CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW.
According to Fitzgerald (2018), they have mentioned about an automated ferry ticketing system in

which they have proposed use of PIR sensors to determine presence of people and intimating.

However, according to (Doake 2016), The ferry ticketing system therefore is a simple, ease-of

implementation solution based on PIR sensor fusion devices and Ethernet connectivity. Occupancy

data is sent to a central application server by UDP over IP protocols.

On this server, a web application is developed and hosted to not only allow people book tickets, but

also check the utilization of these ferry reservations based on predefined policies. The system also

supports adhoc meetings by providing real- time availability of ferry reservation availability to users.

In government department people there is need of priority based scheduling. In government

department there are employees with various designations such as chairman, manager, officers, and

employees. According to (Englander, R. 2018), It is being observed that a ferry reservation is booked

by a department employee and as he/she is employee he/she will book for lower level activity but on

the same day if a department chairman need to book a same ferry on same day and as the chairman

he/she has to manages a higher level activity which not efficient to reschedule so there is need of a

system which manages this case by effectively canceling the booking of employee (lower priority

person) and allotting this ferry to chairman (higher priority person) because the existing system does

not support this.

According to Endrei, M. et al. (2014), The wireless devices for various members of the family can

access a common database, which produces an appearance of a bulletin board having notes. Theses,

dissertations, articles and journals.

2.1.1. HCI USABILITY PRINCIPLES.
Human-computer interaction concerns with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive

computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them according

to (Andrews, M.D 2017).

The principal objective of human computer interaction research and design is “People should not have

to change radically to fit in with the system”, where the system should be designed to match their

requirements according to (Peerce et al 2015)”.

Principle of Consistency: It allows the human computer interface to be uniform and unitary.

Principle of Concision: It does not mean simplicity. It tells that the interface must not contain any hard

understanding elements which are unaware of the user.

Principle of Memory: It makes the interface easy to understand and more efficient to use, so that the

users can operate the interface conveniently.

Dialogue initiative: user freedom from artificial constraints on the input dialog imposed by the system.

Task migratability: the ability to transfer control for execution of tasks between the system and the user.

Principles of Robustness: the level of support provided to the user in determining successful achievement

and assessment of goal-directed behavior (e.g. Observability, Recoverability, Responsiveness, Task

conformance).

Observability: the extent to which the user can evaluate the internal state of the system from the

representation on the user interface.

Recoverability: the extent to which the user can reach the intended goal after recognizing an error in the

previous interaction.

Responsiveness: a measure of the rate of communication between the user and the system.
2.2. DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY.
WATERFALL METHODOLOGY.
According to Galitz, W. O. (2017), The waterfall system methodology is one of the most popular

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) approaches to developing information systems. It is a

linear sequential methodology in which one phase of software development process must be

completed before proceeding to the next. Each of the phases of the process must have a deliverable

and must also be clearly documented. This is actually the greatest advantage of the waterfall model.

According to (Takahashi. K 2017), Its major drawback is the breaking down of the software

development process into phases which must be completed in a sequential fashion. This conflicts

with the actual reality of software development where development activities and processes often

overlap. This methodology would give good results in small software projects with clear

requirements. Used alone, the waterfall methodology can lead to development of applications that

fall short of the user requirements, According to (Du, G. 2014). The Waterfall model is the earliest

SDLC approach that was used for software development. The waterfall Model illustrates the software

development process in a linear sequential flow. This means that any phase in the development

process begins only if the previous phase is complete. In this waterfall model, the phases do not

overlap. Waterfall approach was first SDLC Model to be used widely in Software Engineering to

ensure success of the project. In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of software

development is divided into separate phases. In this Waterfall model, typically, the outcome of one

phase acts as the input for the next phase sequentially.

HCI assists designers and analysts to identify the needs of texts, fonts, layout, graphics, color, etc.

While Usability ensures system the system is efficient, effective, safe, easy to learn, easy to

remember, easy to evaluate, and provides job satisfaction to users.

2.3. CURRENT SYSTEM.
Currently, the existing methods for inquiring a ferry reservation is by the use of manual methods,

whereby the clients or customers have to physically visit the place for booking a ship/ferry, and have

to fill in details for reserving the ferry/ships and conduct payment details in physical payment. All

these processes depict there is the wastage of time from the ferry/ship location to the detail filling,

thus there is the need to transform and automate these processes into the digital method.

2.4. WEAKNESS OF THE CURRENT SYTEM.

The current manual processes for reserving a ferry/ship relatively done all in manual steps which is

considered to be outdated also less effective and efficient, they are facing some problems issuing

reserving requests of customers. All the necessary reservation stuffs are being done in hard copy. So

it become much difficult for staffs to keep the records updated all the time. As for example, if the

customers need to change the check in date it become difficult for them to find out the customer’s

reservation details for updating as there are so many customers reservation records.

Lack of storage space: Paper documents can take up a significant amount of space, and the quantity of

paper will increase day by day. Furthermore, documents will typically need to be stored close to hand

so that they can be accessed as quickly as possible.

Security issues: Regardless of size, for any organization is important to protect its data and other

valuable assets. One of the biggest information security risks for institution is paper because printed

documents can be easily lost, mishandled or damaged while digital data could be encrypted and safely

keep in hard disks or electronic devices.

Prone to damage: Manual documents can be easily damaged, lost, misplaced or stolen. A fire or natural

disaster could mean the loss of essential information. If you don’t have any copies, once the files are

gone, there is no way of getting the information back.

Limit communication and collaboration: When working with paper documents, collaboration is

extremely difficult. If several department heads need to create a common document, they must have

multiple copies printed, make all the necessary amendments separately and then share their version with

each other before start working on the ultimate version. Digital document management systems allow

users to collaborate in a way that is easily and fast. They can also track all the changes made.

Document transportation: Transporting documents in a paper-based system is quite complicated, slow

and inefficient. With a digital document management system/repository in place, you can simply add

attachments to an email and send information instantly.

Editing problems: If you want to make changes to a paper-based document, you will need to write all

the content again. This will need to be repeated every time you want to make more corrections. You

should make a copy of the original document to distinguish all the amendments that have be done.

High costs: One of the biggest drawbacks of paper-based document management systems is the

associated costs. In addition to tones of paper, you will need more printers, photocopier, stationery and

other office supplies. These costs add up and can become a significant expense in many organizations.

Reservations are optional, and can assist with travel planning and keeping wait times down.

Another important issue is the cost of distribution, which can be relatively high due to the market

stranglehold of ferry travel aggregators, also named online tour operators (OTAs). These online

companies can indeed be a source of problems for shipping companies, because of the commissions they

grant themselves and then because they have control over the commercial image.
2.5. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system is Ship or Ferry Ticket Reservation which involves booking a ticket or placing a

reservation of the shipping agencies to reserve ships/ferries for cargo or either transportation from shore

to shore.

This PHP project is a web based application that helps shipping companies, agents or ferry operators to

reserve ticket for their clients. This enables companies to add, keep record, and retrieve ticket

reservations. It has clean user interface and easy to use. It generates printable tickets for clients. It’s a

web based application developed using PHP, MYSQL, HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT (Ajax and JQuery),

Bootstrap, AdminLTE, and other libraries/ plugins.

Ship or Ferry Ticket Reservation System has two type of users namely admin and staff. Admin has

access to all features and functionalities of the system while staff has limited access to the features and

functionalities according to (Goldman, J. E. 2018).

This system is designed to provide the facility where the customer can easily reserve boats online. The

user just has to register on this web portal, then the user can easily reserve boats according to their

needs. While reserving boats, the user has to enter their destination point, date, and departure time. The

user can also view their reservations. From Admin’s login, admin can add, view, edit, delete boats and

view all user’s boat reservation. This system makes easier to the user for reserving boats online. This

mini project is not difficult to operate and understood by the users.

This system is able to record the list of vessels, schedules, routes, and accommodation lists.
2.6. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM.
The system has minimum number of screens and is easy to navigate.

The website is easy to maintain. Any change in the business logic can be easily implemented without

requiring any change in the other parts of the system.

The error checking is on the server side so that if there is any error in connecting to the database or

some other error than the user is not allowed to get weird messages. Only the Administrator at the

server gets the error messages and checks for error. The user is simply shown the appropriate

message.

Get More Bookings: Anchor makes the most earnest efforts to bring you more leads and conversions.

We not only want to make your business a success but also easy to operate for you. We offer you a state-

of-art system with our software to give customers realistic views of what the ferry tours will be like.

Mobile Ready: With a mobile-ready website, your customers can book with you anytime, anywhere.

And pay in a hassle-free way in a minimalistic and easy checkout. In addition, Anchor supports cashless

transactions through credit cards, Google Pay and Apple Pay. The software also securely saves your

customer’s billing information for use later.

Personalized Dashboard: With the Anchor app, you have an easily accessible customized to give you

complete information about your bookings, leads, manifests, and exclusive accounts and operations

reports on your iOS device or a mobile web browser.

Customer Feedback: Anchor’s live chat feature also encourages direct feedback from the customers.

The software also gives you access to operations and sales reports with a comprehensive account of

platforms bringing you the most sales, customers who invested most with you, sales through organic and

paid channels, and much more.

2.7. PROJECT BACKGROUND
The current manual reservation system uses paper and direct human interaction to book the ferry/ship

reservations. This makes delays exchanging of information in the department. Reservation is done

via phone calls or by visit in person to the conference reservation office. The guest’s personal details

such as Name, gender, Age and Duration of visit or stay, are entered during booking made. Then the

booking officer asks to prepare room for guest before his/ her check in date. The data and documents

are transferred manually to the appropriate office for compilation of the guest’s file. On the day of

check in date the file is transferred to the reception. According to (Ahrens, J. H. et al 2017), there is

always need of ship/ferry reservation, for various activities. Many different departments have to share

this ferry/ship for their own activities. Hence there is always a possibility of the ferry/ship being

reserved by a lot of people on the same day. The clash in timing will be known to the departments

only when the day of the event has reached, by that time it will be too late and very little time left

for alternate arrangement. Hence an efficient and user friendly system is required to reserve the

ship/ferry beforehand and make the information available to others to check the status of the

ship/ferry before booking.

2.8. TARGETED AUDIENCE.

The online conference booking system is used by individuals, the government,

department/ministries, organizations to book the ship/ferries for their own use for different activities

like shipping of products etc.

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