LONDON 2012 – VELODROME STADIUM

LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

 LONDON 2012 VELODROME STADIUM

1. INTRODUCTION
2. STRUCTURAL ASPECTS:
A. FOUNDATION
B. SUBSTRUCTURE
C. STRUCTURE
• ENGINEERING FOR THE SEATING BOWL
• CABLE NET ROOF
• RING BEAM & RING TRUSS
• FABRIC PANELS
• STEEL AND CABLE CONNECTION DESIGN
D. SUSTAINABILITY
3. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR/ LOAD PATHS
4. MATERIALS
 LONDON 2012 - VELODROME
N

Architects: Hopkins Architects, London

Structural engineers: Expedition Engineering Ltd.,
London;
schlaich bergermann partner, Stuttgart (cable net) • One of the most elegant new sports halls of
Location: Olympic Park, Stratford Olympia 2012 is the Velodrome by Hopkins
Architect.
• In contrast to various other competition
venues, the cycling arena with 6,000 seats
created on the former way Cycle Circuit site
has been designed as a permanent building.
CONCEPT:
• Concept was for the venue was to evoke
the geometry of the cycling track in the
form of the building, which after much
refinement resulted in the double-curved
roof form (nicknamed the pringle)
[Link]
 STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
FOUNDATION

• More than 900 piles have been

driven to depths of up to 26m to
complete the foundations of the
London 2012 Velodrome
• The large overturning forces in the
48 piers are resisted by individual
pile caps arranged radially on the
main building gridlines.
• Overturning is resisted by a
THREE TYPES OF PILING ARE USED:
combination of self weight of the
building and by self weight of the pile
• For higher loaded foundations continuous flight
caps themselves.
auger (CFA) piles are used.
• The higher loaded pile caps have
• For lightly loaded foundations 270mm square
enlarged heels to increase restoring
precast concrete piles are used in the design.
forces.
• In order to minimize cost and program,
permanent sheet piles have been utilized in the
basements and infield ramps. This are used to
support vertical loads and retain soil.
[Link]
 PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile foundations are deep STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
foundations. They are
formed by long, slender,
columnar elements typically
made from steel or
reinforced concrete, or
sometimes timber.

SHEET PILES

CFA PILE FOUNDATION

• It is possible to drill piles of a
diameter from 40 to 140 cm. PRECAST CONCRETE PIERS
• In terms of length, the
• Benefits of Rapid Construction
equipment currently available
Reduced Traffic Disruption Improved
allows to reach 35 -40 metres
Work Zone Safety Reduced
(with loader), depending on
Environmental Impact
pile diameter and soil
• The vibro-hammer drives • Improved Constructability
consistency.
the sheet pile using high • Increased Quality
frequency vibrations that • Lower Life-Cycle Costs
liquefies most granular
soils.
• [Link]
• Low mobilization costs application-kelly-bar-james
Mobility of the equipment • [Link]
Speed of installation • [Link]
[Link]
SUBSTRUCTURES

BASEMENTS: STRUCTURAL ASPECTS

• The two basements, are formed using permanent
sheet pile walls. During construction a series of pour
• The sheet piles are topped with a concrete strips were left uncast until a short
capping beam which is used to tie the sheet piles time before the roof cables are
into the main structure, provide propping and installed. This allowed a proportion of
allowing vertical loadsto be taken by the sheet the concrete shrinkage to occur before
pile wall. the full substructure is
locked together.
INFIELD RAMPS AND DOPING SUITE
• Leading up from the basements are ramps
formed with sheet pile walls.
• As the retained height becomes smaller the sheet
piles stop, beyond this, the ramps are supported
on pre-cast piles and the doping suite is
constructed.

INFIELD SLABS
• A reinforced concrete slab at infield level extends
across the whole structure bounded by gridline.
• Suspended from the infield slab are a number of
service trenches and pits all formed Pour strips of the velodrome slab
from waterproof concrete [Link]
STRUCTURE

THE SEATING BOWL STRUCTURAL ASPECTS

• Concrete was developed as the
conventional material for the lower bowl offering
a durable permanent feel.
• The structures above podium level are
demountable, constructed using a bespoke
lightweight steel solution with
bolted connections which could be removed
after completion of the games.

ROOF
• The basic structure of the roof is a cable net, a criss-
cross of tensile members held at the perimeter.
• This solution was chosen in large part because it will be
fast to erect, but it will also be light and efficient.
• The roof will be formed of panel units or cassettes, to
be detailed by the contractor.
• The cable net roof is composed of galvanized steel
cables arranged in pairs, each with a diameter of 36
mm.
• Hydraulic jacks were used to tension the cable net until
the ends of the cables could be attached to tension
control bolts connected to the circular compression [Link]
member of the primary structure London2012_Olympic_Stadium
STRUCTURE
ROOF
• Most will be 3.6 x 3.6m solid units, plus strips of STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
narrower roof light units made up in a similar way.
• Four cranes will drop the panels into place, while
the roof will be temporarily weatherproofed with
fold-over strips between the cassettes.
• On top of this, a vapor membrane and
Calzip aluminum cladding will be placed.
• Each 130m span will come in a single
piece 400mm wide and will be fixed to T sections
screwed to the cassettes.
• Six vertically stacked cassettes will span each bay — a
width of about 8m — and these will be over clad with
timber rain screen panels.

[Link]
 STRUCTURE
ROOF
• Each cable was prepared in advance and marked STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
with the precise position of the intersection
nodes to produce a 3.60-metre grid of right-
angled roof panels after tensioning.
• Cast steel clamps connect intersecting cable
pairs and carry support points for the roof
covering

Timber frame panels

make up the load-
carrying layer of the roof
construction.
STRUCTURE

RING BEAM STRUCTURAL ASPECTS

• The roof cables are stressed against a steel ring
truss which runs around the perimeter of the roof.
The ring
• Truss provides several structural purposes:
• Provides a reaction to the cables
• Transfers cable forces to adjacent rib trusses
• Directly supports roof panels located above
the truss
• Provides support to the perimeter gutter
• Provides temporary support to a perimeter Ring truss and cables
access walkway (construction phase)
• Provides a reaction for stressing jacks during
the erection of the cable net (construction
phase).
• The ring truss consists of a pair of 457CHS chords with smaller CHS web members. The
separation of the two chords varies around the structure, and is a function of the geometry
of the gutter and orientation of the rib trusses and roof profile.
• The arrangement of the web members is governed by the need to limit secondary stresses in
the chords and to provide local support to the timber cassettes directly above the truss.
• The width of the truss varies from 3.6m at the northern point to 2.0m at the lowest points.
[Link]
 STRUCTURE

RIB TRUSSES
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS

• The ring truss is supported by 48 approximately

equally spaced rib trusses arranged radially
around the building.
• The steel truss weights vary between
approximately 2 tonnes and 20 tonnes.
• The trusses serve a number of purposes:
• Support of the ring truss
• Resist a large proportion of the horizontal
loads from the cables by transferring the loads
Ring truss, rib trusses and bracing
to lowlevel
• Support of the perimeter cladding The rib trusses (shown yellow, above)
• Support of the upper tier plantroom slab. are generally fabricated from UC
sections and are fully welded.
• The trusses are BRACING
supported by pairs of Diagonal bracing members are provided
stub steel columns that between the rib trusses. These members provide
sit on the top of concrete lateral stiffness
piers. to the upper bowl, but also contribute to
distributing horizontal loads around the upper
bowl.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
SUSTAINIBLITY

• The building has been designed to be lightweight

STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
• Use of abundant daylight through strategically • In summer and midseason, the
positioned roofl ights reduces need for artificial building will be ventilated using
lighting and allows natural ventilation natural ventilation alone – it does
• Water saving fittings built into design to allow not need heating.
collection of rainwater for reuse in building, • The natural ventilation system
helping reduce water consumption follows a similar pattern to the
• Lightweight cable-net roof structure weighs mechanical ventilation. Insulated
30kg/m2 compared to 65kg/m2 for the Beijing dampers will open to allow fresh
Velodrome, helping create a highly efficient air to enter through the lower set
building of louvers set into the façade
• Cut was minimised through careful profiling of
the site. Contaminated soil was treated in a
‘Soil Hospital’ for reuse on the Olympic Park.

[Link]
 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

VERTICAL LOAD PATHS

• The vertical component of the roof cable tensions are transferred by the ring truss to
the tops of the rib trusses.
• Roof level vertical loads are transferred down to the concrete piers through a
combination of the rib trusses and the diagonal bracing.
• The vertical loads from the upper tier are carried by the trusses to the tops of the
concrete piers.
• Vertical loads in the concrete piers are taken directly down to the pile caps.

HORIZONTAL LOAD PATHS

• Cable forces are carried to the infield slab and pile caps in the manner described above.
• Imbalanced lateral loads applied at high level, including wind loads, roof pattern
loading and upper bowl dynamic lateral loads, are transferred to the tops of the concrete
piers through the diagonal bracing and longitudinal steel members.
• A degree of minor axis bending of the main piers still occurs and these have been
designed accordingly.
Pile reinforcement is heavier than that which would be expected for piles that are not
subject to lateral movements at the head.

[Link]
The cable net forms a 3.6 m grid, with the intersections serving as support
points for WOODEN CASSETTE elements with an aluminum standing- MATERIALS
seam roof surface. Compared to a conventional structure, a saving of
approximately 1,000 tones of steel was possible thanks to the construction Timber frame panels
based on tension elements and a ring beam. make up the load-
carrying layer of the
The cable net roof is composed of GALVANIZED STEEL roof construction.
CABLES arranged in pairs, each with a diameter of 36
mm. Hydraulic jacks were used to tension the cable net
until the ends of the cables could be attached to tension
control bolts connected to the circular compression
member of the primary structure

5,000 m² of red CEDAR WOOD were used for the A POLYESTER FABRIC COATED WITH PVC on
wood façade. The wooden panels are fitted with either side was used to bridge the gap between
ventilation flaps and allow a predominantly natural upper tier and roof, offering high durability as well
ventilation of the Velodrome. as maximum flexibility.
These 'screens' hide the ventilation technology while
at the same time providing a fall protection barrier
at the rear of the tier areas for spectators.

[Link]
[Link]
 “A DIFFERENT KIND OF STADIUM”

Logical, bold decisions can generate iconic designs, which are light, innovative,
efficient and sustainable.
JAIPUR EXHIBITION AND CONVENTION CENTER
LONG SPAN STRUCTURE
WHY JECC?
• To understand the functional aspects of a convention center. INTRODUCTION
• To understand the technologies and techniques.
• Largest column-free hall in south Asia. EXHIBITION CENTRE:
• 2 Exhibition halls of 10,000 sq. m area each.
SITE PLAN • Outdoor Exhibition space of 10,000 sq.m
The project have 2 exhibition halls, conventional centre, • An open foyer / assembly area of 4000 sq. m
A business hotel having 200 standard guest rooms for client • Surface Parking
having all the facilities of a typical family entertainment • Well planed drop off areas
building. • Separate service access from rear
CLIMATE : Hot and dry
SITE AREA : 25 acres CONVENTION CENTRE:
MAIN HALL AREA : 1103 SQ. M.
CAPACITY : 429 PAX • Multipurpose Conventional hall of 1000
2 EXHIBITION HALLS : 10,000 SQ.M. persons with retractable seating
NO OF HALLS – 13 arrangements.
• This hall have an acoustical moving wall
that can compartmentalise this into 2 ball
rooms of 6000 Sq m each.
• 2 Meeting hall of 50 and 30 pax capacity
each.
• 2 Board Rooms with 30 pax capacity each.
• 2 VVIP Lounges with 30 pax capacity each.
• Administrative and office space.
• Kitchen & BOH space.

[Link]
 EXHIBITION HALLS
Area: -9880 SQ.M INTRODUCTION
 10 electric panel
 12 fire exit/ emergency exit
 There is fire alarm and sprinkler in
every 1m gap.
 The hall contained minimum 5000
capacity. A view of conference in hall 1 Fire exit doors in exhibition halls
 This is a multiple use hall including
exhibitions, wedding events or a large-
scale conference.
 This has electrical wire filling in ground
and it has opening in every 1 meter. EXHIBITION HALL 01

 There are huge 8M shutters from which

loading and unloading are done for
events.
 Separate toilets are given for at least 30
male and female at a time. It includes
handicap service also.
 There is of jecc at the backside of the
hall-1.
 The cooling plant and the fire water is EXHIBITION HALL 02
at the top of its service floor.
 Full wifi router is situated in the hall
and outside the hall. [Link]
EXHIBITION HALLS STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
• CONCEPT was such that once three separate halls were The noticeable structural aspects:
divided with curtain walls, it should be such that there • Truss type is open web curved roof truss,
should be no sound transfer when all three halls were curvature of truss at both top and
functional at the same time. bottom chord.
• Also, when large exhibitions would be held, no intermediate • Clear span of the truss is 65m
supports should be visible throughout the 160m span. • C/C span of the truss is 10m
• For covering such a large span roofing system, structural steel • End support is steel columns
is the ideal solution, and cannot be executed in concrete. • Ridge height is 20m
All structural steel sections used were hollow sections/tubes. • Eaves height is 15m
• Overall length of exhibition hall 160m
• C/C span of purlin 1.5m

65 M
13M

[Link]
 CHALLENGES FACED: STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
• The joints and connections had to be designed
architecturally as it would be exposed internally to
hide end drainage gutters , maintenance Systems ,
cat walks etc.
• The total façade had to be free standing on 20 meter brick
work with stone cladding to be integrated / merged with
the main structural steel supports.
• The main columns were to be designed for support on
one side with all services including ac ,chillers etc.
• The entire project is in structural steel , as the concept of
SERVICES EXPOSED IN CEILING
exhibition Hall is based on functional flexibility and
aesthetics .
• The exhibition halls are constructed in a manner such that
it can be used as a single exhibition hall or can be divided
into six small exhibition halls.
STONE INTEGRATED FACADE

Ballroom converted into banquet area

[Link]
WHAT IS OPEN WEB STEEL TRUSS? STRUCTURAL ASPECTS

• Open web trusses feature both top and [Link] PERFORMANCE STRENGTH
bottom parallel chords spanned by • For typical roofing systems and long span
triangulated steel bars, or angle iron structures, open web trusses are a preferred
connections, to effectively transfer live and solution for applications which require
dead loads to structural posts or columns. strength and versatility.
• The cross-ties that traverse the truss serve to
shed compression loads and will greatly add [Link] DESIGN AND EASY TO INSTALL
to the strength of the roofing system. This • Open web trusses reduce the weight of
type of framing can carry heavy loads and other load-bearing factors such as
will also serve double duty in preventing foundations, footings, and bearing walls.
wind uplift of the fabric roofing membrane. • A minimum 3” weld joins the web to the
chord at each location. The web is an open
section that allows access to all surface
[Link] FOR HOT-DIP GALVANIZATION areas for hot-dip galvanization.
• The open web design allows the web to
contour the cord, giving a stronger base [Link] TO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
connection and larger structural area of • The open-web nature of an open web truss
welding, Open web design allows for allows for installation of wiring, ductwork,
optimal coverage of hot-dip galvanization. and plumbing in the clear space between
trusses.
[Link]
HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONS STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
• Excellent static properties
• Economic
• It is possible to change the strength by varying
the wall thickness or by filling the section with
concrete without changing the outside
dimensions.
• The protection against corrosion is 20 to 50%
cheaper with hollow sections than with open
sections and it is much more uniform.
• The internal void of hollow sections can be
used in various ways.
• Connections should be designed in such a way
that the welds are not critical.
• Gap joints are preferred to partial overlap
joints
• To allow proper welding at the heel of the
bracing, the bracing angle should not be less
than 30°.

"Design of Steel Structures" - Annex K: Hollow Section Lattice Girder Connections

STONE CLADDING
MATERIALS

ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS STRUCTURAL STEEL

GYPSUM WALL AND CEILING PANELS MARBLE FLOORING