ey ystem Bavipn, Equipments : Compressors, Condensers s2AME-Sem-6) __ ee Refrigeration System ? fr Expansion Devices and Evaporators. r CONCEPT OUTLINE [ frigerating Equipment : Following are the major refrigeration equipments : 1. Compressors, 2. Condensers, 3. Evaporators, and 4. Expansion devices. : ; Questions-Answers ; Long Answer ‘Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Que5.1. | What are the important equipments being used in refrigeration and air conditioning system ? Describe the basic function and significance of each equipment in brief. Important equipments used in i i i iti a 7 ning syst are as follows : nee | i oe : , oo Eeceese : It is an equipment used to compress the oe frigerant from the evaporator and to raise its pressure 50 that 1 corresponding saturation temperature is higher than that of the colin a. Function : It remov. 3 es low te! : : som On cistaga ymperature and low pres: Signifi It rai - ane : It raises the pressure of vapour to conden ii, Condenser : It i i ‘ a refrigeration Saas device used in the high pressur’ e ee im = aint below atmospheric presaure, memset? the Pressure = . : refrigerant died funetion is to remove heat of the hot “* a ischarged from the compressor. gnificance : It converts the vapour into required for™ sure vapou™ pou! 4> and Air Conditioning 5-3 A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration «; Evaporator :[t is an important device used in the low pressure side of i. refrigeration system. The liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve enters into the evaporator where it boils and changes into vapour. Function : Its function is to absorb heat from the surrounding location or medium which is to be cooled by means of a refrigerant. b. Significance : It maintains the required temperature in cabin. ion Device : It is an important device that divides the high pressure side and the low pressure side of a refrigerating system. a. Function : It maintains the desired pressure difference between the high and low pressure sides of the system, so that the liquid refrigerant vaporises at the designed pressure in the evaporator. b. Significance : It controls the flow of refrigerant according to the load on the evaporator. Que 5.2. a iv. Define reciprocating compressor. Also, give its A. Reciprocating Compressor : The compressors in which the vapour refrigerant is compressed by the reciprocating motion of the piston are called reciprocating compressors. B. Types of Reciprocating Compressor : Types of reciprocating compressor are as follows : i Single Acting Vertical Compressor : These compressors usually have their cylinders arranged vertically, radially or ina Vor Wform. ii, Double Acting Horizontal Compressor : They have their cylinders arranged horizontally. Ina double acting reciprocating compressor, the suction and compression takes place on both sides of the piston. iii. Open Type Vertical Reciprocating Compressor : In this type of compressor, by varying speed of the compressor, different capacities can be obtained. It can be operated by any type of prime mover, such as an electrie motor of different voltage and frequency, petrol / diesel, iv. Semi Sealed Reciprocating Compressor : In case of semi sealed compressor the motor and compressor are enclosed in common housing. Normally the cylinder head, end plates and base plate can be removed for servicing the internal mechanism. v. Hermetically Sealed Reciprocating Compressor : When the compressor and motor operate on the same shaft and are enclosed ina common casing, they are known as hermetic sealed compressors Ane What do you understand by rotary compressor ? Explain the types of rotary compressor. fp,54A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipme pment Rotary Compressor : ‘These are positive displacement direct dri: e machines. In rotary compressors, the vapour refrig:rant fom the evaporator he compressed due to the movement of blac 2s. . A ca 2 | Oe oo OG GG Since the clearance in rotary compressors is negligible, therefore they Types of Rotary Compressors : Types of rotary compressors are a5 follows : Reller Type Rotary Compressor : In this type of compressor, the roller is eccentrically mounted on + motor shaft space having spring loaded blades. ‘The whole assembly should be placed in air right housing and dipped !" the compressor oil and now the vapour is compressed to high pressu® by this compressor by the action of the rotor shaft. The lower pressure vapour enters, gets compressed and finally discharged to the condenser. Vane Type Rotary Compressor : In a vane type rotary compressor two or more number of vanes * mounted in the slots of the roter mounted on the eccentric ‘The vanes position is controlled as the rotor rotates. They can be used up to 180 K temperatures.eration and Air Conditioning BSAM eee... With the help of a neat diagram, explain the {od working of centrifugal compressors. = | A Construction of Centrifugal Compressor : L Assingle stage centrifugal compressor mainly consists of the following four components as shown in Fig. 5.4.1. 2 An inlet casing to accelerate the fluid to the impeller inlet. ‘ ‘Animpeller to transfer energy to the fluid in the form of increased static Vv pressure (enthalpy) and kinetic energy. ‘ A diffuser to convert the kinetic energy at the impeller outlet into cy enthalpy resulting in pressure rise. 5 Avolute casing to collect the fluid and to further convert the remaining Kinetic energy into enthalpy resulting in further pressure rise. Outlet When the impeller rotates, it pushes the vapour refrigerant from the ceatre of the impeller to its periphery by centrifugal force. 2 “The high sped ofthe impeller throws the vapour refrigerant ot Me? 3. Thus the kinetic energy attained at the impeller outlet is converted into Pressure energy when the high velocity vapour refrigerant passes over” tiie veloci por ig passes 4. ‘The diffuser is normally a vaneless type as it permits more efficient part load operation which is quite usual in any air conditioning plant ‘The volute casing collects the refrigerant from the diffuser and it further converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy before it leaves the Koka BeVaper torA AIM Refrigeration Svatem Fampmen: wer] What tea condonaoe ? Give ite different (ypes in dotai, awwer | A # C\mndtoreen 1 Ge heat exchanger in which desuperheating ot hugs femponatune CARO Changes Te place Qont vapour to liguid ans xlRenaTtiig af condonaate eoouts Woes of Condonaere t Type of condensers are as follows Aiv Coated Condenser! An these condenaers the heat is removed by ait and it consists of steel or copper tubing: through which the refrigerant (lows. The cise of tube udually ranges from 6 mi to 18 num outside diameter Ate costed Condensers are of two types ‘Dabur: QUANUULUALULUULULULL ee QUTMTUTATTTUTTTTT INLD) i (amimminnn. neAmllas eID) cote TMNT Wig. 5.8.2, Air cooled condenser. Natural Convection Air Cooled Condenser : 1. Un these condenser, the heat transter trom the condenser cuils the air is by natural convection. 2 As the air comes in contact with the warm condenser tu absorbs heat from the refrigerant and thus the temperature increases, & ‘The warm air being lighter, rises up and the cold air from belo rises to take away the heat from the condenser. 4 This cycle continues in natural convection air cooled condense Forced Convection Air Cooled Condenser : 1. Inthis type of air cooled condenser, a fan or blower is employes! move air over the condenser coil at a certain velocity 2 The condenser coil is of the finned type and fins are closely spo 3. The forced convection condensers may be divided into the follow" groups : i. Base mounted air cooled condenser, and ii, Remote air cooled condenserRefrigeration and Air Conditioning 5-7 A (ME-Sem-6) b Water Cooled Condenser : 1. Inthese condensers, the heat is removed by water and they are always ferred where an adequate supply of clear inexpensive water and means of water disposal are available. 2 Water cooled cons r is of three types : i. Tube-in-Tube or Double Tube Condenser: 1., This type of condenser consists of a water tube inside a large eS refrigerant tube and the hot vapour refrigerant enters at the top of the condenser. ha out Hot vapour refrigerant Ct from compressor — eth C+ Liquid refrigerant : to receiver Water in Fig. 5.8.2. Tube-in-hube condenser, 2. The water absorbs the heat from the refrigerant and the condensed liquid refrigerant flows at the bottom. 3. Sinee, the refrigerant tubes are exposed to ambient air; therefore some of the heat is also absorbed by ambient air by natural convection. ii, Shell and Coil Condenser : Vapour inlet [> Cooling water outlet Coil Shell Cooling Condensate water inlet Piet. 5.5.8. Shell arid all Bindenake 8) Refrigeration Sy stern Faguigyr, 1. Inashell and coil condenser, vapour refrigerant enters the a, whereas the cooling water flowing through the eoij Ca condensation 2. They are used for small installations. Shell and Tube Condenser : 1, This type of condenser consists of a cylindrical steel shell contain, a number of straight water tubes. 2. The tubes are expanded into grooves in the tube sheet holes form a vapour tight fit. 3. The tube shects are welded to the shell at both the ends and t removable water boxes are bolted to the tube sheet at each end> facilitate cleaning of the condenser. Refrigerant Baffle vapour in Condenser Tyby. spect Water out oe Liquid line Fig. 5.54. Shell and tube condenser. «Evaporative Condenser : In an evaporative condenser both air ind w re condensing medium, Bree Tree employed as 4 Air out Eliminator Spray header Spray nozzles 7 Hot apour refrigerant Condenser > Liquic WX + Su mn —3 refrigerant f| Sump Li : ~ > Make up water tall Fit: 5.5.5. Evaporative condenser.Lae Refrigeration an 2 * o 1 Air Conditioning 5-9 A (ME-Sem-6) from the sump of the evaper ative condenser toa spray Water is pumped f paver and sprayed over the condenser coil Atthe sam: time a fan draws air from the bottom side of the condenser and discharger out at the top of the condenser The spray Vater coming in contact with the condenser tube surface evaporates into the air stream, the amount of heat for vaporizing the water being taken from the refrigerant, thereby condensing the gas The cold waiter that drops down into asump is recirculated. ‘ive the detailed classification of evaporators with neat Answe! y" Evaporators may be classified as follows A. On the Basis of Type of Construction = i Bare Tube Coil Evaporators : 1 2 It is the simplest type of evaporator. It is easy to clean and defrost Alittle consideration will show that this type ‘of evaporator offers relatively Tittle surface contact area as compared to other types of coils. The amount of surface area may be increased by simply extending the length of the tube but there are disadvantages of excessive tube length. ‘The long tubes will also cause considerably greater pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the evaporator. This results in reduced suction line pressure Suction line 0 <—,) compressor Expansion — ( Liquid valve )) refrigerant - Fig. 5.6.1. Bare tube coil evaporator Finned Tube Evaporator : Finned evaporator consists of bare tubes a curls over which the mets plates or fins are fastened ‘The metal fins ar € constructed of thin sheets of metal ss wd thermal conductivity ‘The shape, size or spacing of the fins can be adapted l vide: best rate of heat transfer for a jiven applies! : Sinee peed fone ee increases the cuntuct purines fur howl LERnalpe, finned evapuraior are also calli extended surface evaporator.5-10A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipmen, 2 ESems) 000 fii, Plate Evaporator : t Acommon type of plate evaporator is shown in Fig. 5.6.3. 2. In this type of evaporator, the coils are either welded on one side of a plate or between the two plates which are welded together at the edges. 3. The plate evaporators are generally used in household refrigerators, home freezers, beverage coolers, ice cream cabinets, locker plants etc. Plate + Vapour refrigerant > Liquid refrigerant 1FAG/6.68, Plate evaporator. B. On the Basis of Operating Conditions : i Flooded Type Evaporator : 1. A flooded or overfeed evaporator is one wherein the amount of liquid refrigerant circulated through the evaporator is considerably in excess of that which can be vaporised. Here a constant refrigerant liquid level is maintained. 2. Afloat valve is used as the throttling device which maintains a constant liquid level in the evaporator. & ‘These evaporators give high rate of heat transfer as the whole surface of the evaporator: coil remains in contact with liquid refrigerant. These are bulky in construction and require large amount of refrigerant for their working. 7 The flooded evaporators are used in large installations, especially i" chemical and food processing industries> Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 56-11 A (ME-Hom-4) Suction line To compressor << Haft jon Vapour refrigerant Liquid-vapour mixture Float chamber Liquid refrigerant Boiling liquid ‘Accumulator "efrigerant 4. Dry Expansion Evaporator : 1, _,Inadry expansion evaporator the amount of liquid refrigerant fed into C the evaporator is limited to ‘that which can be completely vaporised by the time it reaches the end of the evaporator. 2 The expansion device feeds the evaporator at such a rate that whole of the refrigerant gets gradually vaporised by the time it reaches the end of the coil. 3. Feeler bulb of the expansion valve controls the rate of flow through the orifice of the flow control. 4 Such an evaporator is one of the most widely used device for producing refrigeration and is used on systems having capacity below 150 tonnes of refrigeration. Superheated vapour refrigerant {PAB [Link] expansion evaporator. uv GER) wot do you mean by expansion device ? Also write down the functions of it. ap : lis. : 0 important device that dividew the high pre igh pres Pressure side of a refrigerating system It is connected between the receiver (contains liquid refrigerant at pene and the evaporator (containing jiquid refrigerant at low12 A (ME-Sem-8) Refrigeration System Equipmeny netions of Expansion Device : The expansion device performs th. following functions : | It reduces the high pressure liquid refrigerant to low pressure liquid \ refrigerant before being fed to the evaporator. 2 It maintains the desired pressure difference between the high and lov pressure sides of the system, so that liquid refrigerant vaporizes at the designed pressure in the evaporator. GL Meontrols the flow of refrigerant according to the load on the evaporator Que 5.8. | What are different types of expansion devices generally used in refrigeration system ? Describe thermostatic expansion valve with neat sketch. AKTU 2017-18, Marks 10 Answer A. Types of Expansion Devices : Types of expansion devices arg as follows : 1. Capillary tube, Hand operated expansion valve, - N 3. Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve, Thermostatic expansion valve, Low side float valve, and High side float valve. Working of Thermostatic Expansion Valve : The remote bulb charged with fluid which is open on one side of the diaphragm through a capillary tube which is clamped firmly to the evaporator outlet. : 2. The temperature of the saturate the temperature ‘of the su location. rp aoe d liquid in vapour mixture is same as perheat gas leaving the evaporator at the Bulb Bellows or pressure (p,). diaphragm Evaporator Evaporator Needle Pressure (p,)~ and seat = Strainer Liquid refrigeration Spring Remote bulb, Fig, 5.8.1, Thermostatic expansion valve.Po Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 5-13 A (ME-Sem-6) The pressure of the liquid in the bulb (p,) tends to open the valve This pressure is balanced by pressure duc to spring (p,) plus pressure in the evaporator (p,). 4. When the cooling load increases, the refrigerant evaporates at a faster WM sate in the evaporator than the compressor can suck, As a result the pressure and degree of superheat in the evaporat » 5, , The increase in superheat causes the valve to open more and to allow more refrigeiant fo enter the evaporator. . oe: —————— 6 At the same ti the increase in suction pressure also enables the ‘compressor to deliver increased refrigerating capacity: pas acl a Dil eee 7. When the cooling load decreases, the refrigerant evaporates at a slower {tate than the compressor can suck. As a result, the evaporator pressure drops and tne degree of superheat decreases 8. The valve tends to close and the compressor delivers less refrigerating capacity at a decreased suction pressure. Que 5.9. | Write short note on: i. Capillary tube, ii. Low side float valve, and iii, Automatic expansion valve. Answer i. Capillary Tube : 1. It is used as an expansion device in small capacity hermetic sealed refrigeration units such as in domestic refrigerators, water coolers, Son ee freezers, etc. 2, Inits working, the liquid refrigerant from the condenser enters the Sulvtb ee Evaporator Vapour \ copitlary tube efrigerant out Liquid refrigerant in from condenser 5 Fig. 5.9.1. Capillary tube. . Due to the frictional resistance offered by a small diameter tube, the Pressure drops. 4. Sin aks : ' Since the frictional resistance is directly proportional to the Jength and inversely proportional to the diameter, therefore the longer the capillaryoN 5-14A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipm,.. tube and smaller it’s inside diameter, greater is the pressure drop crea,,, in the refrigerant flow. 5. The diameter and length of the capillary tube once selected for a give, set of conditions and load cannot operate efficiently at other condition, Low Side Float Valve : A low side float is essentially a hollow ball, pan or inverted bucket connected through linkages and pivots to open or close needle valve. It maintains a predetermined liquid level in an evaporator. As refrigerant is evaporated, the liquid level falls, lowering the float, The connecting linkage opens the valve to admit more refrigerant. As the liquid level rises to the required point, the float is lifted and the valve closes. = oR 2 wp Float eRofrigoration and Air Conditioning 5-18A (ME-Hem-#) 4 An the compressor operates to remove the gas from the evaporator, reducing the pressure in the evaporator and under the diaphragm, the adjuating apring prosauro pushos the diaphragm down. & This motion is tranamitted through push rods (or by noodle valve stoam) to the valve needle, opening it enough to allow more refrigerant to flow to the evaporator, 6 Aa more liquid onters the evaporator, the pressure increases forcing the diaphragm upward and allowing the valvo to close. crants to maintain t i 'S\ Blementary Knowledge of Transmission and Distribution © tah of Air through Duets and Fans 9) 1 | CONCEPT OUTLINE Frictional Loss : When air flows through a duct, there is a loss of preasure due to friction between the moving particles of air and the interior surfaces of a duct. When the loss of pressure occurs in a straight duct, it is usually termed as friction los. Dynamic Loes : When the pressure is lost dynamically at the changes of direction such as in bends, elbows etc., and at the changes of cross- section of the duct, the pressure loss is usually termed as dynamic loss. Methods of Duct Design : L Velocity reduction method, 2 Equal friction method, and 3 ‘Static regain method. FERRE] wna is the importance of ducts and fansin transmission and distribution of air 7 Also, write classification of ducts. Gor passage used in heating and ventilation. ‘a duct is to convey the air between two points, such as handling unit or air washer and the room to be5-16 A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipment iti. v. vii. i. Taler carries the room air back to the air conditioning apparatus. A ducting system should transport a given volume of air with am inimum pressure drop and heat loss having less noise and vibration, etc Fans : Fan is a kind of pump which is used for pumping or circulating the air through the entire duct system and the condition’ | space and it, is located at the inlet of the air conditioner. Classification of Ducts : The ducts may be classified as. slows : Supply Air Duct : The duct which supplies the conditioned air from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be conditioned is called supply air duct. aera eee ee eer Return Air Duct : The duct which carries the recirculating air from the conditioned space back to the air conditioning equipment is called return air duct. Fresh Air Duct : The duct which carries the outside air is calle: s air duct, Low Pressure Duct : When the static pressure in the duct is less than 50 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a low pressure duct. SS Medium Pressure Duct : When the static pressure in the duct is up to 150 mm of water gauge, thé duct is said to be a medium pressure duct. High Pressure Duct : When the static Pressure in the duct is from 150 to 250 mm of water gaugé, the duct is said to be a high pressure duct elocity Duct : When the velocity of air in the duct is up to 600 m/min, the duct is said to be alow velocity duct. SF 5.11, | Explain with neat sketch the various losses in the duct. am] [ARTU 2015-16. Marks 1 Various losses in the duct are as follows : Pressure Loss due to Friction in Duets: The pressure loss due to friction in ducts may be obtaine d by using the D’Arcy’s formula or the Fanning’s equation as follows _ flp,V* Py= 2m ABELL) Where, P, = Pressure loss due to friction (N/m2), f= Friction factor depending upon the surface of the duct L = Length of the duct (m), V= an Velocity of the air flowing through the duet (1/s) m = Hydraulic Mean depth in (m).Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 5-17 A (ME-Sem-6) _ Cross-sectional area of the duct (A) Wetted perimeter of the duct (P) 2. Inair conditioning, the pressure loss due to friction in ducts is generally expressed in mm of water. From eq. (5.11.1), we get L( p,V? P= A( et - Fh y, mm of water -ABAL2) 2 m 3. We know that v2 2 Py= Pe = ‘| mm of water ‘Thus eq. (5.11.2) may be written as _ fl( Vv ¥ P= nt gog) mm of water 4, Now, the pressure loss due to friction in the duct-when the air is at temperature T'°C, is given by, A v a= m\404) \a7347 » Af VY 299) aa ot ati Pressure Loss due to Enlargement in Area and Static Regain : Wherever there is an enlargement in a duct-run, the velocity of fluid decreases and there is a conversion of velocity pressure into static pressure. Pr= 2. The increase in static pressure due to the conversion of velocity pressure is termed as static regain (SR). Fig. 5.11.1. Sudden enlargement, 3. Ifthe enlargement is not accompanied with Pressure loss, the velocity Pressure is completely converted into static pressure.5-18 A (MK-Som-6) Rofrigoration System Equipment 4. iti, iv. Tn case, the enlargement is accompanied with prossure loss, the increnne in the static proasure or static regain is reduced by the amount of the pressure loan, ‘The pressure Joss duo to sudden enlargement is given as 2 a Oia (4-4) (234) Where, A, = Cross-sectional area of the duct at section 1-1, A, = Croas-rectional area of the duct at section 2-2, and Vie = Velocity of air at section 2-2. Pressure Loss due to Contraction in Area : Consider a duct ABC having sudden contraction at B as shown in Fig. 5.11.2. 99 nee RO] fe Vv y —-----0-- 1 Vy AA qt ! Vena contracta (ty. 6.11.8. Budden contraction. It may be noted that turbulence (formation of eddies) occurs at two places, viz., at the shoulders of the contraction in the large section, and at a section shortly after the vena contracta. It may be observed that the major source of pressure loss is at the neck. ‘Thus, the loss corresponds to that of sudden expansion from the velocity V, at the vena contracta to the downstream velocity V,. If A, and A, are the cross-sectional areas at sections 1-1 and 2 respuctively. then pressure loss due to sudden contraction, 7 1 Y P1eun (1-4 A, mt lar J Pressure Loss at Suction and Discharge of a Duct : ‘The pressure loss at suction to the duct is given by, 4 Lone ™ x mof airRefrigeration and Air Conditioning 5-19 A (ME-Bem-6) 2 vy . KC) mm of water Where, V = Velocity of air in the duct, m/s, and K = Loss coefficient. ‘The pressure loas at the discharge or exit of a duct is given by, Pon = ~m of air ve 2e a 2 = weal Nn! -(4) mm of water (a) Abrupt suction opening. (b) Flanged entrance. _(c) Formed entrance. Que 6:13-] Describe the different method of air conditioning duct design. Why are damper required in some system ? wi A Methods of Duct Design : Methods of duct design are as follows : i 1 2 AKTU 2016-16, Marks 10 Velocity Reduction Method : In this method, the ducts are designed in such a way that the velocity decreases as the flow proceeds. The pressure drops are calculated for these velocities for respective branches and main duct. ‘The fan is designed to overcome the Pressure losses along any single Tun including the losses of main duct, branch duct, elbows, valves ete. It is usually adopted for very simple systems and is not recommended for vigorous design of any less simple systems. Equal Friction (or Constant Pressure Loss) Method : In this method, the frictional pressure drop per unit length of the duct is maintained constant throughout the system. This is superior to the velocity reduction method since it prevents one section of the duct having an excessive resistance) :pared with another in a system having symmetrical branch 276+5-20 A ONE Sem 4) Refrigeration Systm Vprigme. thie met hed mre wattamaticatty redianed 00 the tran 3 The velocit draets me the Alon tn der or end 4 The method doce o over balance the preeveres at the cnrtic« the branches are of Afferent lengihe and heres dampers are renme- for balancing the presesre drops in varvenss be ane hes tit, Static Regain Method - 1 Inthe methed theme of the duct « decided to grre equal presen 2 outlets for perfect belaneing of the air duct layout system 2 The me: he done by equalizing the pressure losses in vanes brace’. and this = powsible if the friction lox in each branch is made ecpsal tn gain in pressure duc to reduction in velocity 3 The gam in pressure due to change in velocity is given by, Wy WP Le ee SPR= Ro °F — REP Pyx) lo = Where. R is the rtatic regain factor. B. Damper Requiremen : 1 When the whole system is designed for the same pressure drop (‘p . the air in the shor. length ducts would be discharged with high velo 2 Thus «control damper has to be provided in order to regulate the fre rate 2 In abwence of dampers the air velocity at exit may shoot up beyond permuted limit Hence the noise level may exceed the desired maxim. and at the same time air discharge would be more than desired v2! (Que 6.13. | A rectangular duct section of 500 x 350 mm" size carries 75 m/min of sir having density of 1.15 kg/m’. Determine the equivalent diameter of » circular duct if (a) the quantity of «ir carried in both the cases is same; (b) the velocity of the air in boi the cases is same. If { = 0.01 for sheet metal, find the pressure !o~> Yr 10 owt bs (AAS ar = | 102 Ome 05 mb = 360 mm = 0 45 wm, Q = 16 win Wi kg/m? 6 00), L= 100m Find: ) by it diameter of areular duct whea © Ty quantity of air carried in both cases is same b De weloeity uf air in both cases is same & Poe are lows. 1, When the quantity of air earned by rectangular and circular duc same, hen equivalent diameter of a circular ductNef qermtion and Air Conditioning 5-21 A(ME-Hem4) (a'b' \ [0.60.45 266 1266 eee ith 0.6 0.85 0.00636 )"" 1.266 ( al 1,265 0.363 = 0.46 m h 2 When the velocity of air pasning (hrough the rectangular and circular ducts in name, then equivalent diameter ofa circular duct, Dp. tab 2067036 ath 0500. OAlm 8 We know that velocity of vir passing through the duct, Vie Si. 8 1 428.6 m/min = 7.145 mis A ub 0.6 0.35 l_ mean hydraulic depth of the duct, A ab 0.80.35 i = 0.103 "Pas b)” 20.5 + 0.35) = i i 4 Pressure loss, p= F1p,V" 0.01 «100 1.157.143) 2m 20.103 = 284.8 N/m? = 29 mm of water (- 1 N/m? = 1/9.81 mm of water) PART-3 Application : Food Preservation, Transport Refrigeration, Cold Storage. ci CONCEPT OUTLINE Transport Refrigeration : The cold chain principle of food handling | and distribution is that the product wili be maintained at suitable conditions all the way to the point of sale. This requires transport and various kinds of storage. Transport refrigeration is one of the most challenging refrigeration applications and requires components capable | of addressing u range of parameters. 4 Questions-Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Que 5.14 ] What is food preservation ? What are its advantages ? Enumerate some common methods being used for food preservation, in brief. 5y * Refrigeration System Equipmen, 5-22. A (ME-Sem ee 4 ee defined as the state in which the foog Food Preserva rit be 7 = may be aed a period of time witlout being hessseraie ne by pa " isms or chemicals and wittout los’ ng i colour, texture, flavor and nutrition value. Advantages of Food Preser: ation + It adds variety to the food. It increases the shelf life of food. It increases the food sup} ty. It decreases the wastage f food. Methods of Food P; sservatic 1 : The methods for food preservation ay ture of the product i Heat Processing : In this meth d, the temperature ) duct is raised to a level fats | to all spoilage agents and is maintained at this level until they are all d strayed. ii. Dehydratica:In +his process, the moisture is removed from the product. Since both 2nzy oes and micro-organisms require moisture for their growth, ‘heref: re it is necessary to stop completely their growth by dehydr: ting. iii, Chemical Prvse-vation : Several micro-organisms cannot grow in the presenc? of salt and sugar. Therefore the high presence of salt in some foods will not allow the micro-organisms to grown and it also iv. Oils and Spices : The oils and spices along with salt and sugar provide amedium that resists the activity of the micro-organisms in food. v- Canning : In this method, the food is preserved in sealed containers, usually after the application of heat, through steam under pressure. vi. Pasteurization ? This method is generally used on large scale to protect milk against bacterial infection. : _ ea Describe a cold storage in brief. What factors are considered in design of a cold storage ? [ARTO B017-18, Marks 10) OR Explain the working of cold storage with neat sketch. AKTU 2018-19, Marks 07 | A. Cold Storage : 1 The cold storage is serving mankind A ennilage ° perishable ities ae by preventing the spoilage 7 places where they are na’ harvested. - —_——_ oe eee eRefrigeration and Air Conditioning 5-23 A (ME-Sem-6) 2. The cold storage is of two types : i. Short term storage, and ii. Long term storage. B. Working of Cold Storage : 1. The compressor compresses vaporized refri: Pressure and high temperature to raise the 2. The condenser then li and high temperatu igerant (ammonia) to high boiling point of refrigerant. iquefies the vaporized refrigerant to high pressure re state. Thus, heat rejection takes place. ‘The condensate from the condenser is collected in reservoir and allow to pass through expansion valve where its pressure and temperature decrease from earlier state. 4. The low pressure liquid refrigerant then allowed pass through the refrigerated space whereby the heat of hot air of the refrigerated Space starts evaporating the liquid refrigerant hence, atmosphere decreases and cooling is produced. 5. Blowers circulate the chilled air to stored fruits and vegetables. eat in the Water in y) jA Water out ° Refrigerated space Condenser Ahab dO’ Y Chilled Air ' Z Reservoir ZZ Bowers 4 > Compressor Expansion valve + UVTI TTS lot air C. Factors Considered in Design of a Cold Storage : 1. Storage temperature, 2. Relative humidity and air motion, 3. Mixed storage, 4. Condition of products at the time of entering storage, and 5. Product chilling, ‘Quesi6.| What is the function of cold storages and what is their importance in today’s life ? 2000 tonnes of potato are available at a temperature of 30 °C. It has to be preserved in a cold storage at a of 2°C. How much refrigeration is necessary ? If this is to be obtained in 3 days, what should be the capacity of the plant ? AKTU 2018-19, Marks 07 e5-94 A (MIC Bem-4) A i iti, Rofrigerntion System Kquipment Answer Functiona of Cold Storage t Functions of cold storage are as follows Protect Perishable Food 1 Now-a-days industries are using blast freovers for the storage of meat. and fish, Before making a delivery to final consumers, logiatics companies store perishable food items in refrigerators with high storage. Protect Perishable Nutrient Products : At present there are several cold storage warehouse logistics which provide blare freezers to the flosh of animals and cold blooded aquatic vertebrates products. Storage of Dairy Products: Along with food items, dairy products also need proper care or cold storage. Storage equipment for dairy products needs control of temperature. Storage of Food and Vegetables : Fruits and vegetables also need certain kind of cold storage but they do need to be frozen. They just need to be kept at a cool temperature, Importance of Cold Storage : Cold storages are very important because they help to prolong the shelf life of fresh goods. They are also effective in reducing the amount of waste and in lengthening the time frame for marketing these foods. Numerical ; Given 1m = 2000 tonnes, T, = 2°C = 275 K, T, = 30 °C = 303 K, Time = 3 days = 72 hours Data Avwume : hi, = 105 kikg, C= 3.99 kilkgK To Find; i, Refrigeration required. ii, Capacity of the plant. We know that, Q, = mCj(T,~T,) = 2000 x 10° x 3,39 (303 275) = 18984 x 104k 2 Total latent heat of freezing, Q, = my, = 2000 x 108 x 105 = 21 x 107 kd ‘Total heat removed in 3 days i.e,, in 72 hours, Q = Q, + Q, = 39984 « 104 kd ‘Total heat removed in one minuto or refrigeration required, : ‘ . x0 = 9.255 x 104 kJ/min Refrigeration capacity of plant, _ 9.266 «10! = 440.71 TR 210Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 5-25 A (ME-Sem-6) Ref-igerates Freeserh; Tee Plant, Water Coolers. CONCEPT OUTLINE Refrigerates Freezers: When the food products are to be preserved in its original fresh state for longer periods, then they are usrally frozen and stored approximately at — 15°C or below. Such stornges are known as frozen storages. Long Answer Type ind Medium Answer ype Questions _ GVEA. | With the help of neat sketch describe the working o! plant. OR Explain the working of ice manufacturing in ice manufact Vt. 2018-19, Ma: Answer ] 1. The high temperature, high pressure NH, vapours leavin, compressor are condensed in a condenser. 2. The condensed liquid NH, is collected in the receiver and then exp: through the expansion valve. Due to the expansion, the pressure of the liquid NH, is conside reduced. Local cans NH, liquid (.P) Expansion valve Condenser Drier [Receiver] tank INH, liquid (HP) + NHyg vapour (LP) | Fig. 6.171. Layout of andes plant. Compressor NH, vapous (HP)5-26 A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipment 4. 5. The liquid NH, then passes through the evaporator coils surrounding a brine tank in which brine solution is filled, The low pressure liquid NH, absorbs heat from the brine solution, equivalent to its latent heat, of evaporation and gets converted to vapour State and NH, is once aj fed to the compressor to coniplete the cycle. Que 5.18. | What is the purpose of water cooler ? What are its different types ? m=) A ds 2. Purpose of Water Cooler : The purpose of water cooler is to make water available at a constant temperature irrespective of ambient temperature. They are meant to produce cold water at about 7°C to 13°C for quenching the thirst of the people working in hot environment, The warm or normal water can serve the physical requirement of our system for the proper functioning of the body organs but it does not quench the thirst especially in hot summers, The temperature of cold water is controlled with the help of a thermostatic switch set with 7 °C to 13 °C range. Types of Water Coolers: Storage Type Water Coolers : In this, the evaporator coil is soldered on to the ‘walls of the storage tank of the cooler, generally on the outside surface of the walls. The tank may be of galvanized steel or stainless steel sheets, The water level in the tank is maintained by a float valve. In this type of water cooler, the machine will have to run for a long time to bring down the temperature of the mass of water in the storage tank. Once the temperature touches the set Point of the thermostat, the machine cycle is stopped. Instantaneous Type Water Coolers : These water coolers are further classified as follows : i, Bottle Type: 1. As the name suggests, this type of instantaneous water cooler employs a bottle or reservoir for storing water to be cooled Pressure Type: In this type, water is supplied under pressure. The city main water enters the cooler through the inlet connection at the rear of the cooler, It then passes through a pre-cooler. The pre-cooler is cooled by the waste water of the cooler. 3. As the waste water temperature is low, it is made use of ‘cooling the supply water by passing through a Pipe coil wrapped around the drainage line (a counter flow heat exchanger) SegRefrigeration and Air Conditioning 5-27 A (ME-Sem-6) iii, Self-contained Remote type Cooler: This type of cooler employs a mechanical refrigeration system 2 The water cooled from the Temote cooler is supplied to desired Arinking place, away from the aystem 8. This type of arrangement does not require extra space near the Place of work and is quite useful Comfort and Industrial Air Conditioning Refrigeration, fa CONCEPT OUTLINE | | Comfort Air Conditioning in this, the ry bulb temperature fair | and relative humidity is brought to the required condition for human | health, efficiency and comfort, | ial Air Conditi Heng Answer Type and Medium Answer'Type Questions EE Que 5.19] Explain in brief, the factors affecting comfort air conditioning. Answer | Factors affecting comfort air conditioni i Temperature of Air; Ng are as follows : 1. In air conditioning, the control of temperature means the maintenanes an desired tousporature within an enclosed space even though the temperature of the outside air ix above or below the desired room temperature. ‘This is accomplished either by the addition or removal of heat from the enclosed space as and when demanded ii, Humidity of Air ; d L ‘The control of humidity of air means the decreasing or increasing of moisture contents of air di uring summer OF winter regpectively in order to produce comfortable and healthy conditions5-28 A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipment The control of humidity is not only necessary for human comfort but it also increases the efficiency of the workers. Purity of Air: It is an important factor for the comfort of a human body. It has been 1 noticed that people do not feel comfortable when breathing contaminated air, even if it is within acceptable temperature and humidity ranges. 2. It isthus obvious that proper filtration, cleaning and purification of air is essential to keep it free from dust und other impurities. iv. Motion of Air: 1. The motion or circ-lation of air is another important factor which should be controlled, in order to keep constant temperature throughout the conditioned space. 2. Itis, therefore, necessary that there should be equal distribution of air throughout the space to be air conditioned. Que 5.20. |What is the basic difference between the comfort air conditioning and industrial air conditioning ? eal [Link]. Comfort Air Conditioning | Industrial Air Conditioning "1 | In this, the dry bulb] In this, the dry bulb temperature | temperature of air and relative | and relative humidity is kept humidity is brought to the | required condition for human constant for proper functioning of machines and electronic with a | health, efficiency and comfort. | items. 2. | Ithas a sensible heat ratio of | It has been designe | 0.60t00.90. | sensible heat ratio of 0.85 to 1.0 3. It requires 15 watts per square | It requires 75 watts per square | fot, foot. 4. | It supplies 350 to 400 cubic feet per minute per cooling ton. aaa 5. | It has no humidity control 6. | It uses residential type air fillers that are 10% efficient. fj a 7. | [tis used in homes, offices, | wee | shops, etc I It supplies 500 to 900 cubic feet per minute per cooling ton. ‘The optimal relative humidity | range is 45-50%, It has higher quality internal filter chambers that are 20-30 % efficient It is used in textile mills, paper mulls, tool rooms, eteRefrigeration and Air Conditioning 1 U0 A OM, Hee i, Mon 4) | PART-6 | Other Syntema : Crvoyenio Lig t Aquefuetion and Nefrigeration Syetema, Brief Introduction of Thermoelectric Nefrigeration Ayatem, CONCEPT OUTLINE | Cryogenic Refrigeration | Hina term that winy be applied ty the | procers of cooling equipment and component ty Vanperntures below THO K ‘The refrigerante nied in eryayente mystery 1 hydrogen and nitrogen Often heliurn Questions: Answers ink Anawas Type and Medi jum Answer Type Questions Que 6.21. | What is liquefaction of gas? Explain Linde’s method for liquefaction. =) A Liquefaction of Gas: 1 The hquefaction of a gan ina phenomena which Laken place when the intermolecular forces of attraction incrennen to much an extent that they combine the gas molecules together forming a liquid state 2 Taquefaction of gan can be increaned hy increwning the intermolecular forces of attraction, which in turn can be increased either by increasing the premmure, which will reduce the dintance between the molecules or decrensing the kinetic energy by cooling the gas making them slower 4 Hence, » gan can be liquefied by cooling or by application of pressure or pined effect of both the con KB. Linde’s Method for Liquefaction + 1 Linde’s method of liquefaction works on the principle of Joule Thomson effect, using which we ean liquefy air and many other gases 2 Firnt step in thir process is compression of gas up to 200 atin and Uh it enters the inner tube as shown in Fig 6-21 1 The part #19 ope from the tip of J wllowing the gas to expand 3 ‘Thinexpannion results in cooling of yas, hereby coducing the pressure of the yaw up to 50 ate ‘The gas iv now allowed to pase Unrough lube coming out of 1)0 Rofvigerntion Hyatom Wainy sto A (MESS ont aT K ‘ Hy “ i, 11,0 ‘ ‘ ee tI. J \ diy / ise A. Inlet or air ak K- Coppor apical with a jolt BR. Compressor V0 #. Outer chamber C. Condensing coile G~ Outlot for liquefied air D~ Recsiver for wator Wig. 5.91.1, Here gas which is coming in is initially coolod by gas which is going oul ‘The cooled gas is recompressod and recirculated inside the apparatu Then we repeat the procoss of cooling and compression followed by expansion, 5 After the completion of process the gas is liquefied and the liquid air drops out taken out from the G. 5.22. | What is thermoelectric refrigeration ? Write down advantages, disadvantages and applications of it. ‘Anewer | A Thermoelectric Refrigeration : 1 ; oo refrigeration uxos the Poltier effect to create at he! = n the junctions of two different types of materials. meee used in camping and portable coolers and |e! oo aa le components and small instruments. {pring « DC voltage difference acroas the therwiooluetric woul from one side and pass through the module and heat will be absor bes! 4 Quo matte t released at the opposite side le face, therefi : simultaneously Ee upecelirs, will be cooled while the opposite 16 On the ether hand the favo junctions ofthe made yt ammperature difference betwee : Sere valiage difference will be generated | Ad al power is delivered sa rtntes of Thermoslectric Refrigeration tee and light weigh qRefrigeration and Air Conditioning 6-11 A (ME-Sem-6) - nee hue -pew Compact and retiable. Steady-state operation. No moving parts and Nuids Durable and maintenance tree Very long operation lite Disadvantages of Thermooloctric Rofrigeration : Able to dissipate limited amount of heat Mux Lower COP as compared to VE aystoms. Relegated to low heat Mux applications, Applications of Thermoelectric Refrigeration : Kquipment used by military, medical sciontificlaboratory, and tolecommun Uses range from simple food and beve Ke coolers for an aNernoon picnic to extremely sophisticated temperature control systems in missiles and space vehicles, . industrial, consumer, ions organizations. | PaRtT-? | Steam Jet Refrigeration System, Vortex Tube Refrigeration System, Magnetic Refrigeration System, Quostions-Answees Long Anawer ‘Type and Medium Ans wer Type Questions Qve 5.23. | Explain steam Jot refrigeration with neat sketch. Write down its advantages and disadvantages. "| A 1, Steam Jet Refrigeration : ‘This system uses the principle of boilir pressure on the surface of the water ix reduced below atmospheric pressure, water can be made boil at low Lomperatures. Water boils at 6 °C, when tho presau on the i ya auore oe rv on the surface is 5 em of Hy and 8 6.5m of Hy. The ve low SULY OF high vacuum on the surface of the water can be n slned by thot the stoam through Jots or noxalos, Ped x ‘The general arrangement of the system is shown in the hy tho water below 100°C. If the Wig. 5.23.1.5-32 A (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipment eae ep Control valve m nozzle Btea Thermo compressor Pump Makeup water High pressure steam is supplied to the nozzle from the boiler and it is expanded. Here, the water vapour originated from the flash chamber is entrained with the high velocity steam. jet and it is further compressed in the thermo compressor. The kinetic energy of the mixture is conve: rted into static pressure and mass is discharged to the condenser. The condensate is usually returned to the boiler. Generally, 1% evaporation of water i to decrease the temperature of chilled water to 6°C. The chilled water in the flash chamber is circulated by a pump to the point of application. The warm water from the load is returned to the flash chamber. in the flash chamber is sufficient » which is splashed i re ne iad whi spla: in the chamber and any application, must be replaced by makeup water added to the cold water circulating system, ’ Advantages of Steam Jet Refrigeration : It is Bexble in operation cooling capacity can be easily and quickly It has no moving parts as such it is vibration free.Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 6-33 A (ME-Sem-6) Cc. 1. 3. Disadvantages of Steam Jct Refrigeration : The use of direct evaporation ‘o produce chilled water is usually limited as tremendous volume ©" va,. ur is ¢ be handled. About twice as much heat must be removed in the condenser of steam jet per tonne of refrigeration compared with the vapour compression system. The system is useful for comfort air conditioning, but it is not practically feasible for water temperature below 4 °C. Que 5.24, | Explain in brief about vortex tube refrigeration. Knewer | 1. It is one of the non-conventional type refrigerating systems for the production of refrigeration. It consists of nozzle, diaphragm, valve, hot-air side, cold-air side. The nozzles are of converging or diverging or converging-diverging type as per the design. An efficient nozzle is designed to have higher velocity, greater mass flow and minimum inlet losses. Chamber is a portion of nozzle that facilities the tangential entry of high velocity airstream into hot side. Generally the chambers are not of circular form, but they are gradually converted into spiral form. Hot side is cylindrical in cross section and is of different lengths as per design. Valve obstructs the flow of air through hot side and it also controls the quantity of hot air through vortex tube. Diaphragm is a cylindrical piece of small thickness and having a small hole of specific diameter at the center. Air stream travelling through the core of the hot side is emitted through the diaphragm hole. Cold side is a cylindrical portion through which cold air is passed. Que 5.25, | Explain the working of vortex tube refrigeration with neat diagram. Also write down the advantages, disadvantages and applications of it. A. Working of Vortex Tube Refrigeration : 2.1 Compressed air is passed through the aozale as shown in Fig. 5.2 Here, air expands and acquires high velocity due to particular shape o| the nozzle. A vortex flow is created in the chamber and air tray: ae motion along the periphery of the hot side. This flow 1* restricted by the valve. els in spiral likeea 5-34. (ME-Sem-6) Refrigeration System Equipn, Compressed air Cody} _____f {jo Hot air air Diaphragm— Nozzle Chamber Valve Fig: 5.25.1. When the pressure of the air near valve is made more than outside by partly closing the valve, a reversed axial flow through the core of the hot side starts from high-pressure region to low-pressure region During this process, heat transfer takes place between reversed stream and forward stream. Therefore, air stream through the core gets cooled below the inlet temperature of the air in the vortex tube, while air stream in forward direction gets heated up. The cold stream is escaped through the diaphragm hole into the cold side, while hot stream is passed through the opening of the valve. BY controlling the opening of the valve, the quantity of the cold air and i= temperature can be varied. Advantages of Vortex Tube Refrigeration : It uses air as refrigerant. so there i= no leakage problem Vortex tube is simple in design and it avoids control systems. There are no moving parts in vortex tube. It is light in weight and requires less space. Initial cost is low and its working expenses are also less. Wh°" compressed air is readily available. Maintenance is simple and no skilled labours are required. Disadvantages of Vortex Tube Refrigeration : {ts low COP, limited capacity and only small portion of the compress“! air appearing as the cold air limits its wide use in practice. Applications of Vortex Tube Refrigeration : Vortex tubes are extremely small and as it produce hot as well 3S ors air. It may be of use in industries where both are simultaneot required. .aan oration and Air Conditioning 5-96 A (ME-Sem.6) “pepe a 2 ag very muc! itm onents. jis commonly used for body cooling of the workers in mines. 3 wee | write short note on magnetic refrigeration system. re as low as 50°C can be obtained without any difficulty, ao useful in industries for spot cooling of electagr It is extremely relevant to create currently a compact, environment friendly, energy-efficient and highly reliable refrigerator operating in the room’s temperature range. 2 This task is due to a number of serious claims to the existing cooling systems. It is known that when operating refrigerators currently in use, there may be the leaks of working gases (refrigerants) that cause such serious environmental problems as ozone depletion and global warming are possible. 3. Amagnetic refrigerator is an environmentally friendly device and allows tosignificantly reducing power consumption. 4. The magnetic cooling technology is based on the ability of any magnetic material to change its temperature and entropy under the influence of amagnetic field. This ability manifests itself when compressing or expanding gas or steam in traditional refrigerators. Such a change in the temperature ®rentropy of the magnetic material due to a change in the strength of the magnetic field is called the magnetocaloric effect. at eeu refrigerators include a small number of moving parts, operate w frequencies, which allow minimizing the wear of refrigerator 1 increase its operating time. a high aa Advantage of devices for magnetic cooling is associated with density of heat transfer material a solid body compared to the Or gas density Pag: __VERY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ne Questions are very important, These questions Y be asked in your SESSIONA ___ UNIVERSITY KXAMINATION. and a on and signi basi. Ter 51 Unit b © functiRee Systm Ketsiprne, What is a condenser ? Give ited...” Ly ” in detail, Refer Q. 5.5, Unit-5 Give the detailed classification of evsporators with »,,, sketch. Refer Q. 5.6, Unit-5. What different typ~s of expar sion d svices generally useq in refrigeration systen ? Describe th srmostatic expansi,, valve with neat sketch. amx Refer Q. 5.8, Unit- . Q7. es Qs. Q10. Describe the di‘ Jerent me hod of air conditioning duct design. Why are « ampe~ reouired in some system ? Refer Q. 5.12, U ait-5. What is fox >»reserva ion ? What are its advantages? Enumerate sme coms 10n methods being used for food preservati« a, in brief. Refer ) 5..4, Uni'-5. Dk scribe a cold storage in brief. What factors are considered iy desig 1 of 1 cold storage ? Refer Q 5.15, Unit-5. Wha: is tiquefaction of gas ? Explain Lindes method for oe Refer Q. 5.21, Unit-5. Explain steam jet refrigeration with neat sketch. Write down its advantage and disadvantages. Refer Q. 5.23, Unit-5. tube refrigeration with neat Explain the working of vortex diagram down the advantages, disadvantage> . Also write and application of it. Refer Q 5.25, Unit-5.