Lecture-9 GULLY EROSION CONTROL MEASURES Deen al SC Ula cl tle ery ae Care MELE a UU} Jawahar Lal Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)uly Controt © Glos ar formed by excossve sure uno Rowing wih Pugh Ylety and foeo, tat Fe Sulcent fo cetach sol paces fom the Bow pat For controling gully erosion, the following ‘considerations are very important Improving te catchment area ofthe guy © Stablizaon of euty head Sale conduct of water trough the guy, Provide tat ts nota arto natural crainage Systom ofthe area Acton of ly contol secre fo tbize them e@ Functions or Purpose The primary functon of guly contol sbuctures to provide safe passage to thetlew tieougharening nto the prevalng slope ef natural hae. ‘The other purpose or function of gully contro structures are listed below. » To rade runt erosive forces by stacking of the gradnt ofa gully and by Corvin the course of ow To mmmize Molec on the banks To store watorin tho upsteam as channl storage for rigaton. » Tobock seinen to kep fom damaging the domnstroam environment. To mainian te stabil of so when vegetative cover is boing esabishod Design Requirements of Gully Control Structure » The gly contol stuctares prmarly designed for safe posal of excass rn generat tom Po watershed » Whe designing guly contro sructizes thee major pols ae considered » Sirvtue must have suficient provision for safe cscnaoe, The struse should have suficent sroagh to withstand the pressure exerted by fowng water and » The structure shouldbe protactd ram erosion dus tothe flow passing overt “These pons reer to hyolgle design, struc deslgn and hyaule design of sities. Homerer,the design vigor depends onthe Type of guy contol Stucures such a8 permanent stuctures requre more vigorous design th Temporary stucures” couse of Faiures ne eer fice cand mai don uty loge, Htc or seta ‘eg’ ae Craton of fae omer or cine wr ect Ineo eapcay of erste © Unoactod baka nears upeveam tires * improper undston eung up posse rv re he boy of struct. peso Structures "Cal cana scree canbe grouped into to ctagats, nary, temporary guly onl srctires ani permanent sully conv! stucires, - Tamgorary guy corel stucres ar mag up of ecaly valle mtr and are ser io Fe oto Sn Sa te ay » Sehr sean om tee eet a= 1 Sep tas * aes apy sare ob yan yp » tester tint sty arash aby » Tg went tid ena ae og an aga ety tae e@ Desiga Criteria of Temporary Structures The overall height ofa temporary check should not onary be more than 75 mm. An eletive height of about 30 em etal considered sulison. Minimum {Seam Resboaras necessary. + Leo te check dams under ordinary conitions should be 3-8 years and hence shoul be design for rail o 10 years return perio, » Since the purpose of check dams in uly contol slo eliminate grace in the anne, check dams theoretically shouldbe spaced in such away hat the rest ‘ovation of one wi be sare as ha bom slovaian of he adacent dam op Stream, Hence horizontal interval depends on te channel slope a hen of heck dam. Check damn of lesser heh In higher Slope wil require. more ‘Requert check oma down he team. + Suitable apron shouldbe provided ovoid the suring due to the Now passing ‘ver these creck dams. Fortis purpose pap is provid nto length of 110 {3 meter aowrtveam ofthe check dams. The gap betwoen the pap ca seeded wih grass. Desiga Criteria of Temporary Structures ©The overall height of tamporary check should not orinarty bo more than 7 tim. An effective eg of about 30 em vsualy considered sucers Mimum {Sem fesboara's necessary. + Leo te chook dams under ordinary contons shouldbe 3-8 years and hence should be design for rafal of 10 years retum period + Since the purpose of eck dams in uly contol sto elminste grace in the thannal, check deme eee ould be spaced in such sway thatthe rest ‘lovato of one wil be some ae the atom elevation of he xiacent dam up Stream. Hance horizontal interval depends en the channel slope and Regt of heck dam. Chock dams of lessor night In higher slope wit require more Frequent check dams coun the sear » Suitable apron should be provided to avoid ho souring duo to ho Now passing oe Bese check dams. For this purpose pap is provided inthe length of 110 {TSmoter douraveam ofthe chock dame. The gap between the Nap ca seeded wih grassBrushwood Check Dam » Brushwood checkdams are temporary structures and should not be used to treat angoing problems such as concentrated runt Rom reads of culvatod ‘elds. They can be employed in connection wih land use changes such 35 ‘eforestaton er improved range. management unt vogelave. and. slope treatment meseixes Socome ofectve » Brushwood check-dams made up of posts and brushes are placed across the uy The main objective oftevahwood check dams iso hold fine matic! by ‘tower water nthe gully. ‘Small guy heads, no deeper than one meter, can also be stabized by ‘ushwnd check cams, » The main requement of temporary guly cont strates i tht, they misty nds be mace by wag cheap an ro So vs gue‘Single Row Brushwood Check Dam » These cheokdams canbe used wher te rate of tno es han 0.5 mse "The etuctre fs tompocary and ite crabity wal depend onthe quality of poste sod. I posse ve posts of wilow, popular ans chor ros should Be used (- ‘[Link] da), Fenible branchos ae cut and woven around the pests This dam is constructed across the channel or guly wit the brush wood Imaterats, lai along te fow of water, Keeping the but ends towards ul face of the guy. » The breshwood is kept in poston by tying to th posts > Before te dam constuction is begun he sides fhe gly or channel should be Sloped tot and the pully bed should ata be excavated for 15 em depth along tha entre gly widh over which brushwood Rave tbe lad. In adation, 15 om fexeavaton is alse done ino the bank to ve nacossary note capac. > Aftor excavation, the wooden posts of about 10 cm in ameter are diven in a fine acon he gully tan iio of 90 cm up oa dath of 75cm gly bod. » The top of wooden poss shouldbe Kept at sucha height 0 a forma noch of requred se. » The Brushwood Is ted tom the front ine and the other tines ae ted using atanized wre for Keeping them n positon, The lowest layer of the brood must be te longest. Double Row Brushwood Check Dam This typeof brushwood check-dam is sited here te ae of tno es han ise The constuction of the dam starts wi) an ‘xeavaton in the fo arent the sis te uly toa depn of 0.90.5, Two rms of posts, §-10em in damotor and 1 ‘ame Tong aro places le th hols, across {Ho for of tho guy to a dept of 05-0 0m, ‘The spacing between te post sO » Brushwood of Branches are packed Between the poss. 1 The height ofthe poss in the conter should fot exceed be hoigt of th salvey ethers {he flow wil bo blocked and water maybe forced to move to he guy sie,Loose Rock-fill Dam This type of check dam is simple in construction and very effective for gully control. ‘These dams are preferred in those areas, where plenty of loose rocks are available nearby the gully. The loose rock-fill dams are constructed with the help of stones. The stones are kept across gully width by wire netting made of fairly stout gauge of galvanized iron wire. The wire netting of about 2 meter or more in width is laid across the gully bed and over it the loose rocks are packed approximately up to half of the width of netting. The other half of, netting is wrapped over the stones and laced to the other edge. eso nd construction petiatons tose tne check Manso ropety ee oe ew ws erm te ‘seguir a apn fe evettinsemaede ae ps {euler sta cond mi ee oven serie Pe Sas a {Gaetan good crt estanLog Check-dam = When large size timbers are readily available in the nearby area of gully, the log check dams are used for checking the sully. In this dam, the logs are used as ‘brushwood but they make the structures substantially stronger. + In the log check dam, two rows of vertical wooden posts are formed by inserting the wooden posts in line with the gully bed and extending up to the sides above the flood level and then logs are packed between the two rows, The vertical posts should be at least 10, ‘om in diameter and 2 m long. > The spacing should be kept about one moter between each row, with the two . rows of posts half meter apart. » In wide and shallow gulls, its better to keep all vertical post to a height of 60 ‘em above the ground surface so thatthe top of the dam can fllow the section of stream bed. Ifthe gully has sieep sides, it should have a rectangular notch in the centre but the notch must be large enough to pass whole of runoft. + The vertical posts on either sides of notch are responsible for dissipating the kinetic energy of flowing water. Therefore logs should not be swept down by the flow, for which stout posts must be driven to a greater depth than the others. > When the logs are fully packed between the rows of post, the bottom layer to 'be sunk below the dam may be checked.Netting Dam In this dam wire netting is used to form a small check dam. The netting dams are usually located near the top end of the gullies. This dam consists of wooden posts which are driven into the gully bed to support a strip of wire netting and thus, forming a low wall across the gully. The height of dam is kept about 60 cm. The lower edge of the netting is buried into the gully bed. The brush or straw is also piled loosely towards upstream side of the netting wall to form a barrier, which is porous in nature. But it slows down the flow velocity and results in deposition of sediment on the upstream side.GUNNY BAG/ SAND BAG CHECK DAM » Sandbag check-dams are made from used jute or polyethylene bags (50 kg) filled with soil/sand. » The bags are piled up to a maximum of 3 - 4 layers to form a small check-dam. » This cheap technique is particularly useful in areas with insufficient supply of stones for building ordinary check-dams. » By erecting sandbag dams large rills or small gullies (finger gullies) can be controlled, while they are not suitable for the treatment of large gullies.GABBION STRUCTURE » It is basically a rectangular wire mesh box, filled with stones. » The size of stones filled is always greater than the mesh openings. » These structures are flexible, permeable and economical, are constructed in those places, where stones are abundant. » The boxes are made of galvanized wires to ensure longer service life, as these wires are less succeptible to get affected by rust ® formation. » The gabion structures are meant for controlling the soil erosion under different conditions. These are also used for torrent control works, controlling the land slip, land slides, gully control @ and river bank protection works.PERMANENT GULLY CONTROL STRUCTURES Spillways: » Aspillway is defined as a structure, constructed either in dam section or in gully for effective and safe disposal of water from upstream to downstream end. » As per term meaning, the spillway is a path to cross the flow from one end to other end. » The basic components of spillway, used as permanent gully control structures (hydraulic structure) are inlet, conduit and the outlet. » Water enters the structure through the inlet and is conveyed through the conduit. The water leaves the structure through the outlet. » The outlet is mainly designed for dissipating the kinetic energy of flowing water so that water leaving the structure can not cause erosion towards downstream side of the structure.DROP INLET SPILLWAY » This structure consists of a pipe passing through an earth fill dam, linked with a suitable inlet and outlet. » The inlet is installed having some drop which causes to flow of water from inlet to conduit. » The outlet usually consists of a propped pipe or a chute. The size of outlet should be sufficient to provide an adequate flow to the downstream channel. —| SoA @This structure is versatile in use, Its very efficient structure for controling relatively high guy heads, usually more than 3m. » It aso serves as gully conto! structure, where large drops of gully profile are needed to simiata > These are also used to raise the grade of doop gules. Aso, for food contol the Arop inlet spilways are idealy used, as they are construcied with an earth fil dam which forms enough slorage capacity above the siucture to hold the runoh ‘Thus drop inlet spilways Nave the dual purpose of gully and food control However, the various uses of dropinlt spillvays are also given below. Uses of Drop inlet Splway: The various functonal uses ofthis stuctue are iven as under > itis used as @ principal spillway in case of farm ponds or reservoirs for lating out the water, » For sabiization of gly grade » Misused at lower end of water disposal system >This splay can be used in combination of check dams forthe safe ceposal of water stored inthe reser » Inforest oads, ican be used as culvert » In debris basins, ts used as principal spillway. + For controling the flood, is equaly used » Used as a channel water inlet in drainage or ierigation strutues, ‘Advantages: thas foloving main advantages » Ths spilway requires comparatively less construction material than the drop spilway forthe samo heads. + The capacity of this spillway can be reduced, particularly where an appreciable ‘amount of temporary storage i avaiable » Construction costs less. » For stabifsaton of gully grade and prevention of oad, iS one of the most fffeent structure. Limitations » Small size or small capacty éopinet splays are more susceptible to got cocked by debris present inte Now water. + Where greator earthwork is required for construction, i isnot recommend forCHUTE SPILLWAY » Chute spillway is an open channel like structure, which is constructed on steep slope of the gully face with a suitable inlet and outlet. » Such spillways are used at the locations where head drop is fairly large ranging from 5 to 6 m. » They are normally constructed to handle a full low at the gully head. Since they ate used at larger drop i.e. over the gully head, so their main function is to control the gully head from its enlargement by waterfall erosion. » Chute spillway handles the flow having super critical velocity. > Chute spillways usually require less concrete work than the drop- inlet structure for the same capacity and drop. But they are more danger of undermining by rodents and threatening of foundation due to seepage in poorly drained locations. Tce eins sitter » The chute structures do not provide any storage of water towards upstre ar tgh cnr, wre 8 Sl ow side. coe enue Limitations: The vas imitations of chute siliaay sre ae under > Thore is considerable anger of undormining due to dita! precatons ere required count = In poorly drained ares, tere Is problem of seepage. Such areas are not sable Yor chute splays, a6 Seepage lends To weaken the foundation. Ih Such areas if constucion of chula splay i very sso and no ther Substiutes are avaiable, hen prowsions fo contol be seepage problem are ‘ssentaty made, For slaty pont of view, the consructon site shouldbe compacted very wall or when eath fling is done that shoud sso be compacted thoroughly isan ‘2ddlional work, which takes time and money both 1. For whic, This spay can so be contacted in Comoraon shook anand ot ‘tetany ste. ts main uses are a follows: a > Fer contet of guy Nea, ° Fer conveying te ro rom us areas nt the gly, very smth witout erosion. 2 iumaybe used ae tetiofor Boos prvention wate coneanvaton an callocson > Forcing the grant nau or rill chant e@[STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY "coe en ns suai an ono ean uly an suc ha rary soda he guy ba io erate a contol point Soveel su ep stustures a Btu eros the Gly wih tough out te leg ted ores, The series of such stucures, davelop a conrucus break to fw of water. causing nsoeton of sedans and thet ing the guly secon, Sorsties. tbe Gop ocr ae aso used at the pul hood to pace the fw eat ond cnt the ‘ly head » The drop srucuree aro used ut te drop f about ‘There are following three major purposes ofthe use of drop structure, » To proie a vanaton betwean a road er fa waterway an bt oF gly soeton. "1p aise the fw tne. 1 form stent soi depth for vegelabve gow where best ofthe gl ison sk + To rae the fw line of tre watery 80 35 to provide drainage in the aso of wet vratrwaye e ‘Advantages: These are as follows- = In ths structure, the danger of undermining by rodents isnot possiole. » Straight drop splays are less succeptble to get structural damaged, than the other stuetures, » Asin other spitvays (especial in dop-inet splay) the cand I Imoly 10 be clogged by debris, but In this spiway there is no such probiem, >is constuction is very easy; a vilage ‘mansion can easly construct it e various functional uses of this spillway are given as under: » is used for grade stablzation in lower reaches of waterways and outlets » Used fr erosion cota, to protect the roads, bung ec » Straight drop spillway can be used as an cule in tle drainage system and for releasing the irigaton water into the ed in irigation system. > In reservoir itis used for leting out he water, provided that total drop of splay istow ie. not more than 3m > Itis also used for controling the tail water atthe owt Secton of the const or spillway. » For controling irigstion, the drop spilways are also used in the water dstabution system, Limitations > Inthe areas, where discharge i less than 3s and total head or drop exceeds 3m, the constuction of straight drop spllway prooves to be a coslly afar, should not be prefered > Wroquires a stable gully grade below the structure. |The constuction ofthis structure is not tachnicaly justified, particularly where temporary storage is required lo obtain areducton in discharge.