Design of Web Stiffeners T + 1 ' | i 1 | ' A 4 = i aa i ‘ “horizontal stiffener at (hw/5) t| ! t i 1 +e 4 ! ta = a t \ horizontal stiffener at (hw/2) BL ' 1 |. i ' Ay! / ] | intermediate vertical /] Intermediate vertical /\ | | i stiffener stiffener at Cross girder] | | | LIXy ae ar. it! = if! 1 C “bearing stiffener ae Intermedicte vertical stiffener pearing Stiftener _/Tntermediate vertical cross Gindere \ [eering stttener | ert feear \ IN | de f bt La V {= | vil 7 Tel. | ! Pair (double) Stiffener or Single Stiffener ! ~1309 +s. Different types of stiffeners are needed to increase the buckling strength of plate girders web. In particular, longitudinal stiffeners are used to increase the bend-buckling strength while transverse stiffeners are used to increase the shear buckling strength. Four different types of stiffeners will be designed in this section as follows: 1) End Bearing stiffenors (at support). 2) Intermediate vertical stiffeners between the cross girders. 3) Intermediate bearing stiffeners at cross girders. 4) Longitudinal stiffeners (at hy/S and at hy/2). Prof, Ahmed Hassan youse Roadway Bridge: Main Girder-2Design of Steel Bridges | (Lecture Notes) __4* Year Civil (Structural Section) CES 441 _ FAL. 2022. Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners © Transverse stiffeners shall consist of | Pintermediate vertical plates or angles welded or bolted to fe Btintener' im either one or both sides of the web. V Stiffeners not used as connection plates | Ie Vesa ULES shall be tight fit at the compression + flange but need not be in bearing with | [ee ne the tension flange. [ double oR Single * Single sided stiffeners on horizontally | Stiffener Sitar: curved girders should be attached to both flanges. When pairs of transverse stiffeners are used on horizontally curved girders, they shall be fitted tightly to both flanges, + Stiffeners used as connecting plates for diaphragms or cross-frames shall be connected by welding or bolting to both flanges XoMin dt * When a concentrated load is applied on the plate girder x flange, transverse stiffener in pairs is required to prevent fe crippling in the web. on * Vertical stiffeners are designed as columns subjected to axial force and they should meet the requirements of compression member * The buckling length of the vertical stiffeners is taken 0.75hy. n * The distance between the end of the web-to-stififener weld and the near edge of the adjacent web-to-flange or Intermediate longitudinal stiffener-to-web weld shall not be less than 4iy V1 stiffener” or more than the lesser of 6t,and 100 mm [4 < X <6t,and 100 mm}. Main Girder cross section at Project h (Outstand distance intermediate stiffeners ‘The width (cm) of each projecting stiffener element shall satisfy: 625 ee for stiffeners on both sides b zror de forstiffeners on one side only and 62/4 and 1, 28,16... 2) where: by full width of the widest compression flange within the field section under consideration(em) Jue = total depth of the steel section (em) fy = thickness of the projecting stiffener element (em) Prof. Ahmed Hassan youser Roadway Bridge: Main Girder-2 8< = CES 44 2 Moment of In [Only required for webs in which: h, /t, >110 JF, ‘The moment of inertia of any transverse stiffener shall satisfy: Lzatet In which: J = required ratio of the rigidity of one transverse stiffener to that of the web plate EN =25 4) =2.0205 4) la where: @ = transverse stiffener spacing (em) J, = moment of inertia of the transverse stiffener taken about the edge in contact withthe web for single stiffeners and about the mid thickness of the web for stiffener pairs (om’) Also, transverse stiffeners used in web panels with longitudinal stiffeners shall satisfy &Y_h 12 (sta) where: 5, = projecting width of the transverse stiffener(em) b, = projecting width of the longitudinal stiffener (em) J; = moment of inertia of the longitudinal stiffener (see design of long stiffeners) (em*) Area [Only required for webs in which: A, /t, >110 JF, | ‘Transverse intermediate stiffeners shall be designed for an axial force equal to C, =|%,-0.525F,, ht, / Bele 0 (6) In addition to any external loads on the stiffener, where: Ali Ps (2 = pate sendermess shear parameter When checking the buckling resistance, the effective section may be taken as the gross area of the stiffener plus a width of the web plate equal to 12tw on each side of the stiffener. The connection between the transverse stiffener and the web should be designed on the stiffener design force. For intermediate stiffener, it is recommended to design the connection in such a way that the bolts or weld in either the upper or the lower thirds of the stiffeners should transfer the force. 4, Prof. Ahmed Hassan youser Roadway Bridge: Main Girder-2 9Design of Steel Bridges | (Lecture Notes) __4* Year Civil (Structural Section) CES 441 _ FAL. 2022. Bearing Stiffeners Bearing stiffeners shall be placed on the webs of built-up sections at all bearing locations. At bearing locations on rolled shapes and at other locations on built-up sections or rolled shapes subjected to concentrated loads, where the loads are not transmitted through a deck or deck system either bearing stiffeners shall be provided or the web shall be investigated for the limit states of web local yielding and web crippling. The bearing stiffeners shall be placed in pairs with tight fit (welded) at both flanges. Bearing stiffeners shall consist of one or more plates or angles or Tee section welded or bolted to both sides of the web. The connections to the web shall be designed to transmit the full bearing force due to the factored loads, be FETE OR OR 3H 7 4tp | br pe |» wf be |e 1 bf ‘ ‘Tien tw] hw nf xf Sn | 3120-200 mm ‘The stiffeners shall extend the full depth of the web and as closely as practical to the outer edges of the flanges. Each stiffener shall be either milled to bear against the flange through which it receives its load or attached to that flange by a full penetration groove weld. Effective Section For stiffeners bolted to the web, the effective column section shall consist of the stiffener elements only. Except as noted herein, for stiffeners welded to the web, a portion of the web shall be included as part of the effective column section. For stiffeners consisting of two plates welded to the web, the effective column section shall consist of the two stiffener elements plus acentrally located strip of web extending not more than%. on each side of the stiffeners. If more than one pair of stiffeners is used, the effective column section shall consist of all stiffener elements plus a centrally located strip of web extending not more than Sty on each side of the outer projecting elements of the group. Projecting Width ‘The width 5¢em) of each projecting stiffener element shall satisfy: b, <21t, / * ‘0 where: Fy: = specified minimum yield strength of the stiffener(t/em?) f = thickness of the projecting stiffener element (em) Prof Ahmed Hassan youser Roadway Bridge: Main Girder2 10Bearing Resistance ‘The factored bearing resistance for the fitted ends of bearing stiffeners shall be taken as: R.), = 6.(Ra), (8) in which: (R,,), = nominal bearing resistance for the fitted ends of bearing stiffeners(t) =1.44,,F, °) po ys where: % — =resistance factor for bearing = 0.8 Am = area of the projecting elements of the stiffener outside of the web-to-flange fillet welds but not beyond the edge of the flange (cm?) specified minimum yield strength of the stiffener (vem?) 2 1 Resistance of Bearing Stiffeners ‘The factored axial resistance shall be determined as specified in Chapter 7 (ECP No. 207/6) using the specified minimum yield strength of the stiffener plates. The radius of gyration shall be computed about the mid thickness of the web and the effective length shall be taken as 0.75h where iis the web depth ‘The design strength for flexural buckling of compression memberswhose elements have width-thickness ratios less than{(J. 1) - Non-compact limitIthat is determinedfrom Article 7.13(ECP No. 207/6) is@¢Pn.[0.= 0.75], where: [Link],*F, For des 11 Fe, = Fy(1-0.384,7) For %.>4.1 Fe, = 0.848F fi? ‘The slonderness parameter(i.)is defined as: 2, = fre where: Fs 1WE(KL/A?= Euler flexural buckling stress (tem?) Ag = gross area of member (cm?) Fo critical buckling stress (t/em?) F,= specified yield stress of material (tem) E= Young's modulus of elasticity (tem?) = laterally unsupported length of member (cm) K = effective buckling length factor = radius of gyration about the axis of buckling (em) Prof Ahmed Hassan yousef Roadway Bridge: Main Girder2 isDesign of Steel Bridges | (Lecture Notes) __4* Year Civil (Structural Section) CES 441 _ FAL. 2022. Longitudinal (horizontal) stiffeners Where required, longitudinal stiffeners should consist of either a plate welded to one side of the web, or a bolted angle. Longitudinal stiffeners shall be located at a vertical position on the web such that all the appropriate design requirements are satisfied at the strength limit state. Wherever practical, longitudinal stiffeners shall extend uninterrupted over their specified length unless otherwise permitted in the contract documents. If transverse web elements serving as stiffeners are interrupted by a longitudinal stiffener the transverse element shall be atfached to the longitudinal stiffener th, to develop the flexural and axial resistance of the transverse yy ae |) & element. ee thw?) Projecting Width The projecting width, b (cm), of the stiffener shall satisfy: b s21t, (JF, where thickness of the stiffener (em) Moment of and Radius of Gyration Longitudinal stiffeners shall satisfy: (10) by Sait, ag) 08) s Bs re a, iit 180 285 /1-0.6. RE, A curvature correction factor for curved bridges and is given in ECP 207/6. = 1.0 for straight bridge @ transverse stiffener spacing (em) and 11) J; = moment of inertia of the longitudinal stiffener including an effective width of the webequal to 18fy taken about the neutral axis of the combined section (om*).If Fynis smaller than F;,. the strip of the web included in the effective section shallbe reduced by the ratio Fyy/Fy. r = radius of gyration of the longitudinal stiffener including an effective width of the web equal to 18%, taken about the neutral axis of the combined section (om).If Fyy is smaller than Fy, the strip of the web included in the effective section shall be reduced by the ratioFyw/Fy, Prof Ahmed Hassan youser Roadway Bridge: Main Girder2 12Design of Steel Bridges | (Lecture Notes) __4* Year Civil (Structural Section) CES 441 _ FAL. 2022. Example: For our designed bridge of span 28.0 ms, design the transverse intermediatestiffeners, the bearing stiffeners as well as the longitudinalstiffeners, knowing that:Qu ~ 333.9 t, ky = 21.2 Section at mid-span: Web plate 2800x14+ 2 Flange plates 800x40 Section after curtailment: Web plate 2800x14+ 2 Flange plates 550x28 1- Transverse intermediate stiffeners: Using double (pairs) stiffeners Using single ‘The minimum outstand distance (4;) is equal to: 8 254 ft 25 4 20+ 1, 210+ Ht 210 + 2808 «10.6 om 30 30 30 30 Assume b= Sem Assume b= 20em 2b,/4=55/4=13.75 omOK. 2b,/4=58/4=13.75 omOK. £, 28, /16=15/16=0.94 om t, 2b, (16=20/16 =1.25 om Assume 0om Assume 1, =1.40 em CheckNon compact requirement-byty<30/ JF, by/tp= 15/1.0 = 15 <30/38 =1790K. bytp= 20/1.40 = 14.3 <30/Y28 =17.9 OK. Choose pair stiffeners of dimensions 150x10 | Choose single stiffener of dimensions 200x14 2MxLA= 336 em web of the Web of the Suir 24x14 = 33.6 opt Maln Cinder [oe tue faa % -stwell cm Setweléem Single b,= 20m Double Ea tiom Stiffener _/ Stiffener_/- 7a MomentofInertia [,2at,Jand J =25| 2) 2.0205 \a 7. 280.) . ‘ J=25 ssa —2.0=6.120.50.K. Inin =f, 155,5*(1.4)°* 6.1 = 2605.3cm Prof Ahmed Hassan youser Roadway Bridge: Main Girder2 1BLe=1.02*15+ 14/12 = 25800m" Te=1A20)'/12 + (20*1.4)*10°= 3733cm* < Iga, = 2605.3cm* Increase b =16 om > Ty = 2605.30" Tea 1.0(2*16+ LAY 12 = 3105em* 7.05 cm =33.5<140 Be 7.05 24*].4)*1.4+2*16*1.0=79.04 cm? Asag=(24*1.4)*1.4420°1.4=75.04 crt 30 <140 Also, transverse stiffeners used in web panels with longitudinal stiffeners shall satisfy: y y 12{% sha i=(3[ spragag 80-1025 om! & ) 30a)" “(12301553 [Note: From the design of longitudinal stiffeners = 12.0 cm and ly = 1 366cm" | I= 2580cm"> 1025 em! OK. 37 733 om’ > 1025 om‘ O.K. Plate slendemess shear parameter: a=() [Fw (ema) p28 4.25 58 k, 58 21.2 Axial force on transverse intermediate stiffeners: c, =[y,-0.525 F, ht, / Re] = [333.9-0.525 *2.8280"1.4/1.25¢]=-33 120 3 G0 Check of stresses is not required Design of welded connection between vertical stiffener and web of rd The calculated axial force on transverse intermediate stiffener is equal zero (C,); So, use minimum throat of Weld api 4 mm Intermediate |/ stiffener 40" Main Girder crass section at intermediate stiffeners Prof, Ahmed Hassan youse Roadway Bridge: Main Girder-2 14Design of Steel Bridges | (Lecture Notes) __4* Year Civil (Structural Section) CES 441 _ FAL. 2022. 2- bearing stiffeners Lis Fi Use double Tee section: ll From minimum outstand distance: Assumeb= ISem 1ehw I Assume f= 0.8 cm (minimum thickness) billy = 15/0.8 = 18.75864/ Fy =38 (Non compact section) Bearing Resistance ‘The factored bearing resistance for the fitted ends of bearing stiffeners shall satisfy: (Rs) = A(R), = A044 nF.) = Q The minimum required area of bearing resistance can be obtained as follows: 2. Ap = 106.47 cm? (Re .80*1.40* 4, *2.8=Qu=333.9t Bearing stiffener =2[b2* ty+(brX-Sy)*tp]-2[B 2" tot (15-6.8)"0.8] ‘Main Girder cross section at Xrmia = 4 ty = 5.6. em Assume X= 6.0 em, and size of weld between web and flange is 8mm > bytty = 46.68 om Assume by = 20 t2 20t;% 46.68 cm > 16cm — and bz = 46.68/1.6 =[Link] Axi Resistance of Bearing Stiffeners Asagt=(18*1.4)*1.4+2*15*0,8-2930*1O= 155.28 cnt? Lx= 2*30"1.6%(0,7+15+0.8) 0.8314) 12+ 18"1.4(1 4) /12 = 28205.7 om? se risf Ef PEO 35, a 155.28 0.75 he _ 0.75% 280 Bill 13.5 =15.6< 140 Prof Ahmed Hassan youser Roadway Bridge: Main Girder2 3Euler flexural buckling stress = Fe = x°E/(KL/q? =n°*2100/ 15.6)? = 85.2t/ern? The slenderness parameter /cis defined as = fh. p28 ae F. ¥85. > Fe Fy(1-0:384A?)= 2.8°(1-0.384"0.2")=2.76 vom? 02 <1I Pr = [Link] = be" Ag * Fer = 0.75 * 155.28°2.76 = 327.43 t I, = 469 cm* OK. Asag—(18*1.4)"1.4+2*1241,0-59,28 om? FF, 28 Avie _ 155:5V28 145 om OK, 180 180 a Prof. Ahmed Hassan yousef Roadway Bridge: Main Girder-2 7