Week 9 R&W

This Week
• Week 9 Discussion: Case Paper Structure, Rubric, and Case Proposal Form
• Group Activity 4 Intro
Overview of an Academic Case Report Paper
• The main sections of a Research Paper include:
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Lit Review
• Observable Patient Data (HOPMNRS)
• Methods and Procedures/Treatment
• Results
• Discussion
• References
What is an Abstract?
• An Abstract is a general overview of the entire research paper
• Should include a summary of each section of the paper
• Should be referenced within the body of the abstract
• Not longer than 1 page (250-300 words)
• Should give a reader an idea of why they would want to read the entire article
• Should include Outcome Goals & Specific Data resulting from testing in the paper
• Includes 3-5 Keywords: massage, tendonitis, frictions, soccer (should include key
words from your hypothesis)
• Usually written last
Introduction
• The introduction is an It should address the purpose for the research you are
planning to conduct
• Introduce your research topic and why it is important (highlight possible outcome
benefits)
• Provide an introduction to historical attempts to answer the research problem
• Should address why the research you are conducting is important and valid; what is
the gap in knowledge that you are trying to fill with your study?
• Should end with your Thesis Statement (Research Topic) and provide a transition
into your Lit Review
Literature Review
1. Provide background information and context
2. Gives in-depth analysis of the background information (peer-reviewed sources)
you searched prior to conducting your case study
3. It should provide rational for the modalities you have chosen to test
4. Can address previous approaches that have been taken to address the problem
5. Should be broken down into Sections that address your chosen pathology and two
methodologies
6. Each Section MUST be supported by at least Two External Peer reviewed
Sources (minimum of six [6] peer reviewed sources for the entire case study.
Methods Section: Observable patient data for your case
study & Data Collection
Generally, this section should include the following:
• Methods of Data collection: What types of data collection did you use for
collecting the information that is presented in the Results Section
• Profile of the client
• HOPMNRS
Methods Section In Depth
• The specifics of the how the study is carried out should be included here.
• Describe how the data is collected (measurements, patient feedback, journal
keeping etc) What qualitative and quantitative data collection methods did you
use.
• Should demonstrate procedures that are DIRECTLY linked to the purpose of the
study.
• The patient’s desired outcomes and goals
• Any measuring tools used and the process of how to use them
• Summary of any changes that you might have applied to your treatments and
the rationale behind these changes.
Treatment Section
• Detailed outline of the steps in completing your treatment modality
• Describe the treatment protocol in detail (think about reproducibility)
• Make you include a DETAILED diagram or table of your Treatment plan. Think
Cookbook recipe that any RMT could look at and use to mimic the treatment
you did.
Some General Information on
APA (American Psychological
Association) Style for Research
Papers
HTTPS://[Link]/OWL/RESEARCH_AND_CITATION/APA_STYLE/APA
_OVERVIEW_AND_WORKSHOP.HTML

HTTPS://[Link]/WRITINGCENTER/WRITING-RESOURCES/RESEARCH-
AND-DOCUMENTATION/APA-STYLE/[Link]
 In this section you will detail in writing the results of your
study.

The results are to be clearly explained in an OBJECTIVE

manner; without any subjective interpretation of the
Results and Data findings.

Usually divided into 2 parts; a written descriptive analysis

followed by a VISUAL representation of the data using any
charts, graphs or tables that represent the data findings.

Any charts or graphs should be clearly labeled for easy

recognition and understanding.
Discussion of Results

Very important to bear in mind that a

null findings (finding that support the
Includes the interpretation null hypothesis in that no change
The author discusses the
and opinion of the research as occurred with the intervention) are
results with respect to the acceptable and valid findings. If
to why the results occurred as
original hypothesis. nothing changed, don’t conflate your
a result of the study. findings to make it seem like more
changed than what actually occurred.

Discussion should be Ask yourself, does my

supported by the data conclusion about my research
outcomes and referred back support answer the question
to as supporting evidence of my hypothesis?
 Discussion Section Continued…

(some helpful suggestions for information to include)

Should also include recommendations for future studies (remember that Descriptive studies are useful for the
development of hypotheses…based on your findings, what would a future study hypothesis look like to gain more
information about this topic?)

Should also include any limitations of this study. How was your study affected by these potential limitations?

Are there things you would have done differently if you started this study over again? Why?

Was the outcome what you expected? Why or why not?

 • All of the sources of information that you use in your paper MUST be
referenced
• This includes ‘citing’ within the body of the paper, and the list of
references at the end of the paper.
• Not citing work and expressing other writers ideas as your own is
what is referred to as PLAGIARISM and it is grounds for automatic
failure on a paper.
• You cannot straight copy sections of another work (textbook, article
References etc) to simply put into the body of your paper as if it were your own
writing.
• Limit the use of block text citations.
• Other work needs to be “quoted” if they are being copied word for
word (small sections of text is allowable for quoting) or paraphrased in
your own words and cited back to the original author.
In-Text Citations [to be placed at end of citation]
• One Author paraphrased/cited: • One Author Quoted:
(Last name, year) (Last name, year, p. #)
• Two Authors paraphrased/cited: • Two Authors Quoted:
(Last name & Last name, year) (Last name & Last name, year , p. #)
• More than Two Authors • More than Two Authors Quoted:
paraphrased/cited:
(Last name et al., year, p. #)
(Last name et al., year)
Examples of other citation styles: Quoting versus
Paraphrasing

Menard (2009) explains that

Menard (2009) defines science
science is an approach to
as “a way of looking at the
perceiving our world in a
world with a spirit of open-
manner that is open-minded
minded curiosity and
and that seeks to find answers
inquiry” (p. #).
to questions of inquiry.
Some General
Tips for • *An academic paper should be written in the
Academic third person, active voice (stay away from using
Writing the “I” perspective)*
• Written in formal language (avoid using slang
word, idioms, current expressions, etc.)
• Do not use contractions (don’t, can’t, shouldn’t,
*Per APA Guidelines: First won’t etc.)
person can be used for
reflections and personal
observations. However, • Use proper punctuation in your sentences.
in a research paper with Commas, semicolons, colons are all important
only one author, Do Not
use “we” “us” or “our”.
parts of grammar in academic writing (but do not
use exclamation marks!!! They are not typically
considered a part of formal writing)
Tips
Continued • Use vocabulary you are familiar with, but also be
mindful of using the same words over and over
again. Use a thesaurus to look up Synonyms
(google it ☺) can be very helpful in finding
different words to replace words being repeated
multiple times.
• Avoid using short, choppy sentences; on the other
hand, avoid the use of long, run-on sentences as
well.
• Use concise language. Don’t try to be flashy and
impressive with big words. On the flip side,
avoid using weak terms that are simple
generalisations (big, bad, mad, huge, etc.)
Appendices
• You are going to include ALL of your charts, treatment records
and any specific information related to your patient at the end
of your paper as an Appendix or Appendices (multiple)

• You MUST remove any identifying information about your

patient from this information. Names, address, phone number,
work place etc. (Failure to remove all identifying information is
a serious breach of confidentiality and will result in serious
consequences which may include an automatic failing grade on
your paper).
• Blacking out information is BEST done on the computer prior
to “printing” (using an image editing program), rather than
trying to use a black sharpie to cover information after it has
been printed.
What is an Abstract?
• An Abstract is a general overview of the entire research paper
• Should include a summary of each section of the paper
• Should be referenced within the body of the abstract
• Not longer than 1 page (250-300 words)
• Should give a reader an idea of why they would want to read the entire article
• Should include Outcome Goals & Specific Data resulting from testing in the paper
• Includes 3-5 Keywords: massage, tendonitis, frictions, soccer (should include key
words from your hypothesis)
• Usually written last
APA Reference List
Links for APA
[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Research & Academic Writing

2022
Zach Wright, MBA
APA Reference List

 Each source that you cite in your paper MUST have a full reference included in your
reference list
 Every reference that is listed in your references must have a citation to it within your paper.
 It will appear as the last section of your paper (but before your Appendices)
 List of references is on a new page, with the title References bolded and centered on the
page.
 Entire list is double-spaced like the rest of the paper.
 List is alphabetized by First author’s last names
Referencing Authors

 List all of the authors with Full last name, first and second initial ie Wright, Z. P.
 Separate each author with a comma
 Use an & (ampersand) symbol between the second last and last author names (or
between 2 authors)
 APA edition 7 states to list up to 20 authors (APA version 6 was up to 7 authors)
 Using ed. 7, list the first 20 authors …and add the name of the last author at the end of the
list.
 The date in parentheses follows the name(s) of the author. If no date available: (n.d.)
Types of References
[Link]
Referencing Journal Articles [Link]
grammar-guidelines/references/examples/journal-article-references

 The Journal title should be written with first words capitalized, and in Italics.
 The article title is capitalized first word only, pronouns and any words followed by a colon
or dash. The article title is not written in italics.
 For example:
Author, year, A qualitative study of changes in expectations over time among patients
with chronic low back pain seeking four CAM therapies. BMC Complementary &
Alternative Medicine

 Use a period between the name of the article and the name of the journal.
Referencing a Textbook [Link]
guidelines/references/examples/book-references

 Author (publication year). Title of the book. Publisher.

For example:
Milne, A.A. (1994). The complete tales of Winnie-the-Pooh. Dutton Children’s Books
Referencing a Periodical/Magazine or
Newspaper [Link]
article-references

 Author, A. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number(issue number), page
range. DOI
Referencing Online Content (no DOI)
[Link]

 If the source has one author:

Author, A.A. (Year). Title of the page. Name of the site. URL

 If the source is a group, rather than individual:

Name of group (Year). Title of page, Name of site. URL

 If there is no author, begin the reference with the title

 Title of article(year). Title of page. Retrieval date. URL
Online content with DOI

 Use a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if there is one available to use. If not use the URL.

 Using Wikipedia:
Title of article. (Year). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page
[Link]
references
GROUP WORK
• In your Groups, decide on a topic within the field of massage
therapy for which you wish to find references (this can be the
same topic from your groups, or you can choose a new one all
together.
• Your group will find five (5) sources to build a reference list. Three
(3) from an online journal database (peer reviewed), one (1)
from a book (one of your textbooks from the program is fine),
and one (1) from a website (.gov, .edu, .org, etc. with a
preference on reliable sources).

• Create a reference list of these five sources, adhering to the

formatting rules for each type of source found in your APA 7th ed.
documents in SharePoint.
APA FORMATTING
Research and Academic Writing
Fall 2022
 GENERAL FORMATTING

• The most accepted font for APA is 12-point Times New Roman.
• Other acceptable fonts for APA writing is 11 point Calibri and 11-point Arial.
• The paper should have 1 inch margins on all sides
• Must be double-spaced
• Contains a Header in the top left corner of each page
 • Page numbers should be indicated in the top Right-hand
corner of each header.

• The Title Page should have a Header with Running Head:

followed by a shortened version of the title of your paper. The
running head title is written in ALL CAPS
• (Flush left) Running Head: EFFECTS OF MASSAGE THERAPY ON
LOW BACK PAIN

TITLE PAGE • The Full title of your paper is typed in the centre of the page,
bolded font

• Below the full title is the Author’s name (You) followed by the
Institute (WCCMT New Westminster Campus) on the next line
below.

• Include the Instructor name and the due date

• All of this information should be above the Halfway line of the
first page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Include an
If you would like to include
acknowledgements
a thank you to your
section after the title page
patient, make sure you
that thanks the people
DO NOT mention them by
that have supported your
name in this section.
work on your case study.
 Your paper must include a
table of contents page that
clearly indicates the page
of where to find each
section of your paper.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS Don’t make the ToC page
fancy, clean and legible
will be the easiest to read.
 HEADINGS

• Each major section of your paper should have a heading that is centred in
the middle of the page and bolded.
• Subheadings within each major section are flush left.
• Each paragraph should begin with an indent
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS

• Citations within the body of your paper should be referenced with the author
and date of publication (Wright, 2022)
• This can be included at the beginning of a reference if you are directly
making reference to the author
• For example
• Wright (2020) refers to the APA formatted templates in Doc Sharing as being
useful resource for students who are unfamiliar with the process of referencing.
• APA formatted templates are noted as being useful resources for students who
are unfamiliar with the process of referencing (Wright, 2022)
 DIRECT QUOTES

• A short, direct quote can be referenced in the same sentence with quotation marks to indicate that it is a direct quote of
the author being referenced
• According to Menard (2009), “Science is a way of looking at the world with a spirit of open-minded curiosity and
inquiry.”
• A direct quote longer than 40 words should be a stand alone reference within the body of the paper. No quotation
marks are used, but the entire quote should be indented by ½ inch compared to the rest of the paragraph (Block
quote).
• In her new book, Making Sense of Research author Menard states that:
Experimental studies are especially susceptible to ethical concerns because they inv olve direct interv ention by
the researcher in the liv es or health of the participants. For this reason, the researcher is expected to make
ev ery effort to protect the human rights and well-being of the study participants.
 They’re, Their and There
They’re = Contraction of They are
Their = possession of multiple people
COMMON There = reference to a location
GRAMMAR It’s and Its
& It’s = Contraction of It is (non-possessive)
SPELLING Its = Possessive
ERRORS You’re and Your
You’re = Contraction of You are
Your = possessive
 ERRORS CONTINUED…

Affect and Effect

Affect = verb (to influence)
Effect = noun (outcome)
For example: The book I just finished reading had a significant effect on me
The book I just finished reading affected me greatly
Alot, A lot and Allot
Alot = Not a word
A lot = significant number of things being referenced
Allot = to allocate
 ERRORS CONTINUED…
Then and Than
Then = reference to time
Than = comparison
For example: We ate dinner, then went to the see the new Avengers
movie.
The New Avengers movie was better than the first one.

Should of versus Should have

I should of done my homework on the weekend (incorrect)
I should have done my homework on the weekend (correct)
Same goes for Could have and Would have
 Accept and Except

Accept = to receive something (I accepted the gift she

offered me)
Except = to exclude something (Everyone except Joey
went to see the movie)
Principal and Principle

ERRORS Principal = Head of the school

CONTINUED Principle = a belief or theory

Complement and Compliment

Complement = to complete or enhance (those shoes

really complement her outfit)
Compliment = to give praise or highlight positively (I really
like your shoes!)
 USE OF COLON AND SEMI-COLON

Use a semi-colon when you are

connecting two separate ideas to one
another. Both ideas should be able to
Use a colon preceding a list of items stand alone as sentences, but they
make more sense being connected
together. Often used with a conjunction
like ‘however’.
• Options for sides with your meal • She really liked the new Avengers
include: rice pilaf, mashed potatoes, movie; however, she preferred going
veggies or garden salad. to an early show time because she had
to work in the morning.
 Breaking Down the Case Study
Looking at Past Papers
• Your Group will now have the opportunity to look at a Case paper that was
submitted by a student from a past cohort. The goal of this activity is to give
you some “hands on” experience with the Case Study Paper before you are
required to build your own.
• Each Group will be assigned a single Case Paper. You will read the case paper
in its entirety and compare it to the rubric and template you have been
Group •
provided.
Answer the Following:
Activity 4 • Review the Rubric. Does the Paper hit the mark in each category? Why
or Why Not?
• What stands out about this paper to you? What areas of the paper do
your group feel are strongest? Which parts of the paper feel like there is
opportunity for improvement?
• Review the Treatment Plan provided in the paper. As an RMT student,
do you feel confident in your ability to replicate this paper’s treatment
plan as the author intended?
• If so, what makes the treatment plan easy to replicate? If not,
what made it difficult to replicate and what steps/data are you
missing for a more accurate replication?