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Chapter 4 Math Notes 12th Class PDF

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907 views58 pages

Chapter 4 Math Notes 12th Class PDF

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Muhammad Huzaifa
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Exercise 4.1 (Solutions) pase iss Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 Distance Formula Let A(x, ¥,) and B(x,,y,) be two points ina plane and d bea distance between A and B then d= —x) +Or- 9 or d=¥(4 =x)" +(, 92)" See proof on book at page181 Ratio Formula Let A(x,,y,) and B(x,,y,) be two points in a plane. The coordinates of the point C dividing the line segment AB in the ratio k, rh are ky thx ky, tk ( ktk ° kt+k See proof on book at page 182 If C be the midpoint of AB ie. k,:k,=1:1 then coordinate of C becomes Ht+X Wty. 2° 2 BCX). ¥2) AC), ¥1) B(*2,Y2) AQ, 91) Question #1 Describe the location in the plane of the point P(x, y) for which (i) x>0 (ii) x>0and y>0 (iii) x=0 (iv) y=0 (v) x<0O and y20 (vi) x=y (vii) ly| (viii) |x| 23 (ix) x>2and y=2 (x) x and y have opposite signs. Solution (i) x>0 Right half plane 2nd Quadrant} Ist Quadrant Gi) x>0 ang 979 eae et The 1“ quadrant. x<0 x>0 y0 2° quadrant & negative x-axis (vi) x=y Itis a line bisecting I* and 3 quadrant. (vii) |x|=-|y| A positive value can’t equal to a negative value, except number zero, so origin, (0,0), is the only point which satisfies -|>| = tr23 3 123g x33 => x23 or xS-3 which is the set of points lying on right side of the line x=3 and the points lying on left side of the line x=-3. (ix) x>2 and y=2 ‘The set of all points on the line y=2 for which x>2. (x) x and y have opposite signs. It is the set of points lying in 2™ and 4" quadrant. Question #2 Find each of the following (ithe distance between the two given points (ii)Midpoint of the line segment joining the two points (a) A(3,1):B(-2.-4)_—(b) A(-8,3);B(2,-1) (©) Al Solution (@) AGBD ; B24) @) |ABl=J(-2-3 +(-4-1? = 5 +5 =V25+25 = 50 =V25x2 =5¥2 3-2 1-4 2° 2 B(2,-1) Do yourself as above. (ii) Midpoint of AB (b) A(-8,3) ; 5 )a(-5.5) Review: ‘The midpoint of A(y,y,) and BCx,,y,) a ( 25 un), 2° 2 FSC-II / Ex. 4.1-3 (ii) Midpoint of AB= (-=34- 4s +3) (44) -(- 8,7) Question #3 Which of the following points are at a distance of 15 units from the origin? (a) (Vi76,7) —(b) (10-10) (1,15) Solution (a) Distance of (/176,7) from origin = J(vi76-0) +(7-0)° = (176) +(49) = (176) +(49) =/225 =15 => the point (V176,7) is at 15 unit away from origin. (b) Distance of (10,-10) from origin = /(10-0)’ +(-10-0)° Vi00+100 = 200 = V100x2 =10V2 #15 => the point (10,-10) is not at distance of 15 unit from origin. (c) Do yourself as above 5 15 15 2 2 = P75, 25 _ P25 _ 15 ay 4°44 2 2 is not at distance of 15 unit from origin. > a (a) Distance of (1.1) from origin = (G 0) +(3-0) Hence the point ( Question #4 Show that (i) the point A(O,2), B(V3,-1) and C(0,-2) are vertices of a right triangle. FSC-Il / Ex. 4.1-4 (ii) the point A(3,1), B(-2,-3) and C(2,2) are vertices of an isosceles triangle. (iii) the point A(3,1), B(-2,-3) and C(2,2) and D(4,—5) are vertices of a parallelogram. Is the parallelogram a square? Solution (i) Given: A(O,2) , B(V3,-1) and C,-2) |AB|= 3-0) +(-1-2)° = (v3) +(-3)° =V3+9=Vi2 => [ABP =12 jac\= [o-v3) +240) = (8) 1 =V34+1=V4 =2 = [BCP =4 \ea|= (0-0) +(242)' = olay =V16=4 = |caP =16 [ABP +|BC| =12+4=16=|cal -. by Pythagoras theorem A,B & C are vertices of a right triangle. Gi) Given: A(3,1), B(-2,-3) and C(2,2) |aal= (2-9) +(3=1f = Js) +(-ay = 25516 = \ac|=2-ay +Q-Cay =V(aP +15) = V6 25 = VAT |cal= y(3-2)' +(1-2) = yay +(-1)° =Jii=V3 : |AB|=|BC| = A,B & C are vertices of an isosceles triangle. (ili) Given: A(5,2) , B(-2,3) & C(-3,-4) and D(4,-5) |AB|=J(-2-5)° +(3-2) =y(-7) +(1)° =V49+1 = J50 =5v2 D c |BC|= y(-3+2) +(-4-3)" = y(-1) +(-7)° =v1+49 = 50 =5V2 |cp|=\(4+3) +(-544)° =(7/ +(-1) = V494+1 = 50 =5v2 |Dal=\ (5-4) +(2+5) =\(1) +7) = V1+49 = 50 =5V2 ‘s |AB|=|CD| and |BC|=|DA| = A,B,C and D are vertices of parallelogram. FSC-II / Ex. 4.1-5 Now |AC|=,(-3-5)' +(-4-2)' = Vay +o =V64+36 = 100 =10 |BD|= [(4+2)° + (5-3) = (6) +(-8) =V36+ 64 = 100 =10 Since all sides are equals and also both diagonals are equal therefore A,B,C,D are vertices of a square. Question #5 ‘The midpoints of the sides of a triangle are (1,-1) ,(-4,-3) and (-11) . Find coordinates of the vertices of the triangle. Solution Let A(x, ¥,), B(x, y,) and C(x, y;) are vertices of triangle ABC, and let D(i,-1), E(—4,-3) and F(-1,1) are midpoints of sides AB, BC and CA respectively. Then A (a ain) = (1-1) 2° 2 , @) and y,+y= Gi) D, F mtn) = (-4,-3) Z BEC => 4 +x,=-8... (iii) and y,+y,=-6.. (iv) StH MEN SA | = (-11 (2B ASL) - cay => x+%,=-2.. (v), and y+y,=2.. (vi) Subvacting @) and Gi) Subtre cing Gi) and ( (iv) Atn Vets (viii) Adding (vi) and (v NtM= 2 Noe 4 2% =6 = [y=3 Putting value of x, in (i) Putting value of y, in (ii) 4+x,=2 3+y,=-2 -4> Putting value of x, in (v) 4+x,=-2 2-4 = [y= >x% FSC-II / Ex. 4.1-6 Hence vertices of triangle are (4,3),(~2,-5) & (6.1). Question #6 Find h such that the point A(V3,—1) ,B(0,2) and C(h,-2) are vertices of a right angle with right angle at the vertex A Solution Since ABC isa right triangle therefore by Pythagoras theorem |ABl’ +|caf =|Bci [(0- V3) +(2+1) y} [(V5-A)'+(-142)'] =(0-07 +22) [3+9]+[3—2V3n+ HP +1]= 2? +16 = 124+4-W3hth =W +16 => -23h=1 +16-12-4-h => -23h=0 = [h=0]. u u Question #7 Find h such that A(—1,/),B(3,2) and C(7,3) are collinear. Solution Points (.%43;)s (ps2) and (24,93) are collinear if x yt % y | % yy 1 Since given points are collinear therefore -lhl 3 2 731 => -1(2-3)-hB-7)+19-14)=0 => -1(-1)—A(-4) +16 = 144h-5=0 = 4h-4=0 9 = 4h=4 = [h=l 0 Question #8 The points A(-5,-2) and B(5,-4) are end of a diameter of a circle. Find the centre and radius of the circle. Solution The centre of the circle is mid point of AB =5+5 -2-4) _(0 ~6 2°2 ice. centre *C” -( Now radius =|AC| FSC-II / Ex. 4.1-7 Question #9 Find h such that the points A(/,1) , B(2,7) and C(-6,-7) are vertices of aright triangle with right angle at the vertex A Solution Do yourself as Question # 6 Hint: you will get a equation h? +4h-60=0 Solve this quadratic equation to get two values of h. Question # 10 : A quadrilateral has the points A(9,3),B(-7,7),C(-3,-7) and p_ D(-5,5)as its vertices. Find the midpoints of its sides. Show that ca the figure formed by joining the midpoints consecutively is a a parallelogram. Solution i E y Given: A(9,3) , B(-7,7) , C(-3.-7) and D(5,-5) Let E, F, G and H be the mid-points of sides of quadrilateral Coordinate of E = (252.342) : G 19) = (15) 2 22 i = (=753 7-7) _ (10 9) = (K Coordinate of F = (=F. =) (4 5) = 5.0) Coordinate of G 2° 2 Now |EF| = y(-5-1)?+(0-5)° = V36+25 = Vol Coordinate of H = es 3) = (#2 = (7,1) |FG| = Ja+5)?+(-6-0) = V36+36 = V72 =6y2 GH| = (0-1 +146" = 36425 = VOI |HE| = Ja-7)°+6+)* = V36+36 = V72 =6V2 Since |EF| = |GH| and |FG| = |HE| Therefore EFGH is a parallelogram. Question # 11 Find h such that the quadrilateral with vertices A(-3,0), B(1,-2,)C(5,0) and D(1,A) is parallelogram. Is it a square? Solution Given: A(-3,0), B(1,-2). C(5,0), D(A) Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram if |AB| =|CD| & |BC| =|AD| D e when |AB|=|CD| => fa+3) +(2-07 = fa-5" +07 FSC-II / Ex. 4.1-8 = Viet4=Vi6+h == J20=Vie+K On squaring 2W=16+h > W=200-16 > h=4 => h=t2 When h=2, then D(I,h)= D(I,2) Then |AB| = +3)?+C2-0) = Vio+4 = V20 |Bc| = (GS-1 +(0+2" = Vi6+4 = J20 \ca| = Ja-5y+(2-07 = Vi6+4 = V20 |DA| = \(-3-)? +(-0-2)° = Vi6+4 = V20 Now for diagonals >| = (5 +3)? +(0-0)? = 6440 = 8 \BD| = {d-)°+@2+2) = V0+16 =4 Since all sides are equal but diagonals |AC| # |BD| Therefore ABCD is not a square. Now when =~2, then D(I,h)= D(1,-2) but we also have B(I,—2) ie. B and D represents the same point, which can not happened in quadrilateral so we can not take h=—2. Question # 12 If two vertices of an equilateral triangle are A(-3,0) and B(3,0), find the third vertex. How many of these triangles are possible? Solution Given: A(-3,0), B(3,0) Let C(x, y) be a third vertex of an equilateral triangle ABC. Then |AB| = |BC| = |CA| => JG+3?+0-0) = f(x-3)? +0-07 = ix+3" +—07 => V36+0 = x2 -6x4+94y? = fx? + 60494 97 c On squaring 36 = $y -6xF9 = $V HOXF9 eee) From equation (i) x+y -6x49 = x+y? 46x49 A > vty'-6x+9-x°-y?-6x-9 = 0 > -12x=0 = x=0 Again from equation (i) 36 = x+y? -6x49 => 36 = (0) + y°-6(0) +9 . x=0 => 36=y'49 => y= 36-9 =27 = y=t33 ,33) or (0,-3V3). so coordinate of C i: FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 -9 And hence two triangle can be formed with vertices A(—3,0),B(3,0),C(0,3V3) and A(-3,0), B(3,0),C(0,-3V3). Question #13 Find the points trisecting the join of A(-1,4) and B(6,2). Solution Given: A(-1,4), B(6,2) Let C and D be points trisecting A and B Then AC:CB = 1:2 A Cc D B 1(6)+2(-lD. +7) 142 7 142 So coordinate of C = ( -(&2 2 248). (% 19) 3° 3 373 Also AD: DB = 2:1 So coordinate of D = (ono (+1) 2241) ut 241 ° 241 = (12-1 444) _ (118 “(3 3 )-(}: 3) u Hence (3 2) ana (3 4 4) are points trisecting A and B. Question # 14 Find the point three-fifth of the way along the line segment from A(-5,8) to B(5,3). Solution Given: A(-5,8), B(5,3) 3 2 Let C(x, y) be a required point —— “ AC:CB = 3:2 4 ec B - Coo _ (3(5)+2(-5) 33) +208) 5 -. Co-ordinate of C = (Be2 32 ) _ (15-10 9416) _ (5 25) _ “(En ese) =G-3) 209) Question # 15 Find the point P on the joint of A(1,4) and B(5,6) that is twice as far from A as B is from A and lies (i) on the same side of A as B does. (ii) on the opposite side of A as B does. Solution Given: A(1,4) , B(5,6) (i) Let P(x, y) be required point, then FSC-II / Ex. 4.1- 10 AB: AP => AB: BP = i.e. B is midpoint of AP Then B(5,6) = Hence P(9,8) is required point. (ii) Since PA: AB = 2:1 _ (26) +1Q) 2(6)+10y) = All) -( 241” 241 ) _(10+x 12+y ‘snes ile Wes wd 4—20t2 3 => 3=10+x and 12=12+y => x=3-10) and y=12-12 =0 Hence P(-7,0) is required point. Question # 16 Find the point which is equidistant from the points A(5,3),B(2,-2) and C(4,2). What is the radius of the circumcircle of the AABC ? Solution Given: A(5,3), B(-2,2) and C(4,2) Let D(x.y) be a point equidistance from A, B and C then = [Dal => («-5) +(y-3)? = (8 +2)° +(y-2 = (4) (9-2? From eq. (i) (2-5) +(y-3) = (+2) +(y-2) => x -10x+25+ y-6yt9 = +4x444 dy 44 => x -10x+25+ y?-6y+9-x7 -4x-4-y? +4y— => -l4x-2y+26=0 => 7x+y-13=0 Again from equation (i) (x42) +(y— 2)? = (x4 +(y- FSC-Il / Ex. 4.1-11 = VP +4rt+4ty dy td = x? -8xt16t dy 44 => 12x-12=0 = 12x =12 =>x Put x=1 in eq. (ii) T)+y-13=0 > y-6=0 => y=6 Hence (1,6) is required point. Now radius of circumeircle = |Da| = (6-17 +G-6" = ViI6+9 = V25 = Sunits Intersection of Median Let A(x,,9,). B(2y,y3) and C(x, y,) are vertices of triangle. Intersection of median is called centroid of triangle and can be determined as (: +4) +45 3 Centre of In-Cirele (In-Centre) Let A(x,,9,), B(y, 9) and C(x, y,) are vertices of triangle. And |AB| = c,|BC| = a,|CA| = ax, +bx, +x, ay, +by, +o, } +95 Sit et ys See [Link] page 184 See proof at page 184 Then in-centre of triangle = 7 e atbte at+bte Question #17 The points (4,-2),(—2,4) and (5,5) are the vertices of a triangle, Find in-centre of the triangle. Solution Let A(4,-2), B(-2,4), C(5,5) are vertices of triangle then a =|BC| = (+2) +6-4" = V4941 = 50 = 52 b=|cAl = (4-5 +25" = ViF49 = V50 = 5v2 A = |AB| = (2-4) +442" = V36436 = V72 = 6v2 ° Now +bx, +0%, ay, +by, + cy, ~atbtc ° atbte - (eee 2 (4) + 5v2(-2)+6V2(5) eee re Se en "5V2-+5V2 +62 - (eat whembsso) B Z c 162 , 16V2 _ { 40V2 on) =(% 5) © 6v2"16N2 272 FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 12 Question #18 Find the points that divide the line segment joining A(x,,y,) and B(x, equal parts. Solution Given: A(x,y,) , B(m.y2) Let C, D and E are points dividing AB into four equal parts. AC:CB = 1:3 into four => Co-ordinates of C = (age x )+30)) _ (344% +3 : Now AD: DB = 2:2 =1:1 ie. D is midpoint of AB. 1 1 A+% Wt “ee = Co-ordinates of D = ( 4 Now AE: EB = 3:1 con — (3(%) +1) 30) +10,)) _ (443. => Co-ordinates of E - Ee 341 J 7 4 3x +x, By ty, +H Wty x +3x, y, +3y. . He ot aE) 2 Ate! ATO h ence ( z 4 > 7D and 4 4 are the points dividing AB into four equal parts. Exercise 4.2 (Solutions)pageis9 Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 Question # 1 The two points P and O’ are given in xy — coordinates system. Find the XY — coordinates of P referred to the translated axes O'X and O'Y (i) P(3,2);0'(1,3) (ii) P(-2,6);0°(-3,2) (iii) P(-6,-8);0"(-4,-6) 35).5f_17 aw °(G (-54) Solution (Since P(x,y) = P(3.2) ie. x=3 and y=2 O'(h,k) = O(1,3) ie h=1 and k=3 . X=sax-h Also Y Hence (2,-1) is point P in XY —coordinates. Gi) Do yourself (iii) Do yourself Hence (2,-1) are coordinates of P in XY -axes. Question #2 The xy — coordinates axes are translated through the point O’ whose coordinates are given in xy — coordinates . The coordinates of P are given in the XY — coordinates system. Find the coordinates of P in xy — coordinates system. (i) P(8,10);0'(3,4) (ii) P(-5,-3):0'(-2,-6) (iv) P(4,-3);0'(-2,3) Solution @ + P(X,¥) = P(8,10) => X=8 and Y=10 O'(h,k) = O'(3,4) => h=3 and k=4 => x= 8+3 > x=ll Also Y = y-k => 10 y-4 >y=l0t4 > y= Hence (11,14) are coordinates of P in xy-axes. (id) Do yourself 1 1 2 Eat ayetl s 6 y Hence ( 1. ) is the required point. (iv) Do yourself Rotation of Axes Let (x,y) be the coordinates of point P in xy-coordinate system. If the axes are rotated through at angle of and (X,Y) are coordinate of P in new XY-coordinate system then X = xcosd+ ysind ¥ = yeosO-xsind Question #3 The xy — coordinates axes are rotated about the origin through the indicated angle. The new axes are OX and OY . Find the XY —coordinates of the point P with the given xy — coordinates . @) —P(S,3);0=45° Gi) 3,-1);8=30° PC (ii) P(11,-15);8 = 60° Pi (iv) 15,10);6=aretan Solution Play) = P(S,3) => x=5 & y=3 , O=45° Since X = xcos6+ ysin@ Sos 45’ +3sin 45 a) -38 42 v2 v2 yoos@—xsin@ = 3cos45°—Ssin 45° GH Hence the required point is (4V2,-v2). Gi)» P(x,y) = P(3.-7) & y=-7 , 0=30° xcos+ ysin@ = 3cos30° —7sin 30 => x= Since X 3y3-7 2 yeos@-xsin@ =Teos 30° —3sin 30° 4) Hence the required point is 2 =1N3-3 2 Now Y = ao (iv) Do yourself vy Ply) = P1510) SxsIl5 & y=10 Also. @= tan (6) => wné= sind cos? => sind= Iw Now X = xcos@+ ysin@ cy 5: (45+10) 0) Y = ycos@-xsind 3 nia) _ -W3-3 2 1 0 Now X = xcos6+ ysin@ - of )eeG) _ 15v3+10 meee? => sind cosO= ¥ = ycos@-xsind =f 2 }-15(3) 2 Hence the required point is FSc-Il / Ex- 4.2 -3 Also @ = 30° Therefore sino=4 & cosa 8 Now X = xcos@+ysin@ 3 1 Gs (3 = VBrty =-10 of) Also Y = ycos@—xsind => -5 >3 => 6=vBy-x => x= VBy-6..... Putting value of x in (i) v3(V3y-6)+y = -10 .. (ii) => 3y-6V3+y = -10 => 4y = -104+6¥3 = y = —lO+ 63 4 _ -5+3N3 2 Putting value of » in (ii) = 2SV3+9_¢ _ -5V3+9-12 Question #4 2 - 2 The xy — coordinates axes are rotated about _ -5¥3-3 the origin through the indicated angle and the “2 new axes are OX and OY , Find the Hi SV3-3 5+ ired xy — coordinates of P with the given ence | 9 2 | i tequired point XY — coordinates (i) P(-5,3);6=30° (i) Do yourself Gi P(-y 2,5V2):0= 45° Solution @ * P(x,r' > X=5&Y Exercise 4.3 (Solutions) page 215 Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 Inclination of a Line: The angle @ (0° <@<180") measure anti- clockwise from positive x—axis to the straight line BUX 2) / is called inclination of a line 1. Slope or Gradient of Line AQ Yi) The slope m of the line / is defined by: m=tan@ If A(y,y,) and B(x,,y,) be any two distinct points on the line / then MoM _ No m= ge Xi a See proof on book at page: 191 Note: 1 is horizontal, iff m=0 (2 @=0") 1 is vertical, iff m= i.e. m is not defined. ¢- If slope of AB= slope of BC, then the points A,B and C are collinear i.e. lie on the same line. Theorem The two lines J, and J, with respective slopes m, and m, are (i) Parallel iff m,=m, (ii) Perpendicular iff my,=-1 or m=— Mm, Question #1 Find the slope and inclination of the line joining the points: @) 2.4) 3 GID Gi) G-2) 3 (27) (i) 46) > (48) Solution Wi) (2.4) 3 GID Slope m=~ a XX 5+2 Since tan@=m=1 => a=tan (I) =45" Gi) G.-2) + (2,7) 74+2 Since taa@=m=-9 => -tana=9 = tan(180-a) =9 => 180-a@ = tan (9) Slope m FSc-Il / Ex.4.3-2 => 180-@ = 83°40’ => a@ = 180-83°40' = 96°20 (i) (46) ; (4,8) Slope m Since tan@=m=oo => a@=tan'(o) =90' Question #2 In the triangle A(8,6), B(—4,2) and C(-2,-6), find the slope of (i) each side of the triangle (ii) each median of the triangle (iii) each altitude of the triangle Solution Since A(8,6), B(-4,2) and C(—2,-6) are vertices of triangle therefore (Slope of side AB= 2=2 = —4 -1 A 4-8 -12 3 Slope of side BC = oa lente 244° 2 6+6_12_6 Slope of side CA= 2" = = => Ope OF sie A= D105 a S (ii) Let D,E and F are midpoints of sides AB, BC and CA respectively. Then Coordinate of D -( #4 642) (48) 0.4 2° 2) (22 D r Coordinate of E (245) = 23) =(-3,-2) 2" 2 22 0 2 Hence Coordinate of F={—2+8 -6*6)_/6 ©) _ (3.0) B E c 2 2 2 Slope of median A= —2—5_.—8 8 3-8 11 i Slope of median BF = 2-2 =~? 344 7 Slope of median CD =2+6 _10_5 22 42 (iii) Since altitudes are perpendicular to the sides of a triangle therefore FSe-Il / Ex. 4.3 -3 Slope of altitude from vertex A= ————!_=-1_1 slope of side BC. 44 A . =I Slope of altitude from vertex. B =——W———__ = slope of side AC 6 —— slope of side AB Slope of altitude from vertex C = By means of slopes, show that the following points lie in the same line: (a) (1-3) 5); (2.9) (b) (4,-5)3(7,5);(10,15) (©) (-4,6):(3,8);(10,10) (A) (a,2b);(c,a +b); 2c~a,2a) Solution (a) Let A(-1,~3) , B(I,5) and C(2,9) be given points Slope of AB=>*3= 1+1 Slope of BC 33 2 4 1 req 4 Since slope of AB = slope of BC Therefore A,B and C lie on the same line. (b) Do yourself as above () Do yourself as above (a) Let A(a,2b),B(c,a+b) and C(2c—a,2a) be given points. Slope of AB= 245) 28 _a-b c-a Slope of BC =24—4+5) _ (2c—a)-c¢ Since slope of AB = slope of BC Therefore A,B and C lie on the same line. Question #4 Find k so that the line joining A(7,3); B(k,—6) and the line joining C(-4,5) ; D(~6,4) are (i) parallel (ii) perpendicular. Solution Since A(7,3), B(k,-6), C(-4,5) and D(-6,4) Therefore slope of AB=m,= 1 Slope of CD=m, = a aan mm 644 22 () If AB and CD are parallel then-m, =, FSe-Il / Ex. 4.3 - 4 (ii) If AB and CD are perpendicular then mm, =~—1 > oi) => -9=-2(k-7) k-7)2 = 9=2k-14 => 2k=9414=23 23 => [k= 2 Question #5 Using slopes, show that the triangle with its vertices A(6,1),B(2,7) and C(-6,—7) isa right triangle. Solution Since A(6,1),B(2,7) and C(-6,-7) are vertices of triangle therefore REMEMBER The symbols (i) || stands for ‘parallel” (ii) }{ stands for “not parallel” Slope of AB =m, = Slope of BC =m. Slope of CA =m,= (iii) L stands for “perpendicular” sme mm-(2)2)-1 = The triangle ABC is aright triangle with mZA=90" Question #6 The three points A(7,—1),B(-2,2) and C(1,4) are consecutive vertices of a parallelogram, Find the fourth vertex. Solution Let D(a,b) be a fourth vertex of the parallelogram. 2th _3_ 1 Slope of AB=— o> Diab) ca.) Slope of BC= ae 1+2 Slope of CD= a a- in AG-1) BC-2,2) Slope of DA= T-a Since ABCD is a parallelogram therefore Slope of AB = Slope of CD FSe-Il / Ex. 4.3-5 > -(a-1)=3(b-4) => -a+1-3b+12=0 => -a-3b+13=0...(i) Also slope of BC =slope of DA 2 ab 8 19a) =3-1-b) = 14-20=-3-36 (ii) > 3. 7-a => 14-2a+34+3b=0 => —2a+3b+17=0.. Adding (i) and (ii) -a -3b+13=0 —2a+3b+17= -3a +30=0 => 3a=30 = |a=10) Putting value of a in (i) -10-3b+13=0 => -3b+3=0 => 3b=3=> |b=1 Hence D(10,1) is the fourth vertex of parallelogram. Question #7 The points A(—1,2),B(3,-1) and C(6,3) are consecutive vertices of a rhombus. Find the fourth vertex and show that the diagonals of the rhombus are perpendicular to each other. Solution Let D(a,b) be a fourth vertex of rhombus. -1-2_-3 Slope of AB Diab) C3) Slope of BC= Slope of CD ACI) BBD) Slope of DA= Since ABCD is a rhombus therefore Slope of AB= Slope of CD 323, _3(q-6) =46-3) 4 a-6 => -3a+18=4b-12 => -3a+18-4b+12=0 = -3a-4b+30=0.. Also slope of BC =slope of DA 2=b 8, 4-1-a)=32-b) 3. -I-a => -4-4a=6-3b > —4-4a-6+3b=0 => —4a+3b-10=0... Gi) xing eq, (i) by 3 and (ii) by 4 and adding. FSc-II / Ex. 4.3-6 —9a -12b+90=0 —16a +12b-40=0 25a +50=0 = 25a=50 = la Putting value of a in (ii) -4(2)+3b-10=0 => 3b-18=0 => 3b=18 = [b=6 Hence D(2,6) is the fourth vertex of rhombus. 201 I i Now slope of diagonal AC 6+1 7 b-(-l)_6+1_ 7 _ a-3 2-3 Slope of diagonal BD = Since (Slope of AC )(Slope of BD) = Glen =-1 => Diagonals of a rhombus are | to each other. Question #8 Two pairs of points are given. Find whether the two lines determined by these points are: (i) Parallel (ii) _ perpendicular (iii) none (a) ,-2),(2,4)and(4,1),(-8,2) (bd) (-3,4),(6,2)and (4,5),(-2,-7) Solution (a) Slope of line joining (1,-2) and (2,4) =m, asf 2-11 Slope of line joining (4,1) and (-8,2) =m, =——— =~ ope of line joining (4,1) and (-8,2)=m, ==> =—- Since m,#m, 1 Also mm,=6--=-1 2-1 = lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular. (b) Do yourself as above. Equation of Straight Line: (i) Slope-intercept form Equation of straight line with slope m and y—intercept c is given by: y=mx+c See proof on book at page 194 (ii) Point-slope form Let m be a slope of line and A(x,,y;) be a point lies on a line then equation of line is given by: y= n=m(a—a) See proof on book at page 195 FSe-II / Ex. 4.3 - 7 (iii) Symmetric form Let @ be an inclination of line and A(x,,y,) be a point lies on a line then equation of line is given by: x cosa See proof on book at page 195 sina (iv) Two-points form Let A(x,.y,) and B(x, y)) be points lie on a line then it’s equation is given by: M(Ox-x)] or = | *r-x,)} or | fx, 9, =0 ] HoH See proof on book at page 196 (v) Two-intercept form When aline intersect x-axis at x=a and y—axis at y=b ie. x-intercept =a and y—intercept =), then equation of line is given by: See proof on book at page 197 (vi) Normal form l Let p denoted length of perpendicular from the origin to the line and @ is the angle of the perpendicular from +ive x-axis then equation of line is given by: G xcos@+ ysin@=p See proof on book at page 198 Question #9 Find an equation of (a) the horizontal line through (7,-9) (b) _ the vertical line through (~5,3) (c) _ the line bisecting the first and third quadrants. (d) _ the line bisecting the second and fourth quadrants. Solution (a) Since slope of horizontal line = m=0 & (%,,9,) =(7,-9) therefore equation of line: y-(-9)=0(x-7) => y+9=0 Answer (b) Since slope of vertical line m =e = & (4,9) =(-5,3) therefore required equation of line FSe-II / Ex. 4.3-8 y—3=00(x-(-5)) x+5) => O(y—3)=1(x+5) => x4+5=0 Answer (c) The line bisecting the first and third quadrant makes an angle of 45° with the x-axis therefore slope of line = m=tan45° =1 Also it passes through origin (0,0) , so its equation y-0=I(x-0) => y=x => x-y=0 — Answer (d) The line bisecting the second and fourth quadrant makes an angle of 135° with x axis therefore slope of line = m= tan135° =—1 Also it passes through origin (0,0), so its equation -la-0) > y Answer => xt Question #10 Find an equation of the line (a) through A(-6,5) having slope 7 (b) through (8,-3) having slope 0 (c) through (-8,5) having slope undefined (d) through (-5,-3) and (9,-1) (e) yintercept —Tand slope—5 (f) x—intercep (g) x-intercept :-9 and slope:—4 Solution (a) (a) =(-6.5) and slope of line =m=7 so required equation y-5=7(x-(-6)) => y-5=7(x+6) => y-S=7x+42 => 7x+42-y+5=0 = 7x-y+47=0 Answer :-3and y—intercept :-4 (b) Do yourself as above. ©) + (x9) =C85) and slope of line =m=<9 So required equation y—5=00(x-(-8)) 1 > y-S=a(x+8) => O(y-5)=1x+8) 0 => x+8=0 — Answer (4) The line through (-5,-3) and (9,-1) is FSe-Il / Ex. 4.3-9 > y3=2(x45) => Ty+2ax+5 => x+5-Ty-21=0 => x-7y-16=0 — Answer (ce) y—intercept =-7 => (0,7) lies on a required line Also slope =m=-5 So required equation y-(-7) =-5(x-0) => y+7T= => Sx+y+7=0 Answer (f) *s x-intercept =—9 => (9,0) lies on a required line Also slope =m =4 Therefore required line y-0=4(x +9) => y=4x+9 => 4x-y+9=0 Answer (g) x-intercept = y-intercept = Using two-intercept form of equation line 74251 = ab => 4x-3y=-12 xing by -12 => 4x-3y+12=0 Answer Question #11 Find an equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the points A(3,5) and B(9,8) Solution Given points A(3,5) and B(Q,8) Midpoint of AB= (24) -( 2 Slope of AB=m= AGS) BO8) 3 Now equation of .L bisector having slope -2 through (s¥) FSe-Il / Ex. 4.3- 10 => y->=-Arx-6) 13 => y- Qxt12 = yoF42x-12=0 37 => 2Ixt+y-—=0 => 4x+2y-37=0 Question # 12 Find equations of the sides, altitudes and medians of the triangle whose vertices are A(-3,2),B(5,4) and C(3,-8). Solution Given vertices of triangle are A(-3,2), B(5,4) and C@,-8). Equation of sides: = A Slope of AB=m,=—472_=2=1 3-3) 8 4 FG 8-4 -12 Slope of BC =m, = 8-4 ==!2 ope of BC =m, == = CA Th B : Slope of CA=m, = 2%) = 10 __5 c 3-3 6 3 Now equation of side AB having slope ; passing through A(-3,2) [You may take B(5,4) instead of A(-3,2)] 2=5(x-9) => dy-8=x43 => xt+3-4y+8=0 => |x-4y+11=0 Equation of side BC having slope 6 passing through B(5,4). y-4=6(x-5) > y-4=6x-30 > 6x-30-y+4=0 = [6x-y-26=0 Equation of side CA having slope 3 passing through C(3,-8) 5 y-(-8)=-2(x-3) > 3(y +8) =-S(x-3) 3 => 3y424=-Sx4+15 => Sx-15+3y+24=0 => |5xt+3y+9=0 Equation of altitudes: Since altitudes are perpendicular to the sides of triangle therefore Slope of altitude on AB = Equation of altitude from C(3,-8) having slope —4 yt8=-A(x-3) => y+8=—4xt12 FSc-Il / Ex. 4.3-11 => 4x-12+y+8=0 = [4x+y—4=0 Slope of altitude on BC Equation of altitude from A(-3,2) having slope -+ yod=-2(e3) => 6y-12=-x-3 => x+3+6y-12=0 => |x+6y-9=0 Slope of altitude on CA Equation of altitude from B(5,4) having slope : yda3er-5) => S5y-20=3x-15 => 3x-15-5y+20=0 = [3x-Sy+5=0 Equation of Medians: Suppose D,E and F are midpoints of sides AB, BC and CA respectively. Then coordinate of p(s 5 74). $}=(13) A Coordinate of E -( Coordinate of F -A3- #7) -(32) =(0,-3) 2 2 22 Equation of median AE by two-point form =2-2 => Ty-14=-4x-12 => Ty-144+4x412=0 = [4x+7y—2=0 Equation of median BF by two-point form y—4 =" (x-5 Y 925 9) => y-4Z(x-5) => ~5y+20=-74435 => -S5y+20+7x-35=0 = |7x-S5y-15=0 Equation of median CD by two-point form FSe-Il / Ex. 4.3 - 12 > y48=t(x-3) => -2y-16=11x-33 => 1lx-33+2y+16=0 == |1lx+2y-17=0 Question # 13 Find an equation of the line through (—4,-6) and perpendicular to the line having slope 3 3 Solution Here (x,,y,)=(—4,-6) Slope of given line = 2 required line is L to given line slope of required line wl /2 Now equation of line having slope = passing through (—4,~6) wire y- (6) x-(-4)) 3 > 3(y+6)=Axt4) => 3y+18=2x+8 => 2x+8-3y-18=0 = 2x-3y-10=0 Question #14 Find an equation of the line through (11,—5) and parallel to a line with slope -24. Solution Here (x,,y,)=(11,-5) Slope of given line =m =-24 required line is || to given line <. slope of required line = m=-24 Now equation of line having slope —24 passing through (11,-5) y-(-5)=-24(x-1) > yt5=-24x4+264 => 24x-2644+ y4+5=0 => xt y-259=0 Question #15 The points A(-1,2),B(6,3) and C(2,-4) are vertices of a A triangle. Show that the line joining the midpoint D of AB and the midpoint E of AC is parallel to BC and Dy, E 1 DE=—BC. 2 B Cc Solution Given vertices A(-1,2), B(6,3) and C(2,-4) Since D and E are midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively. FSc-Il / Ex. 4.3 - 13 Since slope of DE = slope of BC Therefore DE is parallel to BC. =,/4 Now |DE |BC|= y(2-6)' +(-4-3)' =a) +7) = V16+49 =V65 eee Gi) From (i) and (ii) Question #16 A milkman can sell 560 litres of milk at Rs12.50 per litre and 700 litres of milk at Rs12.00 per litre. Assuming the graph of the sale price and the milk sold to be a straight line, find the number of litres of milk that the milkman can sell at Rs12.25 per litre. Solution Let / denotes the number of litres of milk and p denotes the price of milk, Then (/,,p,)=(560,12.50) & (1,,p,)=(700,12.00) Since graph of sale price and milk sold is a straight line Therefore, from two point form, it’s equation Por), ALTERNATIVE 12.00-12.50 You may use determinant => p-12.50=—=—————(I- 560) form of two-point form to 700-560 point for 0.50 find an equation of line. = p-12.50=— (1-560) I pl i= => 140p-1750=-0.50/+ 280 f a ; a => 140p-1750+0,50/-280=0 => 0.50/+140 p—2030=0 If p=12.25 FSe-Il / Ex. 4.3- 14 => 0.50/+140(1 2.25) — 2030 =0. => 0.50/+1715-—2030=0 = 0.50/-315=0 => 050/=315 => 1=315 630 0.50 Hence milkman can sell 630 litres milk at Rs. 12.25 per litre. Question #17 The population of Pakistan to the nearest million was 60 million in 1961 and 95 million in 1981. Using ¢ as the number of years after 1961, Find an equation of the line that gives the population in terms of t. Use this equation to find the population in (a) 1947 (b) 1997 Solution Let p denotes population of Pakistan in million and ¢ denotes year after 1961, Then (p,,t,)=(60,1961) and (p,,t,)=(95,1981) Equation of line by two point form: 1981-1961 11961 = 281-1991 |, 60 95-60? > 1-1961= 2p -60) > 1=1961=5(p-60) => 7t-13727=4p-240 == 7t-13727+240=4p _ 13487 4 4 This is the required equation which gives population in term of t. (a) Put 1=1947 ines. @ 487 p=2asan- S81 =3407.25-3371.75 =35.5 => 4p=7t-13487 => p= Hence population in 1947 is 35.5 millions. (b) Put r=1997 in eq. (i) p=La99- BS 3494.75 — 3371.75 =123 Hence population i in 1994 i is 123 millions. Question # 18 A house was purchased for Rs] million in 1980. It is worth Rs4 million in 1996 . Assuming that the value increased by the same amount each year, find an equation that gives the value of the house after t years of the date of purchase. What was the value in 1990? Solution Let p denotes purchase price of house in millions and ¢ denotes year then (Put) =(141980) and (p,,t,)=(4,1996) Equation of line by two point form: 996-1980 4-1 > 1=1980="8¢p-1) = 31-5940 =16p-16 => 1-1980= (p-l) FSc-l / Ex. 4.3- 15 ALTERNATIVE You may use determinant form of two-point form to find an equation of line. pti PB 4 W=0 Py t, IV => 31-5940+16=16p => l6p=3t-5924 3. 5924 3. 1481 > =—1-— 16 4 This is the required equation which gives value of house in term of t. Put t=1990 in eq. (i) 1481 p= 71990) arn 373.125 —370.25 =2.875 Hence value of house in 1990 is 2.875 millions. Question #19 Plot the Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) + ‘ 220 temperature scales on the horizontal axis and the 200 vertical axis respectively. Draw the line joining the freezing point and the boiling point of water. Find 18° an equation giving F temperature in term of C. ud Solution 140 Since freezing point of water =0°C = 32°F 120 and boiling point of water = 100°C = 212° F 100 therefore we have points (C,, F,) =(0,32) and 80 (Cs) =(100,212) ° Equation of line by two point form pe 2G 212-32 100-0 > F-32=182¢ 100 > F2c432 => F-32= (c-0) (100,212) ydesB mesp 04 Ajannpadsau sixe-A pue SIxe-x UO J0Z = SSOT PUB DOZ = SSOT A}e25 aHeL 20 40 60 80 100 © Question #20 The average entry test score of engineering candidates was in the year 1998 while the score was 564 in 2002. Assuming that the relationship between time and score is linear, find the average score for 2006. Solution Let s denotes entry test score and y denotes year. FSce-Il / Ex. 4.3 - 16 Then we have (5,,y,)=(592,1998) and (s;,y»)=(564,2002) By two point form of equation of line => y—199g= 2002-1998, 599) = y—1998=—4 (5-592) 564-592 28 > y~1998=—H (9-592) => Ty-13986=—-s +592 => Ty-13986+s-592=0 => s+7y—14578=0 Put y= 2006 in (i) s+7(2006)—14578=0 => s+14042—14578=0 => s-536=0 > 5=536 Hence in 2006 the average score will be 536. Question # 21 Convert each of the following equation into @) Slope intercept form ii), Two-intercept form (iii) Normal form (a) 2x—4y+11=0 (ob) 4x+7y-2=0 (co) 15y—8x+3=0 Also find the length of the perpendicular from (0,0) to each line. Solution (a) (i) - Slope-intercept form + 2x-4y+11=0 > dysteett op yo St 1 IL = yagaty ‘ . qi ee 1 is the intercept form of equation of line with m =3 and c= (ii) - Two-intercept form 2x-4y+1=0 => 2x-4y=-11 /2 is the two-point form of equation of line with a (iii) - Normal form 2x-4yt+l1=0 => 2x-4y=-l1 Dividing above equation by (2)? + (4° = V20 = 2V5 2x 4y -11 x 2y_-Il Ws ws Ws ~ Vs Vs ws Exercise 4.4 (Solutions) page 223 Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 Point of intersection of lines Let |: ax+hy+e¢=0 L: ax+b,y+c,=0_ be non-parallel lines. Let P(x,,y,) be the point of intersection of /, and /,. Then ax, +bhy, +c =0. (i) 4x, + b,y, +c, = (ii) Solving (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we have -y LAB, Ge a3G, aby — ash Hence { 22=%4 ab, — anh, Equation of line passing through the point of intersection. Let 4: axtbhy+c,=0 L: a@xtbyt+c,=0 Then equation of line passing through the point of intersection of |, and J, is 1 +kl,=0 , where k is constant. ie axthyt+q,t+k(axt+b,yt+c,)=0 Question #1 Find the point of intersection of the lines (i) x-2y+1=0 2x-y+2=0 Gil) 3x+y+12=0 x+2y-1=0 (iii) x+4y-12=0 x-3y+3=0 Solution wi) Slope of /, =m .' m,#m,, therefore lines are intersecting. Now if (x,y) is the point of intersection of J, and /, then FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4-2 : =——y_-_}__ 22=-—DD O2Z=-@) O-Y= 2-2) x 1 441 2-2 144 > => x=-1 and y=0 Hence (-1,0) is the point of intersection. (ii) I: 3x+y+12=0 h: x+2y-1=0 Slope of 4, =m, = 1 Sh f 1, =m, =-> lope of =m, =—> +m, #m,, therefore lines are intersecting. Now if (x,y) is the point of intersection of /, and /, then Hence (—5,3) is the point of intersection. (iii) Do yourself as above. Question #2 Find an equation of the line through (i) the point (2,-9) and the intersection of the lines 2x+5y—8=0 and 3x-4dy-6=0 (ii) the intersection of the lines x-y-4=0 Tx+y+20=0 6x+y-14=0 (a) Parallel (ii) Perpendicular to the line 6x+ y-14=0 (iii) through the intersection of the lines x+2y+3=0, 3x+4y+7=0 FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4-3 ‘And making equal intercepts on the axes, Solution @ Let: 2x+5y-8=0 hh: 3x-4y-6=0 Equation of line passing through point of intersection of J, and /, is 2x+5y-8+k(3x—4y—6) =0... (i) Since (2,9) lies on (i) therefore put x=2 and y=-9 in (i) 2(2) + 5(-9)-8 + k(3(2)—4(-9) -6) =0 => 4-45-8+k(6+36-6)=0 => -49+36k=0 => 36k=49 =>k a 36 Putting value of & in (i) 2at5y-8+2(ax-dy—6)=0 > T2x+180y-288+49(3x-4y-6)=0 xing by 36 > T2x+180y—288+147x-196y —294=0 => 219x-16y—582=0 is the required equation. (ii) Let 4: x-y-4=0 h: Tx+y+20=0 L: 6x+y-14=0 Let /, be a line passing through point of intersection of /, and ,, then Lj: | +kl=0 => x-y-4+k(7x+y+20)=0... @ => (14+7k)x+(-1+k)y+(-4+20k)=0 1+7k -I+k Slope of 1, =, == Slope of /, =m, =-2=-6 (a) If J, and J, are parallel then m,=m, _1+7k -1+k | => 14+7k=6 => Tk-6k=-6-1 Putting value of k in (i) x-y-4-7(7x+y+20)=0 => x-y-4-49x-7y-140=0 T + a FSC-II / Ex. 4.4-4 => -48x-8y-144=0 => 6xt+y+18=0 is the required equation (b) If 4, and J, are L then myn, =—1 = (oo => 6(1+7k)=-(-1+k) > 6+42k=1-k = 4k+k=1-6 > 4Bk=-5 = k= 43 Putting in (i) we have x- y-4 (4x4 y+20)=0 43 => 43x—43y-172-5(7x+ y+20)=0 => 43x—43y-172-35x-Sy-100=0 = 8x-48y—272=0 => x~6y—34=0 is the required equation. (iii) Suppose 4: x+2y+3=0 1: 3x+4y+7=0 Equation of line passing through the intersection of /, and J, is given by: X+2y+34+k(3x+4y+7)= (1+3k)x+(2+4k)y + (347k (1+3k)x+(2+4k)y=—(3+7k) (1+3kK)x , (2+4k)) —B4+7k) | -B+7k) ak x 4k-3k =1-2 > k=-l Putting value of & in (i) > => (2+4k) = (1+3k) FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4-5 x+2y+3-1(3x+4y+7) =0 => x+2y4+3-3x-4y-7=0 = -2x-2y-4=0 => x+y+2=0 is the required equation. Question # 3 Find an equation of the line through the intersection of 16x-10y—33=0; 12x+14y+29=0 and the intersection of x-y+4=0 5 x-7y+2=0 Solution Let |: 16x-10y—-33=0 I: 12x+14y+29=0 L: x-y+4=0 I: x-Ty+2=0 For point of intersection of J, and /, —*___-y_._1!__ -290+462 4644396 2244120 By ee 172 860 334 eee eee 172 334 860 334 1721 860 5 => x=——=— and —=-— “3342 3342 > 5-3) is a point of intersection of J, and 1. For point of intersection of /, and /,. (-8 -4) is a point of intersection of /, and /,. Now equation of line passing through ($4) and (4 a5, FSC-II / Ex. 4.4-6 > roy +a > 13r-Ba29y482—0 => 13x+29y+66=0 is the required equation. Three Concurrent Lines Suppose 4: ax+hy+c,=0 h: axthy+c,=0 i hk: axtbhy+c,=0 If , 4, and J, are concurrent (intersect at one point) then a bh Gy la, by c|=0 a bh G See proof on book at page 208 Question #4 Find the condition that the lines y=m.x+c; y=m,xt+c, and y=m,x+c, are concurrent. Solution Assume that h: y=mx+o, => mx-y+o=0 L: y=mxtc, => mx-yte hi yamxtc, => mx-ytc,=0 If 4, l and J, are concurrent then m -l Gg m, -1 o|=0 m, -1 rc) => |m-m 0 o-¢)=0 by m—m 0 4-6 PP ER, R BTR Expanding by C, ~(-1[(m, - m,)(e,- 6) -(m, -m, )(c, —¢)]+0-0=0 => [(m,-m,)(c - 6) —(m, - m)(e, —¢)]=0 => (m,—m)(C,— G4) =(m, —M,)(C, — G,) is the required condition. FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4-7 Question #5 Determine the value of P such that the lines 2x-3y-1=0, 3x-y—5S=0 and 3x+ py+8=0 meet at a point . Solution Let 4: 2x-3y-1=0 L: 3x-y-5=0 1,: 3x+ py+8=0 Since /,, /, and /, meets at a point i.e. concurrent therefore 2-3 3 -1 3p => 2-8+5p)+3(24415)-1Gp+3)=0 => -16+10p+72+45-3p-3=0 => Tp+9=0 => Tp=-98 => p= a => | p=-l4 Angle between lines Let /, and J, be two lines. If @% and @, be inclinations and m, and m, be slopes of lines /, and 1, respectively, Let @ be a angle from line |, to J, then @ is given by m, =m, 1+mm, tan@= See proof on book at page 219 Question #6 Show that the lines 4x-3y-8=0, 3x-4y-6=0 and x-y-2=0 are concurrent and the third-line bisects the angle formed by the first two lin Solution Let |: To check /,, /, and /, are concurrent, let 4 -3 =4(8—6)+3(-6+6)-8(-3+4) =4(2)+3(0)-8(1) FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4-8 Hence /,, /) and /, are concurrent. Slope of |, =m, = 33 Slope of l, =m, =-— == G 1 lope of l, =m, == 4 1 S Slope of k=m,=-—=1 Now let 6, be angle from /, to /, and 6, bea 4 angle from /, to /,. Then - 1-% tang =I 273 +mm “T400(84) m,—m And tang, =22="% 1+mm, From (i) and (ii) tan@,=tan@é, => 6,=8, => 1, bisect the angle formed by the first two lines. Question #7 The vertices of a triangle are A(-2,3), B(-4,1) and (3,5). Find coordinates of the (i) centroid (ii) orthocentre (iii) circumcentre of the triangle Are these three points are collinear? Solution Given vertices of triangles are A(-2,3), B(-4,1) and C(3,5). (i) Centroid of triangle is the intersection of medians and is given by (3 tata Yi +yt) 3 3 (eee) -(23) =(-1,3) Hence (-1,3) is the centroid of the triangle. (ii) Orthocentre is the point of intersection of altitudes. Slope of AB =m, = Ueki 442-2 A Gepot Bam, 2-1-4 23447 Since altitudes are 1 to sides therefore Slope of altitude on AB = FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4-9 ~ (i) Now equation of altitude on BC with slope -t from A(-2,3) y-3=-1(x42) => 4y-12=-7x-14 => 7x+14+4y-12=0 => 7Tx+4y+2=0... see (ii) For point of intersection of (i) and (ii) x -y 1 2432 2456 x_-y_l -7 (iii) Circumcentre of the triangle is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisector. Let D and E are midpoints of side AB and BC respectively. Then coordinate of D= (22) = ( Coortinate of £=( 9,155) _f 2° 2 D 133 2 “442-2 5-1_4 a E ¢ mn 344 7 Slope of L bisector on AB A Slope of AB =m, = Slope of BC = Slope of L bisector on BC = FSC-II / Ex. 4.4- 10 Now equation of 1 bisector having slope -1 through D(-3,2) y-2=-I(x+3) => x+34+y-2=0 (ii) => xty4l Now equation of bisector having slope -t through (-}3] 1 y-3=— xt) = 4y-12=-75-2 4 2 2 > Tas 2bay-12=0 > txtay—t <0 => 14x+8y-17=0 For point of intersection of (iii) and (iv) iv) = -25 2525 6 6 Hence (ee) is the circumcentre of the triangle. Now to check (19{-¥.3) and (2-2) are collinear, let -1 3 1 |_34, 58 4% | 25, 3) % 7% | é 31 3425 ee 1450 aol) 24 |-3f 2 - ]f 3 6 3. 6 1818 --(2)-(-3) +1(-22) 9,8 99-9 2 2 Hence centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of triangle are collinear. Question #8 Check whether the lines 4x-3y—8=0; 3x-4y-6=0; x-y—2=Oare concurrent, If so, find the point where they meet. FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4- 11 Solution Let 4: 4x-3y-8=0 lh: 3x-4y-6=0 h: x-y-2=0 To check lines are concurrent, let 43-8 3-4 6 1-1 2 =4(8—6) + 3(-6+ 6) -8(-3 + 4) =4(2)+3(0)-8(1) =8+0-8 =0 Hence /, , /, and J, are concurrent. For point of concurrency, we find intersection of /, and /, (You may choose any two lines) x -y 1 18-32 24424 1649 Hence (2,0) is the point of concurrency. ‘Question #9 Find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines x-2y-6=0; 3x-y+3=0; 2x+y-4=0. Also find measures of the angles of the triangle. Solution Let 4: x-2y-6=0 1: 3x-y+3=0 I: Ix+y-4=0 For point of intersection of /, and /, ~y 1 6-6 3+18 -1+6 x _-y_l —12°21 5 xl -y_l -12 5 215 x= and y=— 74 FSC-II / Ex. 4.4- 12 > (33) is the point of intersection of /, and /,. Now for point of intersection of J, and /, x -y 1 846 4412 144 a 3) is the point of intersection of /, and J,. 12 21 11 4 . a Hence (—22,-21) (118) ang (14,8) are vertices of triangle made by 4, , 5 55 5 5 1, and 1,, We say these vertices as A,B and C respectively. Slope of side AB =m, = Slope of side BC =m, Let @, and y denotes angles of triangle at vertices A,B and C respectively. Then FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 13 VW /2 m,—m. tan a= l+mm, 1404 => a=tan'(I) => |@=45° m,—m 2-3 Now tan B =—2+—1 = —_—___= B 14mm, 1+(-3)(3) => Beta) = | B=45 Now tany Question #10 Find the angle measured from the line /, to the line /, where (a) J,: joining (2,7) and (7,10) 1: joining (1,1) and (-5,3) (b) 4: joining (3-1) and (5,7) 1: joining (2,4) and (-8,2) (c) I: joining (1-7) and (6,-4) ly: joining (-1,2) and (-6,-1) (d) 4: joining (-9,-1) and (3,-5) ly: joining (2,7) and (-6,-7) Solution (a) Since ,: joining (2,7) and (7,10) Therefore slope of 4 =m, =12—2 = 3 7-25 Also L,: joining (,1) and (-5,3) Therefore slope of 1, =m, = o=iee 5-1 -6 Let @ bea angle from /, to /, then my =m, 1+mm, tand = > ~tano=7 = tan(180-0)= 6 “ tan(180-6)=—tané FSC-II / Ex. 4.4- 14 => 180-@=tan™ 2) =49.4 => @=180-49.4 => | @=130.6 Now acute angle between lines = 180—130.6=49.4" (b) Do yourself as above. (c) Since J: joining (1,-7) and (6,-4) - -4 Therefore slope of J =m, =—2 +7 =3 6-1 5 Also : joining (-1,2) and (-6,-1) -1-2 Therefore slope of J, =m, = 641 Let 8 be a angle from /, to /, then 3 m=m __ 5775 Tein T0310) = O=tan"(0) = [0=0" Also acute angle between lines = 0° tan@ = (a) Since ,: joining (-9,-1) and (3,-5) Therefore slope of | =m, = 2+! =-=4-_1 349 123 Also I: joining (2,7) and (-6,-7) Theretoresloneos he mise = ae oem 6-2-8 4 Let 6 be aangle from /, to /; then mm, tan@ =—— 1+mm, = 6=tan"(5) > [@=78.69° Also acute angle between lines = 78.69" Question #11 Find the interior angle of the triangle whose vertices are (a) A(-2,11), B(-6,-3) , C(4,-9) FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4-15 (b) A(6.1), B(2,7) , C(-6,-7) (©) A(2,-5), B(-4,-3) ,C(-1,5) (d) A(2,8), B(-5,4) and C(4,-9) Solution Given vertices A(-2,11), B(—6,-3) and C(4,-9) (a) Let m,,m, and m, denotes the slopes of side AB, BC and CA respectively. Then m = 23cl_=l4 7 y +2 4 2 ~9+3_-6_ 3 a m= a 7446 105 @ om, _11+9 _20_ 10 my 2-4-6 3 Let a, 8 and y denotes angles of triangle at vertex 2 [aN A,B and C respectively. Then z m G im _ -\%-% tan mT ne AA AY Ay -_% - tan B= ae = ~tan p=3t => tan(180-f)= 2 + tan(180-0) =—tand => 180-f=tan ‘(#)- 74.98 => B=180-7498 = [B=105.02 -34-(-19%) m,-ms _ 7 tany= 5) L+mym, —14(-34)(10 iw , 5tI% _AMs at _ at 142 315x345 FSC-II / Ex. 4.4- 16 4(4l - = eo = 42.34 => y=tan (3) > 1Y (b) Given vertices A(6,1), B(2,7) and C(-6,-7) Let m,,m, and m, denotes the slopes of side AB, BC and CA respectively. Then 7-1_ 6 3 he ae 2-6 -71-7_-14_7 m, =——~=—— =- “6-2 -8 4 14+7_ 8 _2 m,=———=—== 646 12 3 Let a, 8 and y denotes angles of triangle at vertex A,B and C respectively. Then tay ~(-34) = Tem 14(2 I tana@= Is 0 => a=tan'(~) => |a=90' 3-7 tants = V4 a ta(- 4%) -13/ 7% => B=tan"(2) tany=2—"5 = y= 26.57 () Do yourself as above. (d) Do yourself as above. FSC-II / Ex. 4.4- 17 Question # 12 Find the interior angles of the quadrilateral whose vertices are A(5,2), B(-2,3), C(-3,-4) and D(4,-5) Solution Given vertices are (5,2), B(-2,3), C(-3,-4) and D(4,-5) Let m,, m,, m, and m, be slopes of side AB,BC,CD and DA. Then _3-2 1 m, Now suppose a, #.y and 6 are angels of quadrilateral at vertices A,B,C and D respectively. Then => P=tan man tany=—2— 3 = ___—_ I+mm,1+(7)(-! => ystan'(%) => Ltn, 14 => d=tan'(0e) > Trapezium If any two opposite sides of the quadrilateral are parallel then it is called trapezium. FSC-II / Ex. 4.4- 18 Question #13 Show that the points A(-1,-1), B(-3.0), rhombus and find its interior angle. Solution Given vertices are A(-1,-1), B(-3,0), C(3.7) and D(1,8) Let m,, m,, m, and m, be slopes of side AB,BD, DC and CA. Then C(3,7) and D(1,8) are the vertices of the Since m,=m, or m=m, Hence A,B,C and D are vertices of trapezium. Now suppose @, 8,y and 6 are angels of quadrilateral at vertices A,B,C and D respectively. Then Now do yourself as above in Question # 12 Question #14 Find the area of the region bounded by the triangle, whose sides are Tx- y-10=0; 10x+ y—41=0; 3x+2y+3=0 Solution Let 1: 7x-y-10=0 1: 10x+ y-41=0 I: 3x+2y+3=0 For intersection of /, and 1, x -y 41+10 —287+100 7+10 => a Sl -187 17 xl yl => 2s. ad “= 51 17 187 17 = oettog and IB7 31 7 17 = (3.11) is the point of intersection of /, and /,. Now for point of intersection of /, and /, x -y I 3482 304123 20-3 FSC-II / Ex. 4.4-19 ae 85 153 17 2a 85 17 > oes and 17 => (5,-9) is the point of intersection of J, and J,. For point of intersection of /, and J, = (1,3) is the point of intersection of J, and /,. Now area of triangle having vertices (3,11), (5-9) and (1,3) is given by: =4p(-9+3)-11(5-1) +1(-15+9) (-6)-11(4) +1(-6)] = |-68| 18-44 —6| $068) =34 sq. unit Question #15 The vertices of a triangle are A(-2,3), B(-4,1) and C(3,5). Find the centre of the circum centre of the triangle? Solution — Same Question # 7(c) Question # 16 Express the given system of equations in matrix form. Find in each case whether in lines are concurrent. (a) x+3y-2=0 ; (b) 2x4+3y+ , (c) 3x-4y— 4=0; x-Ily+14=0 3x+y-8=0 3x-2y+5=0 FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 20 Solution (a) x+3y-2=0 2x-y+4= x-Hy+14=0 Tn matrix form Fat AEE Coefficient matrix of the system is 1 3 -2 A=|2 -1 4 1-11 14 => | A]=1(-14 + 44)—3(28 -4) - 2(-22+ 1) =1(30)—3(24) -2(-21) =30-72+42=0 Hence given lines are concurrent. (b) 2x+3y+4=0 In matrix form Po abr Coefficient matrix of the system is 23 4 A=|1 2 -3 301 -8 => |A|=2(16+3)-3(-8+9)+4( +6) =2(19)-3(I) +4(7), =38-3+28 =6340 Hence given lines are not concurrent, 6) Do yourself as above Question #17 Find a system of linear equations corresponding to the given matrix form .Check whether the lines responded by the system are concurrent. 0) 0 0 3 HIB FSC-II/ Ex. 4.4- 21 Solution (a) Equating the elements are the required equation of lines. Coefficients matrix of the system omen A=|2 0 1 6-132 => det A=1(0+1)-0-1(-2-0) =1+2=340 Hence system is not concurrent. (b) Do yourself as above. Exercise 4.5 (Solutions) pase 2s Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 Homogenous 2" Degree Equation Every homogenous second degree equation ax’ +2hxy+by? = 0 represents straight lines through the origin. Consider the equations are. y=m,x and y=m,x > mx-y=0 and mx-y=0 Taking product (mx-y)(mx-y) = 0 mxy-mxyty? = 0 => mm, => mmx —-(mtm)xyt+y = 0.. Also we have ax’+2hxyt+by? = 0 Sy rho ty? = 0 +ing by b = prtpety = +ing by > 4e()yry = 0 D Byoty = Comparing it with (i), we have a 2h mm, = —| and | m+m, = -> Let @ be the angles between the lines then tang = “1—" 1+mm, _ f(m-m ym, +m; - 2mm, ~ — L+mm, ~ 1+ mm, imi +m; +2mm,—4mm, (im tm) — 4mm, ~ 1+ mm, ~ 1+mn, (-2) 46 4h 4a 4h? —4ab -Wo) 6 Ve b LV 142 144 aia b b b (i? ab) ale ab => tang = ———_—_ => | tang = —_— bt+a atb Find the lines represented by each of the following and also find measure of the angle between them (problem 1-6) FSC-II/ Ex.4.5-2 Question #1 10x? -23xy-Sy? = 0 Solution 10x°-23xy-5y? = 0. > 10x’-25xy+2xy-5y? = 0 => 5x(2x-Sy)t+y(2x-Sy) = 0 => (2x-Sy)(Sxty) = 0 => 2x-Sy = 0 and Sxty = 0 are the required lines. . Comparing eq, (i) with ax’ + 2hxy + by* 0 So a=10 , 2h=-23 => h= Let @ be angle between lines then tand J - a0. 5) [2 +50 ACa}-1008 5 > 6 = tan (2) = 7931 Hence acute angle between the lines. = 79°31’ Question # 2 3x +7Taxyt+2y = 0 Solution Do yourself as above Question # 3 9x +24xy+16y? = 0 Solution Do yourself as above Question # 4 2x +3xy-Sy’ = 0 Solution 2x°+3xy-Sy’ = 0.. a 2x? + 5xy—-2xy-Sy? = 0 x(2x+5y)-y(2x+5y) = 0 (2x+5y)(x-y) = 2x+5y = 0 and x-y = 0 EuUUY FSC-II / Ex. 4.5-3 are the required lines. Comparing eg. (i) with ax’ +2hxy+by? = 0 > a=2 , %w=3 > a3 . b=-5 Let 6 be angle between lines then 2Nh* = ab h? —ab tan@ = ath - )-oc 5) +10 Be 0) > --1 3 3 > => - tan(180-6) =—tan@ => 180-0 = war'(2) => 180-0 = 66°48 >o@ 180-66°48 = 11312’ Hence acute angle between the lines = 180-1132’ = 66°48" 6x -19xy+15y? = 0 Solution Do yourself. as above Question # 6 x’ -2xyseca+y? = 0 Solution x’ -2xysecat+y? = +ing by y°’ 2 2 x 2ayseca y 2 > (2) -2seca( =) =0 y y This is quadric equation in Fl with a=1, b=—2seca, c=1 2seca+ tele 20 PSC / Bx.4.5-4 20) ~ 2 _ 2secatV4tan? a ~ 2 _ 2secart 2tana ~ 2 © L+tan? @=sec a = secattana le cosa cosa COS x _ L+sing x _ I-sing >is nd = y cosa y cosa => xcosa = (I+sin@)y and xcosa@ = (I-sina)y = xcosa-(It+sina)y = 0 and xcosa-(I-sina)y = 0 These are required equations of lines. Now comparing (i) with ax’ +2hxy+by? = 0 a=l , 2%h=-2seca > h=-seca , b=lb If 0 is angle between lines then 2Nh? - ab . aa 1 4 Sing ltsin@ tan? = a+b 2ysec* av — (1) (1 sec” ar— 3 _ aoe -2 a a => tan? = tan@ >O=a. Note: If one wish to get the answer similar to given at the end of textbook, then follow the solution as follows after getting: xcosa—(I+sina)y = 0 and xcosa—(I-sina)y = 0 Multiplying equation at tnd with 2 — and equation at right with / =~ © to get l-sin’@ 1-sin’ @ enema) esi) and eine) easnie) = 0 cosa cosa => a(l-sina)-yeosa = 0 and x(I+sina)-ycosa = 0 Question #7 Find a joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to the lines: x’-2xytana@-y? = 0 Solution Given: x’ —2xytana—- Suppose m, and m, are slopes of given lines then PSC / Ex.4.5-5 +m, = —2h a=l, le b 2h=—2tana = —2tana@ => h=-tana@ al b=-l => mtm, = —2tane a 1 & mm =F == = mm, = -1 . a 1 1 . . Now slopes of lines Lar to given Tines are -—- and —- then their equations are 1 : tot y= pre & y= =F ox (Passing through origin) > my =-x & my = -x => xtmy =0 & xtmy = 0 Their joint equation: (x+my)(x+my) = 0 => x +(m+m,)zytmmy = 0 => 24(2tana)xy+ (Dy? = 0 0 >xY Question #8 Find a joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to the lines: ax’ +2hxy+by? = 0 Solution Given: ax’ +2hxy+by? = 0 Suppose m, and m, are slopes of given lines then m +m, = 2 & mm, = Fi Now slopes of lines Lar to given lines are -- and —— 2xytana—y , then their equations are 1 2 x+my 0 & xtmy = 0 Their joint equation: (x+my)(x+my) = 0 => V+(m+m,)xy+mmy = 0 = 2+(-24) 54/2 * "|e => bx -2my+tay? = 0 PSC-II/ Ex. 45-6 Question #9 Find the area of the region bounded by: 10x?-xy-2ly? = 0 and x+y+1=0 Solution 10x’ -xy-2ly? = => 10x? -15xy+14ay—2ly? = => 5x(2x-3y)+7y(2x-3y) = 0 => (2x-3y)(5x+7y) = 0 => 2x-3y = 0 or Sx+7y = 0 So we have equation of lines 1: 2x-3y = 0 Sxt+7y = 0 Daxtyth = Oe i Now do yourself as Q # 14 (Ex. 4.4) 0 » x+y+l=0 0

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