COLLEGE OF CREATIVE ARTS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA UITM, CAWANGAN KEDAH
The Influence of Foreign
Architecture in Malaysia
Class: KCAAD111 1C
Group: 3
Subject: VCS128 (Introduction to Social and Cultural Studies)
Lecturer: Madam Normaziana binti Hassan
THE MEMBERS OF
GROUP 3
NAME : MUHAMMAD AL AMIN BIN
NAME : ANIS ALEEYA BATRISYA BINTI BADRULHISAM NAME : NUR HIDAYAH BINTI
ZUHAIZAR MATRICS NUMBER : 2022869878 SOBRI
MATRIC NUMBER : 2022451678 MATRICS NUMBER :
2022854004
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction 4
Chinese Architecture 5
Islamic architecture (Indian) 8
Western architecture 13
British Influence 14
Dutch Influence 18
Portuguese Influence 20
Conclusion 21
Reference 22
INTRODUCTION
Trading and colonization affected how Malaysia grows in many aspects such
as culture, architecture, food, and art. From an architectural aspect, Malaysia
gets a lot of influence from Chinese and Islamic (Indian) architecture. They
came for various reasons and one of them is trading. Other than that,
Western Architecture got influenced by Portuguese, Dutch, and British
colonization.
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
One of the most common architectural styles in
Peninsular Malaysia is Chinese architecture, which
draws inspiration from examples of the style in
Mainland China.
History
The alliance between the Chinese imperial court
and the Melaka kingdom was signed in 1409, and it
provided protection for Melaka from Siamese and
Majapahit invasions (Lim, 2001). When Sultan
Mansur Shah wed Chinese prince Hang Liu (also
known as Hang Li Po) in the 1460s, the ties between
Melaka and China were cemented (Levathes, 1994).
As a result, the Melaka kingdom era is commonly
seen as the beginning of the manifestation of
Chinese culture in Peninsula Malaysia.
Image 1: The Front Gate and Minaret of Masjid
Muhammadiah
Masjid Muhammadiah,Ipoh,Perak
History
The mosque, which was completed in 2013 for a total
of 4 million, is located on 0.4 hectares of property that
was once home to the Madrasah Muhammadiah, which
the late Hj. Abdul Latif bin Mohd Kassim and his seven
associates built in 1973.
Since it opened its doors four days before Hari
Raya in August 2013, the Muhammadiah Mosque,
popularly known as the Chinese Muslim Mosque, in
Taman Tasek Jaya has quickly become a popular
tourist destination for non-Muslims, notably Chinese
nationals.
Image 2: The Front View of Masjid
Muhammadiah
the only mosque outside of China that utilise the
distinctive "bumbung panjang" and "bumbung lima"
architecture of old Chinese structures.
2.
1.
1. Instead of the customary
peony bloom, the roof and
minaret are decorated with
hibiscus flowers.
.
Apart from that, its
2. Chinese origin is
symbolised by the dragon
emblem but the mosque
spots the crecent moon.
Image 3: The Top View of Masjid
Muhammadiah
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE (INDIA)
In the domain of building construction, it has been thought
useful to refer to the Indo-Islamic style of architecture that
evolved at this time as a result of the spread of Islam
throughout India. The following chapters describe the various
forms that this kind of architectural art developed in the
various situations that evolved throughout history.
There are several questions that are related to the idea
of what define 'Islamic Architecture'. The most common
opinion tends to be that Islamic architecture has a distinct
architectural vocabulary. The many colossal state and
community mosques that adopt Middle Eastern or Central
Asian architectural costume, as diligently reflected in their
magnificent wonderfulness as the Zahir Mosque in Alor Setar,
Kedah and The Kapitan Keling Mosque in George Town,
Penang.
Zahir Mosque,Alor
Setar,Kedah
His Highness Tunku Mahmud Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ahmad
Tajuddin Mukarram Shah initiated the construction of Zahir
Mosque in 1912. In 1821, the mosque site was historically the
resting place of Kedah's fallen warriors who died while
defending Kedah from Siamese invasions.
The mosque's architectural design was inspired by
Masjid Azizi in Bandar Langkat, Northern Sumatera.
Almahrum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah officially opened
the mosque on Friday, 15 October 1915, with five main Image 4: The Zahir Mosque
domes signifying the five Islamic principles. His Royal Front Entrance
Highness was also the Imam for Friday prayers on that day,
following His Highness Tunku Mahmud's speech reading.
THE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
CHARACTERISTICS MINARET
A tall vertical tower
generally used to project
the Muslim call to prayer
(adhan)
LOTUS DECORATION
Domes in pre-Mughal India have a low
circular shape with a lotus design and a
bulbous finial at the top, which is taken from
Hindu architecture.
ONION DOME
An onion dome is a dome with the shape of
an onion. These domes are frequently
greater in diameter than the implemented to
facilitate on which they sit, and their height
Image 5: The Zahir Mosque
usually exceeds their breadth. These
spherical formations taper to a point
smoothly.
OGEE
Four-Centered Arch
The Kapitan Keling Mosque,
George Town, Penang
The Kapitan Keling mosque was built in late 18th
century by the East Indian Company Troops when
they firstly arrived in Penang.
In 1916, the present mosque replce the old
building and its dome sahped minaret reflects Islamic
architecture with Indian influence.
The Kapitan Keling Mosque is a place of worship
by the Indian Muslim Community that lived and works
nearby for over two hundred years.
Image 6: The Kapitan Keling
Mosque in Penang
THE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
CHARACTERISTICS
LOTUS DECORATION
ONION DOME
DOME WITH COLUMNS
CALIGRAPHY
Image 7: The Front Entrance of The Kapitan
Keling Mosque
MINARET
OGEE
Image 8: The Kapitan Keling Mosque Minaret
WESTERN ARCHITECTURE
The majority of Malaysia's colonial structures were constructed in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth century. The architecture of these structures is Tudor Revival, Gothic Revival,
or Straits Eclectic. The majority of the styling has been adapted to accommodate the usage
of local resources and to adapt to the Malaysian climate, which is hot and humid all year.
Malacca, a traditional trade centre in the region, features a wide range of architectural
styles. Those transported by European colonists like Portuguese, Dutch, British. Penang, like
Malacca, is regarded as one of Malaysia's architectural jewels. Malacca and George Town
each have a distinct architectural and cultural townscape with colonial-style government
buildings, churches, squares, fortifications, and multicultural heritage.
WESTERN ARCHITECTURE
(British)
Jalan Larut KFC Branch, Penang
The 1929 structure was formerly the home of
Leong Long Man, a well-known proprietor of a
rubber plantation who was born in
Guangzhao. The mansion was still owned by
the family up until 1955, when businessman Lim
Fang Heng rented it out and turned it into The
Majestic Hotel.
One of Penang's historic structures, the 103-
year-old building was transformed into a KFC
restaurant in 1987.
After 32 years of operation, the KFC outlet,
one of the oldest in Malaysia, closed its doors
on March 16, 2019.
Image 9: The Front View of Jalan Larut KFC
Branch
Henry Neubronner, an architect,
and Chew Eng Eam, a
draughtsman, created the design.
The Limburg is listed as one of the most
"excellent" architectural creations of
the Straits Settlements in the 20th
century in Lim's book "The Penang
House and The Straits Architect 1887-
Image 10: The Side View of Jalan Larut KFC Branch 1941," which is accessible through the
Penang Heritage Trust.
According to author Jon Sun Hock Lim, the
1916-built "Limburg" home has been
categorised as a "castle mansion" that
resembles the chateaux of the Loire Valley
during the French Renaissance.
Image 11: The Chateaux of The Loire Valley
Ipoh Railway Station
The first railway station in Ipoh was initially
only a straightforward timber building with
an attap roof, which was constructed when
the railway service was first launched in
Ipoh in early 1894.
The previous station was supposed to be
Image 12: The Front View of Ipoh Railway
replaced with the current one in Ipoh. It was Station
created in 1913 by Arthur Benison Hubback,
a British colonial government architect also
known as AB Hubback. The Ipoh Railway
Station & Hotel was actually the last
structure that AB Hubback designed before
leaving for England in 1914; he never again
visited Malaya after the war.
Image 13: Picture Before The Recent Ipoh
Railway Station was Constructed
Characteristic
This magnificent building's architecture,
known as Indo-Saracenic or
occasionally Mughal-eclectic or British
Raj architectural style, is a cross
between Edwardian Baroque of
England and Mughal architecture of
India.
Image 14: The Top View of Ipoh Railway
Station
In its heyday, the British also referred to
the Ipoh Railway Station as the Taj
Mahal of Ipoh, possibly due to various
Mughal architectural features including
domes, arches, and towers with
cupolas.
Image 15: The Side View of Ipoh Railway
Station
WESTERN ARCHITECTURE (Dutch)
Christ
Church
Melaka
Anglican church named Christ Church,
Malacca dates back to the 18th century
and is located in Malacca City, Malaysia. It
is under the control of the Lower Central
Image 16: Christ Church in Malacca City
Archdeaconry of the Anglican Diocese of Front View
West Malaysia and is the oldest
continuously operating Protestant church in
Malaysia.
Image 17: Christ Church in Malacca City
THE DUTCH ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS
GAMBREL ROOF
gambrel two sided roof with a double slope on each side, the
lower slope on each side, th elower slope having a steeper pitch.
The roof is covered with Dutch tiles and the walls were raised
using Dutch bricks built on local latrite blocks then coated with
Chinese plaster.
FLOOR
The floors of the church are paved with granite blocks
originally used as ballast for merchant ships.
Image 18: The Christ Church Malacca
he church is built in Dutch Colonial architecture style and is laid out in a
The material that has been used for the
simple rectangle of 82 feet (25m) by 42 feet (13m). The ceiling rises to 40 Christ Church Malacca is red brick.
feet (12m) and i spanned by wooden beams, each carved from a single tree.
The original Dutch windows were reduced and ornamented after the
british takeover of Malacca and porch and vestry were built only in the
mid-19th century.
WESTERN ARCHITECTURE (Portuguese)
A FAMOSA FORTRESS, MELAKA
A Famosa is the name of the tower built by the
Portuguese after conquering Malacca in 1511. A
well-known section of Malacca City (Fortaleza de
Malaca) that took 5 months to construct. Many
forced labourers died while building the city as a
result of the scorching heat and a shortage of food.
The city was constructed using materials found
in mosque and other building ruins such as Jalan
Gereja, Jalan Mahkamah, and Jalan Istana streets.
Therefore, A Famosa was constructed so robustly,
the Portuguese were able to fend off any attacks.
Image 19: The Surviving Gate of The
Portuguese Fort in Malacca
Image 20: A View of The Gate of The
Fort from The Rear
CONCLUSION
To sum up, there are variety of architecture influences that we can find in
Malaysia. When it comes to architecture, appreciation is the right thing to do.
Therefore, we should appreciate the beauty of it by learning more and
discover new things about architecture. Next, we also learnt the history about
it. Last but not least, we hope to expand the knowledge about architecture
and raise more influences architecture buildings in the future.
YOUTUBE LINK
[Link]
REFERENCE
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mosque in Perak, Malaysia. Proceedings on Architectuure.
2) Armani, S., & Arbi, E. (2014). A Comparative Study on Chinese Architecture in Peninsular
Malaysia and Mainland China. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 14(2).
Brown, P. (2013). Indian architecture (the Islamic period). Read Books Ltd.
3) Petersen, A. (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Psychology Press.
4)Ebrahimi, M., & Yusoff, K. (2018). The impact of cultural diversity on mosques in
Malaysia. Asian Culture and History, 10(2), 45.
5) Mohidin, H. H. B., Ismail, A. S., & Abdullah, A. M. (2012). A study of styles classification and
influences on administration building in Malaysia (15th–21st century). In seminar of
international convention: Bridging between old & new (pp. 1-18).
6) Weebers, R. C., Ahmad, Y., & Ali, Z. M. (2012). Dutch public buildings in Melaka: façade
typology analysis. Penerbit UiTM, 66.