Dentin
DEN 020 (Oral Histology and Embryology)
College of Dentistry
Southwestern University PHINMA
These slide presentations are solely for
personal use as a study guide. It is not for sale
or for profit.
Development of Dentin
Dentinoenamel Junction
Dentinal Tubules
Dentinal Tubules
Dentinal Tubules
Dentinal Tubules
Dentinal Tubules
Dentinal Tubules
Peritubular and Intertubular Dentin
Dentinal Tubules
Dentinal Tubules
Dentin
Hypersensitivity
Predentin, Primary Dentin and Secondary Dentin
Lines of von Ebner
Lines of von Ebner
Lines of von Ebner
Interglobular Dentin
Interglobular Dentin
Tome’s Granular Layer
Tome’s Granular Layer
Dead Tracts
Tertiary Dentin
Neonatal Line
Sclerotic Dentin
Dental Pulp
DEN 020 (Oral Histology and Embryology)
College of Dentistry
Southwestern University PHINMA
These slide presentations are solely for
personal use as a study guide. It is not for
sale or for profit.
Dental Pulp
Definition
• Soft connective tissue that supports
dentin. (Nanci, 2013)
• Tissue derived from the dental papilla
responsible for the formation of dentin. It is
contained in the pulp chamber and root
canal/s of the tooth. (Berkovitz, 2009)
Parts of the Pulp
• Coronal
• Radicular
Functions
• Formative – formation of dentin
• Inductive – induce cells to differentiate
into specific cell types
• Nutritive – provide nutrients to cells
• Protective – formation of secondary and
tertiary dentin
• Defensive – morphotic response or
inflammaory response
Development of the dental pulp
Dental papilla
A Review
B
C
D
E
F
pulp
Cells
• Odontoblasts
• Fibroblasts
• Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells / stem
cells
• Macrophages
• RBCs and WBCs
Fibroblasts
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Coronal Pulp
Sufaces of the pulp
Gross section of the pulp
Zones of the Coronal Pulp
Coronal Pulp
Zone of the Radicular Pulp
Blood supply and
lymphatic drainage
Legend:
Subodontoblastic
capillaries (SC)
Terminal arterioles (TA)
Precapillary sphincters
(PC)
Postcapillary venules
(PCV)
Arteriovenous
anastomosis (AVA)
Lymphatic channels (LC)
Nerve supply
• Branches from the maxillary and
mandibular nerves enter the pulp via the
apical foramen
• Myelinated Raschkow plexus (pulp core)
• Unmyelinated Remak’s fibers (Zone of
Weil)
• Subodontoblastic plexuses of nerves
• Intratubular nerve
Age changes
• Fibrosis
• Decrease cell content
• Decrease capacity to heal
• Increase pulp stones
• Decrease in size
Free Pulp Stones
Attached Pulp stones
Pulp Stones
Root Canal Therapy
The End
Dental Enamel
Slides
Southwestern University PHINMA
College of Dentistry
These slide presentations are solely for
personal use as a study guide. It is not for
sale or for profit.
Dental Enamel
Enamel Rods
Hunter Schreger Bands
Gnarled enamel
Enamel Lamella
Enamel Tuft
Enamel Spindle
Neonatal line
Tomes Processes
Primary Enamel Cuticle /
Nasmyth’s Membrane
Dental Cementum
DEN 020 (Oral Histology and Embryology)
College of Dentistry
Southwestern University PHINMA
These slide presentations are solely for
personal use as a study guide. It is not for sale
or for profit.
Development
Of
Cementum
Cementoid (CD)
Sharpey’s Fibers
Acellular Cementum
Acellular Cementum
Acellular Cementum
Acellular Cementum
Acellular Cementum
Cellular Cementum
Cellular Cementum
Cellular Cementum
Cellular Cementum
Cementocytes
A – Lines of Salter
B – Cell processes
C – Cell body
Cementocytes
A – Dentin
B – Epithelial Rests of Malassez
C – Cementoblasts
D – Cellular Cementum
E – Lines of Salter
F – Periodontal Ligaments
Lines of Salter
Cellular and Acellular
Radicular Cementum
Variations in the
Cementum and
Enamel Relationships
Cementum overlaps
the enamel (60%)
Cementum and
enamel meet at a
Point (30%)
Cementum and
enamel do not
meet (10%)
Periodontal Ligaments, Oral
Mucosa, Alveolar Bone, Salivary
Glands, Paranasal Sinuses and
TMJ Slides
College of Dentistry
Southwestern University PHINMA
Urgello Street, Cebu City
These slides are solely for lecture discussion
use and as a study guide only. It is not
intended for sale or profit.
Periodontal Ligaments
Identify
Functions
• Provides attachment of the teeth to bone
• Maintains gingiva in poper relationship to
the teeth
• Transmit occlusal forces
• Serves as periosteum
• Contains cells – form/resorb
• Provides nutrition
• Proprioception (location and amount of
pressure)
Development of the Periodontal Ligaments
Histologic Features
• Cells
• Fibers (collagen and elastic)
• Principal fiber groups
Cells in the Periodontal Ligament Space
Interstitial space, Cells and Sharpey’s fibers
SF
Fibroblasts
Collagen fibers
Oxytalan fibers
Alveolodental Ligaments
Alveolar Crest fibers
• O = alveolar crest of the alveolar bone
• I = cervical cementum
• F = Resist tilting
Resist intrusive, extrusive and
rotational forces
•Alveolar crest
Horizontal fibers
• O = alveolar bone proper
• I = cementum
• F = Resist tilting forces
Resist rotational forces
•Horizontal
Oblique fibers
• O = alveolar bone proper
• I = cementum
• F = Resist intrusive forces
Resist rotational forces
•Oblique
Apical fibers
• O = apical region of cementum
• I = surrounding alveolar bone proper
• F = Resist extrusive forces
Resist rotational forces
•Apical
Interradicular fibers
• O = cementum of one root
• I = cementum of the other root superficial
over the interradicular septum
• F = Resist intrusive, extrusive and tilting
forces
Resist rotational forces
•Interradicular
Interdental / Transseptal
ligament fibers
• O = cervical cementum
• I = mesially or interdentally into the cervicl
cementum of adjacent tooth over the
alveolar crest
• F = Resist rotational forces to hold the
teeth in interproximal contact
•Interdental or
Transseptal
Gingival Fiber Group
Circular fibers
• O = lamina propria
of the marginal
gingiva to encircle
the tooth
• I = lamina propria of
the marginal gingiva
• F = maintain
gingival strength
Dentogingival fibers
• O = lamina propria
of th marginal
gingiva
• I = cementum
apical to the
epithelial
attachment
• F = maintain
gingival integrity
Alveologingival fibers
• O = alveolar crest
of the alveolar bone
proper
• I = lamina propria
of the marginal
gingiva
• F = attach the
gingiva to the
alveolar bone
Dentoperiosteal fibers
• O = cementum
near the
cementoenamel
junction
• I = alveolar crest
• F = anchor the
tooth to the bone
and protect the
deeper periodontal
ligament
The End
The Oral Mucosa
Review
Periodontal ligament
• Oral cavity is lined by a moist mucous
membrane
• Continuous with the skin at the vermilion
border of the lips
• Epithelium overlines a vascular fibrous
connective tissue – lamina propria but in
some places is absent
• In other places a loose fatty connective
tissue – submucosa is present
• Submucosa may contain minor salivary
glands
Oral epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Composed of different layers with varying
cell types and shapes
• With or without keratinization
Cell types in the oral epithelium
• Epithelial cells / keratinocytes
• Langerhans cells – intraepithelial antigen
• presenting cells
• Merkel cells – sensory receptor cells
• Melanocytes – melanin production
• Lymphocytes
Immunoperoxidase stained Langerhans cells
Melanin
Oral Melanosis
A. Unexposed skin
B. Exposed skin
C. Sunblock protected skin
Oral Mucosa
• Lining, masticatory, specialized types
• With regional differences as dictated by the
different functional stresses it experiences
• Pathologist must appreciate these regional
differences
Lining mucosa
• Largest proportion of the oral mucosa
• Covers the cheeks, lips, floor of the mouth,
ventral surface of the tongue, vestibules and
soft palate – non-keratinized
• Must be distensible – poorly formed rete
pegs, loose lamina propria and thick
fibrofatty submucosa
• Epithelial thickness varies with location and
amount of masticatory stresses applied
during function
Lining Mucosa
Stratum superficiale
Stratum intermedium
Stratum basale
BE = Buccal epithelium
LP = Lamina propria
SG = Salivary glands
MS = Muscles
BE = Buccal epithelium
LP = Lamina propria
Masticatory mucosa
• Thick keratinized epithelium overlying a
dense fibrous lamina propria
• Bound directly to the periosteum
• Large surface area to resist forces of
mastication – long and well developed rete
pegs or ridges and connective tissue
papillae
Palatal Mucosa
Connective tissue papillae
Rete pegs or ridges
Palatal Mucosa
Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Prickle cell layer showing desmosomes
Special features of the gingiva
• Integrity of the oral mucosa is maintained
by the close attachment of the epithelium
to the surface of the tooth
• Lamina propria contains collagen bundles
arranged into gingival fibers
• These fibers maintain the attachment of
the mucosa to the alveolar bone and teeth
G
GE
G = gingiva
GE = gingival epithelium
SE
SE = Sulcular epithelium
JE = Junctional epithelium
JE
GE = gingival epithelium
LP = Lamina propria
SE = Sulcular epithelium
JE = Junctional epithelium
ES = Enamel space
D = Dentin
JE = Junctional epithelium
C = Cementum
Parts of the gingiva
Specialized mucosa
• Mucosa of the dorsum of the tongue
• Heavily keratinized and are arranged into
papillae
• Filiform, fungiform, cicumvallate and foliate
• Some of the papillae contain taste buds
and in the trenches serous secretion of
von Ebner glands are observed
Filliform papilla
Fungiform
papilla
Circumvallate
papilla
Taste Bud
Taste buds
Von Ebner’s glands
EP = Epithelium
LP = Lamina propria
MS = Muscles
Ventral surface of the tongue
Alveolar Bone
Generalities
• Mineralized connective tissue
• Highly labile tissue that can be modified
with demand
• 67% inorganic content (calcium
hydroxyapatite)
• 33% organic content (28% type I collagen
and 5% noncollagenous proteins)
General histology
• Compact bone
• Cancellous / spongy bone
• Bone marrow
• Bone cells – osteoblasts, osteocytes and
osteoclasts
Bone development
• Endochondral bone formation
• Intramembranous bone formation
• Sutural bone growth
• Bone remodeling
Functions
• Support the teeth
• Anchor the periodontal ligament
• Dissipate forces of mastication
• Attachments of important soft tissues
PARTS
Alveolar bone proper
Cortical alveolar bone
Spongy/cancellous
bone
Alveolar bone proper
• Cribriform plate
• Bundle bone
• Lamina dura (radiographs)
Legend:
CAB = Cortical bone
ABP = Alveolar bone
proper
TAB = Trabecular alveolar bone
ACB = Alveolar crest bone
BB = Basilar bone
MXS = Maxillary sinus
Cribriform Plate
Lamina Dura
G = Gingiva
CAB = Cortical alveolar bone
ABP = Alveolar bone proper
D = Dentin
Alveolar bone proper (ABP), Sharpey’s Fibers, Bundle bone
and Periodontal Ligaments (PDL)
Osteoblasts (OB) and Osteocytes (OCT)
Bone marrow
Alveolar bone proper (ABP) + Sharpey’s fibers (SF) =
Bundle Bone
Cementing Line
• Line in bone that separates adjacent
lamella from each other
• Seen in compact bone
Cementing Line
Resting Line
• Line in bone that denotes inactivity.
• It separates the new layer of bone from old
bone.
Resting Line (RES) and Osteoclast (OCL)
Reversal Line
• A demarcation line in bone between new
layers of bone laid down on resorptive
tunnels and the resorption that takes place
Reversal Lines (REV)
AP AP
Aplastic Line
• A layer of basophilic substance which
appears blue in hematoxyllin and eosin
stain on bone that has been inactive for a
period of time.
Reversal Lines (REV)
AP AP
Salivary Glands
• Exocrine glands
• The glands are enclosed in a capsule of
connective tissue and internally divided
into lobules.
• Blood vessels and nerves enter the glands
at the hilum and gradually branch out into
the lobules.
• The duct system, the lumens are formed
by intercalated ducts, which in turn join to
form striated ducts.
• Striated ducts drain into interlobar ducts or
excretory ducts situated between the lobes
of the gland.
Parotid Glands
• A pair of glands located in the
subcutaneous tissues of the face overlying
the ramus of the mandibule and anterior
and inferior to the external ear.
• The secretion produced by the parotid
glands is serous in nature, and enters the
oral cavity through the Stensen's duct.
• Despite being the largest pair of
glands, only approximately 25% of
saliva is produced by the glands.
Submandibular Glands
• A pair of glands located beneath the floor
of the mouth, superior to the digastric
muscles.
• The secretion produced is a mixture of
both serous and mucous and enters the
oral cavity via Wharton's ducts.
• Approximately 70% of saliva in the oral
cavity is produced by the submandibular
glands, even though they are much
smaller than the parotid glands.
Masson’s trichrome and Alcian yellow
Serous demilunes
Sublingual Gland
• A pair of glands located beneath the floor
of the mouth anterior to the submandibular
glands.
• The secretion produced is mainly mucous
in nature, however it is categorized as a
mixed gland.
• Unlike the other two major glands, the
ductal system of the sublingual glands do
not have striated ducts, and exit from 8-20
excretory ducts.
• Approximately 5% of saliva entering the
oral cavity come from these glands.
Serous demilunes
Myoepithelial Basket Cells
• Minor Salivary Glands
• There are over 600 minor salivary glands
located throughout the oral cavity within
the lamina propria of the oral mucosa.
• They are 1-2mm in diameter and unlike
the other glands, they are not
encapsulated by connective tissue only
surrounded by it.
• The gland is usually a number of acini
connected in a tiny lobule.
• A minor salivary gland may have a
common excretory duct with another
gland, or may have its own excretory duct.
• Their secretion is mainly mucous in nature
(except for Von Ebner's glands) and have
many functions such as coating the oral
cavity with saliva. Problems with dentures
are usually associated with minor salivary
glands.
• Von Ebner's Glands
• Are glands found in the circumvallate
papillae of the tongue.
• They secrete a serous fluid that begin lipid
hydrolysis and are an essential component
of taste.
Circumvallate
papilla
Paranasal Sinuses
• air-filled spaces, communicating with the
nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull
and face.
• the maxillary sinuses- also called the
maxillary antra or the Antrum of Highmore
and the largest of the paranasal sinuses,
are under the eyes, in the maxillary bones.
• the frontal sinuses- superior to the eyes, in
the frontal bone, which forms the hard part
of the forehead.
• the ethmoid sinuses- which are formed
from several discrete air cells within the
ethmoid bone between the nose and the
eyes.
• the sphenoid sinuses- in the sphenoid
bone at the center of the skull base under
the pituitary gland.
Histology
• lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium).
• Mucosa is continuous with nasal cavity
and identical (respiratory type epithelium),
but thinner and with fewer goblet cells and
seromucinous glands
• Normally no lymphoid tissue
Functions:
• Decreasing the relative weight of the front
of the skull, and especially the bones of
the face. The shape of the facial bones is
important, as a point of origin and insertion
for the muscles of facial expression.
• Insulating sensitive structures like dental
roots and eyes from rapid temperature
fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
• Increasing resonance of the voice.
• Providing a buffer against blows to the
face.
• Humidifying and heating of inhaled air
because of slow air turnover in this region.
Temporomandibular Joint
(TMJ)
• Is a joint on each side of the head that
allows for movement of the mandible
during mastication, speech and respiration
• ginglymoarthrodial joint, referring to its
dual compartment structure and function
• It develops in the 11th -12th week of
prenatal development during the growth of
the associated ligaments, muscles and
bone
Histology
• Bones of the joint
temporal bone
mandible
• Joint capsule
• Disc of the joint
Zygomatic Bone
Articular Eminence
TMJ Disk
Articular Eminence
Temporalis insertion
TMJ Disk
Condylar Process Lateral Pterygoid
Articular Eminence
Lateral Pterygoid
Posterior
Band of the
TMJ Disk
Anterior Band of the
Intermediate Band
TMJ Disk
of the TMJ Disk
Do you have any questions?