ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT - LECTURE NOTES

UNIT - I

ENTREPRENEUR: A person who sets up a business or businesses and taking financial risks with a hope of
making profit. An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of
the rewards. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and business/or
procedures.
The word " Entrerpeneur" is derived from the French verb "Entreprendre", which means to undertake'. This refers to those
who" undertake" the risk of new enterprises. An enterprise is created by an entrepreneur. The process of creation is called
"Entrepreneurship"

Meaning: Entrepreneurship is a process of actions of an entrepreneur who is a person always in search of something new
and exploits such ideas into gainful opportunities by accepting the risk and uncertainty with the enterprise. It is the process
of starting a business, a startup company or other organisation. The entrepreneur develops a business plan, acquires the
human and other required resources and is fully responsible for its success or failure Entrepreneurship operates within an
entrepreneurship ecosystem.

DEFINITIONS
According to [Link] Entrepreneurship is the purposeful activity of an individual or a group of associated individual,
undertaken to initiate, maintain or agrrandize profit by production or distribution of economic goods and services.

According to [Link]: The word " Entrerpeneur" is derived from the French verb "Entreprendre", which means to
undertake'. This refers to those who "undertake" the risk of new enterprises. An enterprise is created by an entrepreneur.
The process of creation is called "Entrepreneurship"

Meaning: Entrepreneurships a process of actions of an entrepreneur who is a person always in search of something new
and exploits such ideas inot gainful opportunities by accepting the risk and uncertainty with the enterprise. It is the process
of starting a business, a startup company or other organisation. The entrepreneur develops a business plan, acquires the
human and other required resources and is fully responsible for its success or failure Entrepreneurship operates within an
entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Definitions
According to [Link]
Entrepreneurship is the purposeful activity of an individual or a group of associated individual, undertaken to initiate,
maintain or agrrandize profit by production or distribution of economic goods and services.
According to [Link]
Entrepeneurship is the ability to create and build something from practically nothing.
According to Musselman and Jackson
"Entrepreneurship is the investing and risking of time. money and effort to start a business and make of successful.
Entrepreneurship is the ability to create and build something from practically nothing.
 "Entrepeneurship is the investing and risking of time. money and effort to start a business and make of successful.
The word “entrepreneur” is derived from the French verb entreprendre. It means “to undertake”. In the early
16th century, the Frenchmen who organized and led military expeditions were referred to as “entrepreneurs.”

The team “entrepreneur” was applied to business initially by the French economist, Cantillon, in the 18th
century, to designate a dealer who purchases the means of production for combining them into marketable
products.

Oxford English Dictionary defined entrepreneur as one who undertakes an enterprise. Especially a contractor
acting as an intermediary between labour and capital production is an entrepreneur.
Adam Smith described entrepreneur as a person who only provides capital without taking active part in the
leading role in the enterprise.
Richard Cantillion considered all persons engaged in economic activity as entrepreneurs.
Joseph A. Schumpeter recognized a person one who introduces innovative changes in an entrepreneur. He
treated entrepreneur as an integral part of economic growth. The fundamental source of disequilibrium was the
entrepreneur.
Francis A. Walker observes that the true entrepreneur is one who is endowed with more than average capacities
in the risk of organizing and coordinating the various other factors of production.
Peter F. Drucker defines an entrepreneur as one who always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it
as an opportunity. Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an
opportunity for a different business or service.
According to Mc Clelland: “ An entrepreneur is someone who exercises some control over the means of
production and purchases more than what he can consume in order to sell( or exchange) it for individual(or
household) income.”
According to >E> Hagen: “An entrepreneur is an economic man who tries to maximize his profits by
innovation, involve problem solving and gets satisfaction from using his capabilities on attacking problems.”
According to Max Weber “Entrepreneurs are a product of particular social condition in which they are brought
up and it is the society which shapes individuals as entrepreneurs.”

International Labour Organization (ILO) defines entrepreneurs as those people who have the ability to see and
evaluate business opportunities, together with the necessary resources to take advantage of them and to initiate
appropriate action to ensure success.

An entrepreneur is a person who has possession of a new enterprise, venture or idea and assumes significant
accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome. He or she is an ambitions leader who combines land, labor,
and capital to often create and market new goods or services. Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to the
type of personality who is willing to take upon herself a new venture or enterprise and accepts full responsibility
for the outcome.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEURS
People may lack the personality and skills necessary for successful entrepreneurship. There are some general
characteristics and skills that many successful entrepreneurs have:
1. Problem-solving: Entrepreneurs often start their businesses after identifying a problem and then
coming up with a way to address it. Entrepreneurs are also able to figure out how to solve
problems that will occur during the development of the business.
2. Innovation: Entrepreneurs are innovators, and are often engaged continuously in the process of
conceiving new products and services, renewing and improving current offerings, and developing new
business processes.
3. Risk-taking: Entrepreneurs are not risk-averse. They are willing to risk their time, money and even
their reputation to get the business started and take their products or services to market. Entrepreneurs
are also willing to take risks even after they establish a business, developing new products and
approaches that can grow their businesses.
4. Contrariness: Entrepreneurs are often people who are eager to question why and how things are
being done even if these processes are clearly "industry-standard." This doesn't mean an entrepreneur
should ignore industry best practices, but the entrepreneur is also willing to challenge these practices if
she believes that there is a better way to do them.
5. Persistence: Entrepreneurs are persistent. They aren't easily discouraged and are willing to work
through discouragement and challenges. Entrepreneurs are willing to attend trade shows, meet with
bankers, call on clients and do what it takes to get the business started, and then to make it successful.
6. Leadership: Successful entrepreneurs are strong leaders. Leadership is an essential entrepreneurial
skill, as the entrepreneur will need to be able to cultivate trust and support from the people who join his
business as managers and workers. Many new businesses are cash-poor and experience significant
challenges – but a good leader can inspire loyalty in workers who may not yet be receiving high
wages, as well as in employees who are facing roadblocks in their efforts to build the company.

FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEUR

The following points highlight the top five functions of an entrepreneur. The functions are:

1. Decision Making: The primary task of an entrepreneur is to decide the policy of production. An entrepreneur
is to determine what to produce, how much to produce, how to produce, where to produce, how to sell and so
forth. Moreover, he is to decide the scale of production and the proportion in which he combines the different
factors he employs. In brief, he is to make vital business decisions relating to the purchase of productive
factors and to the sale of the finished goods or services.
2. Management Control: Earlier writers used to consider the management control one of the chief functions of
the entrepreneur. Management and control of the business are conducted by the entrepreneur himself. So, the
 latter must possess a high degree of management ability to select the right type of persons to work with him.
But, the importance of this function has declined, as business nowadays is managed more and more by paid
managers.
3. Division of Income: The next major function of the entrepreneur is to make necessary arrangement for the
division of total income among the different factors of production employed by him. Even if there is a loss in
the business, he is to pay rent, interest, wages and other contractual incomes out of the realised sale proceeds.

4. Risk-Taking and Uncertainty-Bearing: Risk-taking is perhaps the most important function of an

entrepreneur. Modern production is very risky as an entrepreneur is required to produce goods or services in
anticipation of their future demand. Broadly, there are two kinds of risk which he has to face. Firstly, there
are some risks, such as risks of fire, loss of goods in transit, theft, etc., which can be insured against. These
are known as measurable and insurable risks. Secondly, some risks, however, cannot be insured against
because their probability cannot be calculated accurately. These constitute what is called uncertainty (e.g.,
competitive risk, technical risk, etc.). The entrepreneur undertakes both these risks in production.
5. Innovation: Another distinguishing function of the entrepreneur, as emphasised by Schumpeter, is to make
frequent inventions — invention of new products, new techniques and discovering new markets — to improve
his competitive position, and to increase earnings.

ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

What skills are needed to be an entrepreneur? There are many skills that entrepreneurs develop over time, but there
are a few skills that every entrepreneur must have before opening their “door” for business. Successful
entrepreneurs have to start with these six skills:
1) Self-Motivation: People who start their own businesses have typically worked in a larger organization and have
enjoyed the amount of control and autonomy that self- employment gives them, when they see the direct rewards
for labor, they are motivated to setup their own business. Money is also a big motivator. Many top entrepreneurs
have had unhappy experiences in childhood, and are motivated by something negative. They want to go on and
prove that they can succeed and are driven by control and power. And while those negative experiences may drive
many to set their own businesses in the first place, motivation grows with the enterprise; those who run small
businesses generally do so because their work is also their passion.
2) Self-Confidence: Every entrepreneur needs to be confident in themselves, their product and their business. One
needs to know that his product can truly help people and he is charging prices that are both fair to him and his
clients.
3) Ethics and Morals: Ethics and morals are the foundation of every good entrepreneur. Early on one must decide
what he and his business will stand for and what lines he will refuse to cross. Many entrepreneurs close their doors
because the dollar outshines their morals. If one stray too far from his morals he will give himself and his business
a bad name. No one wants to do business with someone who will not stand up for his own morals.

4) Time Management: One should schedule his day and stick to that schedule. This cannot be emphasized
enough. New entrepreneurs need to realize that every minute is valuable. When first starting out, most likely one
will not have enough “work” to fill an eight hour day. This does not mean that he has time to take a three hour
lunch with friends. He should utilize this time to learn more skills related to his business, find ways to advertise
and contact potential clients.
5) Sales: No matter how much you do not like the idea of it, every business has to work with sales. Each industry
and business has a unique way of handling its sales. As an entrepreneur, it is his job to figure out what type of sales
he will prefer and what type is best for his services or products. If he had ever worked in retail sales or advertising
he already have an edge on most other hopeful business people. All entrepreneurs will benefit from sales seminars,
books and motivational programs.
6) Financial Knowhow: When in business, knowledge of finance is a must. Knowing how to balance a check-
book and keep track of numbered invoices is all most small businesses need to start out. The most important aspect
of small business finance is scheduling time specifically for the finance management. Granted it helps to have an
accounting degree or extensive Quick Books knowledge but these skills are not mandatory.
7) Communication Skills: Businesspeople communicate by writing letters and memos, talking on the telephone,
and meeting with customers, suppliers, bankers, employees, and others. To succeed as an entrepreneur, he will
need to develop his writing, speaking and listening skills because he will use them everyday:
i) Writing Skills: As an entrepreneur, a person will have to frequently communicate in writing with
customers, suppliers and employees, among others. To do so effectively, he will need to develop his business
writing skills. Good business writing communicates ideas clearly. It also gets results by being positive and
persuasive and by convincing readers that they should accept what the writer is communicating.
ii) Speaking Skills: Much of our communication as a business owner will be conducted verbally either over
the telephone or face-to –face. How we yourself will have a big impact on the people with whom we deal.
iii) Listening Skills: Problems in business often occur because people fail to listen to each other.
As a business owner, we need to listen carefully to our employees. We also need to listen to bankers, suppliers,
customers and anyone else who may impact our business. What can we do to improve our listening skills?
8) Problem-Solving Skills: Many entrepreneurs make decisions casually or base them on intuition. As a result,
their decisions are based on faulty assumptions or illogical thinking. The best entrepreneurs use formal problem-
solving mechanisms to gather information and evaluate different options.
For many kinds of problems, a person will need to make decisions alone. For other kinds of decisions, however,
involving other people in the company in brainstorming and consensus- building techniques can make the most of
group decision- making. Possessing or nurturing these skills before going into business will help to ensure
successful outcome. So long as one has an excellent.
Types of Entrepreneurship

Classic entrepreneurs: The so-called "classic" entrepreneur is someone who observes a gap in the market or
takes note of a business or consumer need, and develops a company that addresses the deficit or the need. In
some cases, the entrepreneur may also be an inventor, although some classic entrepreneurs will team up with
someone who has invented a product. In many cases, the classic entrepreneur starts the business and
 continues to own and manage it for many years.

Serial entrepreneurs: A serial entrepreneur enjoys getting businesses started, and then sells the business to
another person or company. This type of entrepreneur is typically somebody who is excited about starting
something new and taking risks. Once the business is doing well, however, this entrepreneur wants to move
on to another new and different challenge.

Social entrepreneurs: Social entrepreneurs incorporate social conscience with business. While their
businesses may still be for-profit, there is typically a strong mission statement connecting the business with a
social cause. For example, a social entrepreneur may import fair trade goods for resale while also educating
the public about the importance of activism in the area of sustainably and responsibly sourcing products.

ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

What skills are needed to be an entrepreneur? There are many skills that entrepreneurs develop over time,
but there are a few skills that every entrepreneur must have before opening their “door” for business.
Successful entrepreneurs have to start with these six skills:
1) Self-Motivation: People who start their own businesses have typically worked in a larger organization
and have enjoyed the amount of control and autonomy that self- employment gives them, when they see
the direct rewards for labor, they are motivated to setup their own business. Money is also a big motivator.
Many top entrepreneurs have had unhappy experiences in childhood, and are motivated by something
negative. They want to go on and prove that they can succeed and are driven by control and power. And
while those negative experiences may drive many to set their own businesses in the first place, motivation
grows with the enterprise; those who run small businesses generally do so because their work is also their
passion.
2) Self-Confidence: Every entrepreneur needs to be confident in themselves, their product and their
business. One needs to know that his product can truly help people and he is charging prices that are both
fair to him and his clients.
3) Ethics and Morals: Ethics and morals are the foundation of every good entrepreneur. Early on one
must decide what he and his business will stand for and what lines he will refuse to cross. Many
entrepreneurs close their doors because the dollar outshines their morals. If one stray too far from his
morals he will give himself and his business a bad name. No one wants to do business with someone who
will not stand up for his own morals.
4) Time Management: One should schedule his day and stick to that schedule. This cannot be
emphasized enough. New entrepreneurs need to realize that every minute is valuable. When first starting
out, most likely one will not have enough “work” to fill an eight hour day. This does not mean that he has
time to take a three hour lunch with friends. He should utilize this time to learn more skills related to his
business, find ways to advertise and contact potential clients.
5) Sales: No matter how much you do not like the idea of it, every business has to work with sales. Each
industry and business has a unique way of handling its sales. As an entrepreneur, it is his job to figure out
what type of sales he will prefer and what type is best for his services or products. If he had ever worked
in retail sales or advertising he already have an edge on most other hopeful business people. All
entrepreneurs will benefit from sales seminars, books and motivational programs.
6) Financial Knowhow: When in business, knowledge of finance is a must. Knowing how to balance a
check-book and keep track of numbered invoices is all most small businesses need to start out. The most
important aspect of small business finance is scheduling time specifically for the finance management.
Granted it helps to have an accounting degree or extensive Quick Books knowledge but these skills are
not mandatory.
7) Communication Skills: Businesspeople communicate by writing letters and memos, talking on the
telephone, and meeting with customers, suppliers, bankers, employees, and others. To succeed as an
entrepreneur, he will need to develop his writing, speaking and listening skills because he will use them
everyday:
i) Writing Skills: As an entrepreneur, a person will have to frequently communicate in writing with
customers, suppliers and employees, among others. To do so effectively, he will need to develop his
business writing skills. Good business writing communicates ideas clearly. It also gets results by being
positive and persuasive and by convincing readers that they should accept what the writer is
communicating.
ii) Speaking Skills: Much of our communication as a business owner will be conducted verbally either
over the telephone or face-to –face. How we yourself will have a big impact on the people with whom we
deal.
iii) Listening Skills: Problems in business often occur because people fail to listen to each other.
As a business owner, we need to listen carefully to our employees. We also need to listen to bankers,
suppliers, customers and anyone else who may impact our business. What can we do to improve our
listening skills?
8) Problem-Solving Skills: Many entrepreneurs make decisions casually or base them on intuition. As a
result, their decisions are based on faulty assumptions or illogical thinking. The best entrepreneurs use
formal problem- solving mechanisms to gather information and evaluate different options.
For many kinds of problems, a person will need to make decisions alone. For other kinds of decisions,
however, involving other people in the company in brainstorming and consensus- building techniques can
make the most of group decision- making.

Possessing or nurturing these skills before going into business will help to ensure successful outcome. So
long as one has an excellent.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENTREPRENEUR VS MANAGER

BASIS FOR ENTREPRENEUR MANAGER

COMPARISON
Meaning Entrepreneur refers to a person who Manager is an individual who
creates an enterprise, by taking takes the responsibility of
financial risk in order to get profit. controlling and administering
the organization.
Focus Business start-up On-going operations
Primary Achievement Power
motivation
Approach to task Informal Formal
Status Owner Employee
Reward Profit Salary
Decision making Intuitive Calculative
Driving force Creativity and Innovation Preserving status quo
Risk orientation Risk taker Risk averse

COMPARISON BETWEEN ENTREPRENEUR VS INTRAPRENEUR

BASIS FOR ENTREPRENEUR INTRAPRENEUR
COMPARISON
Meaning Entrepreneur refers to a person Intrapreneur refers to an employee of
who set up his own business the organization who is in charge of
with a new idea or concept. undertaking innovations in product,
service, process etc.
Approach Intuitive Restorative
Resources Uses own resources. Use resources provided by the
company.
Capital Raised by him. Financed by the company.
Enterprise Newly established An existing one
Dependency Independent Dependent
Risk Borne by the entrepreneur Taken by the company.
himself.
Works for Creating a leading position in Change and renew the existing
the market. organizational system and culture.
Entrepreneurship

Definition: Entrepreneurship refers to the process of creating a new enterprise and bearing any of its risks, with
the view of making the profit.

Reasons to Become an Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurial efforts are like biological experiments in nature: Many variations are tried, but only a small
percentage of those go on to thrive. You, however, have an advantage over nature. As an entrepreneur, you can
set up your experiment with forethought. Entrepreneurs work under the constraints of their environment – the
political economy.

Advantages of Entrepreneurship

1. Learning to See Possibilities Everywhere

 When you have to rely on yourself and your imagination in order to generate income, this awareness
goes with the territory.
 An entrepreneur has to develop the skill and train his or her mind to stay open and receptive to potential
ideas and possibilities.
 This doesn’t mean they get involved in everything that comes their way. They must also learn the skill
of discernment – which is also of tremendous value.
 But whatever the case, being open to many possibilities gives entrepreneurs a tremendous amount of
choice.

2. Defining Your Income

 Who decides how much you’re getting paid?

 Chances are, there are several factors at play including your boss, your company’s financial budget, the
board of directors, the economy, etc.
 These factors also determine whether you’ll be staying at your job.
 So even if you’re working really hard and giving 110%, your salary might not reflect it.
 But when you’re an entrepreneur, you create the relationship between your efforts and your income.
 Plus, the only two factors that determine and define your income are the market forces and you.
 Even though the market can be a harsh judge of your entrepreneurial skills, once you pay attention to,
and understand the market’s signals, following the current marketing trends, you’ll be able to make
informed decisions to keep your business moving in the right direction.

3. Flexibility in Your Schedule

 There are morning people and night owls and others somewhere in between.
 As an entrepreneur you can ditch the rigid schedule.
 So if you’re a night owl, you can start work at 4pm. If you love the morning, maybe works starts at 4am.
 Take a break when the need arises. You are the master of your scheduling domain.

 The power of creating your own schedule isn’t just liberating, but it could be healthier too.
 Entrepreneurs focus on results rather than on hours worked. And one study found that a results-based
work atmosphere leads to greater mental and physical wellness.

4. Enjoying Your Work

 Even though, as an entrepreneur, you can create your own schedule, it doesn’t necessarily mean there
won’t be long hours.
 But unlike those energy-draining hours spent working overtime for someone else, it will be long hours
spent working toward something you love. And you will reap the rewards.

5. Learning to be in the Moment

 How much of your day at work is spent counting the hours and minutes before your lunch break or the
end of the day?
 One of the great advantages of entrepreneurship is being able to abandon the predictable and
monotonous schedule of a traditional office job.
 Instead, you plan and schedule your day, set regular goals and work to achieve them.
 Of course there will be unexpected situations you’ll have to handle. But in learning how to handle these
situations, you get the added benefit of being more present and learning how to live in the moment.
 Is It Time For You To Be Your Own Boss?

Drawbacks/Disadvantages of Entrepreneurship

Although managing a business offers numerous benefits and bestows many opportunities, anyone planning to
take a plunge into the world of entrepreneurship must be aware of its potential drawbacks. Entrepreneurship is a
strict no for people who fancy the security of a fixed monthly paycheck, paid vacations, and benefit packages,
among others. Some of the major disadvantages of entrepreneurship are as follows –

Risk of Loss — Business failure can ruin an entrepreneur financially, and yes, the failure rate of small business
is relatively high when compared to established businesses. Entrepreneurs should ask themselves if they are
prepared to cope psychologically with the failures associated with entrepreneurship.

Uncertainty of Income — Starting and running an enterprise provides no guarantee of earning money. Many
small businesses barely earn enough to give the owner adequate income. During the initial days of a start-up, a
business often cannot provide an attractive salary for its owner and meet all its financial obligations. If you are
willing to live on your savings, then entrepreneurship is for you.

Lower Quality of Life in Initial Stage — Long hours and hard work are needed to launch a business but this
can take their toll on the life of the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs often find their personal roles diverging and
taking a backseat. Owning a business requires to make a lot of sacrifices. As a result, personal life suffers.
High Levels of Responsibility — Entrepreneurs often have to take decisions beyond the domain of their
knowledge as many of them have difficulty finding advisers. When there is no one to ask, the pressure can
build quickly. The realisation of making the right decisions can have an effect on some people.

High Stress Levels — Starting and managing a business on one hand may seem highly rewarding but on the
other, it can be extremely stressful as well. Apart from significant investments and leaving a secure monthly
income, entrepreneurs constantly thrive under the stress of failure leading to financial ruin. In addition, the
turbulences in the personal lives also add to the stress levels.

Long Working Hours — Start-ups often demand long working. In many start-ups, the demands of owning a
business make achieving a balance between work and life difficult for entrepreneurs. It becomes a full-time
commitment where there are always some things that need to be done.

FIVE FACTORS WILL BE THE KEY TO ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS:

Creativity, tolerance for risk, responsiveness to opportunities, leadership and the ability to take advantage of the
rights afforded to you.
Creativity and Accumulation of Ideas: Do not be dissuaded by the challenge to be creative. You need not be
the original wheel creator to improve upon a stone cylinder. By standing on the shoulders of giants, you can
take existing ideas and make small improvements upon them. Your best ideas may come to you as you are
falling asleep or while you are taking a shower. Recognize when you have a fresh idea and do not let them get
away from you. Write them down! Not every idea has to be a home run. By accumulating your ideas, you will be
able to distill the great ones from the rest and be ready to run with the best.
Risk Tolerance and Taking Advantage of Opportunity: Rewards rarely come without risk. Your ability to
take advantage of an opportunity will depend, in part, on your tolerance for risk. As the founder of a start-up,
investors will expect you to have a vested interest in your business. If you will not bet on your idea, why should
anybody else? If you cannot afford the risk, financially or emotionally, then you might make decisions that are
too tepid to be successful. To do well, an entrepreneur needs the strong sense of self-efficacy to believe the risk
will be surmountable.
Responsiveness to Opportunity: Opportunity can leave quickly. With the internet, the spread of information
and ideas has led to deeper, faster competition to be the first mover. The ability to respond to the market and
new business opportunities can be the difference between a successful entrepreneur and a failed business model.
To be responsive, an entrepreneur must have the flexibility of mind and resources necessary to see and take
advantage of new and upcoming possibilities. Learning from your mistakes and those of others to implement
change can keep businesses afloat. Calcifying rigidity, on the other hand, can turn a start-up into dust.
Leadership and Inspiring Others: It is up to the entrepreneur to marshal assets. Leaders are challenged with
taking possibilities and turning them into inspiring visions for others. You will inevitably have to sell either your
idea or your product to begin your entrepreneurship. It will be up to the entrepreneur to take the idea and turn it
into actions and products to capitalize on the opportunity. Leadership can come in many forms, but it is
nevertheless essential to entrepreneurship. You must take the lead for your ideas to come to fruition.
 Intellectual Property Rights: Intellectual property laws can provide you with exclusive business rights to your
ideas. If you do not protect your ideas, they may be copied – cheaply. Once an idea is in the public domain, it
may no longer be possible to use that idea as a competitive advantage. Society values ideas being shared. In
exchange for sharing ideas, governments provide limited monopolies that will allow you to capitalize on them
for a period, making up in part for the costs you have incurred in research and development. Intellectual property
professionals can aid you in seeking such rights.

TRAITS OF ENTREPRENEUR
Following are the top 10 essential entrepreneurial traits that anyone who is interested in starting a business must
possess:
i) Independence: This is the most common denominator of all entrepreneurs. They want to seize control of their
future; thus they decide to become their own boss instead of laboring under the gaze of a master.
ii) Persistence and Determination: The world of entrepreneurship is fraught with both success and failure. An
important quality of a successful entrepreneur is the doggedness to continue pursuing a goal despite some
setbacks and obstacles thy may encounter on the road. This persistence and determination is fueled by a burning
desire to achieve the goal of succeeding in the chosen field of business.
iii) Self–Confidence: Along with independence, an entrepreneur possesses self- confidence. They believe in their
capabilities and makes sure that they will put in their best effort into their particular endeavors and likewise
expect the best results from it. Belief in one’s capabilities is very important in achieving any goal especially in
the world of entrepreneurship.
iv) Creativity: In the business world, you cannot afford to be complacent and uncreative unless you want the
competition to move up on ahead of you. Creative people are naturally curious, inquisitive, bright and highly
flexible when thinking. Thy keenly observe their environment and have an eye for spotting new trends that could
spark a business opportunity.
v) Organized and Goal- oriented: An entrepreneur knows the value of organization in a business endeavor. A good
entrepreneur has the ability to consolidate resources.
vi) Visionary: An entrepreneur has a vision for his/her future.
vii) Risk- Taking and Tolerance for Failure: A good entrepreneur realizes that loss and failure are inherent in any
business endeavor. Thus, an entrepreneur must always be ready to make calculated risks and face whatever
consequences accompany those risks. As in all fields of endeavor, the characteristic of a successful entrepreneur
is in never giving up and in picking up the pieces and continuing the journey even if failure momentarily
obstructs the way.
viii) Perseverance and Hard Work: These are perhaps two of the most important entrepreneurial traits.
ix) Commitment: An entrepreneur will not important mark of a good entrepreneur is being honest and honorable in
all business dealings and interpersonal relationships- Whether it is between business partners, employees, peers
or investors.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEUR

Entrepreneur is a key figure in economic progress. He is the person who introduces new things in the economy. He
is considered as the business leader and not as simple owner of capital. He is a person with telescopic faculty,
drive and talent who perceives business opportunities and promptly seizes them for exploitation. However, to be
successful, an Entrepreneur should have the following characteristic features:

1) Need to Achieve: Entrepreneurs have got strong desire to achieve higher goals. Their inner self motives their
behavior towards high achievement.

2) Independence: Most of the entrepreneurs start on their own because they dislike to work for others. They prefer
to be their own boss and want to be responsible for their own decisions.

3) Locus of Control: Entrepreneurs believe in their own ability to control the consequences of their endeavor by
influencing their socio- economic environment rather than leave everything to luck. They strongly believe that
they can govern and shape their own destiny.

4) Risk – Bearing: Entrepreneurs are the persons who take decisions under uncertainty and thus they are willing to
take risk, but they never gamble with the results.

5) Perseverance: Entrepreneur has the quality of sticking to job he decides to undertake. They work sincerely until
the whole project is successfully implemented.

6) Positive Self- Concept: Entrepreneurs are always positive in their action> Being an achiever, he directs his
fantasies and dreams towards achievement of worthwhile goals and sets extraordinary standard of excellence in
what he is doing. This is based upon his awareness of SWOT analysis.

7) Ability to Find and Explore Opportunities: Entrepreneurs are always alert to opportunities. They are very much
quick to see and grab opportunities. They exhibit an innovative turn of mind and convert the problems into
viable opportunities. They plan intellectually and anticipate carefully how to achieve their goals in realizing an
opportunity.

8) Hope of success: Hope of success is a significant quality of entrepreneurial personality. Entrepreneurs set their
goals with a hope of success rather than fear of failure. This is because they set their goals on the basis of facts
and their ability to manoeuvre them to their advantage.

9) Flexibility: Most of the successful entrepreneurs measure the pros and cons of a decision and tend to change if
the situation demands. They never feel reluctant to revise their decisions.
10) Analytical Ability of Mind: Entrepreneurs are unaffected by personal likes and dislikes. At the time of their
need they select experts rather than friends and relatives to assist them. They usually avoid emotional and
sensitive attitude towards their business or problem.

11) Sense of Efficacy: Entrepreneurs are always oriented towards action for accomplishment of their goals. Being
confident of their abilities, they find themselves as problem solvers rather than problem avoiders.

12) Openness to Feedback and Learning from Experience: Successful entrepreneurs like to have immediate
feedback of their performance. They learn from their experience and never get discouraged having received
unfavorable information. On the country, they are stimulated by unfavorable information to involve themselves
sincerely in their own tasks to reach their desired goals.

13) Confronting Uncertainly: Successful entrepreneurs are always optimistic and take every odd as the opportunity.
They maneuver their environment in such a way that the works get accomplished rationally. Thus, they win by
the application of their extraordinary insight and skill.

14) Interpersonal Skills: Entrepreneurs are always comfortable while dealing with people at all levels. During the
course of their action, they come across a cross section of individuals with whom they have to deal. They
interact with raw material suppliers, customers, bankers, etc. For different activities. As successful
entrepreneurs, they should be persons who like working with others possessing the much needed quality of
interpersonal skill to deal with people.

15) Need to Influence Others: Once the entrepreneurs set their goals, they have to play the roles of manager too.
For influencing others (Power), a low need to establish emotional relationship (low Affiliation) and a high need
to discipline one’s own self (to inhibit over expression of their personality) are essential.

16) Stress Takers: Entrepreneurs are capable of Working for long hours and solving different complexities at the
same time. As the captain of an industry or an enterprise, an entrepreneur faces a number of problems and in
right moment he takes right decisions which may involve physical as well as mental stress.

17) Time Orientation: Entrepreneurs anticipate future trends basing upon past experience and exposure. They stick
to the time pragmatically while doing their jobs.

18) Innovators: Successful entrepreneurs are innovators. They constantly put their efforts in introducing new
products, new method of production, opening new markets and reorganizing the enterprise.

19) Business Communication Skill: In order to motivate others in the business, entrepreneurs must possess good
 communication skill. Both written and oral communication skills are necessary for the entrepreneurs for running
enterprise efficiently.

20) Leadership: Entrepreneurs should possess the quality of leadership. Leadership is the ability to expert
interpersonal influence by means of communication towards the achievement of goals. Entrepreneurs as the
leaders should provide the necessary spark to motivation by guiding, inspiring, assisting, assisting and directing
the members of the group for achievement of unity of action, efforts and purpose.

21) Telescopic Faculty: Successful entrepreneurs always tend to think ahead. They have got telescopic faculties
which make them think for the future.

22) Business Planning: Planning implies deciding in advance what, when and how to do a thing. Entrepreneurs
should be adept in planning their business and planning is an intellectual approach to solution of the various
problems.

A successful entrepreneur always follows the principles of management while planning for his business. Through
the instrument of planning, the entrepreneurs determine the following things:

• Objectives
• Policies and Procedures
• Budget
• Strategies
• Rules
• Programmes

23) Decision Making: Decision- making skill is a fundamental characteristic of an entrepreneur. This implies the
function of choosing a particular course of action out of several alternative courses for the purpose of achieving
specified goals.

24) Ability to Mobilize Resources: Entrepreneurs must have the ability to marshal all the inputs to obtain the end
product. They have to mobilize 6 Ms, i.e. Man, Money, Material, Machinery, Market and Method effectively to
realize the final product as entrepreneurship is function of gap filling and input completing.

25) Self – confidence: Entrepreneurs must have self- confidence to accomplish the task effectively and efficiently.
They must take decisions on their own in uncertain and risky situation and should stick to it confidently even if
there occurs initial setback.
The above classification of entrepreneurs is not exhaustive, for it aims at highlighting the broad range of
entrepreneurs found in business and profession. We shall now discuss in brief, each type of entrepreneurs.

According to the type of Business

Entrepreneurs are found in various types of business occupations of varying size.

1) Business Entrepreneurs: Business entrepreneurs are individuals who conceive an idea for a new product or
service and then create a business to materialize their idea into reality. They tap both production and marketing
resources in their search to develop a new business opportunity.
2) Trading Entrepreneur: Trading entrepreneur is one who undertakes trading activities and is not concerned with
the manufacturing work. He identifies potential markets, stimulates demand for his product line and creates a
desire and interest among buyers to go in for his engaged in both domestic and overseas trade.
3) Industrial Entrepreneur: Industrial entrepreneur is essentially a manufacturer who identifies the potential needs
of customers and tailors product or service to meet the marketing needs. He is product- oriented man who starts
in an industrial unit because of the possibility of making some new product. The entrepreneur has the ability to
convert economic resources and technology into a considerably profitable venture.
4) Corporate Entrepreneur: Corporate entrepreneur is a person who demonstrates his innovative skill in organizing
and managing a corporate undertaking. A corporate undertaking is a form of business organization, which is
registered under some statute or Act which gives it a separate legal entity.
5) Agricultural Entrepreneur: Agricultural entrepreneurs are those entrepreneurs who undertake such agricultural
activities as raising and marketing of corps, fertilizers and other inputs of agriculture. They are motivated to raise
the productivity of agriculture through mechanization, irrigation and application of technologies for dry land
agriculture.

According to the Use of Technology

The application of new technology in various sectors of the national economy is essential for the future growth of
business.
1) Technical Entrepreneur: “A technical entrepreneur is essentially an entrepreneur of “craftsman type.” He
develops new and improved quality because of his craftsmanship. He concentrates more on production than
marketing. The greatest strength, which the technical entrepreneur has is his skill in production techniques. 2)
Non-technical Entrepreneur: They are concerned only with developing alternative marketing and distributions
strategies to promote their business. 3) Professional Entrepreneur: Professional entrepreneur is a person who is
interested in establishing a business but dos not have interest in managing or operating it once it is established. A
professional entrepreneur sells out the running business and starts another venture with the sales proceeds. Such
an entrepreneur is dynamic and he conceives no ideas to develop alternative projects.
According to Motivation
Motivation is the force that influences the efforts of the entrepreneur to achieve his objectives. An entrepreneur is
motivated to achieve or prove his excellence in job performance. He is also motivated to influence others by
demonstrating his power thus satisfying his ego.

1) Pure entrepreneur: A pure entrepreneur is an individual who is motivated by psychological and economic
rewards. He undertakes an entrepreneurial activity for his personal satisfaction in work, ego or status.
2) Induces Entrepreneur: Induced entrepreneur is one who is induced to take up an entrepreneurial task due to the
policy measures of the government that provides assistance, incentives, concessions and necessary overhead
facilities to start a venture. Most of the entrepreneurs are induced entrepreneurs who enter business due to
financial, technical and several other facilities provided to them by the state agencies to promote
entrepreneurship.
3) Motivated Entrepreneur: New entrepreneurs are motivated by the desire for self-fulfillment. They come into
being because of the possibility of making and marketing some new product for the use of consumers. If the
product is developed to a saleable stage, the entrepreneur is further motivated by reward in terms of profit.

4) Spontaneous Entrepreneur: These entrepreneurs start their business out of their natural talents. They are persons
with initiative, boldness and confidence in their ability, which motivate them to undertake entrepreneurial
activity. Such entrepreneurs have a strong conviction and confidence in their ability.

According to Growth
The development of a new venture has a greater chance of success. The entrepreneur enters a new and open field of
business. The customer approval to the new product gives the psychological satisfactions and enormous profit.
The industrial units are identified as high growth, medium growth and low growth and low growth industries and
as such we have “Growth Entrepreneur” and “Super Growth Entrepreneur.”

1. Growth Entrepreneur: Growth entrepreneurs are those who necessarily take up a high growth industry. These
entrepreneurs choose an industry which has sustained growth prospects.
2. Super- Growth Entrepreneur: Super- growth entrepreneurs are those who have shown enormous growth of
performance in their venture. The growth performance is identified by liquidity of funds, profitability and
gearing.

According to Stages of Development

i) First- Generation Entrepreneur: A first – generation entrepreneur is one who starts an industrial unit by means of
an innovative skill. He is essentially an innovator, combining different technologies to produce a marketable
product or service.
ii) Modern Entrepreneur: A modern entrepreneur is one who undertakes those venture which go well along with the
changing demand in the market. They undertake those ventures which suit the current marketing needs.

iii) Classical entrepreneur: A classical entrepreneur is one who concerned with the customers and marketing needs
through the development of a self- supporting ventures. He is stereotype entrepreneur whose aim is to maximize
his economic returns at a level consistent with the survival of the firm with or without an element of growth.

According to Gender
i) Men Entrepreneur: Generally men are found as an entrepreneur in the society. When a male member of the
society performs the entrepreneurial functions, it is called men entrepreneur.
ii) Women Entrepreneur: In 1988, for first time, the definition of Women Entrepreneurs’ Enterprise was evolved
that termed an SSI unit? Industry- related service or business enterprise, managed by one or more women
entrepreneurs in proprietary concerns, or in which she/thy individually or jointly have a share capital or not less
than 1 percent as partners/shareholders/ directors of private limited company/ members of a cooperative society,
as a men Enterprise.
Women entrepreneurs have been on the Indian business scene for quite some time now and have achieved
remarkable success. Moreover, like any other entrepreneur, any first generation woman entrepreneur has to
compete in the business against those already will established.
Realizing the great untapped potential, the Government has been making concerned efforts to channelize the
skills and talent if women towards economic and business generating activities.

Others:

1) Innovating Entrepreneurs: Innovating entrepreneurship is characterized by aggressive assemblage of information

and analysis of results, deriving from a novel combination of factors. Men/ Women in this group are generally
aggressive in experimentation who exhibit cleverness in putting attractive possibilities into practice. One need
not invent but convert even old established products or services, by changing their utility, their value, their
economic characteristics, into something new, attractive and utilitarian.
2) Initiative Entrepreneurs: Imitative entrepreneurship is characterized by readiness to adopt successful innovations
by innovating entrepreneurs. They first imitate techniques and technology innovated by others.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS
1) Develop New Markets: Under the modern concept of marketing, markets are people who are willing and able to
satisfy their needs. In Economics, this is called effective demand. Entrepreneurs are resourceful and creative.
They can create customers or buyers. This makes entrepreneurs different from ordinary businessmen who only
perform traditional functions of management like planning, organization and coordination.

2) Discover New Sources of Materials: Entrepreneurs are never satisfied with traditional or existing sources of
 materials enjoy a comparative advantage in terms of supply, cost and quality.

3) Mobilize Capital Resources: Entrepreneurs are the organizers and coordinators of the major factors of
production, such as land, labor and capital. They properly mix these factors of production to create goods and
services. Capital resources, from a layman’s view, refer to money. However, in economics, capital resources
represent machines, buildings, and other physical productive resources. Entrepreneurs have initiative and self
confidence in accumulating and mobilizing capital resources for new business or business expansion.

4) Introduce New Technologies: Aside from being innovators and reasonable risk- takers, entrepreneurs take
advantage of business opportunities and transform these into profits. So, they introduce something new or
something different. Such entrepreneurial spirit has greatly contributed to the modernization of economies.
Every year, there are new technologies and new products. All of these are intended to satisfy human needs in a
more convenient and pleasant way.

5) Create Employment: The biggest employer is the private business sector. Millions of jobs are provided by the
factories, service industries, agricultural enterprises, and the numerous small–scale businesses.

ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Entrepreneurs initiate and sustain the process of economic development in the following ways:

1. Capital Formation: Entrepreneurs mobilize the idle savings of the public through the issues of industrial
securities. Investment of public savings in industry results in productive utilization of national resources. Rate
of capital formation increases which is essential for rapid economic growth. Thus, an entrepreneur is the creator
of wealth.
2. Improvement in Per Capita Income: Entrepreneurs locate and exploit opportunities. They convert the latent
and idle resources like land, labour and capital into national income and wealth in the form of goods and
services. They help to increase net national product and per capita income in the country, which are important
yardsticks for measuring economic growth.
3. Generation of Employment: Entrepreneurs generate employment both directly and indirectly. Directly, self-
employment as an entrepreneur offers the best way for independent and honorable life. Indirectly, by setting up
large and small scale business units they offer jobs to millions. Thus, entrepreneurship helps to reduce the
unemployment problem in the country.

4. Balanced Regional Development: Entrepreneurs in the public and private sectors help to remove regional
disparities in economic development. They set up industries in backward areas to avail various concessions and
subsidies offered by the central and state governments. Public sector steel plants and private sector industries by
Modis, Tatas, Birlas and others have put the hitherto unknown places on the international map.
5. Improvement in Living Standards: Entrepreneurs set up industries which remove scarcity of essential
 commodities and introduce new products. Production of goods on mass scale and manufacture of
handicrafts, etc., in the small scale sector help to improve the standards of life of a common man. These
offer goods at lower costs and increase variety in consumption.

6. Economic Independence: Entrepreneurship is essential for national self-reliance. Industrialists help to

manufacture indigenous substitutes of hitherto imported products thereby reducing dependence on foreign
countries. Businessmen also export goods and services on a large scale and thereby earn the scarce foreign
exchange for the country. Such import substitution and export promotion help to ensure the economic
independence of the country without which political independence has little meaning.

7. Backward and Forward Linkages: An entrepreneur initiates change which has a chain reaction. Setting up of
an enterprise has several backward and forward linkages. For example- the establishment of a steel plant
generates several ancillary units and expands the demand for iron ore, coal, etc. These are backward linkages.
By increasing the supply of steel, the plant facilitates the growth of machine building, tube making, utensil
manufacturing and such other units.

Entrepreneurs create an atmosphere of enthusiasm and convey a sense of purpose. They give an organization its
momentum. Entrepreneurial behavior is critical to the long term vitality of every economy. The practice of
entrepreneurship is as important to established firms as it is to new ones.
 UNIT II

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Meaning

Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP) may be defined as a programme designed to help a person in
strengthening his entrepreneurial motives and in acquiring skills and capabilities necessary for playing his
entrepreneurial role effectively and efficiently. It is therefore necessary to promote his understanding of
motives, motivation pattern, impact on behaviour and entrepreneurial values.

Entrepreneurship development concentrates more on growth potential and innovation. Entrepreneurship

Development has gaining increasing significance in developing an economy. It is an organised and systematic
development. It is a tool of industrialization and a solution to unemployment problem for any country.

Entrepreneurship Development Programme –Objectives

Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) has many objectives.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME – COURSE CONTENTS
AND CURRICULUM OF EDPS

The course contents of an EDP should be formulated as per the objectives of the EDPs.

It should consist of the following:

1. General Approach to Entrepreneurship:

The participants should be given exposure about the conceptual framework of entrepreneurship role,
expectation, Entrepreneurial environment etc. Innovative behaviour related issues should be focused to
enlighten the entrepreneurs about their future challenges and prospects. Besides, development agencies should
try to design appropriate strategies enabling the potential entrepreneur to tackle different risk inherent in an
innovation activity.

These risks are as follows:

(i) Technical risks – the risk of not knowing enough about the technical processes, materials etc.

(ii) Economic Risks – the risk of market fluctuations and changes in relation to raw materials etc.

(iii) Social Risks – the risk inherent in the development of new relationship.

(iv) Environmental Risks – risk which result from environmental changes in the manager’s work as an outcome
of the new activity.
Moreover, prospective entrepreneurs should be given a detailed information with regard to facilities generally
provided by the government and other agencies involved in promotion of entrepreneurship.

2. Motivational Training:

Motivational training inputs are meant for developing the motivation of potential entrepreneurs and their
enterprise building skills. Besides, motivational inputs also include psychological games, tests, goal setting
exercises, role play etc.

The motivational inputs will be aimed at increasing the participants, understanding of the entrepreneurial
personality and entrepreneurial behaviour and bring about through self-study, changes in self-concept, value,
skills thereby leading to positive entrepreneurial behaviour.

The major motivational inputs may be given in the beginning of the training programme on full time basis
though the learning effected through them will be reinforced and used throughout the training programme. The
understanding of the entrepreneurial personality and behaviour will be supplemented through interface with one
or two successful as well as not so successful entrepreneurs.

3. Developing Management Skills:

Prospective entrepreneurs should be given exposure in different types of management problems. It would
sharpen their management skills. The management problems take different forms and the management patterns
are peculiar to the situation. So, training for exposing managerial skills will be arranged in keeping the
situational requirements. However, managerial aspects should include production planning, labour laws, cost
analysis, financial accounting, selling arrangements, taxation laws etc.

4. Training for Project Management:

Project inputs are required to help the potential entrepreneurs to develop their project ideas into bankable
projects. They should be given acquaintance with the industrial opportunities in the area and also necessary
guidance on product selection. Necessary knowledge about project feasibility, viability and implementation
should also be given to the potential entrepreneurs.

Under project preparation, technical feasibility includes selection of technology, availability of raw materials,
selection of location and site, availability of plant and machinery, infrastructure facilities, roads, transport,
power, manpower/personnel requirement.

Similarly, market analysis, level of competition, capital cost, working capital requirement, estimated cost of
production, projected sales volume, profitability estimates, expected rate of return, projected cash flows and
break even analysis are different aspects that have to be incorporated in assessing the commercial viability of
the project.
Sufficient exposure is necessary with regard to financing of the project. Financing arrangement generally
includes sources of financing, promoter’s contribution, level of institutional financing, seed capital, investment
subsidy etc. Prospective entrepreneurs should be instructed about the importance of timely implementation of
project. They should be given proper training about scheduling of various activities, provision for effective
supervision and need for avoiding delay and consequent cost escalation.
5. Structural Arrangement:

Training inputs also aim at familiarising the participants about the proposed structural arrangement for the
business or industrial unit. They should be given adequate familiarisation about government policy regarding
development of industries, especially with regard to small scale industries, registration and licensing
procedures, forms of organisation like proprietary, partnership, private company and Joint Stock Company,
institutional setup etc.

6. Support System:

In most of the cases, participants are generally first generation entrepreneurs and they do not know about the
government and institutional support system. Support system may also be used as motivational inputs to
encourage the participants about their future prospects. They should be familiarised with the
incentives/concessions available, tax-incentives, tax holiday, backward/zero industries districts concessions,
soft loan scheme, special schemes for technicians etc.

This should be followed by acquainting them with procedure for approaching government departments and
agencies, applying for and obtaining these concessions from them.

7. Factory Visits/In-Plant Training:

Practical exposure is also necessary. Depending upon their products the potential entrepreneurs may feel the
need to gain more knowledge about the production process etc. by visiting some of the similar units in
production. For this purpose, factory visits may have to be arranged.

Similarly, entrepreneurs who select relatively sophisticated products will be expected to have a good idea of the
product and the process facilities should be arranged for in-plant training or prototype development on
exceptional basis.

EDP – Phases:

 Pre-Training,
 Training
 Post-Training Phases

The entrepreneurship development programme (EDP) normally runs through three important phases followed
by EDP evaluation:
1. Pre-Training Phase:

This is a preparatory phase for launching the programme. It is a planning phase where all requisite
arrangements are made to deliver a content based and useful EDP. This stage lays the foundation for a strong
EDP that can deliver desired results.

It encompasses:

i. Identification of promising area having good commercial prospects.

ii. Selection of project faculty/course coordinator who is a visionary and has relevant experience.
iii. Arrangement of infrastructural facilities for the programme like location, availability of internet,
computers, food and lodging arrangements (if participants are expected to be from different cities).
iv. Conducting industrial survey/environmental scanning for identification of good business
opportunities.
v. Designing the course contents.
vi. Getting support from various agencies such as DICs, SFCs, SISI etc.
vii. Advertising and publicity of EDP to reach prospective minds. Promotional campaigns through either
with the help of print or electric media, leaflets, posters, etc.
viii. Selection of participants for the training program.

2. Training Phase:

The primary thrust of training programme is to instill motivation, skill or competency amongst the budding
entrepreneurs. EDP should aim to provide both theoretical and hands-on practical knowledge to various
trainees.

Training phase of EDP includes:

i. Management:

They should be taught basic principles of management and their applications in real life scenarios to realise the
benefits and significance of the management functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling
and coordinating. The various techniques involved in the management process must be explained. The trainer
can use case studies, management games, role- plays and simulations to polish the skills acquired by the
trainees.

ii. Technical Competence:

Focus should be laid upon acquiring technical competence suitable to the area selected. Industry experts may be
called upon to share their experiences. It’s important for the trainees to understand the basics of technology,
rate of technological change in that industry and challenges ahead. A comparative analysis of present state of
technology in developed and developing nations may be relevant at this stage.
Entrepreneurs can get ideas best suited to their regional environments. The program may cover as details of
technology, plant and machinery, major suppliers, life span, special features of the machinery etc., raw
materials and their availability, manufacturing process and human resource requirements. It’s important for the
entrepreneurs to understand that they should not park substantial funds in fast changing technology as
obsolescence is a big risk. Field trips may also be organized.

iii. Motivation and Stress Management:

The entrepreneurial training programs are designed to elevate and sustain the motivation levels of the trainees.
Stress management is an important component of EDPs as entrepreneurs have to struggle through different
phases before finally getting results. They should be taught stress management techniques and should also be
counseled to hold-on to their beliefs and ideas. The importance of family members need to highlighted here.

Entrepreneurs are strong-willed individuals who may need family support during tough times. Family members
are the ones closest to entrepreneurs. Each session in the training programme should aim at strengthening their
confidence and expanding their vision. Motivation level must be raised to a greater extent because only
motivated participants will survive through starting and sustaining a new venture.

3. Post Training or Follow-up Phase:

Post training support services are rendered to the participants who have successfully completed the
entrepreneurship.

This phase may comprise of the following steps:

(i) Assistance in registration of the enterprise.

(ii) Loan procedures and documentation.
(iii) Facilitating infrastructure like land, plant layout, purchase of plant and machinery, power connection
etc.
(iv) Securing subsidies and grants and utilizing incentives given by Centre and State government.
(v) Management consultancy and trouble shooting.
(vi) Providing up-to-date information on the industry.
(vii) Meeting with EDP organizers and participants.

INSTITUTIONS FOR EDP

NATIONAL INSTITUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS

DEVELOPMENT (NIESBUD), NEW DELHI

It was established in 1983 by the Government of [Link] is an apex body to supervise the activities of various
agencies in the entrepreneurial development [Link] is a society under Government of India Society Act
of [Link] major activities of institute are:
  To make effective strategies and methods

 To standardize model syllabus for training

 To develop training aids,tools and manuals

 To conduct workshops,seminars and conferences.

 To evaluate the benefits of EDPs and promote the process of Entrepreneurial Development.

 To help support government and other agencies in executing entrepreneur development programmes.

 To undertake research and development in the field of EDPs.

NATIONAL ALLIANCE OF YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS (NAYE)

It contributes in encouraging women entrepreneurship. It was set up women’s wing in 1975.

This wing assists women in :

 Getting better access to resources, infrastructure,markets.

 Identify invest opportunities.
 Attending to problems of individual industries.
 Sponsor participation in trade fairs, exhibitions, conferences.
 Organise seminars, training programmes, workshops.

TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY ORGANISATION

Acess to high quality consultancy services improves the operational efficiency of entrepreneurs. All India
financial institutions have set up 17 technical consultancy organizations to provide industrial consultancy and
training to entrepreneurs. These organizations provide a comprehensive package of services to small
entrepreneurs. The main functions of TCOsare as follows:

 Identification of industrial potentials;

 Conduct pre-investment studies and prepare project reports and feasibility studies;

 Undertake techno-economic surveys;

 Undertake market research;and

 Identify potential entrepreneurs and provide them with technical and managerial assistance
PROBLEMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES (EDPS) :

1. No Policy at the National Level. Though Government of India is fully aware about the importance of
entrepreneurial development, yet we do not have a national policy on entrepreneurship. It is expected that the
government will formulate and enforce a policy aimed at promoting balanced regional development of various
areas through promotion of entrepreneurship.

2. Problems at the Pre training Phase:Various problems faced in this phase are — identification of business
opportunities, finding & locating target group, selection of trainee & trainers etc.

3. Over Estimation of Trainees: Under EDPs it is assumed that the trainees have aptitude for self employment
and training will motivate and enable the trainees in the successful setting up and managing of their enterprises.
These agencies thus overestimate the aptitude and capabilities of the educated youth. Thus on one hand the
EDPs do not impart sufficient training and on the other financial institutions are not prepared to finance these
risky enterprises set up by the not so competent entrepreneurs.

4. Duration of EDPs: An attempt is made during the conduct of EDPs to prepare prospective entrepreneurs
thoroughly for the various problems they will be encountering during the setting up and running of their
enterprises. Duration of most of these EDPs varies between 4 to 6 weeks, which is too short a period to instill
basic managerial skills in the entrepreneurs. Thus the very objective to develop and strengthen entrepreneurial
qualities and motivation is defeated.

5. Non Availability of Infrastructural Facilities: No prior planning is done for the conduct of EDPs. EDPs
conducted in rural and backward areas lack infrastructural facilities like proper class room suitable guest
speakers, boarding and lodging etc.

6. Improper Methodology: The course contents are not standardized and most of the agencies engaged in
EDPs are themselves not fully clear about what they are supposed to do for the attainment of pre-determined
goals. This puts a question mark on the utility of these programmes.

7. Mode of Selection: There is no uniform procedure adopted by various agencies for the identification of
prospective entrepreneurs. Organisations conducting EDPs prefer those persons who have some project ideas of
their own and thus this opportunity is not provided to all the interested candidates.

8. Non Availability of Competent Faculty: Firstly there is problem of non availability of competent teachers
and even when they are available, they are not prepared to take classes in small towns and backward areas. This
naturally creates problems for the agencies conducting EDP.

9. Poor Response of Financial Institutions:Entrepreneurs are not able tooffer collateral security for the grant
of loans. Banks are not prepared to play withthe public money and hence they impose various conditions for the
grant ofloans. Those entrepreneurs who fail to comply with the conditions are not able toget loan and hence
their dream of setting up their own enterprises is [Link] attitude of lending institutions will go a long
way in stimulating entrepreneurial climate.

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Women entrepreneurship is the process in which women initiate a business, gather all resources, undertake
risks, face challenges, provides employment to others and manages the business independently. Women
Entrepreneurship refers to business or organization started by a woman or group of women.

TYPES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

Women entrepreneurs in India are broadly divided into the following categories:

 Affluent entrepreneurs
 Pull factors
 Push
 Self-employed entrepreneurs
 Rural entrepreneurs

1. Affluent Entrepreneurs:

Affluent women entrepreneurs are those women entrepreneurs who hails from rich business families. They are
the daughters, daughter-in laws, sisters, sister-in-laws and wives of affluent people in the society. Many of them
are engaged in beauty parlour, interior decoration, book publishing, film distribution and the like. The family
supports the above type of entrepreneur in carrying out their responsibilities

2. Pull Factors:

Women in towns and cities take up entrepreneurship as a challenge to do something new and to be
economically independent. These are coming under the category of pull factors. They belong to educated
women who generally lake up small and medium industries where risk is low. Under this category, women
usually start service centres schools, food catering centres, restaurants, grocery shops etc.

3. Push Factors:

There are some women entrepreneurs who accepts entrepreneurial activities to overcome financial difficulties.
The family situation forces them either to develop the existing family business or to start new ventures to
improve the economic conditions of the family. Such categories of entrepreneurs are termed as push factors.

4. Self-employed Entrepreneur:
Poor and very poor women in villages and town rely heavily on their own efforts for sustenance. They start tiny
and Small enterprises like brooms making, wax candle making, providing tea and coffee to offices, ironing of
clothes knitting work, tailoring firm etc. Such women are called self-employed entrepreneurs.

5. Rural Entrepreneurs:

Women in rural areas/villages start enterprises which needs least organising skill and less risk. Dairy products,
pickles, fruit juices, pappads and jagger making are coming under this category of Rural entrepreneur.

Problems faced by Women Entrepreneurs:

Women entrepreneurs, unlike men entrepreneurs, face certain specific problems in their business.

These problems are as follows:

1) Low Risk-Taking Ability:

Women in our country lead a protected life. They are less educated and economically more dependent on
others. In other words, they are economically not independent. Therefore, these factors reduce their ability to
take risks involved in business. Risk-taking is an essential requisite of a successful entrepreneurship.

But women entrepreneurs have a low ability to bear economic and other risks. Inferiority complex, low
education, unplanned but protected growth, lack of infrastructure etc. are the main factors for their low ability
to take or bear risks.

2) Lack of Self-Confidence:
Women entrepreneurs generally lack self-confidence in doing anything independently, particularly in India.
They hesitate to take risks. They are conservative in their outlook. The public in general look women
entrepreneurs with suspicion and they do not support nor encourage them.

3) Lack of Entrepreneurial Aptitude:

Women generally lack entrepreneurial aptitude. They lack any entrepreneurial bent of mind as well as
entrepreneurial creativity, motivation, behaviour etc.

4) Lack of Mobility:
Women, particularly in India, lack mobility. In other words, their mobility is highly limited due to various
reasons. Women cannot travel alone freely and safely nor can they deal courageously with men or male officers
who always try to humiliate women, when approached for any official or business work. Travelling is also not
possible and feasible for women entrepreneurs. Thus the mobility of women entrepreneurs is very limited,
particularly in India.

5) Family Problem:
In India, it is mainly the duty of a woman to look after her children and other elderly or old members of the
family. Lot of time and energy will have to be used by the woman in looking after her family affairs. Therefore,
her involvement in family affairs leaves little time and energy for business. Therefore, married women
entrepreneurs have to make a satisfactory balance between family burden and business burden.

Their success in this connection depends upon the willing support of their husband and other family members.
Because with-out the consent and full support of her husband and without the cooperation and encouragement
from the other members of her family, no woman entrepreneur can hope to succeed in her business. Otherwise,
there arises a role of conflict for women entrepreneurs in their business life. Such conflicts prevent them from
taking prompt and sound decisions in their business.

The movement of women has been slowed down because of the traditions and family responsibilities, despite
modernisation. Further, the occupational background of the families, and educational level of the husbands will
have a great impact on the development of women entrepreneurship.

The development of kindergartens, day-time nurseries and creches and family planning and most important one,
desire for a larger income and higher standard of living, have to some extent helped the women entrepreneurs to
carry on their business without affecting the social prestige of their husbands.

6) Male-Dominated Society:
Ours is a male-dominated society. Our constitution speaks of equality between men and women, but in reality
women are not treated equal to men. Women are looked down upon as weak and incapable in all respects.
Women suffer from male reservations about their role, ability and capacity. Such an attitude of men towards
women acts as a great barrier to women’s entry into business.

7) Social Attitudes:
The biggest problem faced by the women entrepreneurs is the problem of social attitudes towards women and
the constraints in which women entrepreneurs live and work. Despite constitutional equality, there is a great
discrimination against women. In our society, which is bound by customs and traditions, women suffer from
many reservations imposed by men on their role and capacity.

This is particularly true in rural India. In rural areas, women face resistance not only from the male members
but also from the elderly female members who do not accept the principle of equality. The overbearing
presence of the elders in the family restrains the young girls from venturing out.

Though the rural women have the potential to become entrepreneurs, they are not properly trained and given
scope. It is believed that the skill imparted to a girl is lost when she is married. Hence, girls, though having
entrepreneurial talent, continue to be helpless in rural handicrafts and small scale and tiny industries and hence
they do not become entrepreneurs.
8) Lack of Education:
In India, women are less educated and therefore, they are not aware of the business technology and market
knowledge. Nearly 48 percent of women in India are still illiterate as per 2001 census. Lack of education
among women causes low achievement motivation.

Therefore, lack of education creators problems for women in setting up and running business enterprises. Lack
of education leads to lack of information and experience among women creates still more problems for them in
their business i.e. because of their inability to deal with outsiders.

9) High Cost of Production:

Another problem faced by the women entrepreneurs is the high cost of production, which undermines the
efficiency and restricts the development of entrepreneurship among the woman. The assistance given by the
government and other agencies in the form of grants and subsidies may enable them to tide over this difficulty
but to ensure their ultimate success and survival, it becomes necessary to increase their efficiency expand
productive capacity and reduce cost of production.

But even then, the women entrepreneurs still face certain problems such as problems of labour, human
resources, infrastructure, legal formalities, lack of family support etc.

10) Low Need for Achievement:

Need for high achievement, independence, autonomy and freedom are the pre-requisites for success in
entrepreneurship. But women, by nature prefer to grow under some assured shelter and glory of their parents,
husbands, brothers, sons etc. They have got some pre-conceived notions about their role in life and this attitude
of women inhibits their achievements.

There should be a keen usage for achievement in women but it is true that all women cannot be expected for
achievement in women but it is true that all women cannot be expected to have such an urge. Only these
women who have got such exceptional urge for achievement and independence are most likely to succeed in
their business.

Remedies to Solve the Problems of Women Entrepreneurs:

The following steps may be adopted to solve the problems of the women entrepreneurs:
1) Finance Cells:
In various financial institutions and banks, special finance cells should be opened for providing easy finance to
women entrepreneurs. Such finance cells should be managed by women officers and clerks. The finance cells
should provide to women entrepreneurs at low rates of interest and on easy repayment basis.

2) Marketing Co-Operatives:
Women entrepreneurs should be encouraged and given all assistance for setting up marketing cooperatives. The
Government and semi-government bodies should give highest preference to such women’s marketing
cooperatives while making their purchases. Such cooperatives will be able to eliminate the middlemen while
making their purchases of inputs and selling their products at remunerative prices.

3) Supply of Raw Materials and Other Inputs:

The government should make necessary arrangements for the supply of scarce and imported raw materials and
other inputs required by the women entrepreneurs. The government should also give subsidy to the women
entrepreneurs to make their products cost- competitive and sell them at competitive prices.

4) Education and Awareness:

Intensive educational and awareness programmes should be arranged so as to change the negative or
unfavourable attitudes towards women. The attitude of the elders, particularly, the elderly women whether
mothers or mother-in-laws, should be made aware of the potential of the girls and their due role in the society.
The social attitudes of these people should be made positive so as to enable the women entrepreneurs to achieve
progress in their venture.

5) Training Facilities:
Training and skill development are quite essential for development of entrepreneurs. Special training schemes
should be designed so as to suit the women entrepreneurs so as to create self-confidence in their mind about the
success of their entrepreneurship. Since family members will not be permitted to go too far distant places for
training, mobile training centres should be arranged.

Similarly, part-time training facilities should also be provided during week-ends and holidays. In addition,
stipend, good hygienic creches, transport facilities, and such other facilities should also be provided to attract
more and more women-entrepreneurs to the training centres.
 UNIT III

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Small scale industries are labour intensive yet require little capital. Small scale industriescomprise
of small enterprises that manufacture goods or provide services with the help of smaller machines and a few
workers and employees. The enterprise must fall under the guidelines set by the Government of India.

Examples :Bakeries, Candles, Water bottles, Leather beltetc .

IMPORTANCE OF SSI

1. Small Scale Industries Provides Employment

 SSI uses labour intensive techniques. Hence, it provides employment opportunities to a large number of
people. Thus, it reduces the unemployment problem to a great extent.
 SSI provides employment to artisans, technically qualified persons and professionals. It also provides
employment opportunities to people engaged in traditional arts in India.
 SSI accounts for employment of people in rural sector and unorganized sector.
 It provides employment to skilled and unskilled people in India.
 The employment capital ratio is high for the SSI.

2. SSI Facilitates Women Growth

 It provides employment opportunities to women in India.

 It promotes entrepreneurial skills among women as special incentives are given to women
entrepreneurs.

3. SSI Brings Balanced Regional Development

 SSI promotes decentralized development of industries as most of the small scale industries are set up in
backward and rural areas.
 It removes regional disparities by industrializing rural and backward areas and brings balanced regional
development.
 It promotes urban and rural growth in India.
 It helps to reduce the problems of congestion, slums, sanitation and pollution in cities by providing
employment and income to people living in rural areas. It plays an important role by initiating the
government to build the infrastructural facilities in rural areas.
 It helps in improving the standard of living of people residing in suburban and rural areas in India.
  The entrepreneurial talent is tapped in different regions and the income is also distributed instead of
being concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or business families.

4. SSI Helps in Mobilization of Local Resources

 It helps to mobilize and utilize local resources like small savings, entrepreneurial talent, etc., of
the entrepreneurs, which might otherwise remain idle and unutilized. Thus it helps in effective
utilization of resources.
 It paves way for promoting traditional family skills and handicrafts. There is a great demand for
handicraft goods in foreign countries.
 It helps to improve the growth of local entrepreneurs and self-employed professionals in small towns
and villages in India.

5. SSI Paves for Optimisation of Capital

 SSI requires less capital per unit of output. It provides quick return on investment due to shorter
gestation period. The pay-back period is quite short in small scale industries.
 SSI functions as a stabilizing force by providing high output capital ratio as well as high employment
capital ratio.
 It encourages the people living in rural areas and small towns to mobilize savings and channelize them
into industrial activities.

6. SSI Promotes Exports

 SSI does not require sophisticated machinery. Hence, it is not necessary to import the machines from
abroad. On the other hand, there is a great demand for goods produced by small scale sector. Thus it
reduces the pressure on the country’s balance of payments.
 SSI earns valuable foreign exchange through exports from India.

7. SSI Complements Large Scale Industries

 SSI plays a complementary role to large scale sector and supports the large scale industries.
 SSI provides parts, components, accessories to large scale industries and meets the requirements of large
scale industries through setting up units near the large scale units.
 It serves as ancillaries to large Scale units.

8. SSI Meets Consumer Demands

 SSI produces wide range of products required by consumers in India.

  SSI meets the demand of the consumers without creating a shortage for goods. Hence, it serves as an
anti-inflationary force by providing goods of daily use.

9. SSI Ensures Social Advantage

 SSI helps in the development of the society by reducing concentration of income and wealth in few
hands.
 SSI provides employment to people and pave for independent living.
 SSI helps the people living in rural and backward sector to participate in the process of development.
 It encourages democracy and self-governance.

10. Develops Entrepreneurship

 It helps to develop a class of entrepreneurs in the society. It helps the job seekers to turn out as job
givers.
 It promotes self-employment and spirit of self-reliance in the society.
 Development of small scale industries helps to increase the per capita income of India in various ways.
 It facilitates development of backward areas and weaker sections of the society.
 Small Scale Industries are adept in distributing national income in more efficient and equitable manner
among the various participants of the society.

PROBLEMS OF STARTUPS (SSI)

 Lack of Finances

Cash flow is essential for start-ups to survive. One of the key challenges that small businesses face today relates
to finances. As income increases, the expenditures also increase and to top it all, start-ups rely heavily on
investors who provide them strong financial support. When such situations arrive, start-ups are the first ones
who lose on properly managing their finances, and eventually succumb to the pressure. While entrepreneurs
have to make sure that they have enough funds to go around, in the meantime, they also have to pay their
employees, contractors, mortgage, and grocery bills.

 Poor Business Planning

Proper planning is the key for start-ups to get their businesses off the ground. In this technological landscape,
writing a formal business plan based on a vague requirement of some institution is suicidal. Due to poor
planning, many businesses fail in the very first year because they do not effectively factor in challenges and
pitfalls. Even if the start-ups have innovative ideas and ambitions, but their business plans lack perspective,
they are doomed to fail or they have to continuously devise and change them.
  Lack of Proper Marketing Strategy

It is always a challenge for start-ups to figure out best ways to market their products or services. The fact that
small businesses need to maximize their return on investment with efficient and result oriented targeted
marketing also makes them vulnerable in terms of trust they have develop vis-à-vis customers. Without putting
a comprehensive marketing strategy in place, companies’ profits take a steep plunge.

 Lack ofDedicated Team

Due to the lack of a proper team, any business will suffer immensely. Lack of commitment aggravates
frustration in the organization which quickly escalates into an open conflict. If the team members start making
under commitments due to the fear of being responsible or blamed for failure, businesses will never achieve
their goals.

 Fierce Competition

Competition is the most inevitable challenge that start-ups face. In fact, start-ups have to bear the brunt of
facing two-way challenge: one coming from monopolistic businesses that have dominated the market and
making difficult for newcomers to emerge. Second, there are countless start-ups that are launched regularly in
the market having innovative ideas, so it is highly likely to get swallowed by the shadow of other start-ups.

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION: FEATURES ADVANTAGES &

DISADVANTAGE

Business means the state of being busy. In technical words it is the commercial and industrial activities i.e. the
production and distribution of good and services to people and earn profit. The business activities are usually
divided into commerce and industry.

The different types of business ownership are:-

 Single Ownership (Private Undertaking).

 Partnership.
 Joint Stock Company
 Cooperative Organisation (Or Societies)
 Public Sector
 Private Sector.
  SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

The firm owned by an individual forms a sole proprietorship. A person who enters into business on his own
account, manages that business and is solely responsible for providing the capital and making the critical
decisions is known as the sole proprietor. His reward is the profit that the business makes and the satisfaction of
being his own boss, but in return, he must accept the risk of loss if the business fails. Examples are small
farmers, hairdressers, grocers, butchers, consultants, craftsmen and mechanics.

Characteristics of Individual Ownership

1. Owned by signal individual

2. Being a small in size it is easy and manage and control
3. The owner is unlimited liability
4. As per the legal status the owner and the business are considered as one.
5. No legal formalities in setup a business and easy to dissolve it.

Advantages of Sole Proprietor

i. It is the easiest and least expensive form of business organization

ii. Personal decision making
iii. All profits belong to the owner
iv. Personal satisfaction
v. Business affairs are kept very private.

Disadvantages of Sole Proprietor

i. Unlimited liability
ii. Expansion problems due to lack of capital
iii. Lack of continuity
iv. Cannot take advantage of large scale buying.

 PARTNERSHIP

A Partnership is defined as two or more, but not exceeding a legally defined number of people (twenty in
Pakistan) who agree to provide capital and work together in a business with a purpose of making profit.

Advantages of Partnership

i. easy to set-up
ii. Provides a larger capital base and hence more growth prospects
 iii. Work load is shared
iv. Responsibility and control is also shared
v. Provides a diversified pool of expertise resulting in efficient management.

Disadvantages of Partnership

i. Unlimited liability
ii. Disagreement among the partners may cause delays in decision making
iii. Lack of continuity.

Legal requirements of Partnership

1. The maximum number of partners is defined

2. Partners have to sign a partnership deed according to the articles of partnership for that particular
country
3. All partners participate in management but the right of a junior partner may be restricted by articles
4. There may be “sleeping” partners who do not participate in day-to-day management affairs.
5. The sharing of profits and losses according to the partnership deed or in the absence of any such clause
according to the law of the country.
6. A partnership doesn’t possess a corporate status and each partner is severally and jointly liable. Each
partner incurs unlimited personal liability for not only himself but for all other partners for any debts
incurred by the partnership.

 JOINT STOCK COMPANY

According to Prof. Haney,"Joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals for profit, having their
capital divided into transferable shares, the ownership of which is the condition for membership". Thus, a joint
stock company is an incorporated association of persons having a separate legal existence, with a perpetual
succession and common seal.

Characteristics of a joint stock company

1. Separate legal existence:
2. Perpetual succession:
3. Limited liability:
4. Transferability of shares:
5. Common seal:

Merits of a joint stock company

i. Large capital resources.

 ii. Limited liability.
iii. Continuity of existence.
iv. Efficient management.
v. Economies of scale.
vi. Goodwill.

Demerits of a joint stock company

i. Legal formalities.
ii. Lack of motivation.
iii. Delay in decisions.
iv. Economic oligarchy.
v. Corrupt management.
vi. Excessive government control.
vii. Unhealthy speculations.
viii. Conflict of interests.

 COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION

Cooperative organizations are those organizations, which are different from the rest, as they are formed not for
the purpose of making profit but to provide its members goods and services at reasonable rates. This form of
organization primarily protects and safeguards the economic interests of its members.

Thus, cooperatives are voluntary associations, formed with a service motive; the primary source of income
being the members’ shares, they get dividend on trading surplus, if any. The organization functions as a
separate legal entity in a democratic way and is governed by the state regulation.

There are different types of cooperatives like:

o Consumers’ cooperatives,
o Producers’ cooperatives,
o Marketing cooperatives,
o Housing cooperatives,
o Credit cooperatives,
o Farming cooperatives, etc.

Characteristics of cooperative organization

The structure of a cooperative organization ensures:

 1. All members have an equal say (one vote per member, regardless of the number of shares held).
2. Open and voluntary membership.
3. Limited interest on share capital.
4. Surplus is returned to the members according to amount of patronage.

Advantages of a Cooperative Organization:

i. A cooperative organization is owned and controlled by members.

ii. It has a democratic control: one member, one vote.
iii. This type of organization has a limited liability.
iv. Profit distribution (surplus earnings) to members is carried on in proportion to the use of service; surplus
may be allocated in shares or cash.

Disadvantages of a Cooperative Organization:

i. A cooperative organization entails longer decision-making process.

ii. It requires members to participate for success.
iii. Extensive record keeping is necessary in this form of organization.
iv. It has less incentive, and there’s also a possibility of development of conflict between members.
 UNIT IV

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

DEFINITION

Project identification is a process to assess each project idea and select the project with the highest priority. It is
concerned with collection, compilation and analysis of economic data for the eventual purpose of locating
possible opportunities for investment.

STEPS

Step 1: Defining the goal of a project.

Step 2: Individual brainstorm – Identification of the involved

Step 3: Group brainstorm: Identification of the involved based on roles.

Step 4: Group brainstorm: Phasing the involvement.

PROJECT CLASSIFICATION

Classification of the project are as following:

[Link] and Non-quantifiable

Projects can be divided into two broader categories namely quantifiable and [Link] a quantifiable
project, it is possible to measure the end benefits or outcomes of the end benefits or outcomes of the project.
Whereas in non-quantifiable end result cannot be calculated properly.

2 .Sector Project

The Planning Committee of India has classified projects for various sectors.

 Agriculture sector.
 Irrigation & Power.
 Transport & Communication.
  Social Services.

3. Techno-Economic Project

Here project is classified on the basis of technology & Economic Characteristics.

a) Factor intensity oriented classification

In this category, projects are either capital intensive or labor-intensive depending upon their size & investment
pattern. For eg: IT project or service rendering project is labor-intensive depending on their size and investment
pattern.

b) Cause-oriented

In this category, projects are based on either the availability of raw material or demand for that project. For eg-
Power project required, abundant water, steel plant required iron ore as raw material.

c) Magnitude oriented classification

Here the size of an investment is considered depending on the investment. A project can be classified as a tiny
unit investment to 25 lakhs Small-scale unit investment up to 1 crore. medium scale enterprise investment up to
5 crores or more.

PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

Although projects are unique and highly unpredictable, their standard framework consists of same generic
lifecycle structure, consisting of following phases:

The Initiation Phase: Starting of the project.

The Planning Phase: Organizing and Preparing.
The Execution Phase: Carrying out the project.
The Termination Phase: Closing the project.

Characteristics of the Project Life Cycle

The Initiation Phase: The initiation phase aims to define and authorize the project. The project manager takes
the given information and creates a Project Charter. The Project Charter authorizes the project and documents
the primary requirements for the project. It includes information such as:

i. Project’s purpose, vision, and mission.

ii. Measurable objectives and success criteria.
 iii. Elaborated project description, conditions, and risks.
iv. Name and authority of the project sponsor.
v. Concerned stakeholders.

The Planning Phase: The purpose of this phase is to lay down a detailed strategy of how the project has to be
performed and how to make it a success.

Project Planning consists of two parts:

 Strategic Planning
 Implementation Planning

In strategic planning, the overall approach to the project is developed. In implementation planning, the ways to
apply those decisions are sought.

The Execution Phase: In this phase, the decisions and activities defined during the planning phase are
implemented. During this phase, the project manager has to supervise the project and prevent any errors from
taking place. This process is also termed as monitoring and controlling. After satisfaction from the customer,
sponsor, and stakeholder’s end, he takes the process to the next step.

The Termination Phase: This is the last phase of any project, and it marks the official closure of the project.

Project Report

Meaning

Project Report is a written document relating to any investment. It contains data on the basis of which the
project has been appraised and found feasible. It consists of information on economic, technical, financial,
managerial and production aspects. It enables the entrepreneur to know the inputs and helps him to obtain loans
from banks or financial Institutions.

The project report contains detailed information about Land and buildings required, Manufacturing Capacity
per annum, Manufacturing Process, Machinery & equipment along with their prices and specifications,
Requirements of raw materials, Requirements of Power & Water, Manpower needs, Marketing Cost of the
project, production, financial analyses and economic viability of the project.

Contents of a Project Report

Following are the contents of a project report.

1. General Information

A project report must provide information about the details of the industry to which the project belongs to. It
must give information about the past experience, present status, problems and future prospects of the industry.
It must give information about the product to be manufactured and the reasons for selecting the product if the
proposed business is a manufacturing unit. It must spell out the demand for the product in the local, national
and the global market. It should clearly identify the alternatives of business and should clarify the reasons for
starting the business.

2. Executive Summary

A project report must state the objectives of the business and the methods through which the business can attain
success. The overall picture of the business with regard to capital, operations, methods of functioning and
execution of the business must be stated in the project report. It must mention the assumptions and the risks
generally involved in the business.

3. Organization Summary

The project report should indicate the organization structure and pattern proposed for the unit. It must state
whether the ownership is based on sole proprietorship, partnership or joint stock company. It must provide
information about the bio data of the promoters including financial soundness. The name, address, age
qualification and experience of the proprietors or promoters of the proposed business must be stated in the
project report.

4. Project Description

A brief description of the project must be stated and must give details about the following:

 Location of the site,

 Raw material requirements,
 Target of production,
 Area required for the workshed,
 Power requirements,
 Fuel requirements,
 Water requirements,
 Employment requirements of skilled and unskilled labour,
 Technology selected for the project,
 Production process,
 Projected production volumes, unit prices,
  Pollution treatment plants required.
 If the business is service oriented, then it must state the type of services rendered to customers. It should
state the method of providing service to customers in detail.

5. Marketing Plan

The project report must clearly state the total expected demand for the product. It must state the price at which
the product can be sold in the market. It must also mention the strategies to be employed to capture the market.
If any, after sale service is provided that must also be stated in the project. It must describe the mode of
distribution of the product from the production unit to the market. Project report must state the following:

 Type of customers,
 Target markets,
 Nature of market,
 Market segmentation,
 Future prospects of the market,
 Sales objectives,
 Marketing Cost of the project,
 Market share of proposed venture,
 Demand for the product in the local, national and the global market,
 It must indicate potential users of products and distribution channels to be used for distributing the
product.

6. Capital Structure and operating cost

The project report must describe the total capital requirements of the project. It must state the source of finance,
it must also indicate the extent of owners funds and borrowed funds. Working capital requirements must be
stated and the source of supply should also be indicated in the project. Estimate of total project cost, must be
broken down into land, construction of buildings and civil works, plant and machinery, miscellaneous fixed
assets, preliminary and preoperative expenses and working capital.

Proposed financial structure of venture must indicate the expected sources and terms of equity and debt
financing. This section must also spell out the operating cost

7. Management Plan

The project report should state the following.

 Business experience of the promoters of the business,

  Details about the management team,
 Duties and responsibilities of team members,
 Current personnel needs of the organization,
 Methods of managing the business,
 Plans for hiring and training personnel,
 Programmes and policies of the management.

8. Financial Aspects

In order to judge the profitability of the business a projected profit and loss account and balance sheet must be
presented in the project report. It must show the estimated sales revenue, cost of production, gross profit and net
profit likely to be earned by the proposed unit. In addition to the above, a projected balance sheet, cash flow
statement and funds flow statement must be prepared every year and at least for a period of 3 to 5 years.

The income statement and cash flow projections should include a three-year summary, detail by month for the
first year, and detail by quarter for the second and third years. Break even point and rate of return on investment
must be stated in the project report. The accounting system and the inventory control system will be used is
generally addressed in this section of the project report. The project report must state whether the business is
financially and economically viable.

9. Technical Aspects

Project report provides information about the technology and technical aspects of a project. It covers
information on Technology selected for the project, Production process, capacity of machinery, pollution
control plants etc.

10. Project Implementation

Every proposed business unit must draw a time table for the project. It must indicate the time within the
activities involved in establishing the enterprise can be completed. Implementation schemes show the timetable
envisaged for project preparation and completion.

11. Social responsibility

The proposed units draws inputs from the society. Hence its contribution to the society in the form of
employment, income, exports and infrastructure. The output of the business must be indicated in the project
report.

PROJECT APPRAISAL
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

I. MARKET APPRAISAL

It is one of the major areas of introducing of any products in market. In that case, must be considered this things
before launching in a market.

 What would be the aggregate demand of the poposed product or service?

 What would be the market share of the market share of the project under appraisal?
 Past and current demand trends
 Past and current supply position
 Production possibilities and constraints
 Imports and exports
 Nature of competition
 Cost structure
 Elasiticity of demand
 Consumer behaviour:
1. motivation,
2. attitudes,
3. preferences, requirements.
 Distribution channels: marketing policies.
II. TECHNICAL APPRAISAL
 Whether prerequisites for the success of project considered?
 Good choices with regard to location, size, process, machines etc.
 Preliminary tests and studies
 Availability of raw materials, power and other inputs.
 Optimal sale of operations.
 Choice of suitable production process
 Choice of appropriate machines and equipment
 Effluents and waste disposal
 Proper layout of plant and buildings
 Realistic work schedules
 Socially acceptable technology
III. FINANCIAL APPRAISAL
 whether the project is financially viable?
 Servicing debt
 Meeting return expectations
  Investment and phasing of the total cost
 Means of financing
 Break even point
 Cash flows in the project
 Investment worthwhile?
 Netpresent value
 Internal rate of return
 Pay back period
 Level of risk
IV. ECONOMIC APPRAISAL
 Social cost-benefit analysis
 Impact on level of savings and investments in society
 Impact on fulfilment of national goals:
 Self suffiency
 Employment
 Social order.
V. MANGERIAL APPRAISAL
 Track record in earlier project
 Resourcefulness of the promoter
 Understanding of business
 Commitment to the project
 Integrity
VI. SOCIAL APPRAISAL
 Impact of project on quality of:
 Air
 Water
 Noise
 Vegetation
 Human life
 Major projects such as these cause environmental damage
 Power plants
 Irrigatin schemes
 Industries like leather processing, chemicals
etc. Likely damage & the cost of restoration.
 UNIT - V

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (SIDO)

Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO) is a subordinate office of the Department of SSI &
Auxiliary and Rural Industry (ARI). It is an apex body and nodal agency for formulating, coordinating and
monitoring the policies and programmes for promotion and development of small-scale industries.

Development Commissioner is the head of the SIDO. He is assisted by various directors and advisers in
evolving and implementing various programmes of training and management, consultancy, industrial
investigation, possibilities for development of different types of small-scale industries, industrial estates, etc.

FUNCTIONS OF SIDO

The main functions of the SIDO are classified into:

(i) Co-ordination,
(ii) Industrial development, and
(iii) Extension.

These functions are performed through a national network of institutions and associated agencies created for
specific functions. At present, the SIDO functions through 27 offices, 31 Small Industries Service Institutes
(SISI), 37 Extension Centres, 3 Product-cum -Process Development Centres, and 4 Production Centres.

All small-scale industries except those falling within the specialized boards and agencies like Khadi and Village
Industries (KVI), Coir Boards, Central Silk Board, etc., fall under the purview of the SIDO.

The main functions performed by the SIDO in each of its three categories of functions are:

Functions Relating to Co-ordination:

a. To evolve a national policy for the development of small-scale industries,

b. To co-ordinate the policies and programmes of various State Governments,
c. To maintain a proper liaison with the related Central Ministries, Planning Commission,
State Governments, Financial Institutions etc., and
d. To co-ordinate the programmes for the development of industrial estates.

Functions Relating to Industrial Development:

 a. To reserve items for production by small-scale industries,
b. To collect data on consumer items imported and then, encourage the setting of industrial units to
produce these items by giving coordinated assistance,
c. To render required support for the development of ancillary units, and
d. To encourage small-scale industries to actively participate in Government Stores Purchase
Program by giving them necessary guidance, market advice, and assistance.

Function Relating to Extension:

a. To make provision to technical services for improving technical process, production planning,
selecting appropriate machinery, and preparing factory lay-out and design,
b. To provide consultancy and training services to strengthen the competitive ability of small-scale
industries.
c. To render marketing assistance to small-scale industries to effectively sell their products, and
d. To provide assistance in economic investigation and information to small- scale industries.

THE SMALL INDUSTRIES SERVICE INSTITUTES (SISI’S)

The small industries service institutes (SISI’s) are set-up one in each state to provide consultancy and training
to small and prospective entrepreneurs. The activities of SISs are co-ordinate by the industrial management
training division of the DC, SSI office (New Delhi). In all there are 28 SISI’s and 30 Branch SISI’s set up in
state capitals and other places all over the country.

SISI has wide spectrum of technological, management and administrative tasks to perform.

Functions of SISI

1. To assist existing and prospective entrepreneurs through technical and managerial

counselling such as help in selecting the appropriate machinery and equipment,
adoption of recognized standards of testing, quality performance etc;
2. Conducting EDPs all over the country;
3. To advise the Central and State governments on policy matters relating to small
industry development;
4. To assist in testing of raw materials and products of SSIs, their inspection and quality
control;
5. To provide market information to the SISI’s;
6. To recommend SSI’s for financial assistance from financial institutions;
7. To enlist entrepreneurs for partition in Government stores purchase programme;
8. Conduct economic and technical surveys and prepare techno-economic feasible reports
for selected areas and industries.
NATIONAL SMALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION LTD. (NSIC)

The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. (NSIC), an ISO 9000 certified company, since its establishment
in 1955, has been working to fulfill its mission of promoting, aiding and fostering the growth of small-scale
industries and industry related small-scale services/businesses in the country.

At present, the NSIC operates through 6 Zonal Offices, 26 Branch Offices, 15 Sub-offices, 5 Technical Services
Centres, 3 Extension Centres and 2 Software Technology Parks supported by a team of over 5000 professionals
spread across the country. To mange operations in Gulf and African countries, the NSIC operates from its
offices in Dubai and Johannesburg.

Functions of NSIC:

NSIC provides a wide range of services, predominantly promotional in character, to small-scale industries.

Its main functions are to:

a. Provide machinery on hire-purchase scheme to small-scale industries.

b. Provide equipment leasing facility.
c. Help in export marketing of the products of small-scale industries.
d. Participate in bulk purchase programme of the Government.
e. Develop prototype of machines and equipments to pass on to small-scale industries for
commercial production.
f. Distribute basic raw material among small-scale industries through raw material depots.
g. Help in development and up-gradation of technology and implementation of modernization
programmes of small-scale industries.
h. Impart training in various industrial trades.
i. Set up small-scale industries in other developing countries on turn-key basis.
j. Undertake the construction of industrial estates.

SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION(SIDCO)

In many state governments, for the promotion of small scale industries, a separate corporation has been set up
which is known as Small Industries Development Corporation. They undertake all kinds of activities for the
promotion of small scale industries. Right from the stage of installation, to the stage of commencing
production, these Corporations help small scale industries (SSI) in many ways.
In short, they provide infrastructure facilities to small scale industries. Due to the assistance provided by
SIDCO, many backward areas in most of the states have been developed. So, SIDCO has also been responsible
in spreading the industrial activity throughout several states.

FUNCTIONS OF SIDCO

SIDCO supplies scarce raw materials:

Some of the scarce raw materials are procured by the corporation either from the domestic market or from
abroad and are provided to the needy small scale industries. For this purpose, SIDCO has a number of raw
material depots and these depots are procuring various scarce raw materials, as per the requirements of small
scale industries in the state.

SIDCO provides marketing assistance:

In order to provide an efficient marketing support to small scale industries, the corporation has taken up various
schemes. In fact, the corporation participates in the tenders floated by the state government departments and
also with the DGS & D (Director General of Supplies and Disposal). SIDCO makes advance payments for
obtaining orders and distribute them among the various small scale units. SIDCO also arranges for buyer —
seller meets frequently.

SIDCO assists in Bills discounting:

When small scale units supply goods to government departments, there is a delay in receiving payments. In
such a situation, the bills drawn on government departments will be discounted by SIDCO and upto 80% of the
bill value is given to the supplier. This helps the SSI units in solving their working capital crisis.

SIDCO provides Export marketing assistance:

To promote export marketing among the small scale industries, SIDCO has developed websites because of
which it is able to display the products of the small scale industries in foreign markets and obtain export orders.
Once an export order is obtained, the Common export manager of SIDCO will make arrangements for
extending various services for export of the product. SIDCO also helps in the small scale units taking part in the
international trade fair at New Delhi, PragatiMaidan so that the products of small scale industries of Tamilnadu
are displayed.

SIDCO set up Captive power plants:

In order to provide uninterrupted and good quality power supply, SIDCO has taken up a plan to set up captive
power plants in major industrial estates. It is now planning to set up these plants in 10 industrial estates.

SIDCO promotes skill development centres:

In an effort to supply skilled laborers to various small scale industries, skill development centres are being set
up in various industrial estates which will be training workers in varied industrial activities and they will be
trained in modern skill.

SIDCO promotes women entrepreneurs:

In addition to the above, in order to promote women entrepreneurs, a separate industrial estate for women has
been set up at Tirumullaivoyal, near Chennai, where women entrepreneurs are trained in various fields of small
scale industries.

In addition to SIDCO, there are various corporations that assists in the promotion of small scale industries such
as, Small Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamilnadu (SIPCOT), Tamilnadu Small Industries Corporation
(TANSI), Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organisation of Tamilnadu (ITCOT) and Tamilnadu Industries
Investment Corporation (TIIC).

DISTRICT INDUSTRIES CENTER

A District Industries Center is an institution established at the district level so as to provide them to set up small
and village industries there.

Before the setting up of DIC, a prospective entrepreneur has to go to several agencies, many of them far from
his district, in order to get the necessary assistance and facilities. This caused considerable delay, waste of time
and money.

Now suitable powers have been delegated by several departments of the State Government to the District
Industries Center. Thus an entrepreneur can get all the assistance he needs from a single agency itself i.e. DIC.

District Industries Center - FunctionsDistrict Industries Center – Functions

FUNCTIONS OF THE DISTRICT INDUSTRIES CENTER

1. SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION

The District Industries Center conducts survey of the existing traditional and new industries and raw materials
and human resources. It makes market forecasts of various products. It also prepares techno-economic
feasibility reports so as to give investment advice to the entrepreneurs.

2. TRAINING COURSES

The District Industries Center also conducts training courses for the entrepreneurs of small and tiny units. It
acts as an intermediary between the entrepreneurs and the small industries service institutes in order to
introduce new and improved product lines and quality developed by the latter to the former.

3. MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

The District Industries Center indicates the locations where from machinery and equipment can be acquired and
also arrange for supply of machinery on hire purchase basis.

4. RAW MATERIALS

The District Industries Center obtains the details regarding the materials required by various units and arrange
for purchase of the same in bulk. Thereby it enables the small units to get their raw materials at reasonable
prices.

5. ARRANGEMENTS FOR LOANS

It makes the necessary arrangements with Lead Banks and other Financial Institutions in order to provide
financial assistance to the entrepreneurs. It also appraises the application and monitors the flow of industrial
credit in the district.

6. MARKETING

The District Industries Center conducts market surveys and market development programmes. It also organizes
marketing outlets, contact with Government procurement agencies and make the entrepreneurs well informed
of the market intelligence.

7. KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES

District Industries Centers gives special attention to the development of khadi and village industries and other
cottage industries. It also keeps close contact with the State Khadi Board and organize training programmes for
rural artisans.

SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA(SIDBI)

Sidbi is a development financial institution in India, headquartered at Lucknow and having its offices all over
the country. Its purpose is to provide refinance facilities and short term lending to industries, and server as the
principal financial institution in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. SIDBI also
coordinates the functions of institutions engaged in similar activities. It was established on April 2 1990,
through an Act of Parliament. It is headquartered in Lucknow. SIDBI operates under the Department of
Financial Services, Government of India.

Main Schemes of SIDBI

National Equity Fund Scheme which provides equity support to small entrepreneurs setting up projects in
Tiny Sector.

Technology Development & Modernisation Fund Scheme for providing finance to existing SSI units for
technology upgradation/modernisation.
Single Window Scheme to provide both term loan for fixed assets and loan for working capital capital through
the same agency.

Composite Loan Scheme for equipment and/or working capital and also for worksheds to artisans, village and
cottage industries in Tiny Sector.

MahilaUdyamNidhi (MUN) Scheme provides equity support to women entrepreneurs for setting up projects
in Tiny Sector.

Scheme for financing activities relating to marketing of SSI products which provides assistance for
undertaking various marketing related activities such as marketing research, R&D, product up-gradation,
participation in trade fairs and exhibitions, advertising branding, establishing distribution networks including
show room, retail outlet, wears-housing facility, etc.

Equipment Finance Scheme for acquisition of machinery/equipment including Diesel Generator Sets which
are not related to any specific project.

Venture Capital Scheme to encourage SSI ventures/sub- contracting units to acquire capital equipment, as
also requisite technology for building up of export capabilities/import substitution including cost of total quality
management and acquisition of ISO-9000 certification and for expansion of capacity.

ISO 9000 Scheme to meet the expenses on consultancy, documentation, audit, certification fee, equipment and
calibrating instruments required for obtaining ISO 9000 certification.

Micro Credit Scheme to meet the requirement of well managed Voluntary Agencies that are in existence for at
least 5 years; have a good track record and have established network and experience in small savings-cum-
credit programmes with Self Help Groups (SHGs) individuals.

New Schemes

4. To enhance the export capabilities of SSI units.

5. Scheme for Marketing Assistance.
6. Infrastructure Development Scheme.
7. Scheme for acquisition of ISO 9000 certification.
8. Factoring Services and
9. Bills Re-discounting Scheme against inland supply bills of SSIs.

Major schemes

1. Technology Development & Modernisation Fund

SIDBI has set up Technology Development & Modernisation Fund (TDMF) scheme for direct assistance of
small sale industries to encourage existing industrial units in the sector, to modernise their production facilities
and adopt improved and updated technology so as to strengthen their export capabilities. Assistance under the
scheme is available for meeting the expenditure on purchase of capital equipment acquisition of technical
know-how, up-gradation of process technology and products with thrust on quality improvement, improvement
in packaging and cost of TQM and acquisition of ISO-9000 series certification.

SIDBI in July 1996 had permitted SFCs and promotional banks to grant loans for modernisation projects
costing uptoRs. 50 lakhs. The Coverage of the TDMF scheme has been enlarged w.e.f. 1.9.1997. Non-exporting
units and units which are graduating out of SSI sector are now eligible to avail assistance under this scheme.

2. National Equity Fund

National Equity Fund (NEF) under Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) provides equity type
assistance to SSI units, tiny units at five per cent service charges. The scope of this scheme was widened in
2000-01 raising the limit of loan from Rs. 6.25 lakhs to Rs. 10 lakhs and project cost limit from Rs. 25 lakhs to
Rs. 50 lakhs.

(a) The following are eligible for assistance under the scheme:-

New projects in tiny and small scale sectors for manufacture, preservation or processing of goods irrespective
of the location (except for the units in Metropolitan areas).

Existing tiny and small scale industrial units and service enterprises as mentioned above (including those which
have availed of NEF assistance earlier), undertaking expansion, modernisation, technology up-gradation and
diversification irrespective of location (except in Metropolitan areas).

Sick units in the tiny and small scale sectors including service enterprises as mentioned above, which are
considered potentially viable, irrespective of the location of the units (except for the units in Metropolitan
areas).

All industrial activities and service activities (except Road Transport Operators).

(b) Project cost (including margin money for working capital) should not exceed Rs.50 lakhs in the case of new
projects in the case of existing units and service enterprises, the outlay on expansion/modernisation/technology
up-gradation or diversification or rehabilitation should not exceed Rs.50 lakhs per project.

(c) There is no change in the existing level of promoters' contribution at 10% of the project cost. However, the
ceiling on soft loan assistance under the Scheme has been enhanced from the present level of 15% lakh per
project to 25% of the project cost subject to a maximum of Rs.10 lakhs per project.

(d) 30% of the investment is earmarked for tiny units.

INDUSTRIAL SICKNESS
In general a sick unit can be defined as a unit that fails to generate surplus on a continuous basis and frequently
depend on external funds for its survival.

The sick industrial companies (special provision) act 1985, defined sickness in terms of “cash losses for two
consecutive financial years and accumulated loses equaling or exceeding the net worth of the company at the
end of the second financial year”.

The definition of sick small scale industry has been modified as, “A small scale, industrial unit should be
considered as sick if it has, at the end of any accounting year, accumulated losses equal to or exceeding 50
percent of its peak – net Worth in „the immediately preceding five accounting years”

SYMPTOMS OF SICKNESS

The persistence of many signals for a long period of time is termed as symptoms of sickness, the various
symptoms ultimately reflect on the plant performance (capacity utilization, financial capital ratio, share market
value practices in the diverse areas of finance, production, marketing and labour relation in the industry).

Some of the important symptoms are:

 Deteriorating financial ratio

1. Delay in the audit of annual account
2. Persisting shortage of cash flow
3. Continuous tumble in the price of the shares
4. Delay in the payment of statutory dues
5. Widespread use of creative accounting
6. Frequent request for loans
7. Morale degration of the employees
8. Desperation amongst the top and middle managerial level.

However, the financial ratios, in each case cannot be considered as true symptoms of industrial sickness.

MAIN FACTORS:

1. The sickness prone unit – To present a better and sound image, one must do lot of window
dressing.
2. Financial data – It may be available after a gap of one year.

However, an early identification of symptoms makes the task of detecting easier and [Link] many
glitches that can lead to sickness among industrial units.

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL SICKNESS

Some of the common causes leading to failing health of small units are discussed as follows:
 Problems in Production,
Lack of Orders,
Lack of Raw Materials,
Cash Crunch,
Increased Cost of Raw Material and
Few Others

1. Problems in Production:

Problems in production may arise due to:

i. Machine breakdowns, poor maintenance.

ii. Poor quality of raw materials.
iii. Poor labour productivity.
iv. Power shortage.
v. Lack of production, planning, and control.
vi. Delayed supplies from sub-contractors.
vii. Poor industrial relations..

2. Lack of Orders:

A unit may suffer as it does not get enough orders to match its anticipated or targeted production targets.

The lack of orders could be due to any of the following reasons:

i. Competition
ii. Recession
iii. Low quality technical incompetence
iv. Irregular deliveries
v. Poor marketing efforts
vi. Obsolescence

3. Lack of Raw Materials:

Diminished or poor supply of raw materials could be due to:

i. National or regional shortage

ii. High cost
iii. Overdue payments to suppliers
iv. Poor quality
v. Uncertain suppliers
vi. Lack of planning.
4. Cash Crunch:

This arises due to any of the following:

i. Deliberate diversion of funds

ii. Well-intentioned but unwise diversion (e.g., unplanned diversification)
iii. Poor collections
iv. Unplanned payments to creditors
v. High inventory
vi. Unproductive and flamboyant expenditure

5. Increased Cost of Raw Material:

This is a common cause that may lead to the sickness of a unit.

It could be due to:

i. Increased costs not covered in selling prices due to faulty costing.

ii. Large orders booked at fixed prices in an inflationary market.
iii. High material wastage.
iv. High inventory costs.

6. Increased Overhead Costs:

Increased overhead costs may arise due to:

i. Inefficient production
ii. Un utilized capacity
iii. Heavy borrowings, high interest charges
iv. Increased administration or selling costs
v. Unplanned capital expenditure
vi. New product development or diversification.

PREVENTION OF SICKNESS:

Units falling sick have been studied extensively. Some units are born sick, some units are made sick, and in
case of some units, sickness is thrust up on them. Four groups can play a dominant role in preventing units from
falling sick.

These are:

1. Term lending institutions,

2. Commercial banks,
3. Entrepreneurs, and
 4. The
government.

1. Term Lending Institutions:

If the term lending institutions take the following steps, sickness can be prevented:

i. Proper appraisal of management of the project

ii. Ascertaining the marketability of the end products of the unit before lending
iii. Extra care in assessing the suitability, technical feasibility of plant and machinery if it is second-
hand one
iv. Ensuring the timely implementation of the project.

2. Commercial Banks:

Since the commercial banks are the ones providing resources for serving successfully, they have to take the
following steps to prevent sickness:

i. Noticing that the withdrawals in the account do not exceed the permissible drawing power
continuously over a period of time
ii. Frequent scrutiny of the ledger account with the master intelligences
iii. Frequent interaction with the entrepreneur

3. The Entrepreneur:

The successful running of the unit surely depends on the ability and sustainable effort of the entrepreneur. It is
the entrepreneur who conceives, implements, and manages the project to avert sickness in the unit.

They can prevent sickness by:

i. Selecting the supplier of the machinery with care

ii. Doing the homework properly
iii. Paying adequate attention to the deficiencies in the unit
iv. Careful selection of the partners.

4. The Government:

The Government too can help in controlling sickness by not making sudden changes in the industrial policy
such as – the following, which may destabilize the small units:

1. Several changes related to existing units

2. Policy to discourage new investment
3. Withdrawal of subsidies
4. Opening up of reserved items for big industries.