ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE VISHWAVIDYALAYA BILASPUR (C.G.

)
SESSION : (2021-22)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“SMART CAR PARKING SYSTEM

USING ARDUINO UNO”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of

“MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS”

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs. VARSHA SHRIVAS NAYAB UL MALIK
(Signature)
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the Project work entitled “Smart

Car Parking System Using Arduino Uno” is based on my own work carried out

during the course of my study under the supervision of Mrs. Varsha Shrivas.

I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of

the project work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that

the report does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the

award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this University/deemed University

of India or any other country. All helps received and citations used for the

preparation of the thesis have been duly acknowledged.

_______________________
(Signature of the Candidate)
Name of the Candidate: NAYAB UL MALIK
Roll No.:08111
Enrollment No.:2017013339
_________________________
Signature of the Supervisor
([Link] Shrivas)
Head of the physics Dept.

1
 CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the report of the thesis entitled “Smart Car Parking

System Using Arduino Uno” is a record of bonafide work carried out by Nayab

Ul Malik bearing Roll No.:08111 & Enrollment No.:2017013339 under my

guidance and supervision for the award of Degree of Master of Science in the

Physics. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya Bipaspur(C.G.)

To the best of my knowledge and belief the Project

 Embodies the work of the candidate him/herself,

 Has duly been completed,

 Fulfills the requirement of the Ordinance relating to the [Link].

degree of the University and

 Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and

language for being referred to the examiners.

_________________________
Signature of the Supervisor
([Link] Shrivas)
Head of the physics Dept.

Forwarded to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya Bipaspur(C.G.)

2
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The Project entitled “Smart Car Parking System Using Arduino Uno” by
Nayab-Ul-Malik (Roll No.:08111 Enrollment No.:2017013339)has been
examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination and is hereby
recommended for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Physics of
D.L.S. P.G. College, Sarkanda, Bilaspur(C.G.)

________________________ ________________________ _______________________

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the Principal Signature of the External
( [Link] Shrivas ) ( [Link] Chaturvedi ) Name:
Head of the physics Dept. Principal In-charge
D.L.S. P.G. College.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Though the following project is an individual work, I could never have reached the
heights or explored the depths without the help, support, guidance and efforts of a lot of people.
Firstly, I would like to thank my guide [Link] Shrivas for her huge support and advice
during the whole duration of the project, for their guidance in my professional career. Their
enthusiasm and unlimited zeal have been major driving forces throughout my project. Successful
completion of the present work not has been possible without his support, which not only served
as my guide but also encouraged and challenged me throughout my academic program. He
patiently guided me through the project process, never accepting less than my best efforts. I
express my sincere gratitude for the unparalleled guidance and competent advice received. I am
indebted to [Link] Shrivas, Assistant Professor and Head, for providing me an opportunity
and also Physics facilities for completing [Link].
This work would not have been possible without the support of my family. I thank my
parents [Link] Ul Malik and [Link] Malik for their unconditional love, understanding
and tolerance during my long and crazy schedules, without their love and motivation over the
years I would not be at this point today.
Finally, my dissertation work would not have been the same without the academic
challenges and diversions provided by all my student-colleagues in the Department. I extend my
sincere thanks to my colleagues are always willing to help and give best oral and written
comments/suggestions which were extremely perceptive, helpful, and appropriate.

Date:-
Nayab Ul Malik
Place:- Bilaspur [Link]. Physics IV Sem.

4
 Table of Content
Sr. No. Title Page Number

1 Abstract 06

2 Introduction 07

3 Related Work 13

4 Proposed Methodology 22

5 Apparatus 25

6 Hardware Connectivity 40

7 Coding 41

8 Results and Discussion 45

9 Conclusion 47

10 Future Scope 48

11 References 49

5
 ABSTRACT
In the early times the concepts of smart cities have gained great popularity.

The proposed Smart Parking system consists of an on-site deployment of an IoT

module that is used to monitor and signalize the state of availability of single

parking space. This project introduce an IoT based coordinated framework for

efficient and easy way of parking the vehicles by checking the availability of slots.

The proposed Smart Parking Project comprises of an IoT module that is utilized to

screen and signalize the condition of accessibility of single parking spot.

The Ultrasonic Range Detection Sensor is utilized with Arduino to indicate

the empty slot .By measuring the distance using ultrasonic sensor drivers are able

to find the empty slot in parking to park the car and help the driver to find the slot

easily and reduce the searching time. As the parking place is found to be empty it

is detected using ultrasonic sensors which report it further. We achieved this by

programming the sensors and Arduino.

6
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

The Internet of things (IoT) provides an integration of various sensors and

objects that can communicate directly with one another without human

intervention. The “things” in the IoT include physical devices, such as sensor

devices, which monitor and gather all types of data on machines and human social

life [1]. The arrival of the IoT has led to the constant universal connection of

people, objects, sensors, and services. The main objective of the IoT is to provide a

network infrastructure with interoperable communication protocols and software to

allow the connection and incorporation of physical/virtual sensors, personal

computers (PCs), smart devices, automobiles, and items, such as fridge,

dishwasher, microwave oven, food, and medicines, anytime and on any network

[2]. The development of smart phone technology allows countless objects to be a

part of the IoT through different smart phone sensors.

The IoT has drawn attention recently because of the expansion of appliances

connected to the Internet. IoT simply means the interconnection of vast

heterogeneous network frameworks and systems in different patterns of

communication, such as human-to-human, human-to-thing, or thing-to-thing [3].

Moreover, the IoT is a realm where physical items are consistently

integrated to form an information network with the specific end goal of providing

advanced and smart services to users [3]. The connected “things” (for example,

7
sensors or mobile devices) monitor and collect all types of environment data. They

enable the collection of real-time data about properties, individuals, plants, and

animals. In the IoT model, sensor-equipped devices know how to deliver

lightweight data around the physical world, authorizing cloud-based resources to

extract data and make choices from the extracted data by using actuator-equipped

devices [4], which enhance the communication among nodes. With the degree and

size of the IoT components, the IoT applications have been improved using

different methods, techniques, and models derived from device-driven-embedded

frameworks.

Fig:1 Application of IoT

The IoT is required to address the problems related to the IoT application

environments, such as real-time communication, the presence of both sensor and

8
actuator, and the distributed heterogeneous nature of the IoT. Different research

groups have investigated the method of securing a wireless sensor network (WSN),

which is a major component for developing constrained devices in the IoT.

WSNs are ad hoc networks that are considered the major building blocks for

the IoT devices. They are used for gathering data from their surrounding and

delivering them to users and for accessing connected IoT devices remotely. They

comprise an extensive number of small nodes that can detect, compute, and

communicate with other devices [5]. The communication between the Internet and

the sensor nodes should satisfy secrecy, trustworthiness, verification, and non-

revocation. The privacy and security issues in the IoT differ from those in

conventional and other wireless networks in terms of deployment and technology.

1.2 Classification of IoT

The IoT can be classified into three layers [6], namely, application,

perception, and network protocol, as shown in Fig. 2.

1.2.1. Application layer

No universal standard for constructing the IoT application layer currently

exists. The application layer can be structured in several ways based on the service

it offers. The application layer is the uppermost layer and is visible to the end user.

Applications, such as smart grid, smart city, healthcare system, and intelligent

transportation protocols, constitute this layer. An application layer protocol is

distributed over multiple end systems, in which the application in one end system

9
uses a protocol to exchange information packets with an application in another end

system. An application layer typically comprises a middleware, a machine-to-

machine (M2M) communication protocol, cloud computing, and a service support

platform.

Fig:2 Classification of IoT

1.2.2 Perception layer

The perception layer involves the collection of information. This layer is

classified into two sections, namely, the perception node (sensors, controllers, and

so on) and the perception network that interconnects the network layer. Data are

acquired and controlled at the perception node, while control instructions for

sending and controlling data are carried out at the perception network layer.

10
Perception layer technologies include all types of sensors, such as RFID, ZigBee,

sensor nodes, and sensor gateways.

1.2.3 Network layer

The network layer provides network transmission and information security

and delivers pervasive access environment to the perception layer, that is, data

transmission and storage awareness. The network layer includes mobile devices,

cloud computing, and the Internet.

At the point when IoT is increased with sensors and actuators, the innovation

turns into an occurrence of the more broad class of digital physical frameworks,

which likewise incorporates advances. For Example, keen networks, virtual power

plants, brilliant homes, astute transportation and shrewd urban communities.

Among the difficulties that confront in everyday life one of most unavoidable test

is parking the car wherever people go. As our need expands our setting out

increments however because of extreme increment in utilization of vehicles and

increment in populace this project confront the intense assignment of parking car

especially amid busiest hours of the day. Amid pinnacle hours the majority of the

saved parking zone gets full and this leaves the client to scan for their parking

among other parking area which makes more movement and abandons them with

no sign on accessibility of parking spot. To defeat this issue there is certainly a

requirement for composed parking in business condition. To outline such parking

there need to assess reservation of parking space with ideal parking spot which

11
relies upon cost and time. However this project composes the time driven grouping

strategy which takes care of the issue of parking utilizing opening assignment

technique.

The fundamental inspiration of this venture is to diminish the movement

clog that happens in and around the urban zones which is brought on by vehicles

looking for parking. In the daily papers, many articles with respect to the stopping

issue all over India like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and numerous

metropolitan urban areas. Developing populace has made numerous issues;

stopping issue is one of the enormous issues in our everyday life. In a current

study, analysts have found that for one year, car cruising for stopping made what

might as well be called 38 times trips far and wide, consuming 177914.8 liters of

fuel and delivering 730 tons of CO2. To diminish every one of these elements we

go for the savvy stopping framework.

a) To build up a canny, easy to understand robotized car stopping framework

which diminishes the labour and movement blockage.

b) To offer sheltered and secure stopping openings inside constrained

territory.

12
 RELATED WORD
2.1Literature Review

In [7], author found that in today life people don’t depend

on public vehicles. They use their own vehicles to travel. So traffic increases.

When people travel through a city the most difficult problem is to park the vehicle.

It causes not only a waste of time and fuel for drivers looking for parking but it

also leads to additional waste of time and fuel for other drivers as a result of traffic

congestion. At first we use PGI (Parking Guidance Information) for better parking

management. Parking information may be displayed on VMS (Variable Message

Sign) at major roads or streets or it may be disseminated through the internet. In

PGI systems e-parking is an innovative platform which allows drivers to obtain

parking information before or during a trip and reserve a parking spot.

To overcome the limitations of PGI system in [8] uses the concept of mixed

integer linear problem. When people go through a

downtown area, there much rush and traffic. In this case to find the available

location for parking is very difficult. So implementing optimal parking people can

easily park vehicle in the reserved locations. When a person with disability trying

to park a vehicle in a city having heavy traffic, So he faces several problems in

such a situation to search and park the vehicle difficult. The disabled person can

park the vehicle in a specially designed location. The intelligent parking finds the

best available parking, minimizing the cost. The parking and un parking can be

13
done with the help of an android application. User has to install the android

application on his/her smart phone devices, which would have the facility to pre-

book the parking slot.

In [9] author, has worked on IoT based smart parking system. Recent times

the concept of smart cities have gained grate popularity. Thanks to the evolution of

Internet of things the idea of smart city now seems to be achievable. Consistent

efforts are being made in the field of IoT in order to maximize the productivity and

reliability of urban infrastructure. Problems such as,

traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road safety are being addressed

by IoT. In this paper, we present an IoT based cloud integrated smart parking

system. The proposed Smart Parking system consists of an on-site

deployment of an IoT module that is used to monitor and signalize the state of

availability of each single parking space. The concept of Smart Cities has always

been a dream for humanity. Since the past couple of years large advancements

have been made in making smart cities a reality. The growth of Internet of Things

and Cloud technologies have give rise to new possibilities in terms of smart cities.

Smart parking facilities and traffic management systems have always been at

the core of constructing smart cities. In this paper, we address the issue of parking

and present an IoT based Cloud integrated smart parking system. The system that

we propose provides real time information regarding availability of parking slots in

a parking area. Users from remote locations could book a parking slot for them by

14
the use of our mobile application. The efforts made in this paper are indented to

improve the parking facilities of a city and thereby aiming to enhance the

quality of life of its people.

In [10] author has proposed Intelligent Parking Space Detection System

Based on Image Processing. This paper aims to present an intelligent system for

parking space detection based on image processing technique that capture and

process the brown rounded image drawn at parking lot and produce the

information of the empty car parking spaces. It will be display at the display unit

that consists of seven segments in real time. The seven segments display shows the

number of current available parking lots in the parking area. This proposed system,

has been developed in software and hardware platform.

Author in [11] has proposed Carmatic Parking Management System and

Parking Fee Collection Based on Number Plate Recognition. This paper discussed

on carmatic parking system and electronic parking fee collection based on vehicle

number plate recognition. The aim of this research is to develop and implement an

carmatic parking system that will increase convenience and security of the public

parking lot as well as collecting parking fee without

hassles of using magnetic card. The car parking system will able to have less

interaction of humans and use no magnetic card and its devices. In additions to

that, it has parking guidance system that can show and guide user towards a

parking space. The system used image processing of recognizing number plates for

15
operation of parking and billing system. Overall, the systems run with pre-

programmed controller to make minimum human involvement in parking

system and ensure access control in restricted places.

Author in [12] has worked on integrated approach in the design of car park

occupancy information system .In large parking areas such as those at mega

shopping malls or stadiums, drivers always have difficulty to find vacant car park

lots especially during peak periods or when the parking lots are almost full. A

solution to reduce the drivers’ searching time for vacant car-park lots will greatly

save time, reduce cost and improve the traffic flow in the car park areas. In this

paper, a research project which was developed to acquire car-park occupancy

information using integrated approach of image processing algorithms is presented.

Security surveillance cameras which are readily available in most car parks can be

used to acquire the images of the car park. This project is called as Car-Park

Occupancy Information System (COINS), and it was tested using simulation model

and also in real-case scenarios. Many different parking guidance systems have

been developed and designed to shorten the searching time for vacant parking lots.

This is especially crucial for drivers who need to search for available car parks

during peak hours or when the car parks are almost full. Researches on car park

occupancy information generally fall into four categories – counter-based, wired-

based, wireless-based and image-based systems. Results from the tests have been

presented in this paper and shows accurate detection result of the car park

16
occupancy. Feature detection stream is able to compensate the presence of image

noise while edge detection stream is able to compensate weakness caused by low

surrounding illumination.

Author in [13] has worked on a cloud based intelligent car parking services

for smart cities. In this the IOT sub system includes sensor layer, communication

layer and application layer. The primary goal of the intelligent car parking system

is to find, allocate and reserve the best available car parking lot for a user who is

driving a car in a particular area and to provide instructions for reaching this lot.

Sensor layer detecting the car lot occupancy. A car parking lot detection method is

proposed based on carmatic threshold algorithm. An infostation based multi-agent

system facilitating a car parking locator service is proposed. An access control

system for reducing the waiting time proposed. At the application layer, an

information centre provides cloud based service. An IOT management centre

administrates the smart city via an IOT integrated service portal. A number of

business services explore interfaces to the sensor layer. These includes a car

parking locator service, car parking supervision service, car parking information

service, GIS and GPS services, vehicle license patrolling, vehicle tracking service.

At the communication layer various wireless technologies provide connection

between the application and the sensor layer based on the ABC&S(Always Best

Connected and Best Served Communication paradigm. A 3-tier infostation based

network architecture could be integrated in this layer to enable” anytime-

17
anywhere-anyhow communication” among smart cities. Different sensing

technologies could be utilized at the sensor layer such as Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID), laser, infrared, radar, ultrasonic, CCTV, acoustic. RFID

used for embedded parking solutions. CCTV with video image processing for

detecting the status of parking lots. Communication layer includes3G, 4G, ZigBee,

Wifi, wiMax, V2X,WSN, VANET. 3G/4G communication module used for car’s

tracking and tracing. Parking meter is an optimal element needed only for paid car

parks. The architecture consists of a cloud tier, mobile apps tier, OSGI web servers

tier. Cloud tier provides data storage and computing resources for the car parking

service. It stores available car parking lots, car’s location, user’s location, profiles

etc. The recent data is usually stored in Hadoop’s Hbase it support real time

queries. The OSGI web server, it acts as bridge between mobile application tier

and cloud tier. Considering the great number of web applications running in this

tier, it should support the deployment of new or updated application without

stopping or restarting the web server. The OSGi provides an environment to

modularize web applications into bundles. The bundles are registering itself in its

environment. A distributed collecting system collects web server’s log data and

sends them to the cloud. In the mobile application tier, the first version of the car

parking mobile application is developed for android mobile phones. When a user

enters into a city an carmatic request is sent by the application to a OSGi car

parking web server asking for available car parking lots. The server finds the best

18
available car parking lots for this user based on their preferences specified in the

user profile. Driving directions are returned to the user along with a detailed map.

Author in [14] has worked on A Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based

on Internet-of-Things Technologies. This paper provides a unique algorithm which

increases the capability of the current cloud based smart parking system and it also

develops a network architecture based on the Internet of Things technology. This

system helps the users to find a free parking space with minimal cost based on new

performance metrics which is carmatic. This metrics will calculate the user spaces

in each car park. To enhance the parking management, an intelligent parking

system was developed which reduced the purpose of hiring people to

maintain the parking system. In this paper it proposes an effective cloud-based

Smart parking system based on the Internet of Things. The data that includes the

vehicle GPS location and distance between car parks and number of free parking

space in car parks will be sent to the data center. Here the data center is presented

as a cloud server which calculates the costs of a user parking request and this

information is regularly updated and is made available to the vehicles in the

network at any time. In this proposed system, each car park is an IoT network and

it operates independently as a regular car park. This paper implements a system

model with wireless access in an open-source physical computing platform based

on Arduino with RFID technology. It uses smartphone that acts as a user interface

between the cloud and the vehicles to check the feasibility of the proposed system.

19
 Author in [15] has worked on A New Smart Parking” System Based on

Optimal Resource Allocation and Reservations. In this system a new smart parking

system is implemented for cities. This system assigns and reserves a parking space

for a user (driver) based on the users distance from the parking area and parking

cost and also ensures that the overall parking capacity is effectively utilized. Their

approach solves a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) problem at each decision

point in a time-driven sequence. For each MILP there is a solution which gives an

optimal allocation based on user’s current state information and also supports

random events such as new user requests and parking space availability. The

allocation is updated at the next decision point which ensures that there is no

parking slot reservation conflict and that no user is ever assigned a parking slot

with higher than the current cost function value. This mechanism ensures a better

response from the system along with assured reservations.

Author in [16] has worked on A Survey on smart parking. People owning

vehicles face parking problems in most metropolitan area, especially during peak

hours. The difficulty roots from not knowing where the parking spaces are

available at the given time, even if this is known; many vehicles may pursue a

small number of parking spaces which in turn leads to serious traffic

congestion. This paper focuses on different smart parking techniques developed to

overcome said problem using various wireless sensor network and providing real-

time data analysis from the sensors, some papers include system based on resource

20
allocation and reservation of parking lot which have various problems in efficiently

achieving the goals. The given paper would be useful for new researchers for study

of various guided parking and information techniques and algorithms which are

covered in this paper.

Author in [17] has proposed Android Based Smart Car Parking System. The

purpose of this system is to computerize the parking space reservation. Its talk

about undertaking which introduces a miniature model of car parking that can

direct and manage the number of cars that can be parked in given space at any

given time based on availability of parking space after doing the registration by

user using android application on his smart phone. Carmated parking is a strategy

for parking and leaving cars utilizing detecting device i.e., sensors. The entering to

or leaving from parking lot is also commanded by an android based application.

This provides users to book parking spaces online in advance for given location

and then park the vehicle with minimal fees. We have concentrated on some

current systems and it shows that the current systems are not totally carmated and

require a certain level of human interference and communication with the system.

The difference between our system and existing systems is that we intend to make

our system as less human independent by carmating whole parking area.

Author in [18] has proposed A survey paper on smart parking system based

on internet of things a Smart Parking system. It provides an optimal solution for

parking problem in metropolitan cities. Due to rapid increase in vehicle density

21
especially during the peak hours of the day, it is a difficult task for the drivers to

find a parking space to park their vehicles. The aim of the paper is to resolve the

above mentioned issue which provides the Smart Parking system. This system uses

cloud computing and Internet of Things (IOT) technology. A suitable shortest path

algorithm is used to find the minimum distance between the user and each car park

in the system. Thus, the waiting time of the user is minimized .The paper also

introduces the usage of android application using smart phone for the interaction

between the Smart Parking system and the user. RFID technology is used in this

system to avoid the human intervention which minimizes the cost.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Smart Car Parking System Using Arduino UNO Designing, creating and

delivering a main edge stopping innovation is called as Smart stopping. It is a

vehicle stopping framework that helps drivers locate an empty spot. Utilizing the

Ultrasonic sensors in each stopping space, it identifies the nearness or

nonattendance of a vehicle. Brilliant Parking framework is demonstrated as a

correct, strong and cost effective approach to guarantee that street clients know

precisely where empty car parking spots are. As the populace expanded in the

metropolitan urban areas, the utilization of the vehicles has also expanded. It

causes issue for stopping which prompts movement clog, driver disappointment,

and air contamination. When we visit the different open spots like shopping

22
centers, multiplex film lobby and lodgings amid the celebration time or ends of the

week it makes all the more stopping issue. In the current research found that a

driver takes almost 8 minutes to stop his vehicle since he invest more energy in

looking the parking area. This seeking prompts 30 to 40% of activity blockage.

This project perceives how to diminish the stopping issue and to do secured

stopping utilizing the shrewd stopping under Slot Allocation strategy with the

assistance of Arduino UNO. The primary commitment of our proposed

frameworks is to discover status of the stopping territory and give secured

stopping. In the course of recent years, movement experts in numerous urban areas

have built up a model called Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) framework

for good stopping administration. PGI frameworks, tells about the dynamic data of

stopping in the controlled region and aides the clients to the empty stopping

spaces.

Fig: Proposed Architecture

23
Fig:Proposed Architecture

Fig: Proposed Architecture

24
 APPARATUS
4.1Arduino Uno

Arduino/Genuino Uno [19] is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be

used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB

connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything

needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB

cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. "Uno" means

one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.

The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference

versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a

series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.

The Arduino/Genuino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software

(IDE)). Select "Arduino/Genuino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to

the microcontroller on your board).

25
 Fig. Arduino uno

4.1.1 Power

The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or

with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart)

or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug

into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and

Vin pin headers of the POWER connector [19].

The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied

with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the

board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may

overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

26
  Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an

external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or

other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or,

if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

 [Link] pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The

board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V),

the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying

voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your

board. We don't advise it.

 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum

current draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

 IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage

reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured

shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power

source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or

3.3V.

4.1.2 Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It

also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written

with the EEPROM library).

27
4.1.3 Input and Output

See the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328P ports. The

mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,

using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5

volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition

and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A

maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid

permanent damage to the microcontroller.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL

serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the

ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See

the attachInterrupt() function for details.

 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the

analogWrite() function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

28
  LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is

HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication

using the Wire library.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10

bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground

to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the

AREF pin and the analogReference() function. There are a couple of other pins on

the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with

analogReference().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to

add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

4.1.4 Communication

Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The

ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available

on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this

serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on

the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no

29
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The

Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data

to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash

when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to

the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The

Arduino Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see

the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library. second

after opening the connection and before sending this data.

4.2 Sensors and motor

Sensors [20] are everywhere. They’re in our homes and workplaces, our

shopping centers and hospitals. They’re embedded in smart phones and an integral

part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors have been around for a long time. The

first thermostat was introduced in the late 1880s and infrared sensors have been

around since the late 1940s. The IoT and its counterpart, the Industrial Internet of

Things (IIoT), are bringing sensor usage to a new level.

Broadly speaking, sensors are devices that detect and respond to changes in

an environment. Inputs can come from a variety of sources such as light,

temperature, motion and pressure. Sensors output valuable information and if they

are connected to a network, they can share data with other connected devices and

management systems.

30
 Sensors are crucial to the operation of many of today’s businesses. They can

warn you of potential problems before they become big problems, allowing

businesses to perform predictive maintenance and avoid costly downtime. The data

from sensors can also be analyzed for trends allowing business owners to gain

insight into crucial trends and make informed evidence-based decisions.

Sensors come in many shapes and sizes. Some are purpose-built containing

many built-in individual sensors, allowing you to monitor and measure many

sources of data. In Brownfield environments, it’s key for sensors to include digital

and analog inputs so that they can read data from legacy sensors.

There are many types of IoT sensors and an even greater number of

applications and use [Link]. Ultrasonic Sensor, IR Sensor, Temperature Sensor

etc.

Fig: Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object

using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and

31
receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity.

High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo

patterns.

Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above

the range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to

receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use

a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor determines

the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending and

receiving of the ultrasonic pulse.

The working principle of this module is simple. It sends an ultrasonic pulse

out at 40kHz which travels through the air and if there is an obstacle or object, it

will bounce back to the sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of

sound, the distance can be calculated.

Ultrasonic sensors are a great solution for the detection of clear objects. For

liquid level measurement, applications that use infrared sensors, for instance,

struggle with this particular use case because of target translucence.

For presence detection, ultrasonic sensors detect objects regardless of the

color, surface, or material (unless the material is very soft like wool, as it would

absorb sound.) To detect transparent and other items where optical technologies

may fail, ultrasonic sensors are a reliable choice.

32
Components Required:-

1. Two IR sensors
2 .Servo motor
3. Jumper wires and a breadboard
4. 16×2 LCD and an I2C module
5. USB cable for uploading the code

[Link](Infrared) sensors:- An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in

order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the

heat of an object as well as detects the [Link] types of sensors measures

only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR

sensor.

33
2 .Servo motor:- A Servo Motor is a small device that has an output shaft. This

shaft can be positioned to specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded

signal. As long as the coded signal exists on the input line, the servo will maintain

the angular position of the shaft. If the coded signal changes, the angular position

of the shaft changes. In practice, servos are used in radio-controlled airplanes to

position control surfaces like the elevators and rudders. They are also used in

radio-controlled cars, puppets, and of course, robots.

Servos are extremely useful in robotics. The motors are small, have built-in

control circuitry, and are extremely powerful for their size. A standard servo such

as the Futaba S-148 has 42 oz/inches of torque, which is strong for its size. It also

draws power proportional to the mechanical load. A lightly loaded servo,

therefore, does not consume much energy.

The guts of a servo motor is shown in the following picture. You can see the

control circuitry, the motor, a set of gears, and the case. You can also see the 3

wires that connect to the outside world. One is for power (+5volts), ground, and

the white wire is the control wire.

34
3. Jumper wires and a breadboard:- Jumper wires are used for making connections

between items on your breadboard and your Arduino’s header pins. Use them to

wire up all your circuits!

A thin plastic board used to hold electronic components (transistors, resistors,

chips, etc.) that are wired together. Used to develop prototypes of electronic

circuits, breadboards can be reused for future jobs. They can be used to create one-

of-a-kind systems but rarely become commercial products.

4. 16x2 LCD and an I2C module:-

35
The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are

compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there,

and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface.

I2C is short for Inter-IC. And it is a type of BUS. This is designed by Philips

semiconductors. I2C is a synchronous, multi slave, multi master packet switched,

single-ended serial bus. ie. multiple chips can be connect to the same bus.I2C

uses only two bidirectional open collector or open drain lines, Serial Data Line

(SDA) and Serial Clock Line (SCL), pulled up with resistors. Typical voltages

36
used are +5 V or +3.3 V, although systems with other voltages are permitted. For

more about I2C protocol click here.

I2C Serial Interface Adapter

I2C Serial interface Adapter It is also known as I2C Module. It has total of 20

male pins. 16 pins are faced to rear side and 4 pins faced towards front side. The

16 pins for connect to 16x2 LCD and the 2 pins out of 4 pins are SDA and SCL.

SDA is the serial data pin and SCL is the clock pin. The rest 2 pins for power

supply (Vcc and ground).There is a POT on the I2C Module. We can control the

contrast of the LCD display by rotating this POT. And there is a jumber fixed on

the module. When we remove the jumber, the backlight of the LCD display will

go OFF.

Address of I2C LCD

37
Before starting we need to know about addressing of I2C devices. Every device

which can attached to MCU have an address. We need to know this address for

communicate with that particular device.

You can see three solder pads on the I2C module. which is labeled as A0, A1

and A2. This is Address selectors. ie, each solder pads have one upper potion

and a one lower potion. if, there is a connection between upper potion with lower

connection it is called "Connected" otherwise it is called "Not connected". When

A0, A1, A2 are in "Not Connected" condition ( A0 = 0, A1 = 0, A2 = 0) the

address would be 0x27. In default the A0, A1, A2 are in "Not connected"

condition. And some time default address is 0x3F. There is no need to change

the address of the I2C module when we use only one LCD. But when we use

more than one LCD, need to change the address. Because two or more different

device can't communicate with the same address. For more address see the table

given below.

38
Step -1

Skip this Step - 1 & Step -2 if you already know the address of the LCD

In some cases A0, A1, A2 are "Not connected" state, but the address is not 0x27.

We can't communicate with this address. So we need to find the original address

of that device. For that we need to run the Arduino with "I2C Scanner" code.

I2C Scanner Code

I2C Scanner code is used for find the number of I2C devices and address of I2C

devices. First add the header file for include "Wire.h" library. Then in setup part,

begin the "Wire" library by "[Link]()". Then begin the serial monitor as the

baud rate of 9600 by "[Link]()". Next in loop part, define two variables

with the datatype "byte" named "error" and "address". Then define another

variable with the "Integer ( int)" datatype named as "Devices". And set initial

value as 0. Next start a for loop with minimum value of 1 and maximum of 127.

"address" used as loop variable. Next input the address to wire with the function

"[Link]()". The i2c_scanner uses the return value of the

"[Link]()" to see if a device did acknowledge to the address.

This return value store the value to the variable "error". The return value become

0, if a device acknowledge to the address. Otherwise, the return value become 4.

Next use a if. And the condition is "error==0". Then print the particular address

to the serial monitor only if the address<16. Here we print the address in

39
Hexadecimal. The printing instruction is "[Link](address, HEX)". And

count the Device.

5. USB cable for uploading the code:- USB Cable for Arduino UNO/MEGA can

be used to power and program your favorite Arduino board.

HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY
 Connect the Vcc stick to the positive rail on your breadboard.

 Connect the Gnd stick to the negative rail on your breadboard.

 Connect the Trig stick to any advanced stick on the arduino.

 Connect the Echo stick to any computerized stick on the arduino.

40
 Finally, interface the positive rail of the breadboard to 5V stick on the

Arduino and the negative rail of the breadboard to the Gnd stick on the

Arduino.

Fig:Hardware Connectivity

CODING
#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);

41
#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo1;

int IR1 = 2; // IR Sensor 1

int IR2 = 4; // IR Sensor 2

int Slot = 4; //Total number of parking Slots

int flag1 = 0;

int flag2 = 0;

void setup()

[Link]();

[Link]();

pinMode(IR1, INPUT);

pinMode(IR2, INPUT);

[Link](9);

[Link](90);

[Link] (0,0);

[Link](" WELCOME TO ");

delay(3000);

[Link]();

[Link] (0,0);

[Link](" CAR PARKING ");

42
[Link](0,1);

[Link](" SYSTEM");

delay(5000);

[Link]();

[Link] (0,0);

[Link](" CREATED BY:- ");

[Link](0,1);

[Link]("NAYAB UL MALIK");

delay(4000);

[Link]();

void loop(){

if(digitalRead (IR1) == LOW && flag1==0){

if(Slot>0){flag1=1;

if(flag2==0){[Link](0); Slot = Slot-1;}

}else{

[Link] (0,0);

[Link](" SORRY!!! ");

[Link] (0,1);

[Link]("PARKING IS FULL");

delay (3000);

43
[Link]();

if(digitalRead (IR2) == LOW && flag2==0){flag2=1;

if(flag1==0){[Link](0); Slot = Slot+1;}

if(flag1==1 && flag2==1){

delay (1000);

[Link](90);

flag1=0, flag2=0;

[Link] (0,0);

[Link](" CAR PARKING");

[Link] (0,1);

[Link](" Slots Left:");

[Link](Slot);

44
DEMOSTRAION OF PROJECT(Pics)

45
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 It guarantees snappy and computerized parking and simple recovery of

vehicles.

 Up to 4 cars can be effectively and securely parked in the outlined model.

 The surface space required is identical to the parking spot of two cars as it

were.

 Most reasonable for parking in workplaces, shopping centers and

comparable spots.

 Low support levels are required by the framework.

 Sensors utilized have high affectability and are anything but difficult to deal

with.

 Minimal effort framework, giving most extreme computerization.

 It doesn't require observable pathway operation.

 Cordial reorientation of cars for driving in and out.

 Security of vehicle.

46
 CONCLUSION
Our project detects the empty slots and helps the drivers to find parking

space in unfamiliar city. The average waiting time of users for parking their

vehicles is effectively reduced in this system. The optimal solution is provided by

the proposed system, where most of the vehicles find a free parking space

successfully. Our preliminary test results show that the performance of the Arduino

UNO based system can effectively satisfy the needs and requirements of existing

car parking hassles thereby minimizing the time consumed to find vacant parking

lot and real time information rendering. This smart parking system provides better

performance, low cost and efficient large scale parking system. When car enters

the parking area, the driver will park the car in the nearest empty slot when slot is

occupied the LED light glows and when slot is empty LED lights are turned off

carmatically indicating that the parking slot is empty to be occupied. It also

eliminates unnecessary travelling of vehicles across the filled parking slots in a

city.

47
 FUTURE SCOPE
In future works, this framework can be enhanced by including different

applications, For example, internet booking by utilizing GSM. The driver or client

can book their parking area at home or while in transit to the shopping center. This

can diminish the season of the client to seeking the empty parking area. As a

further review, distinctive sensor frameworks can be added to enhance this

framework to distinguish the question and guide the driver or clients speediest. We

will attempt to decrease the mechanical structure and attempt to make it eco-

friendly.

48
 REFERENCES
[1] Z. Yan, P. Zhang, and A. V. Vasilakos, “A survey on trust management for Internet of
Things,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 42. Elsevier BV, pp. 120–134,
Jun. 2014. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2014.01.014.
[2] M. Aazam, M. St-Hilaire, C.-H. Lung, and I. Lambadaris, “PRE-Fog: IoT trace based
probabilistic resource estimation at Fog,” 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer
Communications &amp; Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, Jan. 2016. doi:
10.1109/ccnc.2016.7444724.
[3] A. Botta, W. de Donato, V. Persico, and A. Pescapé, “Integration of Cloud computing and
Internet of Things: A survey,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 56. Elsevier BV,
pp. 684–700, Mar. 2016. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2015.09.021.
[4] E. Borgia, “The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues,”
Computer Communications, vol. 54. Elsevier BV, pp. 1–31, Dec. 2014. doi:
10.1016/[Link].2014.09.008.
[5] Z. Bi, G. Wang, and L. D. Xu, “A visualization platform for internet of things in
manufacturing applications,” Internet Research, vol. 26, no. 2. Emerald, pp. 377–401, Apr.
04, 2016. doi: 10.1108/intr-02-2014-0043.
[6] F. A. Alaba, M. Othman, I. A. T. Hashem, and F. Alotaibi, “Internet of Things security: A
survey,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 88. Elsevier BV, pp. 10–28,
Jun. 2017. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2017.04.002.
[7]S. Nandyal, S. Sultana, and S. Anjum, “Smart Car Parking System using Arduino UNO,”
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 169, no. 1. Foundation of Computer
Science, pp. 13–18, Jul. 17, 2017. doi: 10.5120/ijca2017914425.
[8] Yanfeng Geng and Christos G. Cassandras. “A New Smart Parking System Based on Optimal
Resource Allocation and Reservations”. IEEE Transaction on Intelligent Transportation
Systems , volume 14, pp. 1129 -1139, April 2013.
[9] A. Khanna and R. Anand, “IoT based smart parking system,” 2016 International Conference
on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA). IEEE, Jan. 2016. doi:
10.1109/iota.2016.7562735.
[10] [Link],”Automated car parking system commanded by Android application”, IEEE
Conf.,05-03,Jan 2014

49
[11] Yangeng Geng,Christos G. Cassandras, ”A new ‘smart parking’ system Infrastructure and
implementation “,1278- 1287 Science Direct, Social
and Science behavioural sciences,2012
[12] M. Ataur Rehman, [Link], A. Farhana and N. Farhana, ”Automatic parking
management and parking fee collection based on number
plate recognition”, International journal of Machine learning and Computing.
[13] Norazwinawati Basharuddin, R. Yusnita, Fariza Norbaya, ”intelligent parking space
detection system based on image processing”,
International Journal Of Innovation, Management and Technology, 2012
[14] M. A. R. Sarkar, A. A. Rokoni, M. O. Reza, M. F. Ismail, “Smart parking system with image
processing facility” , I. J. Intelligent System and
Application, 2012.
[15] Thanh Nam Pham, Ming-Fong Tsai, Duc Bing Nguyen, Chyi-Ren Dow and Der-Jiunn
Deng. “A Cloud- Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things Technologies”.
IEEE Access, volume 3, pp. 1581 – 1591, september 2015.
[16] Cui Shiyao, Wu Ming, Liu Chen, Rong Na . “The Research and Implement of the Intelligent
Parking Reservation Management System Based on ZigBee Technology”. Measuring
Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA) , pp. 741-744, January 2014.
[17] [Link] a, Baron Sam , [Link] , Britto. "Cloud Based Intelligent Transport
System". Procedia Computer Science, volume 50, pp. 58-63, 2015.
[18] Z. Ji, I. Ganchev, M. O'Droma, and X. Zhang, ``A cloud-based intelligent car parking
services for smart cities,'' in Proc. 31st URSI General Assembly Sci. Symp. (URSI GASS),
Aug. 2014.
[19] [Link] [Access Online : March 2022].
[20] [Link] [Access Online : March 2022].

50