Types of Container Handling Equipments used in Container Terminals
• 1. Ship Operation
– Gantry Crane/Quay Crane/Ship to shore gantry crane /Portainer – Attachments - Single Lift / Twin Lift /
Tandem Lift / Triple Lift
– Mobile Harbour Crane – Single Lift / Twin Lift
– Floating Crane
• 2. Quay Transfer Operation
– Prime Movers
– Terminal Tractors
– Trailers with bomb cart
– Multi Trailer Units
– Double Stack Trailer / Low bed trailer (to move OOG’s)
– Straddle Carrier (for Quay Transfer & Storage Operation)
– Shuttle Carrier / Runner (One to two high only for quay transfer)
– ASC / Autostrad – Automated Straddle Carrier
– AGV- Automated Guided Vehicle
• 3. Storage / Stacking Operation
– RTG- Rubber Tyre Gantry Crane/Transfercrane/Transtainers
– RMG- Rain Mounted Gantry Crane
– Straddle Carrier (for Quay Transfer & Storage Operation)
– Reach stacker
– Top Loaders-Front end loaders
– Side Loaders
– Folk Loaders
– Bridge Crane-Automated Bridge Crane
– ASC- Automated Stacking Crane
– ASC / Autostrad – Automated Straddle Carrier
– ARMG – Automated Rail Mounted Gantry
• 4. Receipt / Delivery Operation – Gate Operation
– Weigh Bridge
– Automated Gates
Automated / Unmanned Container Handling Equipments
• Ship Operation
– Lashing / Unlashing Devises (Automated Lashing Platform)
– Floating Crane
– Remote Controlled Gantry Crane (November 2014 APM Terminals Rotterdam’s Maasvlakte)
• Quay Transfer Operation
– AGV- Automated Guided Vehicle (1993)
– ASC / Autostrad – Automated Straddle Carrier
– AutoShuttle
• Storage / Stacking Operation
– Bridge Crane-Automated Bridge Crane
– ASC- Automated Stacking Crane (rail mounted) (1993)
– ARTG - Automated RTG Crane
– ASC / Autostrad – Automated Straddle Carrier (2005 Sydney Australia)
• Receipt / Delivery Operation – Gate Operation
– Unmanned / Remote Control Gates
– Intelligent Gate
Terminal Planning
– Berth Planning – Berth Planner
At arrival and departure
– Yard Planning – Terminal Planner
Export cargo receiving (land side)
Discharge cargo (sea side)
Transshipment cargo
– Ship Planning – Terminal Planner
load/discharge cargo
Loading should protect sea worthiness
– Equipment Planning
depending on the terminal, cargo, ship, technologies, various kinds of equipment are needed.
– Human Resource Planning
– Operation Planning – Operations Manager
Pre arrival planning
Work scheduling
Performance review
Quay Cranes
Quay Cranes – Characteristics
• SWL- Safe Working Load
• Out Reach
• Back Reach
• Clearance between legs
• Speed
• Lifting Height
• Chassis Lanes
• Attachments – Twin lift / Tandem Lift / Triple Lift
Spreaders
• Telescopic Spreaders -20’, 40”, 45’
• Twin Lift Spreaders
• Tandem Lift Spreaders
• Triple Lift Spreaders
Ship to Shore Gantry Crane (Quay Crane/Portainer)
General Classification
• Panamax Type – (13 across or less)
• Post Panamax Type – (16 across or less )
• Super Post Panamax Type – (18 across or less )
• Mega Type – (over 18 across – 26 across)
Gantry Cranes/ Quayside Container Gantry
The most expensive piece of equipment required for lifting containers between the ship and shore. Gantry
Crane is used to loading & discharging containers
from Ship to Shore or vise versa
Crane is powered by shore power
Travels on rails & spreader is normally telescopic type
Boom can be hoisted when not in use.
Modern cranes now use twin lift / tandem lift & triple lift spreaders as attachment
Modern cranes now require higher SWL (safe working load to match the lifting spreader attachments)
The critical specification of a gantry crane – outreach/backreach/span between legs/hoisting speed, trolley
travel speed, height, vertical lifts, hoisting & travelling speed.
Gantry Cranes – Characteristics
• SWL- Safe Working Load
– Under Spreader
– Under Cargo / Hook Beam
• Out Reach
• Back Reach
• Span
• Clearance between legs
• Total Lift
– Lift above seaside gantry rail
– Lift below seaside gantry rail
• Speed
• Chassis Lanes
• Attachments – Twin lift / Tandem Lift
From the sea side: Primary objective of a port is to fast ship turnaround time. For that, fast navigation
operation, fast cargo handling terminal operation.
From the land side: Cargo bringing into the parts and getting out of the port trucks (truck turnaround time)
trains, barges.
Port Operations & Terminal Operations Port Operations
Navigation Operation
Cargo Handling Terminal Operation
Value Added Logistic Operation
Terminal Operations
1. Ship (Discharge & Loading) Operation
Industrial shipping – crude oil, gas, special cargo.
Tramp shipping – Chartering (Voyage charter, Time charter, Bear boat charter)
Liner shipping – fixed dates, dedicated berth or first come first serve basis
2. Quay Transfer Operation
Chain of conveyer equipment
Selection of right equipment
Transfer distance
Pre- transfer of cargo
Minimizing of empty truck movements
3. Storage/Stacking Operation
Estimate demand
Calculate space
Monitor utilization
Devise policies
Design of storage
Selection of equipment
Stacking pattern and density
Cargo segregation
Handling of special cargo
Management of cargo turnover
Protection damages and insurance
4. Receipt & Delivery (Gate) Operation
• Direct Route
– To hook (Receipt/Delivery operation does not be a barrier to the free flow of ship operation)
• Indirect Route
– Open or Close storage
Receipt / Delivery management
Regulate arrivals
Control movement
Allocate resources
Coordination administration
Indirect Operation = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
Direct Operation = 1 + 4
Cruise Operations
1. Arrival
2. Docking and welcome
3. Disembarkation
4. Shore excursion assembly
5. Police escorts for shore excursions
6. Port return after shore excursions
7. Boarding
8. Send off
9. Departure
If the passengers of the cruise ship return to the same ship after their visit in the country, it is considered as a
direct operation. There will be no custom clearance or immigration clearance.
Bandaranayake quay is the passenger berth in Colombo(250m)
Cruise Terminal Facilities
• Modern Passenger/Cruise Terminal
• Efficient friendly services – Customs, Immigration, Health,
• Parking facilities, smooth gate operation, good rail road network
• Modern cargo / baggage handling & security systems.
• Tour operators, Professional tour guides, Travel arrangements
• Shopping arrangements
• Cruise lounge
• Hotels/Money Changers/Restaurants/Gambling & Entertainment / Cultural Activities/etc.
• Ship supplies
Liquid Bulk Cargo Terminals
Crude oil –VLCC/ULCC
Product Carriers – Petrol/Diesel
Gas – LNG/LPG
Oil – Vegetable/Coconut/Palm
Chemicals
Ect
Liquid Bulk Terminal Facilities Required
• Dedicated Berths / SPBM & Terminals
• Loading & Unloading equipment - Pumps
• Quay Transfer equipment – Pumps, pipelines
• Tank Farm for Storage
• Storage, refine & value added facilities
• Receipt delivery – Gate facilities
• Fire & Safety
• Security
• Emergency Response
Dry bulk cargo terminals
Cements
Grain
Coal
Clinker
Special cargo
Dry Bulk Terminal Facilities Required
• Dedicated Berths & Terminals
• Loading & Unloading equipments – Ship or terminal based loading & Unloading - cranes with attachments,
Grabs, loading & unloading special equipments /Hoppers
• Quay Transfer equipments – conveyers, pumps, pipelines
• Storage (open/close) & value added facilities
• Receipt delivery – Gate facilities
• Planning – Discharge/load/storage/HR
• Environment issues - dust
• Fire & Safety
• Security
• Emergency Response
Automobile Terminal Operation
• Ro-Ro, Gen-Ro, Con-Ro, PCC – Pure Car Carriers & PCTC - Pure Car & Truck Carriers
• Handling with Zero Damage / Pilferage
The main types of Ro-Ro vessels
• Full on roll of cargo vessels : Full ro-ro
• General cargo ships with ( auxiliary )ro-ro access :GenRo
• Container vessels with ro-ro capacity :Con - Ro
• Pure Car Carriers : PCC
• Pure Car and Truck carriers :PCTC
Automobile Terminal Operation - (Ro-Ro)
Terminal Operations
Ship Discharge/Load Operation
Quay Transfer Operation
Storage/Yard Operation
Receipt/Delivery Gate Operation
Main Type of Charges
Navigation Charges
Dockage
Stevedoring
Wharf Handling
Store Rent
Planning
Berth Planning
Yard Planning
Ship Planning
HR Planning
Equipment Planning
Resources Required
• Lashing / Unlashing Gang
• Tally Clerks / Checkers
• Drivers
• Special Operation
• Maintenance staff
• Vehicle Parks / Yards
Value Added Business
• Vehicle transshipments
• PDI – Pre delivery inspection
• Vehicle enhancement work
Automobile Terminal Planning
• Berth Planning
– No of Berths (LOA, Draft, Position of the ship ramp)
– Bollards / Lines (Head + Stern)
– Ramp positioning – Cemented areas or dunnage
– Minimize quay transfer distance – discharge /loading yard
• Yard Planning
– Minimize quay transfer distance
– Segregation
• Local/Domestic & Transshipment
• Brand New & Reconditioned & Heavy equipments /Break bulk
• Type, Brand wise & Model wise
• Transhipment – Type / loading port wise / brand wise /
• Ship Planning
– Stowage Plans
• HR / Other resources Planning
– Skill of the staff & resources
– Minimize cost
Safe Operation – Rules & Regulations
All drivers must follow instructions
• Drivers attire
– No watch or rings
– No belts and keys
– No slippers
– No necklace
• Not to use hand phones
• No food or drinks
• Do not touch or lean against a vehicle
• Do not put any objects on vehicles
• No smoking
• Before getting into the vehicle
– Perform proper round check
– Any damage report to your superior / ship crew / photograph / damage report / EIR (equipment interchange
report-receipt)
• When opening the door - use hand to protect the door
• Before start – adjust the seat / adjust the mirror / gear is at proper position
• Start the engine / wind down the window / do not switch the radio / do not switch on air –con / switch on
headlight
• Speed limit – 20 kmph onboard
• Speed limit – 40 kmph at yard
• Keep safety distance in convoy (more than 10m)
• Do not overtake
• Keep safety distance at rampway
• Only one vehicle on rampway is permitted
• Reduce speed before slope & corners
• Drive within the safety way
• Strictly no reverse without signalman
• Obey the signal
• Before alighting from the vehicle
– Ensure steering wheel is straight
– Make sure the gear is at proper position
– Apply hand brake or footbrake
– Wind up the window
– Switch off the head light & engine
– Place key in proper position
– Adjust the seat to original position
– Do not step on door panel
– Use hand to protect door when getting out
– Adjust seat cover
– Ensure door is fully closed
• Achieve Kaizen target of “Zero Damage”
Damage Prevention Guide
• Pre working meeting
– Working method
– Damage Prevention
• Workers should wear clean clothes without buttons or belts
• Smoking, eating, drinking & sitting are prohibited in the hold
• Don’t place articles on the body of the vehicles.
• Don’t place elbows or hands on the vehicles
• Don’t stand or sit on the bumper
• Walk through the designated passage
• Don’t use the vehicle as a taxi cab
• Place aside all lashing materials to prevent vehicles from contact with them
• Clear all lashing materials away from the passage.
• Be careful not to hit vehicles with lashing materials
• Check to confirm that all vehicles are free from lashing.
Break Bulk Cargo / Conventional
• Earlier we discussed bulk cargo handling,
– Which is homogenous in character,
– Which is not possible to separate by marks, Numbers or parcels.
• Cargos, which are packed, unitized or contained in parcels, also are carried in bulk form.
– Eg. balls of cloths, boxes of iron nails, units of cycles, barrels of liquids, reams of papers, bundles of wood etc
– There are many instances that fertilizer; sugar, grain etc are carried in bags in the holds of ships. This kind of
bulk cargo, which has packing with possibility of identifying each parcel, bag or unit, is called break bulk.
– The cargo may belong to many of shippers and consignees but each unit is identical by a mark or a number
or both.
• General cargo is a mix of variety of cargo stowing in the ship should be done carefully.
• The handling characteristics of each parcel may be different. Each unit may require different handling gears.
• Cargo may need special warehousing.
• All of these factors make it difficult to handle a break bulk ship and require a long period of time to handle.
• Not like bulk it is not possible to transfer by using a conveyor belt or pump but needs smoother vehicles to
transfer goods from quay to the storage like tractors and trailers, fork loaders, wagons etc.
• Manual labor is very high. For example in the liquid bulk or dry bulk like grain for discharging of hall a ship
may only need 10 to 15 people while in the case of BB one crane may needs 15 people of labor.
• BB ship handling under rainy or misty weather conditions is not possible.
• BB cargo need protection from abnormal weathers like rough sunshine and wet surrounding. In such cases
perhaps ships may have to close the holds and wait for fare weather.
• Tallying and record keeping of operation also is difficult due to the mixed nature of cargo.
– Eg. drums - units, bags – tones, small parcels - in numbers.
• Recovery of charge due to the same reason is difficult.
• Nature of cargo needs proper weather protected warehousing even though some cargo like bundles of iron
bars may be stored on an open ground.
• Design and the infrastructure and superstructure needs for a BB terminal is a little complicated one.
– Needs variety of equipment & handling gears,
– Labor,
– Warehouses or Transit Shed,
– open storage space,
– customs house,
– clerical staff,
– Fire protection etc.
• No much-specialized cranes or shore based ship handling devices in BB terminals because many of BB ships
has their own cranes on board and the content of the ship is most compatible to the crane on board.
• Most of shore base ships handling cranes of BB terminals are not capable enough for heavy lifts.
• Ports are reluctant to invest in such cranes as the return of such investment is not that fruitful.
Conventional Cargo Handling Equipment
• Ship Cranes / Derricks / Ship Gantry / Ship Jumbo
• Shore Crane / Level Luffing Cranes
• Harbor Mobile Cranes
• Floating Cranes
• Terminal Tractor Trailers
• Hand Carts
• Fork Lift Trucks
Liquid
Tankers Crude Oil / Gas –LPG -LNG/ Chemicals /Product carriers – Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, /Palm Oil /
Dry bulk
Coal, Iron ore, Cement, Grain (wheat, maize, rice, soybeans, barley), Clinker, Gypsum, Wood Chips
Bulk forest products carriers (Timber, Reel of papers, Paper Pulp, News prints)
Break bulk
• Steel
• Logs
• Lumber
• Wood Pulp
• Paper
• Project Cargo
• Bagged Goods
• General Cargo
• Ro-Ro
• Unitized
• Heavy Lifts
Special cargo
• Bulk commodities - heavy equipment, machinery, etc.
• Goods of high value
• Perishables and refrigerated cargo
• Live animals
• Dangerous/Hazardous cargo
Ships which carry things & Operation
• Passenger vessels
– Ferries
– Hydrofoil
– Hovercraft
– Ro-Ro vessels
– Cruise vessels
• Bulk
– Tankers (Crude Oil / Gas / Chemical /Product carriers)
– Dry bulk
– Special cargo - OBO Carriers (Solid + Liquid) No Cranes
– Bulk forest products carriers (Timber, Reel of papers, Paper Pulp, News prints)
• General Cargo
– Break bulk
– Barge carrying ships
– Container