NATIONALISM, EMPIRE AND MEMORY: the Connaught Rangers mutiny, June 1920

Author(s): Michael Silvestri

Source: History Ireland, Vol. 18, No. 4, The Elephant and Partition: Ireland and India
(July/August 2010), pp. 26-29
Published by: Wordwell Ltd.
Stable URL: [Link] .
Accessed: 23/04/2014 13:42

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On 28 June 1920, a company of the Arasan
Right: 1964? ^^^HHBmI^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^I^
Connaught Rangers stationed at deValera
shows
^^^^^H|^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^V^^^^H
Jullundur on the plains of the
Punjab refused to perform their military State ^^^^^^^^^Hi^^l^^^H^^^^I^I^^^^I
duties as a protest against the activitiesof the Menon Sikh
theceremonialsword^^^^^^^^Ip^SRZ^^fllHII^^^^^^^^^^I
British Army in Ireland. On the following to
presentedhimin
SanFrancisco
^^^^^^^^^ti^w^Sf^^H^^HQ^^^^^I
sent two to a
day, the mutineers emissaries
45 yearsbefore(below).(Irish
Press)^^^^^^^H^^^|HFwjy[^M{^%^ ^^^^^H
company ofConnaught Rangers stationed at
Solon, about twenty miles away in the
foothillsof theHimalayas. The soldiers there
took up the protest as well and, like their
counterparts at Jullundur, flew the tricolour
of Ireland, wore 'Sinn F?in' rosettes on their
British Army uniforms and sang rebel songs.
The protestswere initiallypeaceful, but
on the evening of 1 Julyaround 30 members
of the company at Solon, armed with
bayonets, attempted to recapture their rifles
from the company magazine. The soldiers
on guard opened fire,killing twomen and
wounding another. The incident effectively
brought the mutiny to an end, and the
mutineers at both and Solon were

placed under armed

Jullundur

guard. Sixty-one men Indo-lrish nationalist solidarity?

were convicted for their role in the mutiny. was well developed by the time of theConnaught
Indo-lrishnationalist solidarity
Fourteen were sentenced to death by firing Rangersmutiny. In February1920, fourmonths prior to themutiny ?amon de Valera
squad, but the only soldier whose capital spoke to a packed house of hundreds of Irishand Indiannationalist supporters inNew
sentence was carried out was Private James York City. 'Patriots of India/ de Valera declared, cause is identical to ours.' A few
'your
JosephDaly. Daly was considered the leader weeks earlier, in San Francisco, he had been presented with an Irish tricolour and a

of the mutiny at Solon and the man ceremonial Sikh sword by representativesof the IndianGadhar [revolutionary]Party. In
responsible for the failed attack on the however, the Connaught Rangersmade no effortto
spiteof thisanti-imperialaffinity,
On the morning of 2 November a common cause with Indian nationalists. Indeed, as soldiers of the British Empire,
magazine. forge
1920 he was executed in Dagshai prison in they feared not only retaliationfromthe BritishArmybut also the prospect of a 'native'
northern India. revolt ifnews of theirprotest leakedout to the surroundingpopulation of the Punjab.
With the exception of one man (who
died in prison at Dagshai), by themiddle of
the following year all of the convicted Indian nationalist reaction Thus, shortly after the events occurred,
mutineers had been transferred to prisons in Many Indian nationalists nonetheless a mythology of the Connaught Rangers
England to serve out the remainder of their interpreted the mutiny as a gesture of mutiny began to take shape: themutiny
sentences. The Connaught solidarity. The Fateh was as an
Rangers, along anti-imperial presented anti-imperial protest,
with three other Irish regiments, were newspaper of Delhi praised the Jullundur an act of Indo-Irish
solidarity. Later, some
disbanded in June 1922. Following mutineers' actions as an adoption of of the mutineers, particularly those with
negotiations between the IrishFree State and Mahatma Gandhi's principles of civil strong republican convictions, emphasised
the British government, the mutineers were disobedience and an this aspect of theirprotest. Stephen Lally,
illustration of 'how

released from prison and returned to Ireland patriotic people can preserve their one of the leaders of the Jullundurmutiny
early in 1923. Some enlisted in theNational honour, defy the orders of the and later a member of the IRA, recalled:
Army, others joined the Garda; many Government, and defeat its unjust aims'. thought we might as well kill two birds
struggled to make a life in post In November 1920 the Independent with the one stone, and ifwe could get the
independence Ireland. Although the Hindustan, a publication of the Gadhar Indian National Movement with us it
mutineers in many cases received rapturous in North America, featured an would mean a great victory not alone for
Party
welcomes in theirhome town, they quickly editorial praising themutineers for their Ireland but India as well... we could have

vanished from the public eye. expression of 'sympathywith the gallant officered the Native ranks and in a very
Yet the Connaught Rangers' mutiny Sinn F?inerswho are sacrificingtheir lives short time India would have gained her
continued to resonate in twentieth-century for the cause of the Republic of Ireland'. freedom/
Ireland. It has been the subject of books, The magazine also published a short story
radio and television programmes, plays and in which an Irish soldier named Shane Glasnevin Cemetery memorial, 1949
ballads, and the mutineers have been O'Neill deserts his regiment, exchanges The commemoration of the Connaught
commemorated as Irish republican heroes. his British Army uniform for a 'native Rangers in Ireland similarlyelided some of
Historical memories of the 1920mutiny not costume' and becomes a leader of an the more complex elements of the protest.

only illuminate the politics of Indian revolutionary cell. 'What's sauce While the mutineers' patriotic motivations
commemoration in independent Ireland but for the goose is sauce for the gander/ he are clear,many of the soldiers did not have
also Irish imperial and anti-imperial concludes. 'If freedom is good for Ireland, a well-developed understanding of Irish
relationships with India. itought to be good for India.' republicanism until they served prison

2010 27
History IRELANDJuly/August

This content downloaded from [Link] on Wed, 23 Apr 2014 13:42:57 PM

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sentences in England. Even then, a republican heroes. Increasingly, the Keane of Tyrrellspass wrote that the
number of them petitioned for their commemoration of the mutineers also mutineers' goal?'the dream-light of
release inorder to serve the IrishFree State came to emphasise their sacrificeon behalf freedom'?'shone red through their young
rather than the republican cause during of the Irish nation, and in particular the leader's blood':
the Civil War. wish to showmy loyalty sacrificeof the one soldierwho had been
to the Empire by givingmy service to the executed forhis role in the protests: Private His ashes?alas! he lies sleeping?
Free State Army of Ireland,' wrote Thomas JamesJoseph Daly. Over the following two Afar o'er the ocean's wild tide;
one of the Solon mutineers. annual commemorations were
Devine, decades, But his memory green we are keeping

Nonetheless, by the 1930s themutineers held at the cenotaph at Glasnevin In the old land forwhich he has died;
had been embraced as heroes. not on the anniversary of the And Ireland's true sons and true
republican Cemetery,
The Fianna F?il government granted them outbreak of themutiny in late Junebut on daughters
pensions in 1936, and theNational Graves the anniversary of Daly's execution in A prayer forJimDaly shall breathe,
Association helped to establish amemorial November 1920. The cenotaph itselfwas Who sleeps by theGanges' darkwaters,
in the Republican Plot of Dublin's also sometimes referred to as the 'James So far from his own loved Westmeath.
Glasnevin Cemetery. The memorial was memorial'.
Joseph Daly
unveiled on 26 June 1949, a fewmonths Daly was clearly a complex and Daly's remains repatriated
after the establishment of the Irish charismatic individual, influencedby both By the 1960s, the surviving Connaught
Republic. Adorned with a harp and Celtic Irish republicanism and a family tradition Rangers, joined by republican
patterned border, it honoured the of BritishArmy [Link] he was quickly organisations such as the National Graves
members of the Connaught Rangers 'who transformed into a stereotypical republican Association, called for Daly's finalresting
gave their lives during the mutiny and martyr. His statement of regret for his role place to be moved from beside 'the Ganges'

subsequently for Irish freedom'. in themutiny was often omitted when his dark waters' to Ireland. The return of the
The presence of an honour guard of final letter to his mother wasreproduced, bodies of the Irish revolutionaries buried
veterans of the Easter Rising at the 1949 and one year after his execution he was abroad was seen as a national
imperative.
ceremony emphasised the identification portrayed in a poem in the Westmeath As the IrishPress put it in 1954, nation
between the Connaught Rangers and Examiner as the 'Martyr of Jallandor'. J.C. possesses in the graves of its dead an
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from his grave in Dagshai. When
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I .,t..,.........%.. %, ....... . .. . Daly's remains were returned to Ireland in

1970, along with those of the two other

Connaught Rangerswho had been killed at
Solon, his sacrifice became connected with

contemporary politics: the 'Troubles' in

Northern Ireland.
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A crowd ofmore than 6,000 attended
the returnof Daly's body to Tyrrellspass in
October 1970. The ceremonies, held
shortlybefore the 50th anniversary of his
execution, elevated Daly to an equal of the

greatest heroes of the republican

History IRELANDJuly/August
2010

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 Left:
One of severaldrawings produced by
mutineers while prisoners in DagshaL

of Ireland)
(NationalLibrary
Right: A life-size representation of James

Daly praying inhis cell the nightbefore his

execution at King's House Museum, Boyle.
The display stresses the concern of the

mutineers for their friends and family at

home rather than for an abstract republican
ideal. (King House Museum, Boy?e)

movement. The Irish flag that draped 4

Daly's coffin had previously lain on the
coffin of Terence MacSwiney, the lord
mayor of Cork who died on hunger strike
in October 1920. In a speech at Daly's
graveside,Old IRA representativeThomas
Malone identifiedDaly's sacrificewith the
republican goal of a 32-county republic:
the peace, with great hardship and cell the night before his execution. A
'Itwas in thewords of Pearsewho said difficulty, in Ireland today'. display stresses the concern of the
the seeds sown by our martyrs of all John Kavanagh's 1994 play No comet mutineers for their friends and family at
generations fructifyin the hearts of seen captures to an even greaterdegree the home rather than for an abstract
future generations... The purpose for ambiguous nature of the mutiny. The republican ideal: 'Many of those in the
which James Daly died had not yet soldiers in the play express sympathy for ranksof theConnaught Rangers could not
been achieved and much still Indian nationalism, drawing parallels reconcile the idea of an army of which
remained to be done before the between the 1919 AmritsarMassacre and theywere a part, being mobilised against
republicof Pearse,Tone, Connolly and BritishArmy attacks on Dublin civilians, theirown families and friends1.
JamesDaly was achieved/ but also express their fear of falling victim The Connaught Rangers mutiny
to an Indian revolt. 'God knows what the demonstrates how Irish imperial
Masked members of the IRA later fired a Indians will trywhen word gets out?we relationships cannot always be neatly
volley in the presence of members of could have a full-scale uprising on our characterised as anti- or
pro-imperial.

Daly's family. hands/ warns Daly. Kavanagh's play also Soldiers of the British Empire, they staged
portrays an important reality of the a protest against the British Army in
On the stage mutiny: not all of theConnaught Rangers Ireland. The mutineers feared falling
Daly's reburial in Ireland helped to stir at Jullundur and Solon were willing to cast victim to an Indian uprising in thePunjab,
public interest in theConnaught Rangers their lot inwith themutineers. A soldier but nonetheless inspired Indian
[Link] some press accounts told a named Browne from Boyle, Co. nationalists as well as Irish republicans.
straightforwardstoryof Britishoppression Roscommon, argues that he cannot join Various and sometimes conflicting
and Irish heroism, two dramatic the protest 'because this is where I interpretationsof themutiny over thepast
treatments of the mutiny attempted to belong?the Army. Likeme fatherand his 90 years demonstrate Ireland's
with the of the before him. And me uncles too. It'swhat multifaceted relationship with India, as
grapple ambiguities
protest. Glyn Jones's The 88, which we Brownes do, you know. My people well as the complexities of
premiered at London's Old Vic Theatre in come fromBoyle, the barracks is there?it commemoration in the Irish republic, hi
...
1979, conveys considerable sympathy for does a lot for the town I can't be part

the mutineers, but also portrays the of this?I just can't.' Michael Silvestri is Adjunct Assistant
soldiers as contemptuous of Indian ProfessorofHistory at Clemson University,
servants. Daly refersto an Indian barber King House Museum SouthCarolina.
(who in the play brings news of the The Connaught Rangers barracks in Boyle
mutiny to Solon) as 'thatpoor skinny little that Browne refersto now houses the King Further reading:
black bastard I've kicked up the arse so House Museum. The galleries in this A. Babington, The devil topay: themutiny
oftenmy foothurt',while another soldier restored eighteenth-century Ascendancy of the Connaught Rangers, India, July
'God, he stinksof curry'.The 88 mansion include an exhibit on the history 1920 (Bamsley, 1991).
complains
also attracted criticism from the of 'The FightingMen fromConnaught'. T. Bartlett,The mutiny of theConnaught
conservative British press in themidst of The displays feature artefacts of the Rangers', History Ireland 6 (1) (Spring
theNorthern Irish conflict. The Financial Connaught Rangers and chronicle the 1998), 5-7.
Times commented in a negative review of experiences of the soldiers who fought in B. Hanley, 'The strange story of Stephen
the play that 'this hardly seems like the the regimentduring its 120-yearhistory. It Lally: Connaught Rangers mutineer',
most discreet time to put on a play about concludes with a room devoted to the The IrishSword22 (89) (2001), 337-41.
Irish disaffection in the British Army, mutiny, which features a life-size M. Silvestri,Ireland and India: nationalism,
when the British Army is trying to keep representationof JamesDaly praying inhis empireandmemory (Basingstoke,2009).

2010 29
History IRELANDJuly/August

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