (JFM) Activities? Explain the tools and
techniques of PRA (15 m).

• What are the OBJECTIVES of Joint Forest Management (JFM). Give METHODS used
2018
for preserving forest resources through JFM (15 m).

• Write in detail as to why the Joint Forest Management Policy was initiated and what
2017
are its CONSTRAINTS in implementation ? (15 m).

• Trace the HISTORY of JFM in India, narrate any one success story with details (15
2016
m).

2015 • NO

• Introduction of JFM in various states in India was found POSITIVE in biodiversity

2014
conservation, discuss in details (8m).

• Describe constitution of JFM NETWORK by MOEF, GOI with its terms of reference
2013
(7m).

• What shifts in attitude among Forest Personnel from the present are required for
2012
better success of Joint Forest Management ? Discuss (10 m).

2011 • NO

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Subject-5 TREE IMPROVEMENT & BREEDING

Tree Improvement and Seed Technology : General concept of tree improvement, methods and
techniques, variation and its use, provenance, seed source, exotics; quantitative aspects of forest
tree improvement, seed production and seed orchards, progeny tests, use of tree improvement in
natural forest and stand improvement, genetic testing programming, selection and breeding for
resistance to diseases, insects, and adverse environment; the genetic base, forest genetic resources
and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost benefit ratio, economic evaluation.

• What are the objectives of tree improvement ? Explain in Detals the five essential steps of
tree improvement (8 m).
• Define : (i) Variation, (ii) Selection differentiation, (iii) Selection intensity, (iv) Heritability.
2019 How do you increase the genetic gain for a given trait in tree breeding ? (15 m)
• Name the two phases of tree improvement. as a tree breeder, how do you use these two
phases simultaneously to meet the short-term demand of wood based industries and the
long-term demand of establishing seed orchards for a given tree species (15 m).

• How would you develop tree improvement programmes for raising productivity in forestry?
(10 m).
• What is the importance of heritability and how can genetic gain be estimated in tree
improvement programme? (10 m).
2018
• Describe incomplete mating designs used in tree improvement (10 m).
• What are the different selection methods used by the tree breeders? ( 10 m).
• What is a mother tree? How is a plant prepared through vegetative propagation different
from a plant raised through seed (15 m).

• Write in brief on advanced generation tree improvement (8 m).

• Explain General Combining Ability (GCA), Specific Combining Ability (SCA) and their utility (8m).
• What are Seed Production Areas (SPA) ? Explain the purpose of establishing them. Briefly
2017 highlight the advantages and disadvantages of SPA. List the steps involved in establishing SPA
(20 m).
• List the different components of Phenotypic variation. How are they important for tree
breeders? (10 m).

• Discuss the reasons for widespread use of exotics for plantations and specific advantages of
exotics over native species (8m).
2016 • Define Provenance. Discuss the role of Provenance trial in tree improvement and mention
different phases of a Provenance trial (10 m).
• Define the seed orchard. Write types of seed orchard. List the various aspects considered

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prior and after establishment of seed orchards for its management (20 m).

• How can magnitude and type of variability be manipulated to obtain good gains in some tree
characteristics ? (8m).
• Suggest suitable steps to select exotic species or provenances for plantations (10 m).
2015 • Comments upon the relationship of general comnbining ability and breeding value in forest
tree improvement programmes (10 m).
• As a community of interbreeding individuals, what parameters would need to be known to
describe a population of forest treess? (10 m).

• Discuss the role of provenance tests in tree improvement ( 8m).

2014
• Discuss the important factors while planning of seed orchard (10 m).

• Write a note on pollen dilution zone in seed orchard. Discuss various factors affecting their
2013
effectiveness. What are the options available in lieu of pollen dilution zones ? (10 m).

• Discuss the use of tree improvement in natural forest and stand improvement (5 m).
2012 • Write short notes on – (a) Seed orchard, (b) Exotics in Indian forestry (5 marks each).
• Write short notes on – (b) breeding arboretum (5 marks).

• Discus the importance of tissue culture techniques as a tool in tree improvement (10 m).
• Describe the regression selection method for plus tree selection in uneven-aged stand (10
m).
2011 • Describe the various approaches for obtaining genetically superior seed, giving advantages
of each (10 m).
• Discuss the statement, Even in large experiments with many families, heritabilities are not
estimated without error (10 m).

• Discuss the following – (i) selection as a method of tree improvement, (ii) Selection intensity
affects the genetic gain (10 m).
• What do you understand by the term “Provenance trial” ? Explain the stepwise procedure
2010 for this trial followed in a forest species (10 m).
• Discuss the possibilities of biotechnological interventions in tree improvement programmes
(10m).
• Why do forest plantations fail ? Cite relevant examples.

SOURCE OF REFERENCE :

 Textbook of Forest Tree Breeding by C. Surendran et al. (This already cover Zobel &Talbert)
 Forest tree improvement and seed technology by M. Dutta & G C Saini.
 Tree breeding and improvement by Parthiban KT et al., Scientific publication

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Subject-6 TREE SEED TECHNOLOGY

SEED TECHNOLOGY – Seed source, exotics. seed production and seed orchards (in tree improvement
& seed technology part of syllabus).

2018 • Explain seed production and certification system in Indian forestry (10 m)

• What are Seed Production Areas (SPA) ? Explain the purpose of establishing them.

2017 Briefly highlight the advantages and disadvantages of SPA. List the steps involved in
establishing SPA (20 m)

• define the seed orchard. Write types of seed orchard. List the various aspects

2016 considered prior and after establishment of seed orchards for its management (20
m).

2015 • NO

• Explain the following : Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds (5 m).

2014 • Explain the following : Exogenous dormancy and endogenous dormancy

• Discuss the important factors while planning of seed orchard (10 m).

• Write a note on pollen dilution zone in seed orchard. Discuss various factors
2013 affecting their effectiveness. What are the options available in lieu of pollen dilution
zones ? (10 m).

2012 • Write short notes on – (a) Seed orchard,

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND

Subject-7
BIODIVERSITY
Environment - components and importance, principles of conservation, impact of deforestation;
forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction and developmental projects,
population growth on environment.

Pollution ‐ types, global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, impact and
control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development. Role of trees and
forests in environmental conservation; control and prevention of air, water and noise pollution.
Environmental policy and legislation in India. Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics
assessment of watershed development vis-a-vis ecological and environmental protection

• List out the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. What are the effects of
global warming ? Explain the role of trees and forests in combating environmental
2019 degradation (15 m).
• Explain the concept of sustainable development. Discuss in brief the agenda for sustainable
development (10 m).

• Write the salient features of the solid waste management act, 2000 and 2016. What new
initiatives have been taken in the solid waste management rules, 2016 ? ( 8m).
• Write about the pre- and post-Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of any mining area of
India. Does GIS help in EIA? Write the name of the software used in Environmental Impact
2018 Assessment for the mining areas (10 m)
• What is sustainable development? Write about the criteria and indicator of sustainability
fulfilling the needs and demands of growing population of India (10 m).
• What is the ecological and economical importance of biodiversity ? Mention the salient
measures for conservation of biodiversity (8 m).

• Comment on the possible impact of greenhouse gases on the global environment (8 m).
2017 • Discuss the term Biodiversity. Explain the levels in which it can be studied. What are the
different measures employed to measure biological diversity? Elaborate (20 m).

• Define global warming. Explain in brief the principle behind green house effect. Write the
consequences of global warming on forest, wildlife and the human health (20 m).
• What are the objectives of carrying out EIA. Discuss sequentially, the different phases of an
2016 EIA study (10 m).
• Explain the Role of forest in environmental conservation (10 m).
• How are “Environment”, Environmental pollutant” and “Hazarous substance” narrated in
environment (protection) act, 1986 ? (10 m).

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• What is the penalty prescribed in section 15 of the environmental (Protection) act, 1986 for
contravention of the provisions of the environmental act, rules and orders ? (8 m).
2015 • Write the chemistry of ozonosphere and list the adverse effects of ozone layer depletion (10
m).
• What is arsenic pollution ? Discuss the strategies to mitigate it (10 m).

• Discuss in detail the importance, success and limitations of the 'Project Tiger' (8m).
• Discuss the role of National Parks in conservation of biodiversity.
• What do you understand by the term greenhouse gases ? Explain how these gases disturb
2014
the ecological balance of nature and suggest suitable remedies (10m).
• Why is a balance between production, social and environmental objectives necessary in
sustainable forest management plans ? (20 m).

• What is global warming ? Discuss how it disturbs the ecological balance of nature,a nd
suggest suitable remedies (20 m).
• Explain the following – (i) Criteria pollutant, (ii) Pollutant standard index, (iii) Severance tax,
2013
(iv) Smog (2 ½ × 4 = 10 m).
• Briefly describing the national legislation on biodiversity. Name the activities for which states
can seek fund from the central government (10 m).

2012 • What are major ecological considerations in afforestations ? ( 5m)

• Name the biodiversity hot spots in India. Discuss the maJor threats to biodiversity (10 m).
• Write short notes on – (i) Carbon sequestration, (ii) Riparian buffers, (iii) Forest decline, and
2011 (iv) Nitrate pollution (2 ½ × 4 = 10 m).
• What are the effects of particulate air pollutants on the regeneration of a forest ecosystem ?
Discuss ( 10 m).

• Discuss the following - Rio conference ( 5 m).

• What do you understand by the term 'hot spot' in relation to floral biodiversity ? Explain
2010 methods of ex-situ and in-situ conservation.
• How is Forest Certification done in developed countries ? Comment on its present status in
India.

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Subject-8 FOREST SOIL

FORESTS SOILS : Classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and biological
properties.
SOIL CONSERVATION : definition, causes for erosion; types – wind and water erosion; conservation
and management of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of saline
and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands. Role of forests in conserving soils.
Maintenance and build-up of soil organic matter, provision of lopping’s for green leaf manuring;
forest leaf litter and composting; Role of micro-organisms in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles, VAM.

• Soil is an interface of air, minerals, water and life. Comment (8 m).

• What are the characteristics of saline and alkaline soils / Explain the reclamation of
2019 saline and alkaline soils with suitable tree species (15 m).
• What are the pedogenic process ? Explain the important process of soil formation (15
m).

• What are the measures to be taken into consideration during preparation of earthen
check dam in the forest areas ? (8 m).
2018
• Write in detail about the influence of parent rock in the distribution of tree species (8m)
[Linked Q].

• What are the various methods adopted to conserve the soil on sloping areas? Explain in
brief (10 m).
• Describe the technique of sand dune fixation in the thar desert. Also mention the choice
of species for plantation (15 m).
2017
• A soil can be wet, yet physiologically dry. How? what steps are suggested to correct the
problem ? (10 m).
• Where are cold deserts found in India? Explain site characteristics encountered in a cold
desert and steps suggested to overcome problems in their afforestation (10). [Linked Q]

• Write distinguish features of saline alkaline soil (8m).

• Explain types of rocks based on formation and minerals based on chemical compositions
2016 (8 m).
• Write the characteristics of cold desert. Discuss soil working and planting techniques for
cold desert (8 m) [Linked Q].

2015 • Why is a lot of emphasis laid on research relating to soil conservation? Discuss (8 m)

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• Describe different textural classes of soil and the way they affect plant growth (10m).
• Why is saline-alkaline soil considered problematic? can you suggest any procedure to
make it suitable for plant growth ? (10 m).

2014 • Discuss the importance of willow cultivation in cold desert ( 8m). [Linked Q].

• What are the specific problem of the following wasteland ? suggest at least 3 species for
planting in each of them (20 m).
₋ Hot desert
₋ Saline alkaline soil
2013
₋ Wetland
₋ Cold desert
• What are the sources and nature of elements considered as essential plant nutrients (10
m).

• Describe the technique of Sand Dune Fixation in the Thar Desert. Also mention the
choice of species for planting (15 m).
• Describe briefly the afforestation techniques adopted for Ravenous lands of Yamuna
giving suitable species (5m).

2012 • Specific problem of coastal land and Hot desert (5m).

• Give suitable forestry techniques for the reclamation of salt affected soils (8m)
• Explain different process of soil erosion. Briefly describe them giving examples as to how
the vegetation including trees can help in conserving soil and water (10 m).
• What is the major ecological consideration in Afforestation (5 m)

• Discuss afforestation of inland sand dunes by giving their distribution, site conditions,
planting techniques and species suitable in such areas (5 m).
• Describe the afforestation in an undulating community land situated in the catchment,
of a small water reservoir (5 m).
2011
• Explain the different processes of soil erosion. Briefly describe them giving examples as
to how the vegetation including trees can help in conserving soil and water (10 m).
• How shelterbelt and Wind breaks are helpful in sand dune stabilization and desert
control ? (5 m) [Linked Q].

• ‘Among the causes of soil erosion some are manageable’ comment (5 m).
2010 • Difference between erodibility and erosivity (5 m).
• What are saline and sodic soils ? (5m).

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 INDIAN FOREST SERVICE

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Paper – 2 | TOPIC WISE

EDITION : 2020
Contact : +917223970423 Hornbillclasses@[Link]
Gole ka mandir, Gwalior (MP) 474005
TELEGRAM : [Link] YouTube : [Link]

WhatsApp (Group-2) : [Link]

Group-3 : [Link]
 FORESTRY

SECTION - A

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 FORESTRY

Subject-1 FOREST MANAGEMENT

FOREST MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS : Objective and principles; techniques; stand
structure and dynamics, sustained yield relation; rotation, normal forest, growing stock; regulation of yield;
management of forest plantations, commercial forests, forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., (i) site-
specific planning, (ii) strategic planning, (iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure. (iv) Monitoring (v)
Reporting and governance.

• Explain the role of NORMAL SERIES OF AGE GRADATION and AGE CLASS in forest
management (8 m).
• Describe the method for calculation of NORMAL GROWING STOCK with the help of yield
2019
table (15 m).
• What is PROGRESSIVE YIELD ? How is annually yield obtained in a forest worked with
periodic block method ? (15 m). [ Linked Q ]

• What is SUSTAINED YIELD ? Mention the positive and negative aspects related to
sustained yield (8m).
• What is GROWING STOCK? How is normal growing stock calculated in clear felling
system based on final MAT? (15 m).
• Define ROTATION. Explain different types of rotation with special reference to
2018 ecological, industrial and economical benefits. (10 m).
• What is INCREMENT ? Discuss different types of increments. Discuss the graphical
relationship between current annual increment and mean annual increment (15 m).
• DEFINE forest management. Give its objectives. How does the attitude of the owner put
impact on the management of forests? (15 m).
• How is the rotation of any particular species at any particular locality practically
decided? (10).

• How a selection forest is managed under the FELLING SERIES? Describe with suitable
examples/diagrams (15 m).
• Describe the different formulae used in forest trees for determining INCREMENT
PERCENT in diameter and volume. (15 m).
2017
• Write about the concept of NORMAL FOREST and kind of abnormalities which affect
the normal growing stock (15 m).
• How the FOREST COVER was measured prior to and post 1980's in India? Define the
various categories of forest cover (8m).

• What is NORMAL GROWING STOCK ? explain the determination of NGS in clear

2016
felling system with graphical illustration and numerical examples (10 m).

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 FORESTRY

• How do you visualize the concept of NORMAL FOREST in Indian context ? describe
the effect of silvicultureal system on normality (10 m).
• What is the INCREMENT PERCENT ? discuss the relationship between CAI and MAI of
a forest stand (10m).

• PROGRESSIVE YIELD concept differs from SUSTAINABLE YIELD. Under the present
situation, which would you suggest and why ? (15 m).
• Show by your interpretation, either graphically or theoretically, how the forest yield
depends upon the GROWING STOCK (15 m).
2015
• Discuss how the ROTATION of minimum volume production differ from the
silvicultural rotation (10 m).
• Enumerate the importance ofthe Forest survey of india (FSI) in forest management
system (10 m).

• Define rotation and describe the various types of ROTATION prescribed (8m).
• How enumeration of the GROWING STOCK is done ? describe in brief the various
methods of enumeration for preparing a working plan (15 m).
• With the help of a diagram, discuss the relationship between MAI and CAI. What is their
role in forest measurements ? (10 m).
2014 • What are the PECULIARITIES you have observed in forest management practices ?
Suggest ways to overcome them (10 m).
• Define GROWING STOCK. Explain the estimation of growing stock and density (10 m).
• Why is a balance between production, social and environmental objectives necessary in
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT plans ? (20 m).
• What is STAND DENSITY ? How spacing is used to control stand density ? Discuss (15).

• Describe the scope and objectives of forest management. What is the impact of
restrictions laid down by Hon'ble Supreme Court on green felling in forests? (10 m).
• How would you view the Indian initiatives for sustainable forest management ? Discuss
(8m).
• Define the ROTATION and describe its various types used in Indian forestry (20 m).
• Describe the compound interest and Schneider's formulae for calculation of INCREMENT
PERCENTAGE (10 m).
2013 • In stem analysis, Diameter of 30th ring (as computed on BH section) at different height
sections was found as follows [ Linked Q]

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 FORESTRY

2012 • Differentiate between – CAI and MAI (4m)

• Write short notes on – interrelationship b/w CAI and MAI (5 m).

2011 • Explain the situations under which a FOREST becomes ABNORMAL (10 m).
• Define ROTATION & discuss different types of rotations giving suitable examples (20).

Volume - B | Yield regulation

• What is progressive yield ? How is an nually yield obtained in a forest worked with
2019
periodic block method ? (15 m) [Linked Question].

• 50 equi-productive coups are to be worked out from 2000 hectares of forest under clear
felling system with the following densities :

2018

• How yield is regulated ? Describe the von Mantel’s formula for yield regulation in forests
(15 m).
2014
• Describe the genereal principle of yield regulation in Uneven-aged forest crop (10).
• Give a short account on the management of uneven-aged forests ( 8m).

• What is the yield regulation in forest management ? How can the yield regulation by
2013
Judeich method be used ? (8m).

• How is yield regulated in a forest which is worked under clear felling system ? (10 m)
2011 • Discuss Smythies Safeguarding formula for annual harvest of timber from a selection
forest (20 m)

2010 • Describe the procedure for allotting different types of periodic blocks in a forest (10)
• Discuss how yield can be regulated in regular forests with clear felling system (10).
• Explain with diagram how annual yield of a forest is regulated by using Von Mentel's
2007 method. Provide formulae wherever necessary (20)
• Why the modification is necessary to the von montels formula ? name these
modifications.

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 FORESTRY

Subject-2 WORKING PLAN

FOREST WORKING PLAN : Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches for integrated
planning; multipurpose development of forest resources and forest industries development; working plans
and working schemes, their role in nature conservation, bio-diversity and other dimensions; preparation
and control. Divisional Working Plans, Annual Plan of Operations.

• Describe the significance of working plan and working scheme in conserving biodiversity (8
m).
2019
• What is Compartment ? why is its study and description required when making working
plan ? (15 m).

• Define working plan. Discuss objectives and scope of a working plan. Describe salient
features of a good working plan. (15 m).
2018
• What are the forest stock maps ? Discuss the details shown in stock maps for a working
plan report (8m).

• What are the objectives of working plan? How it is helpful for conservation of biodiversity
and natural resource conservation of forests? (8 m)
2017
• Describe the Various Kinds Of Maps prepared by the Working Plan Officer. What is their
utility and purpose ? (15 m).

• Differentiate Working Plan and Annual Plan of operations. Suggest the changes needed
2016 in the working plan preparation for more effective application in forest management.
(10 m).

• Maps are an integral part of forest management. Give your perceptions about the kind
2015
of maps you consider important for managing a forest circle (15 m).

2014 • NO

• What are the main contributions of Dr. D. Brandis in Indian forestry ? Enumerate the
various stages of working plan. What is the role of silvicultural system in the working plans
2013 ? (8m).
• Describe a stock map. Discuss. the scheme of recording crop composition (including
colouring pattern used) and crop density (8m).

2012 • NO

• What is a regeneration stock map? How is it prepared? (10 m).

2011
• Explain various types of maps prepared by Working Plan Officer (10 m).

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 FORESTRY

2010 • Explain the components of compartment description.

Subject-3 FOREST MENSURATION

FOREST MENSURATION : Methods of measuring - diameter, girth, height and volume of trees; form-factor;
volume estimation of stand, current annual increment; mean annual increment, Sampling methods, and
sample plots. Yield calculation; yield and stand tables.

• Explain Metzger’s theory of tree form and its significance in volume calculation (8m).
• Describe the procedure for estimating the volume of standing and felled tree (8 m).
2019 • Explain the principles of the height measuring instruments giving suitable examples
(10m).
• What is point sampling? How is it helpful to find out the basal area of a forest? (15)

• What are the precautions required for diameter measurements with calipers? Discuss the
errors that occur due to non-observation of the precautions (15 m).
2018 • Define volume tables and give their classification (10 m).
• Define forest sampling. Give advantages of sampling Discuss different types of non-
random sampling methods used in forestry (15 m).

• How volume tables are classified on the basis of kind of outtum ? Describe briefly (8m)
• How the geometrical measurements for calculating volume yield are made in (i) Buttressed
tree, (ii) Leaning tree on a slope, and (iii) a tree forked at the base? Give a thematic
presentation (15 m).
2017
• Describe the different formulae used in forest trees for determining increment percent in
diameter and volume (15 m).

• Write a note on kinds of enumeration and explain in brief different random sampling
techniques used in forest inventories (10 m).

• Discuss the significance of Stump analysis in forest mensuration. How does it helps in
understanding the past growth of trees ? (10).
2016
• Sampling has a very important role in forest inventory. Discuss with the help of kinds of
sampling (10 m).

• Which of the instruments has Wheeler's pentaprism replaced and why? (8m)
• How important are the increment borers in forest health and growth analysis ? Does
2015
Pressler's borer have any adverse effects on the tree sampled ? Elaborate on the issue (8
m).

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 FORESTRY

• How far do taper tables help in measuring the volume of a tree? Discuss their types and
methods of preparation (15 m).
• Why are sample plots laid out in different forest species? What is their utility and how are
they enumerated ? (15 m).

• What is a stand table ? Give a brief description for preparation of a stand table (8m).
• How is stump analysis carried out and what kind of information does it yield ? ( 8 m).
• What is a tree stem form? How is tree stem form calculated and what are its uses in
forestry? (15 m).
2014
• Differentiate between sample plots and preservation plots. Discuss their role in
management (15 m).
• "Spiegel Relaskop is an instrument of great use in forestry" justify with reasons. How is
the basal area per hectare determined by this instrument ? Explain (15 m).

• Differentiate between the graphical method and the regression equation method for the
preparation of general volume tables (8m).
• Differentiate between Hojer's formula and Behre's formula for tree form (8 m).
• Describe the compound interest and Schneider's formulae for calculation of increment
percentage ( 10 m).
• Differentiate between random sampling and non-random sampling. Describe different
methods of non-random sampling that are used in forest inventories (10 m).
• In stem analysis, diameters of 30th ring (as computed on BH section) at different height
2013
sections was found as follows :

• What are the items of information available in the volume table in addition to the volume
of tree ? Briefly describe them (8 m).
• Describe the process of tree height measurement by the Abney level. What are its
advantages and disadvantages ? (8 m).
2012
• Describe various formulae for calculation of the volume of logs (8 m).
• Define Stem analysis and discuss its purpose (8 m).
• Describe compound interest formula for calculation of diameter increment percent (8)
• Describe the indirect methods for volume estimation of trees (14 m).

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 FORESTRY

• If the angle of elevation to the tip of the tree is 30° and 45° respectively, measured from
two sides of a ravine, and width of the ravine at the top is 15" m and height of the eye of
observer from the ground is 1·5 m, find the height of the tree ( 8m).
• Calculate values of – (10 m).
(i) Bark thickness;
(ii) Log volume OB;
(iii) Log volume UB;
(iv) Volume of bark, and
(v) Bark percentage,
for a log with measurements DBH OB = 130 cm, DBH UB = 124 cm and Length = 4·8 m
• Discuss the Metzer's theory of Stem Form (8 m).
• A tree with elliptical c/s when measured at BH by a calipers gives two values as 71 cm and
65 cm. Girth of the tree at BH by tape is 1·82 m. Calculate the basal area by three different
methods, listing the methods clearly, and discuss which method is the correct one (12 m).

• Describe reference point of diameter/girth measurement on a standing tree (10 m).

• Explain principles of height measuring instruments (10 m).
2011
• What is quarter girth formula? Why is it preferred for calculation of log volume ? (10).
• What is yield table ? How contents of yield table is utilized in forestry ? (10 m)

• Comment on the comparative significance of calliper and tape for d.b.h measurement (8).
2010 • Explain the principle and use of Abney’s level (10 m).
• Write principle of Christen hypsometer and its use (10 m).

• What is the importance of estimating form factors of a tree ? Write common formula(e)
used to estimate the form factor (10 m).
• Write on the importance of stem analysis in forest mensuration. How does the stem
analysis help in knowing the volume of the stand ? (10 m).
• Write the procedure of measure the height of tree in the following situation, when -
2009
(i) Observer’s eye is above the top of the tree.
(ii) Observe’s eye is below the base of the tree (20 m)
• Discuss the concept and use of Horizontal point sampling when wedge prism is used (10).
• What is Quarter girth formula ? How is it used in calculating the volume of a log ? (10)
• Write the salient differences between local volume table and general volume table (10)

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 FORESTRY

• What is the importance of estimating form factor of a tree? Write common formula used
to estimate the form factor (10).
• Describe working principles of Christen's Hypsometer in tree height measurement (10).
• Answer the Following –
2007
(a) To compute volume of standing trees which parameters are required to be measured?
Write instruments used and brief procedure of their handling (20).
(b) How the age of the trees can be determined in which annual rings are not clearly
observed (10)?

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Subject-4 REMOTE SENSING

REMOTE SENSING : Forest cover monitoring through remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems for
management and modelling

2019 • Describe the role of remote sensing and GIS in monitoring forest resources (15 m).

• Define remote sensing. Discuss its application in forest management along with GIS
2018
applications (10 m).

• What are the applications of remote sensing and GIS in the field of forestry and wildlife? (8
2017
m).

• Define photogrammetry. Discuss in detail its application in forest management (10).

• Thermal Remote Sensing has specific application in forest management, Describe (10)
2016
• The recent developments in GIS and Digital Image Processing make forest cover
assessment and mapping more easier and accurate. Explain your views (10).

• Discuss how the microwave remote sensing has been found to be more useful in forestry
2015
than other satellite imageries (15 m).

• Differentiate between Geostationary and Sun synchronous satellite; and satellite imagery
2014 and remote sensing (8m).

• Estimation of crown volume depends on which factors and what are the different
geometrical shapes ·of crowns? Write down the various formulae for measurement of
2012
crown volume (10).
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of LANDSAT images? (8 m).

2011 • How is remote sensing advantageous as compared to ground surveys ? (10 m).

• What are the pictorial elements used of interpretation of aerial photo graphs (10 m).
2010
• How does the flying height influence the scale of aerial photo graphs in hilly areas (10)

• Discuss the features of EM spectrum & mention bandwidth spectral range used in remote
2009 sensing (10 m). [Similar Question in 2005]
• Discuss the features of EMR & mention bandwidth spectrum range used in remote sensing

2007 • How is the remote sensing used in monitoring forest cover ? (10 m)

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Subject-5 FOREST SURVEYING & ENGINEERING

SURVEYING AND FOREST ENGINEERING : (1) Forest surveying - different methods of surveying, maps and
map reading. (2) Basic principles of forest engineering - Building materials and construction. (3) Roads and
Bridges - General principles, objects, types, simple design and construction of timber bridges.

• Define bridge and explain different types of bridge with sketches (8 m).
• Give a list of Survey methods adopted in Forest. Describe the survey of forest when a river
2019 comes in the way of Survey line (15 m).
• Explain concrete and write the characteristics of good concrete misture (10 m).
• What is brick ? Describe different types of bricks giving their characteristics (10 m).

• What is the importance of surveying in forestry ? Discuss different methods of surveying to

solve the forestry field problems (8m).
2018
• Give the classification of forest roads. What features are required for a reconnaissance for
forest roads? (8m).

• Describe the dead and live loads and how they are calculated on the roof trusses over
2017
buildings? (10 m).

• Enumerate the methods of direct linear measurements. Discuss in brief the application of
prismatic compass in forest survey (10 m).
2016
• Distinguish the irish bridge, Simple wooden bridge and suspension bridge with details and
neat sketches (15 m).

• Topographic surveys are found useful in forest management. Discuss (8 m).

• Which are the basic factors you have to look for before running out a survey lines in chain
survey ? (8 m).
2015 • How will you fined the reduced levels of the given points by height of collimation methods
and rise and fall method and then check arithmetically ? (15 m).
• In a forest survey, you are provided a prismatic compass. How will you accomplish the
bearings of line AB ? (10 m).

• How is Compass survey done ? what are the advantages of compass surveying ? (15 m).
2014

• Define the arches used in construction. What are the different characteristics required in
an arch ? (10 m).
2013
• Describe all the 5 kinds of chains used in survey and advantages and disadvantages of chain
surveys (8 m).

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• Write down the chemical constituents of earth (chemical formula and percentage range
of contents) for manufecture of good quality of bricks (7 m).
• Find out the maximum and minimum pressures of a wall which is 60 ft long and 4.5 ft wide
at the base of its footing, carrying loads at the following distances from the left hand side
: 20 tons at 10 ft, 30 tons at 25 ft, 40 tons at 28 ft, 48 tons at 50 ft and 12 tons at 55 ft (15
m). { NOTE – Many times you get these kind of questions in exam paper, these are not
questions but jokes that are made to annoy you, i think So }

• Describe the structure of Dumpy level through a well labelled diagram (10 m).
• Discuss the ''Two-Point Problem" - the special case of resection in Plain Table Survey (12
2012
m).
• Describe the limitations and advantages of Plane Table Survey (8 m).

• Describe how you would continue the line with the chain only, When (20 m)
(i) A large river interrupts the chain line, and
(ii) A forest area comes across the chain line
2011 • Explain the term (10 m)
(i) Whole circle bearing, and
(ii) Quadrantal bearinng
• Describe, with sketches of Suspension Bridge (10 m).

• Describe methods of using prismatic compass in forest surveys ( 5m).

2010
• Distinguish between Irish bridge, Suspension bridge and Cantilever bridge ( 8m).

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SECTION - B

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 FORESTRY

Subject-1 FOREST ECOLOGY

FOREST ECOLOGY : Biotic and aboitic components, forest eco-systems; forest community concepts;
vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water
relations. PHYSIOLOGY IN STRESS ENVIRONMENTS (drought, water logging salinity and alkalinity). FOREST
TYPES IN INDIA, identification of species, composition and associations. Conservation of forest ecosystems.
Clonal parks.

• What are ecological pyramids ? Explain different types. Mention the implications of
concepts of ecological pyramids in understanding forest ecosystem (10 m ).
2019 • Describe various physiological mechanisms underlying drought resistance, drought
tolerance and drought avoidance in forest species [ 15 m | Linked Q ].
• Describe the features and importance of clonal parks in forest conservation (8 m).

• What is carbon sink ? How do forest soils act as important carbon sinks? (8 m).
• Forest ecology is the study of complex interactions between organic and inorganic
2018
components of the forest ecosystem. Explain organic and inorganic components
providing two examples of each as they relate to the forest ecosystem (8 m).

2017 • NO

• Garg (1988) described the ecological pyramid as a graphical representation of

relationship between the trophic levels of an ecosystem. Explain with the help of neat
2016 diagrams (10 m).
• Define ecological amplitude. Describe the classification and characters of plant
communities (10 m).

• Why is carbon recycling important ? What are its influences on climate ? Discuss your
points for or against (10 m).
• Growth and productivity of forest plants are affected by different types of air pollutants.
2015
What are those ? Suggest suitable remedies (10 m).
• Narrate how sustainable forestry accounts for the ecological, economic, social and
cultural values of forests. Give your opinion (15).

• Which are the six major attributes of an ecosystem-explain in detail (8 m).

2014 • Why is a balance between production, social and environmental objectives necessary in
sustainable forest management plans ? (20 m).

2013 • Describe the qualitative characteristics of plant community.

2012 • Describe Raunkier’s life forms (8 m)

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 FORESTRY

• Discuss “ecological amplitude” and the law of tolerance” in the context in which they
are generally used (6m).
• Discuss the phytosociological analysis describing formulae for calculation of – (15 m)
(i) Frequency and relative frequency,
(ii) Density and relative density
(iii) Abundance
(iv) Relative dominance, and
(v) Importance value index (IVI)
• Explain with the help of suitable examples the various kinds of population interaction
during their growth period and give difference between commensalism and amensalism
of plant relationship (10 m).
• Write short notes on –
(1) Source-sink relationship with respect to carbon cycle (5 m).
(2) Energy flow model in ecosystem (5 m).
(3) Ex-situ and in-situ conservation (5 m).

• What are the effects of particulate air pollutants on the regeneration of a forest
2011
ecosystem ? Discuss (10 m)

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Subject-2 DENDROLOGY

DENDROLOGY : Taxonomic classification, principles and establishment of herbaria and arboreta.

• Define herbarium and write its significance. What are the steps in establishing

2017 herbarium and which method of plant classification is followed in herbarium

arrangement ? (8 m).

• List merits of Bentham and hooker system of plant classification used in dendrology
2010
(5 m)

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Subject-3 ETHNOBOTANY
Role of Ethnobotany in Indian Systems of Medicine; Ayurveda and Unani. Introduction, nomenclature,
habitat, distribution and botanical features of medicinal and aromatic plants. Factors affecting action
and toxicity of drug plants and their chemical constituents.

2019 • NO

• Define ethnobotany. Write in detail about the role of ethnobotany in modern medicine
and its approaches to the drug industry (15 m).
2018
• Enlist the common and scientific names of trees and shrubs (seven each) having
medicinal importance in ethnobotany (10 m).

• What is ethnobotany and describe the role of ethnobotany in the Indian systems of
2017
medicine (8 m).

• The knowledge of ethnobotany helps to identify viable medicinal plants for

2016
pharmaceutical industries. Explain (10m).

• Give the scientific names of at least five drug yielding plants with their use in
2015
pharmaceutical industry (8 m).

2014 • No

• Write short notes on the following medicinal plants : (4 × 2.5)

(i) Aconitum heterophyllum
(ii) Orchis latifolia
2013
(iii) Podophyllum emodii
(iv) Morchella esculanta
• Write critical notes on - Siddha system of medicines (2.5 m).

2012 • NO

2011 • NO

2010 • NO

• Classify medicinal plants on the basis of plant parts used and explain general rules of
2009
sustainable collection of medicinal plants, with suitable examples (20 Marks).

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Subject-4 FOREST PROTECTION

FOREST PROTECTION & WILDLIFE BIOLOGY : Injuries to forest – abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies,
insect-pests and disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility of forests
to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures and benefits due to chemical
and biological control. General forest protection against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use
of fire, economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters. Role of
afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing, different
methods of control against grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on forest regeneration,
human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting cultivation and control.

• Describe how controlled fire can be used as a tool in forest management (8 m).
• What is controlled grazing ? Describe how it helps in the better management of forest
pasture land (10 m).
2019
• Describe the causes of deforestation. What are the measures to be taken for the control
of deforestation ? (10 m).
• What do you mean by deforestation ? Explain the major causes of deforestation (P1/8 m).

• What are the causes of forest fire? What measures are taken to protect forests
2018
against damage by fire? (P1/10 m).

• Discuss briefly the impacts of humans on forest health. Explain different measures to
check forest encroachment (15 m).
• Describe types of forest fires, their ill-effects and preventive measures. Briefly discuss the
2017
role of forest fire on forest ecosystems (15 m).
• What are the major grazing systems and grazing regions in India? Describe briefly,
methods to prevent pressure from grazing in forests (8 m).

• Forest fire still remains a major threat to forest ecosystems across the globe. How do you
address this issue? (10 M).
2016
• Describe the benefits and limitations of chemical and biological control of diseases in
forest nurseries and plantations (10 M).

• There are measures which are taken to protect the forests from fire damage. Which are
those and how effective have they been ? (8 m).
2015
• Does rotational grazing have an advantage over controlled grazing in the smooth
management of forest ecosystems ? Give your reasons for and against, both (10 m).

2014 • Do you think that the controlled fire is beneficial to forest vegetation ? Discuss ( 10m).

• Discuss different methods of disease control in forest nursery with examples (8m)
2013
• Describe the anthropogenic causes of forest destruction. How can these be checked ? (10)

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 FORESTRY

• Briefly discuss – Lopping management (4 m)

• Comment on the view that after deforestation forest fires are most important cause of
forest destruction. Also give different types of forest fires and their causes, and preventive
measures for forest fires (8m).
• Describe the extent, method of cultivation and effects of shifting cultivation. Suggest
some suitable alternatives to shifting cultivation ( 5 m).
• What are the main reasons for decline of the forest cover in our country ? (5m)
2012 • Distinction between Potential and Deferred Grazing (5m).
• What are the causes of forest fire ? Discuss in brief the damage caused to forest by fire
along with its control (5m).
• Describe the prevention and control of termite damages in timber (5 m).
• State what are the plant parasitic nematodes associated with nursery forest plant species
(5 M).
• Describe various types of grasslands mentioning the associations of grasses and their
environmental locations in the different regions of India [as described by Whyte (1957)].

• Write short notes on – Forest decline (2.5 m)

• How severe is the damage of Ganoderma in lndian Forests ? Discuss with some case
2011 history (10 m).
• How grazing is managed for the browsing animals ? Discuss various management options
for sustainable grazing in forest (10 m).

• What are fire-prone areas ? How are these detected ? What precautionary measures need
to be taken to overcome this problem ? (8m).
• How is damage due to teak defoliator and stem borer managed in the plantations ? (10m).
• Write causal pathogens of important diseases of poplar and Gmelina arborea. Write
2010
integrated management of any one disease in each species (10 m).
• Write short notes on – Lopping management (5 m)
• What are live fences ? Name 5 plant species most commonly used as live fences. How do
these differ from the other types of fences ( 10m).

• What is the role of rotational and controlled grazing to overcome damage due to grazing
animals ? (10 m)
2009 • How is the forest damage report framed in encroachment cases having nearby human
settlements ( 10m)
• Write short notes on – Damage caused by Forest fire (5 m).

• What is controlled burning ? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of burning in pine
forest ( 10m).
2008
• Describe major diseases and their control in forest nursery plantation. Explain necessity
of bio-control by giving suitable example (20m).

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 FORESTRY

Subject-5 FOREST UTILIZATION

Forest resources and utilization : Environmentally sound forest harvesting practices; logging and
extraction techniques and principles, transportation systems, storage and sale. Anatomical structure
of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood, timber identification general principles. Need and
importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general principles of seasoning, air and kiln
seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heated and electrical kilns. Composite wood - adhesives-
manufacture, properties, uses, plywood manufacture-properties, uses, fibre boards-manufacture
properties, uses; particle boards manufacture; properties, uses. Present status of composite wood
industry in India and future expansion plans. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) - definition and
scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos, medicinal plants,
charcoal, lac and shellac, Katha and Bidi leaves, collection; processing and disposal. Pulp paper and
rayon; present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of
plantation wood; problems and possibilities.

• What is Reduce impact logging (RIL) ? What is its composition ? Explain the benefits of RIL (8
m).
• Define Non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Explain their importance to human societies and
economy (8m).
2019 • Define wood. Explain the microscopic/Anatomical features which aid in identification of
timber species in details (15 m).
• What are particle boards ? Explain the features of different types of particle boards (15 m).
• List different system and methods of sale of forest produces. What are the different methods
of sales adopted in state forest department ? (15 m)

• What are the industrial uses of gums and resins ? Discuss the factors affecting the production
and supply of gums and resins (8 m).
• Write down four advantages of timber seasoning and suggest which one is commercially
suitable over other methods, with suitable examples (8 m).
2018 • List out different types of preservatives used for protection of timber against fungi and
insects and classify them based on solvent used (15 m).
• What are the key elements of the wood industry and paper industry strategies ? Explain (15
).
• Describe the defects that appear during seasoning in timbers (10 m).

• Briefly write about the natural defects observed in wood (8 m).

• What is wood seasoning? Write in detail the aims of wood seasoning and explain salient
2017 steps in manufacturing of plywood (15 m).
• What is logging? What are the objects of felling? Briefly write the general rules of felling and
basic cuts of tree felling (15 m).

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 FORESTRY

• What are the differences between gums and resins? How are gums and resins classified ?
Enlist different methods of tapping resins (10 m).

• Dry deciduous forests are rich in Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Justify the statement
with examples (10 m)
• Give an account of mechanical properties of wood and suggest the standard tests for the
same (10 m).
• Bamboos become the major raw material for many cottages as well as corporate industries.
Explain (10m).
2016 • What are the general principles and advantages of wood seasoning? Describe the solar kiln
seasoning with neat sketches (10 m).
• Write critical notes on the following (10 m).
(a) Gums (b) Oilseeds (c) Katha (d) Bidi leaves
• Give an account of composite wood products and their utilities (10 m).
• Explain the recent developments in mechanization of logging operations and their impact
on the efficiency and wastage (10 m).

• There are various processes involved in the expression and extraction of oilseeds available in
forests. Elaborate on the processes involved and their utilization (8m).
• Timber encounters many different problems during the process of drying. What are those
problems and how are they overcome? (8m).
2015
• Indian forests are found to be rich in different kinds of non-timber forest products (NTFPs).
Can you list at least 10 NTFPs ? (10 m).
• What are the major fibres and flosses which are obtained from forests in India? Citing at least
ten species, discuss their commercial importance (10 m).

• Write in detail the processing and uses of Tannins in India (8m).

• Explain the term logging, its purposes and stages (8m).
2014
• What is wood preservation? Why is preservation of wood necessary ? Mention main types
of wood preservation methods (15 m).

• What are advantages of wood seasoning? Describe the various methods of wood seasoning
and mention classification of timbers for seasoning (15 m).
2013
• Write critical notes on – importance of Butea monosperma (2.5 m).
• Give the classification of timbers based on air dry weight with suitable examples (7m).

• Explain properties of good Wood Preservatives and classify the various Wood Preservatives
with the help of a flowchart (12 m).
• Describe the Boucherie process of Wood preservation with its advantages (6 m).
2012
• Briefly comment on the extent of wastage (in approximate percentage of total timber
content) from harvesting to marketing stages and give the reasons for such wastages (5 m).
• What are the set of tools used in rill method ? Briefly highlight their features (10 m)

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 FORESTRY

• List 10 bamboo species of commerce in India with their scientific name & state of origin (10
m)

• Write Common and scientific names of 10 tree species yielding resins and Oleo-resigns (10
m).
2011
• What are the wood composites? How they are prepared? What are the common gluing
agents used in wood composites ? (20 m)
• Discuss the various common defects encountered after harvesting of the wood during
stacking (10 m).

• What are the keys to identify timbers construction purpose ?

• Name five important tree species used for axle and wheels of different carts. In which regions
of country is this sort of transportation more prevalent? State the reasons (8 m).
2010 • Name five aromatic grasses with their uses and methods of extraction (10 m)
• There is no replacement for rattans in forest-based industry” Justify this statement and list
five important species reported from different parts of the country (10 m).
• What are the different types of water soluble wood preservatives ? (10 m).

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 FORESTRY

Subject-6 FOREST LEGISLATION

POLICY : History of forest development; Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952 and 1988. National Forest Policy
1988 of People’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, Involvement of women; Forestry policies and
issues related to land use, timber and non-timber products, sustainable forest management;
industrialisation policies; institutional and structural changes. Decentralization and Forestry Public
Administration. FOREST LAWS : necessity, general principles, Indian Forest Act 1927; Forest Conservation
Act, 1980; Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and their amendments; Application of Indian Penal Code to Forestry.

• Write in detail regarding the appointment of authorities and restrictions of hunting of wild
2019
animals under the wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 (Marks 15).

• What are the main differences between forest policy and forest laws ? Give salient points of
2018
the National Forest Policy of 1952 and 1988 (15 m).

• Narrate the background and objectives of implementation of national forest policies of India (8
2017
m).

• Compare and contrast the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (10 m).
2016 • How are “Environment”, Environmental pollutant” and “Hazarous substance” narrated in
environment (protection) act, 1986 ? (10 m).

• Give a comparative and appropriate statement on the Natural Forest Policy of 1988 with that
of 1952 (15 m).
• Describe the role of Permanent Forest Policy after its enactment for the regulation of forestry
management in India (10).
2015
• Enumerate and discuss the factors responsible for restricting tribal population in the National
Parks (10 m).
• Discuss the important role of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in forest management. Give
salient points only (10 m).

• Describe the salient features of National Forest Policy 1988. How does it differ from the 1952
2014
Forest Policy? (10 m).

• What are the factors responsible affecting forest policy ? Discuss (8 m).
• Mention the salient features of National Forest Policy, 1988, and discuss its advantages over
2013
N.F.P. 1894 (10 m).
• Describe the salient features mentioned in the new Draft Forest Bill, 1994 (10 m).

2012 • Bring out the background and need for Forest Policy of 1988 with its basic objectives (15 m).

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 FORESTRY

• Attempt the following, keeping your answers brief and to the point : (a) Describe Section (2)
of Forest Conservation Act of 1980 (8 m).

• Write the composition of National board of wildlife. Explain the provisions of the Sections of
2011
wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Used to declare an area as ‘Sanctuary’ (20 m).

• What are the functions of Indian board for wildlife with regard to conservation of wildlife ? ( 10
2010
m).

2009 • Explain the application of the Indian penal code in forestry (10m).

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Subject-7 FOREST ECONOMICS

FOREST ECONOMICS : Fundamental principles, cost-benefit analyses; estimation of demand and

supply; analysis of trends in the national and international market and changes in production and
consumption patterns; assessment and projection of market structures; role of private sector and co-
operatives; role of corporate financing. Socio-economic analysis of forest productivity and attitudes;
valuation of forest goods and service.

• Discuss various channels for marketing of forest products (8m).

2019 • What is forest valuation ? Write its objective and briefly explain the methods of
forest valuation (15 m).

2018 • NO

• Explain the discounting measures in forest business management with different

formulae used in forest economics (15 m).
2017
• Discuss in detail the roles and interventions of Government and Private agencies
in marketing of forest produce (15 m).

• Explain the concept of demand with the help of demand curve and its application
in forest trade (10 M).
2016
• Describe the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) towards sustainable
forest production through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) approach (10 M).

2015 • NO

2014 • NO

• Give the important features of demand and supply curves. What are the factors
2013
responsible for demand and supply of forest produce ? (7 m).

2012 • NO

2011 • NO

2010 • NO

• Why is it necessary to take up cost benefit analysis of forest plantation ? Describe

2009 the main point to be taken into consideration while conductiong cost : benefit
analysis of short rotation commercial species and traditional timber species ( 20m).

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 FORESTRY

Subject-8 WILDLIFE BIOLOGY

FOREST PROTECTION & WILDLIFE BIOLOGY : There is virtually no syllabus other than mentioning the
subject title. + Few things linked with wildlife scattered over the entire syllabus.

2019 • NO

• What is the ecological and economical importance of biodiversity ? Mention the salient
measures for conservation of biodiversity (8 m).
2018
• How is enumeration of animal population in natural forests carried out in general ? Also
specify the method(s) adopted in the case of tigers (15 m).

2017 • NO

2016 • NO

• To protect the wild animals venturing out from their core areas, some administrative and
2015
management arrangements are made. What are those ? Discuss (8 m).

• Discuss in detail the importance, success and limitations of the 'Project Tiger' (8m).
2014
• Discuss the role of National Parks in conservation of biodiversity (10 m).

• What do you understand by wildlife census ? Write different methods of census in brief (10
2013
m).

• Describe the mathematical expression for Biotic Potential and Environmental resistance (6
m).
2012
• Describe the importance of pug marks and illustrate sex differentiation based on pug marks.
How do these help in Forest management system ? (10 m).

2011 • NO

2010 • List fice each of the important resident and migratory birds noticed in Indian forests (8m).

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