Class XII Relations and Functions Assignment
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Sandeep BrajClass XII Relations and Functions Assignment
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Sandeep BrajCommon questions
Powered by AITo show f(x) = x - 1 for x > 2 is onto, take any n in the codomain N; there's an x = n+1, which maps onto n due to f(n+1) = n. Therefore, every n in N is an image of some x in the domain N. However, it's not one-one because for certain values, different inputs map to the same output, e.g., f(3)=2 and f(4)=3, hence two different inputs can yield the same result, violating the one-one condition .
Demonstrating a relation as an equivalence involves proving reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity through composition functions like fog (composition of f and g) equating identity function anomalies. Instances such as defined transformations on direct substitutions, maintaining index results identical to presupposed domain and codomain transitiveness, yield each function cyclers producing equally identical results from two-way interchange, reflecting symmetrically compositional sequences. An exemplification in functional identities involves algebraic cyclicity proving base-level independence over transformational recursions responding equivalently .
For a relation R defined by (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ a - b is divisible by n, it is reflexive because a - a = 0, divisible by any n. It is symmetric since if a - b = kn for some integer k, then b - a = -kn is also divisible by n. It is transitive because if a - b = k1n and b - c = k2n, then adding these gives a - c = (k1 + k2)n, showing that a, b, and c maintain divisibility conditions, proving transitive properties. Thus, R satisfies reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity, qualifying as an equivalence relation on Z .
For the functions sin(2πx) and cos(2πx) defined over a given range, each function is one-one as the single period induces no repetition and output is consistent per input. However, their sum, f(x) + g(x), such as f(x)=sin(2x) and g(x)=cos(2x), uses distinct cycles resulting in overlapping or repeats outside their original phases due to basic trigonometric identities like sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 not being unique across additional mixed phase cycles, thereby involving repeats and non-injective behavior .
Identity functions, defined such that I(x)=x, maintain the structure of a set since they map each element to itself. For the composition of functions to result in identity functions on sets A and B, the function must reverse its original operation precisely, typical for inverse functions or reciprocal combining—fog(x) and gof(x) equaling identity functions on their respective domains. Specifically, when A = {7/5} and B = {3/5}, using mappings that reverse changes or transformations initiated by the other's operation keeps outputs in perfect correspondence back to inputs, hence serving a reciprocal nature embodying identities. This reinforces that combined operations cancel effects, returning original values .
The relation R given by (a, b) such that |a-b| being a multiple of m is reflexive as any integer subtracted by itself equals zero, divisible by any m, symmetric because swapping a and b doesn't affect the magnitude, and transitive due to summed divisible differences maintaining product exactly divisible. In a set, like including zero, equivalences turnover on multiples themselves and encompass periodic subdivisions through common divisions by the factor m across any sub-components in inclusive ranges like specific integer spans .
To prove a function like f(x) = (x-1)^2 / 3 is one-one, assume f(x1) = f(x2) for any x1, x2 in the domain. This implies ((x1-1)^2/3) = ((x2-1)^2/3) leading to (x1-1)^2 = (x2-1)^2. Because squares are equal if and only if the bases are equal or sums to zero, x1 = x2. To show it's onto, pick any y in R, and solve y = (x-1)^2/3 for some x. Assume y = t²/3 leading to t = ±√3y, so x = 1 ± √3y always maps to some t in R, thus showing onto. By finding the inverse, x = 1 ± √3f(x) indicates every real y has a corresponding x ensuring onto property is met .
To find and verify inverse functions, rearrange the function to solve directly for the independent variable in terms of dependent results. Take f(x) = x² - 3x + 9, solving y = x² - 3x + 9 gives a quadratic equation, where completing the square or using the quadratic formula derive solutions expressing x, thus the inverse. However, due caution with intervals is necessary as quadratic functions are not inherently onto or one-one without constraints. Analyses of domain (monadic, like for quadratics) ensure valid inverses exist and match mappings without extra solutions added .
To determine if a relation is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, we need to check each property individually. For relation R1 on Q0 defined by (a, b) ∈ R1 ⇔ a = 1/b, it is not reflexive because there is no a such that a = 1/a unless a = ±1, which is not in Q0. It is symmetric because if a = 1/b, then b = 1/a. It is transitive because if a = 1/b and b = 1/c, then a = 1/(1/c) = c. For R2 on Z defined by (a, b) ∈ R2 ⇔ |a – b| ≤ 5, it is reflexive because |a – a| = 0 ≤ 5, symmetric because if |a – b| ≤ 5, then |b – a| ≤ 5, and transitive because if |a – b| ≤ 5 and |b – c| ≤ 5, then |a – c| ≤ 10, which suggests a definition issue rather than true transitivity. For R3 on R defined by (a, b) ∈ R3 ⇔ a² – 4ab + 3b² = 0, it exhibits symmetry through its equation but not necessarily reflexivity or transitivity without solving specific cases of a and b .
To argue that the piecewise function, f(x) = x+1 if x is odd, x-1 if x is even, is one-one: for any distinct m and n in N, f(m) ≠ f(n) because they give distinct outputs unless m=n due to changes depending strictly on parity. For onto, any image t in the natural numbers has a pre-image source: from odd t setting x = t-1 and even t setting x = t+1 ensuring for any function definition branch, an x choice generates the target, hence ensuring full codomain account resolving solution satisfaction .