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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

Parents are attached to several commitments and endless responsibilities;

they are the central guiding force in shaping their children's lives. The Family Code

of the Philippines chapter 3, article 220, states the following duties of parents to their

children: (1) keeping them company, supporting, and instructing them with the right

precepts and good example; (2) giving them love and affection, advice and counsel;

(3) provide them with moral and spiritual guidance; (4) preserve and maintain their

physical and mental health at all times; (5) furnish them with good educational

materials; (6) represent them in any decisions impacting their interest; (7) demand

from them respect and compliance; (8) impose discipline on them; and (9) execute

any additional responsibilities for parents and guardians as prescribed by law. These

responsibilities indicate not only the physical aspect but also the other related vital

aspects of their children's upbringing, such as their mental, social, and spiritual well-

being. However, parents could be labeled irresponsible when they fail to provide

these responsibilities and secure a better life for their children (ARTICLES 220-221

of the FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES).

Additionally, parental responsibilities could be changed based on how large

the family is in the household. Sutherland (2016) says that having a new baby does

not seem to take away parental love or intellectually stimulating resources from the

older child or children in the family. It also does not make the home unsafe or too

messy, but it does mean that the older child or children will spend less quality time

with their parents, even after the new baby is out of the infant and toddler stages.
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This means that having more siblings somewhat lowers children's cognitive test

scores, impairs their behavior, and raises the risk of teenage pregnancy and criminal

conviction.

An average of 5.6 live births are thought to occur during a woman’s

reproductive cycle in Africa, while 5.4 live births are thought to occur on average for

an Ethiopian woman per year. Both urban and rural parts of the nation have different

averages. In Addis Ababa, for instance, the fertility rate is only 1.4, but in the Oromia

Region, it is 7.4. Pregnancy risks are higher in Africa than anywhere else due to the

continent’s high reproduction rate, generally poor health, and limited access to

medical care. An African woman has an average risk of 900 per 100,000 live births

of dying from pregnancy-related conditions such as obstructed labor, postpartum

hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, postpartum infections, and

unsafe abortion (Family Planning Module: 1. An Overview of Population and Family

Planning: View as Single Page).

Moreover, according to DaVanzo & Adamson (1998), the population is still

taking place worldwide and will continue to spread. The global population continues

to increase each year by about 80 million people, or the population of a nation the

size of Germany, even if the rate of expansion has been slowing since the 1960s.

The developing countries of the world account for almost all of this increase, wherein

high fertility rates remain. Based on their surveys of women in developing countries,

between 10 and 40% of them wish to spread out or limit childbearing but are not

using contraceptives. This might lead to obstructing chances for economic growth,

raise health risks for women and children, and degrade life quality by restricting

access to food, employment, education, and limited resources like drinkable water

(DaVanzo, Family Planning in Developing Countries: An Unfinished Success Story).

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Thus, countries with high fertility rates frequently have higher rates of maternal, child,

and newborn mortality than nations with lower fertility rates. Despite the seeming

benefits for many children, it is unclear whether parents benefit strictly from an

economic perspective.

In the Philippines, according to the consensus conducted by the Philippines

Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2020, the average household size is 4.1 people. The

total fertility rate declined from 2.7 children per woman in 2017 to 1.9 children per

woman in 2022 in urban areas and 2.2 children per woman in rural areas (Household

Population, Number of Households, and Average Household Size of the Philippines

(2020 Census of Population and Housing). However, despite these decreasing

numbers, based on the preliminary results of the Family Income and Expenditure

Survey (FIES) in 2021, 350 million families, or about 13.2% of families, were

considered poor. It was recorded that 18.1%, or around 19.99 million Filipinos, lived

below the poverty threshold of about Php 12,030 per month for a family of five. This

means that their per capita income cannot sufficiently provide even the family's basic

necessities, like food, causing the children to grow up unhealthy and sick (Proportion

of Poor Filipinos Was Recorded at 18.1 Percent in 2021).

Moreover, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) reported that more than 30% of Filipino families rely on

loans to send their children to school (Baclig, 2021). The World Health Organization

(WHO) also declared that Filipino children aged 5 to 15—10% to 15%—are affected

by mental health problems. The above-mentioned data shows that Filipino parents

struggle to meet their children's needs despite having two to three children (Malolos

et al.). This further elaborates the need to evaluate and study the situation of parents

with many children.

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The Philippine Statistics Authority said in August that Cebu City was the fifth

most populous province in the Philippines. Moreover, Guadalupe was determined to

be the barangay with the highest population, with 61,238 residents (Lape, 2016). In

the recent survey conducted in 2022 and reported by SunStar Cebu, among the tri-

cities, Cebu City was declared to have the most number of poor households for three

consecutive years, but based on the official COA report, Cebu is the unquestioned

wealthiest province in the whole country for the sixth time already as of 2021(Cotejo,

2022). The population of Cebu City in 2023 is now estimated at 1,297,637, according

to the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects (Cebu City Population

2023). There was also a result of a survey that showed Cebu has the highest

number of poor households in the region. Based on the details of DSWD-7's

Listahan 3 poverty database, 220,112 households out of the 453,961 identified poor

households in Region 7 came from Cebu (“DSWD-7: Cebu Island Has Highest

Number of Poor Households in C. Visayas | Cebu Daily News).

The review of related literature, published journals, news reports, government

websites, and research about parental responsibility is only limited to the Philippines.

Majority of which conducted only talk about parental involvement in early childhood

education, parental influence on children's behavior, and parental involvement on

children's academic achievement. This shows that the study of family size and its

implications is still largely overlooked. There is no case-to-case study or in-depth

understanding of the real-life experiences of the parents with many children.

Underlying implications, causes, and variables have not yet been determined. This is

the research gap that the researchers would like to fill.

It is relevant to conduct this study to show the real-life experiences of parents

with more than five children in Guadalupe, Cebu, City, to provide a comprehensive
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understanding of parents' responsibility to bear with every child they bring into the

world.

In this generation, wherein family planning is often ignored, unwanted and

unplanned pregnancy in the family usually occurs, resulting in the parents'

unpreparedness (World Health Organization: WHO). Thus, it is crucial to conduct

this study to provide a clear overview of the consequences of these actions and the

accompanying responsibilities they may uphold.

Theoretical Background

The theories that underpin this study include Koerner and Fitzpatrick’s Family

Communication Patterns Theory, Kurt Lewin’s Gatekeeping Theory, and Harold

Lasswell’s Magic Bullet Theory.

The objectives of this study are anchored to the three theories. Researchers

examined earlier ideas and arguments made in the aforementioned theories in order

to undertake the most fruitful research on the subject.

Family Communication Patterns Theory (FCPT) is a broad theory of family

communication that emphasizes parent-child interaction and is concerned with

creating a shared social reality. This theory explains how family communication

occurs within the family in two methods: conversations and conformity orientation.

Conversation orientation refers to transparency in family communications; when a

family has a strong conversation orientation, the members discuss larger topics and

are more receptive to opinions and sentiments. In other words, family members

engage in some issues and feel comfortable sharing information compared to

families with low conversation orientation. On the other hand, conformity orientation

refers to the extent to which compliance with the family’s hierarchy is followed by
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communication. This type of orientation deals with how much emphasis is put on

adhering to parental rules and avoiding disagreement. Family members prefer to

avoid conflict and emphasize harmony and connection where there is a high level of

conformity. In contrast, in having little conformity, members tend to separate

themselves from the group and are more likely to express their disagreement with

the opinions of other family members.

In this research study, parents are expected to ensure not just the physical

but also the mental and emotional well-being of their offspring. This means building

rapport with them through proper communication. Thus, using this theory, the impact

and influence of parents in molding their children’s social perceptions, emotional

intelligence, and behavior based on their manner of parenting can be assessed.

Gatekeeping Theory is the process by which the billions of messages that can

be sent worldwide are reduced to the hundreds of messages that reach a specific

person on a given day. It is a method of controlling the flow of information that

involves all elements of message encoding, including selection, withholding,

transmission, shape, display, repetition, and timing. Specifically, this theory aims to

block and filter unwanted or useless things or information through a gate. In this

case, the decision-maker is referred to as the “Gatekeeper.” Hence, gatekeeping

becomes a function of data monitoring and surveillance.

In a recent study, parental gatekeeping arises, which refers to the attitudes

and actions of parents that influence the caliber of their children. Similar to the

current study, it entails the standpoint of parents’ effect on their children through their

roles as their children’s primary caregiver and, consequently, as their children’s

“manager” or “protector.”
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Lasswell’s Magic Bullet Theory, or “Hypodermic Needle Theory,” introduced in

the 1920s, assumed that the audience would be directly imprinted by the media

message. The theory supposes that the mass media should be promoted since it

has a direct, immediate, and considerable impact on the people.

The current study shows that people generally trust what they witness in their

environment, so when something is repeated frequently, they start to accept it as

normal without considering the repercussions. Apparently, the issue of having too

many offspring in a household has been overlooked because many people consider

this normal. Due to this fact, the emergence of the population is rampant and

uncontrolled. Having a large family can also be the cause for family complications

such as neglecting the older child over another child who needs more attention,

insufficient guidance that could somewhat lead to improper explorations in the real

world, pervasive teenage pregnancy, and such. All these factors have failed to

notice, considering that many people have thought of these as usual and recurrent.

The foundation of this study consists of all the theories described above.
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FIGURE 1. SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to generate an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of

parents with more than five offspring. Specifically, it will answer the following

questions:
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1. What are the parents’ lived experiences in terms of providing their offspring?

1.1. basic necessities

1.2. child-rearing

1.3. overall health and well-being,

2. What are the other challenges parents face in raising their children?

3. How did the parents manage these challenges?

Significance of the Study

This study was designed to give crucial knowledge and understanding to

the individuals as follows:

Parents. This research will provide parents with the necessary knowledge

and a better understanding of the responsibilities that they must uphold when

having a child, whether unplanned or intended.

Youths. This research helps them understand the causative factors of the

lived experiences of a family with more than five children.

Local Government Unit. This research benefits the Local Government

Unit of Barangay Guadalupe Cebu City by providing them with a precise

understanding of the lived experiences of a family who have more than five

children in a household that will guide them to develop comprehensive programs

on how to assist the family's needs.

Future Researchers. This study enables future researchers to enrich their

research papers and analyses with innovative ideas and knowledge. This study
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will serve as a reference for related research being conducted both currently and

in the future.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research seeks to find out the lived experiences of parents with more

than five offspring. This study will only focus on the residents that are parents living

in Barangay Guadalupe Cebu City. The goal of this study is to only assess parents’

lived experiences in terms of providing their offspring the following: basic necessities,

child-rearing, and overall health and well-being, and will not delve into the causes of

their big family size.

This study interviews three (3) selected parents from Barangay Guadalupe

Cebu City. Therefore, this research will not cover the whole population of Cebu City

and all the residents of Barangay Guadalupe.

Definition of Terms

The following definitions are given operationally in accordance with how the

words will be used in the study for a clear and meaningful understanding of the basic

terms used.

Family Planning a parent practices controlling how many children are in the

family by using the safest method.

Household is a place that consists of a group of people who live together.

Lived experience is a depiction of a person's experiences and decisions, as

well as the knowledge gained from these experiences and choices.

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Offspring are referred to as children (without reference to age, thus one can

refer to a parent's "minor children," or "adult children," or "infant children," or

"teenage children," depending on their age)

Parental Responsibility means the legal rights, duties, powers,

responsibilities, and authority a parent has for a child and the child’s property. A

person with parental responsibility for a child has the right to make decisions about

their care and upbringing.

Unplanned pregnancy is a pregnancy that is either unintended or sometimes

caused by the non-use of any birth control or contraceptives.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies related to the

lived experiences of parents with more than five offspring addressing significant

aspects and underlying factors that shed light on the topic strengthening the need to

conduct the study.

Related Literature Reviewed

Access to basic necessities is a human right to which all children in the world

are entitled to be provided since it is necessary for survival. The parents who are

associated with such responsibilities must acknowledge and uphold the need to

provide these to their children. Gingerbread (2015) pointed out that the right to make

choices concerning a child's care and upbringing belongs to the individual with

parental responsibility and must be involved in important decisions affecting the

child.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs specifically categorized human needs into five

levels: physiological, safety, love and belonging, and self-actualization. The first two

levels emphasize the significance of food, clothes, education, shelter, safety, and

security, which are considered the basic necessities for humans to survive,

specifically for children to ensure their growth and development (Mcleod, Maslow'S

Hierarchy of Needs - Simply Psychology). When families can satisfy basic

requirements like food, shelter, and medical care, parents experience less stress,

allowing them to give the vital support children require to grow into healthy,

productive individuals (Masten et al., 2021). However, when these requirements are

not fulfilled, it can result in challenges and negative consequences that significantly
 13

affect the children in many aspects (Basic Needs of Children: The Essentials for a

Happy Childhood - the Refined).

In a recent study, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

in the year 2015 had one of the poorest nutritional conditions for children under the

age of five, with the highest prevalence of stunting at 45.2% and the second-highest

rate of wasting at 8.2% (Harju and Thorod, 2015). These findings highlight the

detrimental consequence of being unable to meet children's basic necessities,

specifically in providing the right amount of healthy foods, as it significantly affects

their health and growth development. Additionally, the National Situation Analysis of

Children Philippines in 2017 detects that the poorest and most marginalized kids still

struggle to survive, develop, and thrive. Over 2.85 million children between the ages

of 5 and

15 are still believed to be out of school, and only 91% of children were attending

primary education as of 2015, while 68% were attending secondary school. With

rates of 75% and 29%, respectively, ARMM reported lower rates (Lagsa, 2017).

These data revealed that many children were deprived of their access to education

because their parents could not provide it to them.

Moreover, a study conducted in the Philippines confirmed that most Filipino

families could not afford primary healthcare, including buying medicines and paying

for hospitalization if one of their children gets sick (Chanco, Philippines Healthcare

Unaffordable). Additionally, the estimated data from the Philippine Statistics Authority

(PSA) shows that over 4.5 million Filipino families are homeless out of the 106

million total population in the country (Silverio, 2022). This knowledge and data

further prove how poor and difficult the situation of children living in a family with no

proper shelter and no guaranteed healthcare is as their everyday lives revolve

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around facing risks and challenges at such a young age, defining the crucial role of

parents in the lives of their children.

Furthermore, another contributing factor that has been regarded as the single

most important to a child's growth and development as it deals with a wide variety of

processes, strategies, and approaches in raising a child from birth to adulthood is

child-rearing. Child rearing is a style of parenting children that is distinctive to a

given society, subculture, family, or time period in cultural history (APA Dictionary of

Psychology). The psychologist Francyne Zeltse listed the four main child-rearing

approaches such as permissive, authoritative, neglectful, and authoritarian (Zeltser,

2021).

In the present study, ineffective implementation of these child-rearing

approaches can become precursors to adult and future generational problems as it

can cause childhood illnesses and accidents, teenage pregnancy and substance

abuse, truancy, school disruption, underachievement, child abuse, unemployment,

juvenile crime, and mental illness. This means that parental parenting style may

continue influencing a child's behavior and actions as the child ages. Nevertheless,

despite all these, ineffective child-rearing is still prevalent but often regarded as a

personal way to discipline a child.

Moreover, another responsibility that parents must hold accountable is their

children's overall health and well-being, either in the aspect of mental, emotional, or

physical health, which may deeply and greatly rely on their relationship towards their

children. The critical developmental task of attachment is accomplished by babies

whose needs are supplied promptly and warmly– such as when they are fed,

changed, held or rocked, and soothed. A strong parent-child relationship depends on

this strong affectionate connection, which also applies to the relationships between
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children, their siblings, and other family members (Parents and Caregivers Are

Essential to Children's Healthy Development). Parents' involvement significantly

impacts the overall well-being of a child. Most children who grow up to be successful

have at least one secure relationship with a devoted parent (Why Is Parental

Involvement in Well-being Important? | Parent Health and Well-being Information

Site).

Further, social, emotional, and cognitive growth establishes the foundation

when children successfully bond with their parents and develop the confidence to

explore and engage with their surroundings.

According to the National Academies Press (2016), children's learning

expectations, beliefs, ambitions, and coping mechanisms are all greatly influenced

by their parents, who also play a significant role in helping youngsters develop their

knowledge and skills. As part of their responsibility as parents, they expose their

kids to the social environment where they gain self-awareness, their place in society,

and their values. These understandings affect their life choices and experiences

(Parenting Matters).

Moreover, according to Aarthun et al. (2017), parents have the legal right to

participate in decision-making (DM) to personalize their child's health care. Despite

the fact that it is commonly understood, parents may not always participate as much

as they would like to in decisions regarding their child's health care (Aarthun et al.,

Parental Involvement in Decision-making About Their Child's Health Care at the

Hospital).

The value of parenting comes from its function as a defense mechanism

against adversity, such as poverty or delinquent influences, or as a mediator of

harm, as in child abuse. It is evident how most parents care for their children,
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oftentimes against great odds. As human impulse to care for and protect children is

not inborn; rather, it is learned and formed by prior experiences and the present

environment. Nevertheless, this study is conducted to fully consider the elements

like how extreme poverty and maternal depression have substantially impeded the

parenting process, more so in an intricate environment and large families being

prevalent until today's time.

The aforementioned examination of relevant previous research lays a

foundation of information for the present study conducted.

Related Studies Reviewed

Families are seen as the foundation for safe and sustainable communities,

with excellent parents nurturing and passing down essential qualities to their

offspring that preserve and perpetuate the common good (Gillies, Perspectives on

Parenting Responsibility: Contextualizing Values and Practices). The state and size

of a family significantly affect how its members interact with one another and can

substantially impact how a child's personality develops.

Notably, the Philippines had passed legislation aimed at population

management, including the legalization of family planning and the use of

contraceptives, which helped the nation's fertility rate fall. However, a discussion has

arisen because the RCC (Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines) has

denounced similar programs, particularly the RH Bill of the Philippines. The

government is therefore forced to modify its policy to encourage the availability of

contraceptives (Gopalakrishnan, 2008). This law, also known as the Reproductive

Health and Population Development Act of 2008, encourages access to and

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knowledge of both conventional and contemporary family planning techniques that

are safe for use in medical situations and allowed by law.

Faced with a high birth rate, a decreasing total fertility rate, and conflicting

family planning policies, the National Family Planning Program aims to provide every

Filipino with universal access to correct information, medically safe, legal, non-

abortifacient, effective, and culturally acceptable modern family planning (FP)

methods. As a side benefit, President Duterte issued Executive Order (EO) No. 12,

titled Attaining and Sustaining "Zero Unmet Need for Modern Family Planning"

through the strict implementation of the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive

Health Act, providing funds therefore, and for other purposes (Executive Order No.

12, S. 2017: "Zero Unmet Need for Modern Family Planning" Through the Strict

Implementation of the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act |

Department of Health Website).

However, in the 2017 news article released by Rappler, it was stated that the

Philippines ranked 96th out of 172 countries in terms of child mortality, stunting, out-

of-school children, child labor, early marriage, teen pregnancy, displacement due to

conflict, and child homicide. The organization's health and nutrition advisor, Dr.

Amado Parawan, referred to the phenomenon as the "vicious cycle" of "stolen

childhood" for Filipino children, as the data revealed that the majority of

malnourished children, to whom 50% of child mortality is attributed, are born to

teenage mothers who are not yet financially, physically, or emotionally prepared to

raise a child (Pasion, 2017)

Moreover, the longitudinal study done by Pajaron (2019) in Cebu City utilized

permissive parenting methods (refuse or cannot establish limits), with women being

more consistent than fathers showed that children raised with permissive parenting
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techniques frequently score poorly on measures of happiness and self-regulation.

These children typically have poor academic performance and have a higher

propensity to have conflicts with adults in authority positions because, at an early

age, they are immediately given the responsibility to make their own decisions when

they are not yet capable of doing so (Pajaron, 2019). Additionally, the meta-analysis

conducted by Hoeve, Machteld, et al. (2009) confirms the relationship between

parenting and juvenile delinquency. In the data gathered, the strongest mean effect

sizes were found for negative aspects of support, such as neglect, hostility, rejection,

or combinations of these parenting behaviors. This indicates that poor parental

monitoring and supervision were among the best predictors of juvenile delinquency

due to a child's changes. (Hoeve et al., "The Relationship Between Parenting and

Delinquency: A Meta-analysis).

It has been observed how family size as a response variable affects the

developmental process and how it shapes how families interact with one another

(Family Size, Interaction, Affect, and Stress on JSTOR). Having children is clearly a

sequential process that takes place inside a set of desires and expectations involving

many other aspects of living. The subject of how many children are desired or

preferred becomes a progressively significant part of population increase as the

family size becomes an option for a growing number of people, and the measuring of

such perceptions grows correspondingly significant. Family size preferences play a

significant role in reproductive activity as the number of planned families rises. The

expectations, motives, beliefs, and ideals related to family size can be interpreted as

family size interests (Thomson, Family Size Preferences). As a result, they are

growing increasingly crucial in reproductive studies.

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In the present study, understanding family size and circumstances is vital for

tracking demographic trends, including how fertility rates change, parent patterns in

their relationships with their children, and household composition.

The aforementioned studies have discussed factors that are crucial to the

current study. The researchers intend to probe more into the various challenges the

parents have faced based on factors such as family size, social influence, and their

environment.
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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research method, the research environment, the

research respondents, the research instruments, the data-gathering procedure, data

analysis, and ethical considerations in this study.

Research Design

This research is qualitative, with a case study approach employing semi-

structured interviews as a data-gathering tool to determine the lived experiences of

parents with more than five offspring. Qualitative research is a study that examines

and offers a deeper understanding of issues encountered in reality while gathering

data on participants' experiences, perceptions, and actions (Chaplain, 2014).

Generally, the methodology of qualitative research is used when the researchers

intend to explore the why and how questions. Moreover, the case study approach

focuses on acknowledging the complexities and nuances of the specific case and

often employs multiple sources of data, such as interviews, observations,

documents, and artifacts (Yin, 2018).

Research Environment

The study was conducted at Barangay Guadalupe, located in Cebu City.

According to the recent census conducted last 2020, there are 70,039 people living

in the area. Compared to the previous population of 61 238 in 2015, the most recent
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census results in 2020 show a positive growth rate of 2.87% or an increase of 8,801

individuals. This current population is 7.26% of Cebu City's total population which

makes it one of the biggest barangays in terms of population size, making the place

most suitable for the study to be conducted.

Research Respondents

In this study, three (3) residents in Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City,

Philippines, are chosen as participants based on the qualifications set by the

researchers. First, they must be a bonafide resident of the selected barangay, and

second, they must have more than five children. If a large number of residents

qualify as respondents, the researchers choose the three respondents depending on

their availability and willingness to engage in the study.

Research Instrument

This study has the opportunity to describe the parents' lived experiences and

their responsibilities as they collaborate with the researchers, highlighting the

significance of employing "interviews, observations, and documents instead of just

relying on only one source of information (Research Design: Qualitative,

Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches | Online Resources).

The questionnaire is strengthened in a research process with three

respondents by conducting semi-structured interviews with three open-ended

questions as the primary data collecting tool to provide more accurate results and to

enable the researchers to partake and communicate with the participants with follow-

up questions. A semi-structured interview entails a situation where just a few

prespecified questions are asked, and the rest are left up to the respondent; though
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they incorporate both structured and unstructured interviewing methods, semi-

structured interviews can benefit from each other (Pollock, 2022). This research tool

is immensely useful in obtaining the results of Cebuano families' uptake and

understanding its activities and particular circumstances. The data collected is

recorded through field notes and tape recordings.

Data-gathering Procedure

This study underwent two procedures. First was visiting Barangay Guadalupe

and interacting with the parents, as the main participants, in their natural settings.

The objective of the first visit is to obtain authorization from the officials of the

selected barangay (see Appendix A). The study utilized a random sampling method

as a sampling technique to identify potential research respondents. Consequently,

the assessment process of the potential participants was brief about the study. A

letter of consent is given (see Appendix B), which emphasizes the intent of the

research, ethical considerations, terms, and conditions to read and think over,

ensuring that the participants make an informed decision.

On the second visit, with full consent and confirmation of the chosen

respondents who agreed and signed the consent letter, a semi-structured individual

face-to-face interview is undertaken wherein a thorough account of the parents’

experiences follows. The interview covers the participant’s encounters at home, in

the workplace, at school, and in their community while trying to unveil all the

underlying factors that contribute to the predicament they face as parents.

The interview has four phases: Phase 1. Lived Experiences, Phase 2.

Encountered Challenges Phase 3. Household Problem Management

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Phase 1: Lived Experiences

The first phase of the study examines parents' lived experiences with more

than five offspring in terms of providing them with their basic necessities, child-

rearing and ensuring their overall health and well-being.

Table 1. Lived Experiences of Parents

Parents with More than Basic Necessities Child-rearing Overall Health

Five Children Living in and Well-being
Guadalupe Cebu, City

Respondent #1

Respondent #2

Respondent #3

Phase 2. Encountered Challenges

The second phase of the interview process highlights the difficulties and

challenges the parents of more than five offspring have experienced.

Table 2. Encountered Challenges

Parents with more than Five Parental Challenges

Children Living in Guadalupe
Cebu, City
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Respondent #1

Respondent #2

Respondent #3

Phase 3. Household Problem Management:

The final phase of the interview process focuses on learning how parents of

more than five offspring overcome the many difficulties of raising their kids.

Table 3. Household Problem Management:

Parents with more than Five How parents overcome the challenges of raising
Children Living in Guadalupe
Cebu, City their children

Respondent #1

Respondent #2

Respondent #1

Proposed Courses of Action

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This section discusses the appropriate response to the lived experiences and

challenges of parents with more than five children. This section also covered

proactive strategies that are beneficial to parents with more than five children.

Data Analysis

The word data analysis relates to the organization, structure, and

interpretation of data. Analysis of qualitative data is a collaborative and dynamic

procedure (Polit et al. 2010:383). Following the initial interview, the data analysis

follows. The data is examined utilizing a six-step thematic analysis approach.

Thematic analysis is a method for studying qualitative data that comprises examining

a data set for repeating patterns to describe and interpret the set of tests, such as

interviews and transcripts (Braun et. al., 2006). The researchers study the data in the

context of the following procedures: 1. Familiarization 2. Coding 3. Generating

themes 4. Reviewing themes 5. Defining and naming themes 6. Writing up.

Ethical Consideration

The participants in this study must be a resident of Barangay Guadalupe.

After the participants were recognized, researchers adhered to the following ethical

guidelines:

Informed Consent: This study is crucial to obtain the respondents' consent

before distributing the survey questionnaire. Respondents are provided with a

consent form, enabling them to voluntarily choose to participate without coercion or

pressure. They are also given the right to withdraw participation if they want.

Confidentiality and anonymity: This entails taking steps to ensure that the

research's findings are never reported or published in a way that reveals the

participants' identities or any other personally identifiable information.

 26

Privacy: Throughout the process of data collection, analysis, and reporting,

researchers respect participants' privacy and ensure it is not affected. Securing any

private or delicate information given by participants is part of this.

Voluntary Participation and Power Dynamics: Researchers are conscious

of their own and the participants' power relationships and ensure that participation in

the study is fully voluntary. There is no coercion or pressure put on participants to

participate in the study.

Relationship between researcher and participant: Researchers and

participants develop and preserve a courteous, professional relationship. They

communicate effectively, establish their duties and responsibilities clearly, and

respond to any concerns or inquiries made by participants.

Participants and compensation: To show appreciation to the respondents,

the researcher provides them with a token of appreciation for their time and

inconvenience in taking part in the research.

To conduct a qualitative case study that is ethically responsible and

considerate of the rights and well-being of the participants, researchers have to

carefully assess and address the aforementioned ethical issues at every stage of the

research process.
 27

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The analysis and interpretation of the data acquired in the study are

presented in this chapter. In order to make it simpler for researchers to identify

patterns and authentic viewpoints from the respondents, the findings and

discussions will be arranged in accordance with the research questions and

interview questions.

Lived Experiences

This section presents the lived experiences of the parents in terms of

providing their children with basic necessities, child-rearing, and overall health and

well-being.

Columns 2 and 4 in Table 1 show that all respondents struggle to provide their

children with basic necessities due to insufficient income. A study reveals that raising

a large family can be both expensive and exhausting for parents. As the number of

children increases, so does the cost of food, clothing, education, and child care.

(Wagner et al., "Family Size Effects: A Review"). Additionally, the data illustrate that

all respondents rely on assistance from their family members, neighbors, and

governmental agencies to aid their lack of financial ability to provide for their

children's basic needs. These results imply that the respondents cannot fulfill their

parental responsibility of raising their children independently. Furthermore, the table

also shows how the parents respond to these shortcomings by choosing an

alternative economical option as their strategy for budgeting their insufficient income,

which is choosing not to acquire some of the basic necessities of a family, such as a

stable water supply, comfortable and safe shelter among many others. A study found
 28

that budgeting assists low-income families in managing their expenses to have

enough money to meet their everyday needs. ("Managing Money and Budgeting").

Column 3 in Table 1 also presents the various processes, strategies, and

approaches that parent employed in raising more than five offspring. It involves

results generated from the ways parents raised their children and the effects of the

circumstances they have encountered. The results indicate that having a lot of

children tends to have limited income, which makes parents commit to various jobs

to sustain their daily needs causing them to have less time to monitor their children.

Further, column 3 also displays one of the aftermaths of parents having more

than five offspring: the eldest child playing the role of parent of their siblings. When

parents work, there is a high chance that the eldest child will be the one to take care

of their siblings hence, carrying as much responsibility as a parent has. Along with

this, the majority of the respondents employ an authoritative parenting style in

nurturing their children. It is because, considering their family size, the need to

secure the safety of their children is still one of their top priorities, and to uphold

discipline regardless of the circumstances.

Lastly, it demonstrates one of the major approaches of parents raising their

children which is corporal punishment. This indicates that due to their family size and

considering the ages of their children who need extra discipline and understanding,

parents would practically resort to inflicting corporal punishment to call out

misbehaviors and as a way to inculcate discipline.

Table 1: Lived Experiences

 29

Parents with more Basic Necessities Child-rearing Overall Health

than Five Children and Well-being
Living in Guadalupe
Cebu, City

Respondent #1 Insufficient Income Corporal Social Assistance

Punishment

Rely on the Parentification Unable to Access

assistance of Medication

neighbors and loan

House renting

Limited Access to

Water Supply

Selecting an

alternative

economical option

Respondent #2 Insufficient Income Corporal

Punishment Inconsistency
due to
Extended Family Time Deficiency Shortcomings

Support

House Renting

Limited Access to
 30

Water Supply

Respondent #3 Insufficient Income Corporal Traditional

Punishment Medication

Limited Access to Parentification

Water Supply Time Deficiency

Rely on loan

Based on the findings, these results entail that parents struggle to provide the

basic necessities of their children due to insufficient income as the main factor. Two

out of three respondents shared that their husbands have no permanent job, while

the other one earned below the minimum wage. This factor leads to limiting the

respondents' capacity to provide their children's basic necessities. One respondent

shared,

“We simply do not have any savings because our income is typically
insufficient, leaving us with nothing at the end of the week or month. That is
why we usually borrow from friends, family members, or neighbors. If there is
no one to assist us or lend us money, we are left with no choice but to make
the best of what we have. ”

Moreover, when the respondents were asked if they were part of the social

assistance called Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program policy or 4P’s of the

 31

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), all the respondents said

that they were not included in the list of their barangay. All of them tried to request

for reconsideration and submitted all of the necessary documents and requirements

for qualification, but none received a response from the agency.

Consequently, the majority of the respondents illustrate difficulties in

accessing permanent water supply and opted to buy water from their neighbor with a

minimum amount of P3.00 pesos per bucket. One respondent stated in vernacular

terms:

“Mamalit rami sa silingan ug tubig duol raman. Mahal na kaayo

magpataud. (We only buy water from our neighbor because it’s expensive to
install water connection)”

This indicates that parents sometimes fail to meet the needs of their children

due to insufficient income, resulting in parental dependence and choosing of

alternatives that are more economical which sometimes risk the overall health and

well-being, and safety of their children. During the interview, the respondents

revealed that:

“My six year-old and two-year old sons drink coffee because it is way
cheaper than milk.” - Respondent 1

“The truth is that we have to cut back on the amount of food we

consume, sometimes we only eat once or twice so that my husband's salary
can reach the end of the month.” - Respondent 2

“We only go to the hospital if we feel like it is getting worse but most of
the time we prefer traditional and herbal medication “binisaya” to save
money.” - Respondent 3

This exhibits that all of the respondents were having difficulty in providing the

basic necessities for their children as they grow due to the fact that their income is

inadequate and their family size is considerably affecting their ways of living.
 32

Moreover, in light of the results in column 3, having more than five children is

really difficult, particularly for parents who are undoubtedly struggling with financial

support. Not only is the time jeopardized but also the kids and their freedom to

associate themselves with other kids because they have to monitor their younger

siblings and carry other responsibilities that their parents have instilled in them at

such a young age. One of the respondents noted that:

“My eldest child, who’s 6 years old, will look after his younger siblings
while I am outside and working. I admit I am unable to spend as much time
with my children, but I need to work in order for us to have food for the
following days, or else we will starve”

The majority of the respondents have the same exact situation. This shows

the inevitable effect of raising more than five offspring while also facing life crises

such as poverty. In addition, the parents admitted that handling more than five

children is totally overwhelming, especially when times that their children are out of

control, so they would opt for physical punishment. During the interview, the parents

disclosed the following:

“My kids are still young and need so much understanding. However, in order
for them to learn and acknowledge their behaviors, I needed to incorporate
physical punishment for them” -Respondent 1

“Reprimanding the kids through words is not enough, and most of the time
they don’t listen so by using punishment, it gives them an idea that I am being
serious and their actions are bad” -Respondent 2

“I honestly punish my kids especially when I caught them wasting their time in
a computer shop while I was busy working” -Respondent 3

From the data gathered, the result shows that the lived experiences of parents

with more than five children require serious assistance. Their basic necessities are

almost lacking, and they only rely on, most of the time, with their families and

government aid. Raising their children also carries a lot of demands, the reason why
 33

they opt for various alternatives they think would suffice. Further, the result also

shows how the eldest kids are deprived to play as kids their age does because of the

responsibility to look after their younger siblings. And lastly, raising more than five

children gives consequences such as not having enough time spent with them and

would rather go to work to make ends meet.

Encountered Challenges

This section illustrates other challenges parents encounter while striving to

raise their children.

Table 2. Encountered Challenges

Parents with more than Five Parental Challenges

Children Living in Guadalupe
Cebu, City

Respondent #1 Inadequate Time for Themselves

Parental Burnt-out

Respondent #2 Self-blame

Lack of Parental Fulfillment

Respondent #3 Internal struggles

Table 2 shows that the majority of parents face personal challenges in

addition to struggles with fulfilling their parental responsibilities. One noted that being
 34

a parent of eleven children is emotionally and mentally exhausting. In vernacular

terms;

“Para nako, ang pinakalisod nga bahin sa pagpadako ug daghang anak kay
wala kay panahon nga kapuyon o mo-give up kay naa kay mga anak nga
nagsalig nimo. Wala kay oras mohilak or maghuna-huna pa sa imong
kaugalingon kay tanang atensyon naa sa imong anak” (For me, the hardest
part of raising many children is that you don't have time to get tired or give up
because you have children who depend on you. You don't have time to cry or
think about yourself because all the attention is on your child)."

This implies that most respondents have difficulty making time for themselves,

which leads to emotional breakdown and stress. In one study conducted, it was

proven that parental stress has negative effects on children, which include feelings of

rejection, lowered self-esteem, disruptive aggressive behaviors, and social

withdrawal (“Parental Stress”). One respondent revealed in vernacular terms:

“Naay mga higayon nga magproblema mi labi na sa kwarta, dali ra ko

saputon sa akong mga anak ug sila ako mapagawsan sa kalagot ug ma
shagitan nako sila. (There are times when we have problems, especially with
money, I easily get angry and vent out my frustrations to my children to the
point that I end up yelling at them).”

Moreover, respondents share that it was tough for them to deal with regret,

guilt, and the burden of being unable to meet their children's needs. The

respondents uttered:

“I feel guilty because I know my children deserve more than this kind of
life, but this is what we can only provide.” - Respondent 1

"If I had known that having children would be this difficult, I would have
started with family planning earlier.” - Respondent 2

“There are days when I feel overwhelmed by guilt, especially when I see
my children struggling, and I cannot do anything, it is too much as a mother.” -
Respondent 3
 35

The responses illustrate that the parents deal with personal struggles while

carrying out their parental duties such as coping with guilt and regret for their

shortcomings as parents. This indicates that the respondents acknowledge the

hardships of raising many children as the consequences of their actions, thus

resulting in mental and emotional distress on their part. One respondent uttered:

“Basi sa sweldo sa akong bana, usa ra jud unta ka anak ang among
kaya mapadako, pero unsaon nahinaykan. Mas maayo unta nga usa ra kay di
mi maglisod sama karon.”

This shows that the respondents admitted that family size affects the quality of

life and living of a family.

Household Problem Management

This section summarizes the different approaches of parents in overcoming

the challenges of raising their children and other circumstances encountered.

Table 3. Household Problem Management

Parents with more than Five How parents overcome the challenges of raising
Children Living in Guadalupe
Cebu, City their children

Respondent #1 Strong Faith

Hard work

Constant Communication

Respondent #2 Constant Communication

 36

Active monitoring

Hard Work

Respondent #3 Faith in God

Optimism

Constant Communication

Hard Work

Based on table 3, parents showed active monitoring despite many setbacks in

raising their children. The result implies that maintaining a stable communication and

connection between parents and children is one way to manage household problems

and other challenges. One of the respondents stated that:

“Ensuring that my kids are in good disposition will always be my top priority.
Constant monitoring is essential considering our family size [I have a total of
eleven children]. Me and my husband always find ways to monitor our children
and to always check on them.”

Based on the gathered data, this could be linked to one of the study’s theories

which is the Family Communication Patterns Theory of Koerner and Fitzpatrick.

Majority of the parents established good and stable communication with their

children, ensuring that their overall well-being is highly monitored.

 37

In addition, the respondents also admitted that by overcoming the adversities

is through having a strong sense of faith. Parents also give their children the freedom

to express themselves to create a safe space for them. The parents expressed:

“As a parent, I admit I struggle raising my children, but somehow I managed

these challenges by having a strong faith in our Creator” -Respondent 1

“Regardless of the difficulties we experience, I never fail to remind my kids to

have faith in God. I also take an active role in assisting them, and I let them
practice the freedom to exprs and voice out their feelings [para makahibaw ko
asa ko nagkuwang.]” -Respondent 2

The above responses give a conclusion that parents experience struggles that

could be out of their control, so they would depend on everything through having

faith. Nevertheless, the parents never fail to assist their children by nourishing stable

relationships and maintaining good rapport within the family.

Overall Discussion

Evidence indicates that socioeconomic status affects family stability, including

parenting practices and developmental outcomes for children (“Children, Youth,

Families, and Socioeconomic Status”). This has been proven true based on the data

provided showing that low-income parents with a large number of children are less

likely to be able to provide their children with the resources and opportunities

necessary to reach their full intellectual potential and nurture their physical,

emotional, social, and behavioral development and growth. This results in a lack of

sense of fulfillment on the part of the parents, which causes stress and anxiety

(Abramson, 2021). Moreover, hard work, proper communication, and mental

conditioning have become the response of parents to these challenges, drawing

fortitude from a positive outlook and their faith to continue with their daily lives.
 38

Lastly, based on the analysis, corporal punishment has been the main parenting

approach of the respondents to discipline their children.

Proposed Courses of Action

This section states the appropriate suggested courses of action for parents

with more than five offspring.

Strengthen the Support System. To aid the burden and struggle of big and

low-income families in raising their children, a special program can be created by

government agencies to strengthen the family support system by providing access to

affordable housing, nutritious food, extend free health care services, education

assistance, as well as training programs that allow the family breadwinner to work in

a stable job that pays in the above or minimum wage. By establishing this course of

action, parents of multiple children will be able to provide children's basic needs

without compromising their health, time with their children, and other related factors.

This program does not mean giving parents access to solely rely on social support,

but it can be a tool to help the family gradually recover from poverty and save until

they no longer need to rely on government assistance.

Responsible Parenthood Campaign. In this program, local government

organizations will hold barangay seminars to inform parents about their parental

responsibility and its impact on the overall growth and development of their children.

This will also talk about proper budgeting in finances and effective parenting styles

among many others. An open forum will also be added in the last part of the

program, where parents are allowed to ask questions and seek advice from experts

on the challenges they are dealing with as parents. Through this campaign, parents
 39

will be guided in their journey of parenthood which will also positively benefit their

children.

Chapter 5

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of research findings, draws conclusions

based on the findings and makes recommendations for future actions or

improvements.

Findings

The following findings were gathered from the data acquired from the open-

ended questionnaire and content analysis:

1. The respondents depend on assistance from their relatives, neighbors, and

governmental agencies to compensate for their inability to provide for their

children's basic necessities due to limited income.

2. Majority of the respondents commit themselves to several jobs in order to

meet their daily demands, which leaves them with less time to watch over

their children. As a result, their eldest child assumes the burden.

3. The respondents utilized corporal punishment as the main parenting style to

discipline their children.

 40

4. Based on the analysis, respondents respond to shortcomings by choosing an

alternative economical option as their strategy for budgeting their insufficient

income that sometimes risks the overall health and well-being and safety of

their children.

5. All of the respondents are dealing with internal challenges while fulfilling their

parental responsibility, such as regret and guilt of not being able to provide for

their children, which affects their mental and emotional well-being.

6. The majority of respondents acknowledged that raising more than five kids

may be extremely challenging and admitted that family size affects the quality

of life of a family.

7. All of the respondents overcome parental challenges through hard work,

proper communication, and mental conditioning towards a positive outlook

and faith in God in order to be able to continue their everyday life.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that parents with more than five

children experienced hardships and challenges in raising their children.

Recommendations

Based on the finding and conclusions, the following recommendations are:

1. The government agency should implement a program that provides an

increase in flexible employment opportunities for big and low-income

families.
 41

2. Parenting support and education must be provided through a series of

training and workshops to inform and guide parents about parental

responsibility and proper parenting.

3. Financial education and budgeting assistance programs must be

offered to empower parents to make informed decisions regarding their

finances.

4. Local governments must conduct evaluations and counseling with

parents to assist them in dealing with emotional and mental distress.

5. There should be a program that aims to expand knowledge about

family planning to prevent cases of unplanned pregnancies.

Further Recommendations

Based on the findings, and conclusion, the following titles are proposed

for future researchers:

1. An In-depth Analysis: Exploring Socioeconomic Factors Affecting the Well-

being of Large Families

2. A Comparative Study: Investigating the Effectiveness of Government Support

Programs for Families with Multiple Children

3. Identifying Protective Factors and Coping Mechanisms: Examining the

Psychological Well-being of Parents in Immense Households

4. A Phenomenological Study of Unwavering Poverty Affecting the Lives of

Families with Numerous Offspring

5. Case Study on the Comparison Between Family Sizes

 42

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Feb. 2023.

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 54

APPENDICES
 55

Appendix A
 56

Appendix B

Consent Form

Study Title: Parental Responsibilities: A Case Study of the Lived Experiences

of Parents with More Than Five Offspring

Greetings! We are first-year Communication students, majoring in Broadcast

Journalism from Cebu Normal University. We sincerely request for your participation in
an interview in this study’s data-gathering process as part of our requirement in
Development Communication. Consequently, your responses will serve as the
foundation for an analysis of the lived experiences of parents with more than five
offspring. You are requested to take part in this study because you meet the
requirements and criteria for the study’s desired respondent. Your participation in this
study is entirely voluntary.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To determine the lived experiences of parents and recognize the different adversities
of raising more than five offspring.

CONFIDENTIALITY

All information gathered throughout the interview will be maintained with the highest
confidentiality and will only be made public with your consent as implemented by the
Republic Act No. 10173 or the Data Privacy Act.

CONSENT

1. I confirm that I have read and understood the information sheet dated for the above
study and have had the opportunity to ask questions. 
2. I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and that I am free to
withdraw at any time, without giving any reason, without my medical care or legal rights
being affected. 
3. I understand that the Sponsor of the research study, others working on the Sponsor’s
for the above study and have had the opportunity to ask questions. 
4. I understand that the Sponsor of the research study, others working on the Sponsor’s
behalf, CNU-ERC and the regulatory authorities will not need my permission to look at
my health records both in respect of the current study and any further research that may be
conducted in relation to it, even if I withdraw from the trial. I agree with this access. 
 57

5. However, I understand that my identity will not be revealed in any information

released to third parties or published. 7. I agree not to restrict the use of any data or
results that arise from this study provided such a use is only for scientific
purpose(s). 
6. I agree to take part in the above study. 

I have read the above information and agreed to participate in this study. I have received a
copy of this form. 

Participants Name (print):

Participant’s Signature & date:

Address:

Occupation: 

Annual/monthly income of the

subject 

Phone no(s):

Legally Acceptable
Representative name:

Legally Acceptable
Representative signature and
date:

Address:

Phone no(s):

Impartial Witness’ name:

Impartial Witness’ signature & date:

Address:
 58

Phone no(s):

Name of PI or Co-PI/Co-I:

PI or Co-PI/Co-I & date:

Appendix C
 59

Interview Guide

I. INTRODUCTORY

● Introduce self and thank the participant for their time

● Explain to the participant about the study’s context

● Give a summary of the interview

● Ensure confidentiality to the participant and their choice to refuse to

answer if the question makes them uncomfortable

● Ask permission to record the interview

II. INTERVIEW PROPER

CENTRAL QUESTION SUB-QUESTIONS

1. What is the nature of your work?

1. What are your experiences in
2. How does your work help you in
terms of providing your children the providing the needs of your
children?
basic necessities?

1. What kind of parenting style do you

2. What are your experiences in often apply to your children?
2. How does your parenting style
terms of raising your children? accommodate all of your children
fairly?
3. What are the negative and positive
effects of your parenting style in
terms of raising your children?

1. What are the ways you provide

3. What are your experiences in terms physical, social, and mental health
to your children?
of providing the overall health and 2. How do you secure and monitor
their overall health and well-being?
 60

well-being of your children?

1. What kind of influence do you think

4. What are the challenges parents your parenting style had on your
children?
have encountered in raising their 2. How does the size of your family
affect the way you raise your
children? children?
3. How did you manage and cope
with the challenges you have
encountered in raising your
children?

III. CLOSING THE INTERVIEW

Thank the participants for their time and participation.

 61

CURRICULUM

VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Shanika Stacy Mara Mara

Address: Paseo John, Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines

 62

Contact No: 09667955481

Email: marashanshan@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Tertiary: S.Y 2022 - Present

Undergraduate, Cebu Normal University

Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City

Secondary:

(SHS) 2021-2022

University of Cebu-Banilad Campus

Gov. Cuenco Ave., Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

(JHS) 2019-2020

Talamban National High School Junior High School

Talamban, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

Primary: 2015-2016

Banilad Elementary School

Banilad, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

EXPERIENCE:
 63

● Council of Liberal Arts and Sciences Graphic Artist

Cebu Normal University (2022-2023)

● ACC Assistant

Pick Up Coffee Ayala Branch (2023)

ACHIEVEMENTS:

● With Honors (JHS)

Talamban National High School (2018-2022)

● Sepak Takraw Bronze Medalist

Cebu City Olympics (2019)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Gracel Mae C. Obas

Address: Blk. 3 Lot 12 Zone 3 Canduman, Mandaue City

 64

Contact No: 09560654132

Email: [Link]@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Tertiary: S.Y 2022 - Present

Undergraduate, Cebu Normal University

Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City

Secondary:

(SHS) 2021-2022

Canduman National High School

Canduman, Mandaue City

(JHS) 2019-2020

Pagsabungan National High School

Pagsabungan, Mandaue City

Primary: 2015-2016

Basak Elementary School

Basak, Mandaue City

EXPERIENCE:

● Pop-Dev Debate Contestant

 65

Mandaue City Central School (2019)

● School Event Host

Pagsabungan National High School (2019)

● English Club President for two years

Pagsabungan National High School (2018-2020)

● Assistant Editor-in-Chief in Campus Journalism and Sports

Writer

Pagsabungan National High School (2019-2020)

● Math Challenge Taker

Metrobank-MTAP-DepEd (2016-2020)

ACHIEVEMENTS:

● Graduated with Honors in Senior High School

Canduman National High School (2022)

● Representative of Research Congress 2022

Canduman National High School (2022)

● Graduated with High Honors in Junior High School

Pagsabungan National High School (2020)

● Champion in Annual Declamation Contest

Pagsabungan National High School (2017)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Kharel P. Olmoguez

Address: Labrador Malabuyoc Cebu

 66

Contact No: 09617097326

Email: kharelolmoguez@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Tertiary: S.Y 2022 - Present

Undergraduate, Cebu Normal University

Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City

Secondary:

(SHS) 2021-2022

St. Peter Academy of Alegria Incorporated

Poblacion Alegria Cebu

(JHS) 2019-2020

Mahanlud National High School

Mahanlud Malabuyoc Cebu

Primary: 2014-2016

Mahanlud National High School

Mahanlud Malabuyoc Cebu

2010-2014

Labrador Primary School

Labrador Malabuyoc Cebu

 67

EXPERIENCE:

● Malabuyoc Parish Youth Member

San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish, Malabuyoc Cebu (2022)

● SSG President for two years in Junior High School

Mahanlud National High School (2019)

● SSG Federal Officer Chairperson in Grade 9

Mahanlud National High School (2018)

ACHIEVEMENTS:

● Graduated with honors in Senior High School

St. Peter Academy Of Alegria Incorporated (2021-2022)

● Graduated with honors in Junior High School

Mahanlud National High School (2018-2019)

● Miss United Nation School Level Champion

Mahanlud National High School (2019)

● Miss Intramurals 2nd Runner Up

Mahanlud National High School (2019)

● Resolution Making Contest 4th place District Level

Montaneza National High School (2019)

● Sabayang Pagbigkas 2nd place District Level

Montaneza National High School (2018)

 68

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Angel M. Panon

Address: San Vicente, Liloan, Cebu

Contact No: 09958341801

 69

Email: angelpanon9@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Tertiary: S.Y 2022 - Present

Undergraduate, Cebu Normal University

Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City

Secondary:

(SHS) 2021-2022

Divine Life Institute of Cebu, Inc.

Yati, Liloan, Cebu

(JHS) 2019-2020

Arcelo Memorial National High School

San Vicente, Liloan, Cebu

Primary: 2015 - 2016

Simeon Ayuda Elementary School

San Vicente, Liloan, Cebu

EXPERIENCE:

● Photographer in Communicator’s Club

Cebu Normal University (2023- Present)

 70

● 1st Year Representative in CINE-U

Cebu Normal University (2022- Present)

● Purok, Proper 1 Youth Member

San Vicente, Liloan, Cebu (2022- Present)

● Program Speaker: Adolescent’s Predicament: The Influence of

Unrestrained Usage of Delusional Computer Games of

Adolescent’s Growth

Divine Life Institute of Cebu, Inc. (2022)

● Love of God Community Choir

San Roque Parish Church (2021- Present)

● Guild Moderator in Dινιηιtγ

4Games-Touch (2020- Present)

● Glee Club Vice President and Barkada Kontra Droga Grade 10

Representative

Arcelo Memorial National High School (2019-2020)

● Volunteer in repacking of relief goods for Typhoon Yolanda

victims

ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, Mandaue (2013)

● Saint Vincent Parish Choir Member

San Vicente Ferrer Parish Church (2012-2016)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
 71

● Communicators Club (CC) won CINE U's Choice award for

Best In Installation Art: ‘Tap & Trap’

CNU’s Bukang-Liwayway, the Festival of Talents (2023)

● Movie Teasers- Romance Inspired Event 10th Placer

4Games-Touch (2022)

● Graduated With High Honors in Senior High School

Divine Life Institute of Cebu, Inc. (A.Y 2021- 2022)

● Editorial Anniversary Photo 1st Placer, Digital Poster Art 2nd

Placer, Contribution Event 1st Placer, and International

Christmas Special Anniversary 2nd Placer

4Games-Touch (2020)

● School Cheerdance 5th Placer and Graduated With High

Honors in Junior High School

Arcelo Memorial National High School (A.Y 2019- 2020)

● Conduct Awardee and Most Trustworthy Treasurer

Arcelo Memorial National High School (2016-2020)

● Consistent Top Student

Simeon Ayuda Elementary School (2010-2016

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Marjorie Z. Remando

Address: Sua, Argao, Cebu

 72

Contact No: 09218158785

Email: marjorieremando3@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Tertiary: S.Y 2022 - Present

Undergraduate, Cebu Normal University

Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City

Secondary:

(SHS) 2021-2022

Argao National High School

Canbanua, Argao, Cebu

(JHS) 2019-2020

Bulasa National High School

Bulasa, Argao, Cebu

Primary: 2010 - 2016

Sua Elementary School

Sua, Argao, Cebu

EXPERIENCE:
 73

● Supreme Student Government Officer - Year Level

Representative for two consecutive years

Bulasa National High School (2018-2020)

● Four-Day Sembreak Experience: Global Living Youth

Commission, Province of Cebu: Responsible Use of Social

Media

Sec. Cerge M. Remonde Sports and Cultural Center (2017)

● Two-day Skill Based Workshop

Argao Training Center (2016)

● Supreme Pupil Government President

Sua Elementary School (2015-2016)

ACHIEVEMENTS:

● Top 3 Best in Research Paper during Senior High School

Argao National High School (2021-2022)

● One of the Representative in the Research Congress

Argao National High School (2021-2022)

● Graduated With Highest Honors in Senior High School

Argao National High School (2021-2022)

● Graduated With High Honors in Junior High School

Bulasa National High School (A.Y. 2019 - 2020)

● Graduated Class Valedictorian

Sua Elementary School (A.Y. 2015-2016)

 74

● Champion in Read-a-thon District Level Contest

Taloot Central Elementary School (2014)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Jocel L. Tuanson

Address: Kantangkas, Dumanjug, Cebu

Contact No: 09687346572

 75

Email: joceltuanson921@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Tertiary: S.Y 2022 - Present

Undergraduate, Cebu Normal University

Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City

Secondary:

(SHS) 2021-2022

Bitoon National Vocational High School

Bitoon, Dumanjug, Cebu

(JHS) 2017-2020

Hipolito Boquecosa Memorial National High School

Bullogan, Dumanjug, Cebu

Primary: 2015 – 2016

Bullogan Elementary School

Bullogan, Dumanjug, Cebu

 76

EXPERIENCE:

● Voice Over Artist in Schools Dumanjug schools only

Bullogan, Dumanjug, Cebu (2017-2022)

● Host in School Programs

Hipolito Boquecosa Memorial National High School (2017-2020)

ACHIEVEMENTS:

● Balagtasan (English category) School Level 1st Placer

Hipolito Boquecosa Memorial National High School (2017)

● Champion in Interpretatibong Pagbasa Division level Dumanjug

National High School (2019)

● Spelling Contest Division level 1st Placer

Dumanjug National High School (2019)

● Completed JHS With High Honors

● Hipolito Boquecosa Memorial National High School (A.Y 2019-

2020)

● Graduated SHS under the strand HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL

SCIENCES with Honors

 77

Bitoon National Vocational High School (A.Y 2021-2022)