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Edexcel A-Level Chemistry Exam Questions

This document provides information about an exam question regarding a dicarboxylic acid present in citrus fruits. A solution of the acid was prepared and titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. Students are asked to calculate the molar mass of the acid using the titration data and deduce its structure. The document also provides information about isomeric compounds and mass spectrometry data to identify a compound. Further questions involve determining the molecular formula of a compound using combustion analysis data and qualitative tests.

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Raiannur Rohman
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69 views14 pages

Edexcel A-Level Chemistry Exam Questions

This document provides information about an exam question regarding a dicarboxylic acid present in citrus fruits. A solution of the acid was prepared and titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. Students are asked to calculate the molar mass of the acid using the titration data and deduce its structure. The document also provides information about isomeric compounds and mass spectrometry data to identify a compound. Further questions involve determining the molecular formula of a compound using combustion analysis data and qualitative tests.

Uploaded by

Raiannur Rohman
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Edexcel A-Level Chemistry

2022 Chemistry Paper 3


This question is about a dicarboxylic acid Y which is present in some citrus fruits. Y
contains only the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

A solution was prepared using 4.34 g of the dicarboxylic acid Y made up to a volume of
250 cm3 with distilled water.

A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution was then titrated using sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH(aq),of concentration 0.320 mol dm−3.

The mean titre of sodium hydroxide solution was 26.10 cm3.

Calculate the molar mass of Y using the titration data, and hence deduce its structure.
You must show your working.

(5)
Q13. This question is about the following isomeric compounds with the molecular
formula C4H8O and molar mass 72 g mol−1

A CH3CH2CH2CHO

B (CH3)2CHCHO

C CH3CH2COCH3

D CH3CH CHCH2OH

(a) Which compound would you expect to give a peak at m/e = 41 in its mass spectrum?

Write your answer in the box


The answer for this question is D. (1)
Edexcel A Level Chemistry (first teaching 2015): Specimen Materials

A compound Q contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. It has a molar mass of 148 g
mol−1

Combustion analysis shows that when 0.952 g of Q is completely burned in excess


oxygen, 2.83 g of carbon dioxide and 0.693 g of water are formed.

Use these data to determine the molecular formula of Q. (5)


Three qualitative tests are carried out on Q. The results of each test are given in parts
(i), (ii) and (iii).

State what can be deduced from each of these results. (i) A very sooty flame is observed
when a small sample of Q is burned in air. (1)

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) A yellow-orange precipitate is observed when a small amount of 2,4-


dinitrophenylhydrazine is added to Q. (1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(iii) No visible change is observed when a sample of Q is warmed with Tollens' reagent.
(1)

............................................................................................................................................ (c)
These data come from the proton NMR spectrum of Q.

(i) Deduce the structure of Q, using these data and your answers to (a) and (b).
Justify how all the data in the table supports your answer. (7)

*Examiners Report: poorly answered by students across the country


Phenylethene, commonly known as styrene, is an important substance in the production
of polystyrene which is used for some types of plastic packaging. Phenylethene can be
made from benzene in a three-step synthesis.

Some of the following compounds can be used to make phenylethene from benzene.

• If you go to university level chemistry, like this question, they almost never use the
IUPAC names and go with common names, in this case styrene.

Selecting only from these compounds, devise a synthetic pathway for converting benzene
into phenylethene, clearly identifying compounds A and B and stating the appropriate
conditions for each step.
60.

This question is about lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid), CH3CH(OH)COOH.

Lactic acid is used to make biodegradable polymers.

Lactic acid can be made in a two-step synthesis starting from ethanal, CH3CHO.

Devise a reaction scheme for a two-step synthesis.

Include in your answer all reagents and conditions, the type of reaction occurring at
each step, and a balanced equation for each reaction.
State symbols are not required. (7)
Edexcel A Level Chemistry

Article Question

Q59.

Tranexamic acid

Tranexamic acid is an amino acid. It is a white crystalline solid which melts at


300 ºC. It is used to reduce bleeding during surgery and dental procedures and
is especially useful where patients suffer from deficiencies in blood-clotting
factors. The structure of tranexamic acid can be drawn as shown below.

As the name suggests, tranexamic acid is the trans form of a compound that forms
geometric (or cis-trans or E-Z) isomers.

(a) Explain why tranexamic acid melts at 300 ºC while the alkane, undecane
(C11H24) which has almost the same number of electrons, melts at −26 ºC. A
detailed description of the forces involved is not required. (3)

The diagram below shows a compound, K, which is a derivative of tranexamic acid.

Identify by name or formula a compound that might react with tranexamic acid to form
K.

Common questions

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To synthesize lactic acid from ethanal in two steps, first, ethanal is oxidized with a mild oxidizing agent like hypochlorous acid to form lactic acid. The reaction involves nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon by chloride to form chlorohydrin, followed by base-induced rearrangement to lactic acid .

The synthesis of phenylethene from benzene involves three main steps: (1) The Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with chloroethane in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst to form ethylbenzene. (2) Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using a hot metal catalyst such as chromium(III) oxide to form styrene (phenylethene).

The molar mass of a dicarboxylic acid can be determined using titration data by calculating the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used in the titration and relating it to the mass of the acid. The number of moles of NaOH is calculated from the concentration and the mean titre. Given the stoichiometry of the reaction, this can be used to find the moles of the acid in the sample. Knowing the mass of the sample, the molar mass of the acid is calculated by dividing the sample mass by the number of moles of the acid .

The structure of a compound can be deduced using its proton NMR spectrum in conjunction with qualitative tests by analyzing signal multiplicities, chemical shifts, and integrations to identify functional groups and their environments. The inconclusive visual change with Tollens' reagent suggests the absence of an aldehyde, while a precipitate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine indicates the presence of a carbonyl group. Combining these with the NMR data provides insights into the compound's structure .

The molecular formula of a compound from combustion analysis is determined by converting the masses of CO2 and H2O produced to moles of carbon and hydrogen, respectively. The moles of oxygen are determined by difference with the known total molar mass of the compound. This allows for the determination of the empirical formula, which can then be scaled to match the compound's molar mass .

The absence of a visible reaction with Tollens' reagent suggests that the compound likely does not contain an aldehyde group, as Tollens' reagent typically gives a silver mirror with aldehydes due to their oxidation .

Tranexamic acid has a significantly higher melting point than undecane due to its strong intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, resulting from the polar carboxylic acid and amino functional groups, which are absent in the nonpolar alkane undecane, leading to its much lower melting point .

The presence of a very sooty flame when a compound is burned in air indicates that the compound has a high carbon content and likely undergoes incomplete combustion, which is characteristic of aromatic or unsaturated compounds .

Geometric isomerism in tranexamic acid leads to differences in spatial arrangement which can enhance intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding in the solid state, contributing to the high melting point. The presence of specific E or Z configurations can significantly impact the overall stability and packing of molecules in the crystalline lattice, thus affecting the melting point .

A yellow-orange precipitate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine indicates the presence of a carbonyl group, specifically a ketone or an aldehyde, in the compound .

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