EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC SERIES

Total number of Questions in Exponential & Logarithmic series are:

(i) In chapter Examples......................................................................... 10
(ii) Solved Examples................................................................................... 13
Total no. of questions................................................................................23
1. THE NUMBER e
e – e –1 1 1
(viii) = 1 + + + ......... 
1 1 1 2 3! 5!
The sum of the series 1 + + +
1! 2! 3! Examples
+...........+  is denoted by the number e based on Exponential Series
n
 1 x2 x3 x4
i.e. e = lim 1  
n   n Ex.1 If y = x – + – + ........ then x =
2! 3! 4!
Note: 1
(i) The number e lies between 2 and 3. Approxi- (A) loge (1 – y) (B)
loge (1 – y )
mate value of e = 2.718281828. 1
(ii) e is an irrational number. (C) loge (D) loge (1 + y)
(1 – y)

2. EXPONENTIAL SERIES x2 x3 x4
Sol. y = x – + – + ........ = 1 – e–x
2! 3! 4!
Expansion of any power x to the number e is
 e–x = 1 – y
the exponential series.
Taking log
i.e.
1
x x2 x3  –x = loge(1 – y)  x = loge (1 – y)
ex = 1 + + + + ......... 
1! 2! 3!
Ans.[C]
2.1 Exponential Theorem :
42 44
Let a > 0 then for all real value of x, Ex. 2 1 + + + .............  =
3! 5!
x2
ax = 1 + x(logea) + (logea)2 e 4  e –4 e 4 – e –4
2!
(A) (B)
x3 4 4
+ (logea)3 + .........
3! e 4  e –4 e 4 – e –4
(C) (D)
8 8
2.2 Some standard deduction from exponential
series: 42 44
Sol. 1 + + + ............
x x2 x3 xn 3! 5!
(i) ex = 1 + + + + .... +..... 
1! 2! 3! n! 1  4 3 45 
= 4    ....... 
x x2 x3 ( 1) n n 4  3! 5! 
(ii) e–x = 1 – + – + .... x + .... 
1! 2! 3! n! 1  e 4 – e –4  e 4 – e –4
=   = Ans.[D]
(Replace x by –x) 4  2  8
 
1 1 1
(iii) e = 1 + + + + ...... 
1! 2! 3!
Ex.3 Find the coefficient of x n in the expansion of
{Putting x = 1 in (i)} ea + bx in powers of x.
1 1 1
(iv) e–1 = 1 – + – + ...........   b  bn 
1! 2! 3!
(A) ea   (B) ea  n ! 
{Putting x = –1 in (ii)}  n !  
ex  e–x x2 x4 x6
(v) = 1 + + + + .......   bn 
2 2! 4! 6!
(C) ea  n  (D) None of these
x –x 3 5
 
e –e x x
(vi) = x + + + ..........    (bx)n 
2 3! 5!
 
e  e –1 1 1
Sol. We have ea + bx = ea . ebx = ea  
n  0 n ! 
(vii) = 1 + + + ......... 
2 2! 4 !
  (bx) (bx) 2 (bx)3 (bx)n  3. LOGARITHMIC SERIES
or ea+bx = ea 1  1 !  2 !  3 ! ..... n ! ....
  If –1 < x  1 then
b n
x2 x3 x 4 ......
 Coefficient of xn in ea + bx = ea  n !  loge (1 + x) = x – + – + 
  2 3 4
Ans.[B] is called as logarithmic series.
3.1 Some standard deductions from logarithmic
Ex.4 Sum the following series series:
1 1 2 1 2  3 x3
+ + + ....... to  x2 x4
2! 3! 4! (i) log (1 – x) = – x – – – + ...... 
2 3 4
e
(A) (B) e  1 x 
2 (ii) log (1 + x) – log (1 – x) = log  
1– x 
2
(C) (D) 2e
e  x3 x5 
Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series. = 2  x    ........
3 5 
Then  
1  2  3 .....n n(n  1) n (iii) log (1 + x) + log(1 – x) = log (1 – x 2)
Tn = = =
(n  1) ! 2(n  1) ! 2.n!
 x2 x4 x6 
= – 2  2  4  6  ........

1 n e
So, sum of the series =
2

n1 n!
=
2
 

Ans.[A] Note:
(i) Naperian or Natural log can be converted into
common by using following relation
12 28 50 78
Ex.5 Sum of + + + + ...... log10N = logeN × 0.43429448
2! 3! 4! 5!
1 1 1 1 1
(A) 2e (B) 3e (ii) log 2 = 1 – + – + – + ........
(C) 4e (D) 5e 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1
12 28 50

3n 2  7n  2 = + + + ........
5 .6
Sol. +
2! 3 !
+
4!
+ ...... =
n1
 (n  1) !
1.2 3.4

Examples

3(n  1) 2  (n  1)  2 based on Logarithmic series
= 
n1
(n  1) !
 1 1 1 
Ex.6 1  2
 4
 6
....  =
  
(n  1)2 n 1 1  3.2 5.2 7.2 
=3 
n1
 
(n  1) ! + n  1 (n  1) ! – 2 n  1 (n  1) ! (A) loge 3 (B) loge 4
(C) loge 5 (D) loge 2
  
n1 1 1 Sol. We have,
= 3 
n1
n! + 
n1
n! – 2
n1

(n  1) !
 1 1 1 
1  2
 4
 6
.... 

n

1 1
  3.2 5.2 7.2 
= 3 
n1
n! + 4 
n1
n! – 2
n1

(n  1) ! 1 1 1 1 
= 2 2  3
 5
 7
.... 
= 3e + 4(e – 1) – 2(e – 2) = 5e  3.2 5.2 7.2 
Ans.[D]
 x 3 x 5 x7  1
= 2  x  3  5  7 ......  , where x =
  2
 2 (1  x)2  (1 – x )2
 1  =
 1 x  1  2y (1  x)2 – (1 – x )2
 2
= loge  1  x  = loge 1  = loge 3
 1 1 2(1  x 2 )
 2  =
y 4x
Ans.[A]
2x
 y =  x 2y = 2x – y Ans. [C]
 1 1 1  1 x2
Ex.7 2  2n  1  3
 5
....   =
 3(2n  1) 5(2n  1)  Ex.9 2log x – log (x + 1) – log (x – 1) is equal to
(A) log (n – 1) – log n 1 4 1 6
(A) x2 + x + x + ......
(B) log (n + 1) + log n 2 3
(C) log (n + 1) – log n 1 1 1
(B) 2 + 4 + 6 + ......
(D) None of these x 2x 3x

1
(C) –
L
M 1

1

1 O
P
 ........
Sol. Let x =
2n  1
. Then,
Nx 2x
2 4
3x 6
Q
(D) None of these
 x3 x5   1 x
2 x   .... = log   Sol. We have 2 log x – log (x + 1) – log (x – 1)
 3 5  1 x
 x2   x 2 – 1  1 
 1  = log  2  = – log   1– 2 
 1   2n  2    x 2  = –log  x
2n  1   n  1  x – 1   
= log  = log  
 2n  = log  n 
 1 1 
 2n  1  1 1 1
= 2 + 4 + + ......... Ans.[B]
x 2x 3x 6
= log (n + 1) – log n Ans.[C]
Ex. 10 The sum of the series
2 3
y3 y5 a–b 1a –b 1a –b
Ex.8 If y + + + ..........   +   +   + ......... ,
3 5  a  2  a  3  a 
is
 x 3 x5  a a–b
= 2  x  3  5  ....  , then (A) loge   (B) loge  
  b  a 
(A) y = 2x (B) log y = 2 log x b
(C) loge   (D) None of these
(C) x2y = 2x – y (D) None of these a

y3 y5 Sol. We have,
Sol. y + + + .............  2 3
3 5 a–b 1a –b 1a –b
 +   +   + ......... ,
 a  2 a  3 a 
 x 3 x5 
= 2  x  3  5  ....  1a –b 1a –b
2 3
  a–b  – ...... 
=– –  –   – 
 a  2 a  3 a 
1  1 y   1 x   1 y 
 log   = log    log    a–b
2 1– y  1– x  1– y  = –loge 1 – 
 a 
2  x 2 x 3 ........
1 x   log(1 – x)  – x –
= log   2
–
3
– 
 1– x   

b a
 1 y  (1  x )2 = – loge   = loge  
   = a
  b
 1– y  (1 – x )2
Ans. [A]
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The coefficient of x 10 in the series of e2x is–
e7 x  e x 4n ( 1)n 2n 2n
4 5 = + = {2n + (–1)n}
(A) (B) e3 x n! n! n!
14175 14175 Ans.[C]
2
(C) (D) None of these
17145 Ex.3 Find the coefficient of x n in the expansion of
Sol. We have the exponential series x
ee .

x x2 x3 xn
ex =1+
1!
+
2!
+
3!
+ ...... = 
n0
n!
1  1 2n 3 n 
(A) n !  1 !  2 !  3 ! ...... 
 
Replacing x by 2x, we get
(2 x) ( 2x) 2 ( 2 x) 3 1  1 2n 3 n 
e2x = 1 + + + + ... (B) n !  1 !  2 !  3 ! ...... 
1! 2! 3!  


(2x)n 2  1 2n 3 n 
= 
n 0
n! (C) n !  1 !  2 !  3 ! ......... 
 
(D) None of these
( 2x)n Sol. Let ex = z. Then
Clearly, T n + 1 = (n + 1)th term =
n!
  
zk (e x )k ek x
2 n n
e e x
= ez =  k! =  k! =  k!
= x . k0 k0 k0
n!
If (n + 1)th term contains x 10, then n = 10  ex e2x e3x 

=  1    ...... 
 1! 2! 3! 
210 4
 Coeff. of x10 = = Ans.[A]
10 ! 14175   xn    (2x)n 
1   1  
Ex.2 Find the coefficient of x n in the expansion of
= 1 +
1!
+  n
n  0 ! 
 + 2! 
n  0 n ! 


e7 x  e x
.   (3 x)n 
e3 x 1  
+ 
3 !  n  0 n ! 
+ .... 
n n
2 2
(A) {2n + (–1)n} (B) {2n – (–1)n} x
n! n!  Coefficient of x n in e e

2n n 1  1 1  2n  1  3n 
(C) {2 + (–1)n} (D) None of these =   + 2 !  n !  + 3 !  n !  + ....... 
 
n! 1!  n !     
Sol. We have,
e7 x  e x 1  1 2n 3 n 
= e4x + e–2x = n !  1 !  2 !  3 ! .....  Ans.[A]
e3 x  
 
(4 x)n ( 2x)n
= 
n 0
n! + 
n 0
n!



4n n ( 1)n 2n n
=  n!
x + 
n 0
n!
x
n0

 Coefficient of xn in
 x2 x3 x4  
 1 1 
Ex.4 If y = x –
2
+
3
–
4
+ ...... and if
= 
n1
Tn = 
n1
2 .  
 (n  2) ! (n  1) ! 
|x| < 1, then x =
 
y2 y3 1 1
(A) y –
2!
+
3!
+ ..... = 2 
n1
(n  2) ! + 
n1
(n  1) !

= 2e + e = 3e [Ans. A]
y2 y3
(B) y + + + .....
2! 3!
Ex.6 Sum of the series
y2 y3 2 4 6 8
(C) y – – – ..... + + + + ..... 
2! 3! 3! 5! 7! 9!
(D) None of these (A) e (B) e–1
(C) e–2 (D) None of these
x2 x3 x4 Sol. Let Tn be the nth terms of the given series.
Sol. We have y = x – + – + ......
2 3 4 Then
 y = loge (1 + x)
2n
 ey = 1 + x Tn = n = 1, 2, 3, ....... 
(2n  1) !'
y2 y3
 1 + y + + + ....... = 1 + x  2 4 6 
2! 3!     ....... 
 3 ! 5 ! 7! 
y2 y3   
 x = y + + + ....... Ans.[B] 2n 2n  1  1
2! 3! = 
n1
Tn = 
n1
(2n  1) ! = 
n1
(2n  1) !
3 5 7
Ex.5 Sum of the series 1 + + + +........  
1! 2! 3! 2n  1 1
(A) 3e (B) 4e
=  (2n  1) !
– 
n1
(2n  1) !
n1
(C) 5e (D) None of these
Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series. 
1

1
Then, = 
n1
(2n) !
– 
n1
(2n  1) !
(2n  1)
Tn = n = 1, 2, 3, ........
(n  1) !' 2 4 6 8
 + + + + ........
1! 3! 5! 7!
2n 1
 Tn = –  
1

1
(n  1) ! (n  1) !
= 
n1
Tn = 
n1
(2n) ! – 
n1
(2n  1) !
2 (n  1  1) 1
= –
(n  1) ! (n  1) !  e  e 1   e  e 1 
=  2  –  2  = e–1 Ans.[B]
 n 1 1  1    
= 2   –
 (n  1) ! (n  1) !  (n  1) !
Ex.7 Sum of the following series
 1 1  1 22 32 42
 Tn = 2    – 1 + + + + ......... 
 (n  2) ! (n  1) !  (n  1) ! 2! 3! 4!
(A) e (B) 2e
1 1
= 2 . + (C) 1/e (D) e/1
(n  2) ! (n  1) ! Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series.
Then
 3 5 7 
 1    .....  n2
 1! 2 ! 3 !  Tn = n = 1, 2, 3, ......, 
n!'
 n n  1 1 
1

1
1 an
 Tn =
(n  1) !
=
(n  1) ! = 
n1
(1  a) . n ! – 
n 1
(1  a) .
n!
(n  1) 1
= + 1 1
(n  1) ! (n  1) ! = (e – 1) – (ea – 1)
(1  a) (1  a)
1 1
=
(n - 2) !
+
(n - 1) ! e  ea ea  e
= = Ans.[B]
(1  a) a1

 22 3 2 
 1 


2! 3!
.....  =


n 1
Tn Ex.9 Sum the series
1
  (x + y) (x – y) + (x + y) (x – y)
1 1 2!
= 
n 1 (n  2) !
+ 
n1 (n  1) !
1
= e + e = 2e Ans. [B] (x 2 + y 2) + (x + y) (x – y)
3!
(x4 + y4 + x2y2) + ..... 
Ex.8 Sum of the following series to infinity
(A) e x2  e y 2 (B) e x2  e y 2
1  a 1  a  a2 1  a  a 2  a3
1+ + + + ........ (C) e x3  e y 2 (D) e x2  e y 3
2! 3! 4!
Sol. The given series is
a a
e e e e 1 1
(A) (B)
a1 a1 (x2 – y2)+ (x4 – y4)+ {(x2)3–(y2)3}+ ... 
2! 3!
ea  e ea  e 1 1
(C) (D)
a1 a1 = (x2 – y2) + (x 4 – y4)+ (x6 – y6)+...
2! 3!
Sol. th
Let Tn be the n term of the given series.
Then,  2 1 4 1 6 
= x  x  x ..... 
1  a  a 2 ..... an1  2! 3! 
Tn = ,n = 1, 2, 3,.....
n!
 2 1 4 1 6 
– y  y  y ..... 
1  1  an   2! 3! 
 Tn =  
n!  1  a  x 2
y x 2
y 2 2
= (e  1)  (e  1)  e  e Ans.[A]
 2 n1   an 
 1  a  a .....a   Ex.10 Find the sum of the infinite series
 1  a 
1 1 1 1
1  1 an  1. 3
+
2. 5
+
3 .7
+
4.9
+ ...... 
 Tn =   
n!  1  a 1  a  (A) 2 – loge 3 (B) 2 + loge 2
(C) 2 + loge 3 (D) 2 – loge 2
1 1 1 an
= . – Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series.
(1  a) n! (1  a) n ! Then,
1 a 1  a  a2 1  a  a 2  a3 1
 1+ + + Tn = , n = 1, 2, 3,.......
2! 3! 4! n (2n  1)
+ .... 1 A B
 Let = + ...(i)
n(2n  1) n 2n  1
= 
n1
Tn  1 = A (2n + 1) + Bn ...(ii)
 Comparing the coefficients of n and constant  x2 x3 
1  x   ..... 
terms on the two sides of the above equation, =
2  2 3 
we get
2A + B = 0, A = 1  y3 y5 
 B = –2 + 2  y  3  5 ..... 
 
Substituting the values of A and B in (i), we
obtain 1 1
Where x = and y =
4 2
1 1 2
= – 1  1 y
n(2n  1) n 2n  1 = – log (1 – x) + log  1  y 
2
1 2  1  1  1 / 2
 Tn = – n = 1, 2, 3, ......... 1
n 2n  1' = – log 1  4  + log  1  1 / 2 
2
 1/ 2
1 3  3
 Sum of the given series = 
n1
Tn =–
2
log
4
+ log 3 = log 3 + log  
 4

1 2 
=    
 n 2n  1
 4
= log  3 3  = log Ans.[A]
n1
  12
 2   1 2   1 2 
=  1  3    2  5    3  7  ......  
  Ex.12 loge (x + a) – loge (x – a) =
 a a3 a5 
 1 1  1 1 1  
(A) 2  x  3
 5
....
= 1  2  3 .....  – 2  3  5  7 .....   3x 5x 

 a a3 a5 
1 1 1 1 1 1    ....
=1+ – + – + – = ..... (B) 2  x 3 5
2 3 4 5 6 7  3x 5x 

 1 1 1 1 1   a a3 a5 
= 2 – 1  2  3  4  5  6 .....  (C) 2  x  3  5 ....
 3x 5x 
= 2 – loge 2 Ans.[D] (D) None of these
Sol. loge (x + a) – loge (x – a)
  1 1 1  1 1  1  1 1 1 
Ex.11 1     .     . 2     . 3 .....  =   a    a 
 2 3 4 4 5 4 6 7 4  = log e  x 1    – log e  x 1   
  x    x 
(A) log 12 (B) log 11
(C) log 12 (D) log 11   a    a 
Sol. Given series = loge x  loge  1    – loge x  loge 1   
x    x 

1 1 1 1 1 1 
=  .  . 2  . 3 ....   a  a
2 4 4 4 6 4  = loge 1 x
 – loge 1  =
  x
 1 1 1 1 
+ 1  .  . 2 ....   a 1  a  2 1  a  4 
 3 4 5 4         .....
x 2  x 3  x
 
1  1 1 1 1 1 
= 2  4  2 . 2  3 . 3 ......    a 1  a  2 1  a  3 
 4 4 
–  x  2  x   3  x  .....
 
 1 1  1  3 1  1 5 
+ 2  .    .   .....  
2 3  2 5  2  a a3 a5 
 
= 2  x  3  5 .... Ans.[B]
 3x 5x 
Ex.13 log {(1 + x)1 + x . (1 – x)1 – x} =
2 4 6
 2 x 2   x 4 x 4   x 6 x 6  
x x x 
= 2  x  2    3  4    5  6  .....  
(A) 2  1. 2  3 . 4  5 . 6 ....        
 

 x2 x4 x6   2 1 4 1 1 6 1 1 
(B) 2  1. 2  3 . 4  5 . 6 ....  = 2  x 1  2   x  3  4   x  5  6  .....  
   

 x3 x4 x5   x2 x4 x6 
(C) 2  1. 2 3 . 4 5 . 6 .... 
   = 2  1. 2  3 . 4  5 . 6 ....  Ans.[B]
   
(D) None of these
Sol. log {(1 + x)1 + x . (1 – x)1 – x}
= log (1 + x)1 + x + log (1 – x)1 – x
= (1 + x) log (1 + x) + (1 – x) log (1 – x)
= {log (1 + x) + log (1 – x) + x {log (1 + x)
– log (1 – x)}
 x2 x4 x6 
= – 2  2  4  6 .... 
 

 x3 x 5 

+ 2x  x   .... 
 3 5 