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Chapter 2: Fluid Properties

Sangyoung Son
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering
Korea University
 Motivations

■ This chapter introduces ideas for idealizing real-

world problems, introduces fluid properties, and
presents the viscosity equation.

This photo shows engineers

observing a flume. A flume is an
artificial channel for conveying
water.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Learning Objectives
■ Define system, boundary, surroundings, state, process, and property.
■ Define density, specific gravity, and specific weight. Relate these
properties using calculations.
■ Explain the meaning of a constant density flow and discuss the
relevant issues.
■ Look up fluid properties.
■ Define viscosity, shear stress, shear force, velocity gradient, velocity
profile, the no-slip condition, and kinematic viscosity.

■ Apply the shear stress equation to problem solving.

■ Describe a Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid.
■ Describe surface tension; solve relevant problems.
■ Describe vapor pressure; look up data for water.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Introduction
■ Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
Familiar: pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
Less familiar: viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion
coefficient, vapor pressure, surface tension.

■ Intensive property(세기성질) is any property that is independent of the

amount of matter present. Examples: temperature, pressure, and
density.

■ Extensive property(크기성질) is any property that depends on the

amount of matter present. Examples: Total mass, total volume, and
total momentum.

■ Extensive properties per unit mass or volume are called specific

properties. Examples include specific volume v = V/m and specific total
energy e=E/m.

■ Intensive & extensive properties will be used in Chap. 5

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Fluid Properties
■ A fluid has certain characteristics by which its physical condition
may be described. These characteristics are called properties of
the fluid.

■ Mass Density (ρ, 밀도) : ρ is defined as the ratio of mass to volume

at a point, given by

■ Mass density has units of kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3).

■ Prob.) The mass density of water at 4°C is 1000 kg/m3 and it decreases slightly with
increasing temperature, as shown in Table A.5. The mass density of air at 20°C and
standard atmospheric pressure is 1.2 kg/m3

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Specific weight, gravity and volume
■ Specific weight (γ, 비중량) : The gravitational force per unit volume
of fluid, or simply the weight per unit volume.

■ Prob.) Water at 20°C has a specific weight of 9790 N/m3. In contrast, the specific
weight of air at 20°C and standard atmospheric pressure is 11.8 N/m3.

■ Specific gravity (S, 비중, relative density) The ratio of the specific
weight of a given fluid to the specific weight of water at the standard
reference temperature 4°C. It’s a dimensionless quantity

■ Prob. ) The specific weight of water at atmospheric pressure is 9790 N/m3. The
specific gravity of mercury at 20°C is

■ Specific volume (v, 비체적) is defined as v = V/m= 1/ρ .

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Viscosity (점성)
■ The property of viscosity is important to
engineering practice because it leads to
significant energy loss when moving
fluids contact a solid boundary, or when
different zones of fluid are flowing at
different velocities.

■ Viscosity, μ(mu): a measure of a fluid’s

internal resistance to deformation under
shear stress. Simply, it represents a
“sticky” property of fluids.

■ For example, crude oil has a higher

resistance to shear than does water.
Crude oil will pour more slowly than
Water Crude oil water from an identical beaker held at the
same angle. This relative slowness of the
(i.e., μwater < μoil) oil implies a low “speed” or rate of strain.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Viscosity

■ Viscosity leads to forces that are

analogous to frictional forces (i.e.,
drag force, 항력).
■ When fluid flows past a flat plate
as shown above, the flowing fluid
causes a drag force that is called
the shear force.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Viscosity effects on the fluid motion
(velocity profile)

■ Viscous effects cause the velocity of the flowing fluid to

vary with distance y. (see above figure)
No-slip occurs between the fluid and the boundary, which is referred to
as no-slip condition(see next slide), and develops velocity distribution
next to the boundary.
Shear stress occurs when two adjacent fluid particles with viscosity
moves in parallel with different velocities.
(velocity gradient ~ shear stress)

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 No-slip condition
■ No-slip condition: A fluid in
direct contact with a solid
“sticks” to the surface due to
viscous effects. So no-slip
occurs between the fluid and
the boundary.

■ The fluid property responsible

for the no-slip condition is
viscosity (adherence at the
contact between plate surface
and the fluid particles)

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Boundary Layer

[Link]

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Viscosity

■ Viscosity causes a fluid

particles to continuously
change shape or deform.

■ Suppose that the movement of

a certain fluid particle is
restricted to the surrounding
particles due to the
adherence(viscosity).

■ How can we relate the

deformation rate (strain,
velocity profile) to the stress?

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Viscosity
■ To obtain a relation for viscosity,
consider a fluid layer between two
very large parallel plates separated by
a distance ℓ

■ Definition of shear stress is τ = F/A.

■ Using the no-slip condition,

u(0) = 0 and u(ℓ) = V, the velocity
profile and gradient are u(y)= Vy/ℓ and
du/dy=V/ℓ

■ Shear stress for Newtonian fluid:

τ = µ du/dy

■ µ is the dynamic viscosity and has

units of kg/m·s, Pa·s, N·s/m2 or poise.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Viscosity
■ So, Newtonian fluid means the fluid having the linear relationship
between shear stress and deformation rate, mathematically it can be
expressed as,
du
τ =µ
du
dy
dy
Ideal Fluid
(incompressible, Newtonian
irrotational, inviscid)
Rate of deformation

1
Ideal plastic
µ

Shear stress τ

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Fluid Viscosity

■ Examples of highly viscous fluids

tar, honey, oil, lava
______________________
■ Fundamental mechanisms
Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
● Viscosity __________
increases as temperature increases.
● Viscosity __________
increases as pressure increases.
Liquids – cohesion(adherence) and momentum
transfer
● Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
● Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible)

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Role of Viscosity

■ Statics (no motion of fluid)

Fluids at rest have no relative motion between layers of fluid and
thus du/dy = 0
zero and is independent of the
Therefore, the shear stress is _____
fluid viscosity
■ Flows
Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid is moving

[Link]

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Role of Viscosity

■ Non-viscous(inviscid) vs. viscous fluids

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Viscosity

■ Kinematic Viscosity, ν (nu)

■ Many equations of fluid mechanics include the ratio μ/ρ.
Because it occurs so frequently, this ratio has been given
the special name kinematic viscosity.
■ The symbol used to identify kinematic viscosity is ν (nu).
Units of kinematic viscosity ν are m2/s, as shown.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Surface Tension
Not symmetric ■ Liquid droplets behave like small spherical
balloons filled with liquid, and the surface of
the liquid acts like a stretched elastic
membrane under tension.

■ The pulling force that causes this is

due to the attractive forces between molecules
called surface tension σs.
Symmetric
■ Attractive force on surface molecule is not
symmetric.

■ Attractive forces from interior molecules

causes the liquid to minimize its surface area
and attain a spherical shape.

Water striders stay

atop the liquid

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Capillary Effect
■ Capillary effect is the rise or fall
of a liquid in a small-diameter
tube above a static water level at
atmospheric pressure.

■ The curved free surface in the

tube is call the meniscus.

■ Water meniscus curves up

because water is a wetting fluid.

Surface tension ■ Mercury meniscus curves down

force produces a
net upward force
because mercury is a non-
wetting fluid.

■ Force balance can describe

magnitude of capillary rise.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Example
■ To what height above the reservoir level will water (at 20°C) rise in a
glass tube, such as that shown in the figure, if the inside diameter of
the tube is 1.6 mm?
■ Properties : Water (20 °C), Table A.5, σ = 0.073 N/m; γ = 9790 N/m3.
■ Solution :
Force balance: Weight of water (down) is balanced by surface tension force (up).

Because θ~0, hence cos θ =1. Therefore:

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Example (Capillary Effect )

■ Q) A 0.6-mm-diameter
glass tube is inserted into
water at 20°C in a cup.
Determine the capillary
rise of water in the tube.

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Example (Capillary Effect )

■ Ans) See Equation 2.25 in the

Textbook.

4σ s cos ϕ 4σ s cos ϕ
h =
γd ρ gd
4(0.073 N/m)( cos 0°)  1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 
=  
(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.6 ×10−3 m)  1 N 
= 0.05 m

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
■ Vapor Pressure (Pv ) : The pressure at
which a liquid will vaporize, or boil, at a
given temperature.

■ Thus, boiling occurs whenever the local

pressure equals the vapor pressure. (P
< Pv ) and creates locally cavities of
vapor.

■ Vapor cavities collapse when local P

rises above Pv.

■ Collapse of cavities is a violent process

which can damage machinery.

■ Cavitation is noisy, and can cause

structural vibrations.

[Link]

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties

 ?&!

ACEE 227 : Fluid Mechanics and Lab. Fluid Properties