LESSON 1: LEGAL BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF GENDER (5) encourage advertising industry and other

AND SOCIETY similar institutions to provide free use of space and

installation of displays for schools, colleges and
A. Laws that led to the implementation of Gender and universities for campaigns to end discrimination
Society in the College Curricula and violence against women; and
(2015) (6) guarantee that educational institutions provide
scholarship programs for marginalized women and
CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER No. 01 Series of 2015 girls set the minimum standards for programs and
institutions of higher learning.
Establishing the policies and guidelines on gender and
development in the Commission on Higher -(MCW IRR, Rule IV, Section 16)
Education and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) (1995)

Mandates: BEIJING PLATFORM FOR ACTION (BPFA)

▪ GAD Focal point system in CHED (Dr. Eloisa ▪ September 1995

Mackay) ▪ "Aimed at removing all the obstacles to women's
▪ Develop Gender and Development curricula active participation in all sphere of public and
▪ Gender Responsive Research Programs private life through a full and equal share in
▪ Gender Responsive Extension Programs economic, social, cultural and political decision-
▪ GAD Database in the institution making at home, in the workplace and in the wider
national and international communities. Equality is
(2010) a matter of human rights and a condition for social
justice." -(Beijing Declaration and Platform for
Establishment of the Gender and Development(GAD)
Action, Mission Statement, passim)
Focal Point System
(1992)
▪ July 2, 2010
▪ To undertake all necessary and appropriate Republic Act 7192 "Women in Development and
mechanisms to advance the cause of GAD in Nation-Building Act"
accordance with the policies and directives from
the Commission on Higher Education, Commission ▪ An act promoting the integration of women as full
on Women, and all other enabling bodies that and equal partners of men in development and
promulgate Gender and Development nation building and for other purposes
▪ Mandates:
(2009) ➢ Equality in capacity to act
➢ Equal memberships in clubs
MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN
➢ Admission to military schools
▪ September 2009 ➢ Voluntary PAG-IBIG, GSIS, SSS Coverage
▪ Comprises the major statutory guidelines that all
(1987)
Responsible Agencies are expected to pursue and
implement, guided principally by the Philippine Constitution of the Philippine Republic, Article II,
Commission on Women (PCW) Section 14
▪ The MCW Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR), which were approved in March 2010, ▪ "The State recognizes the role of women in nation-
identify the Commission on Higher Education building, and shall ensure the fundamental
(CHED) as the agency mandated to: equality before the law of women and men."
(1981)
(1) develop and promote gender-sensitive
curriculum; United Nation Convention on the Elimination of all
Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
(2) develop gender fair instructional materials;
▪ The CEDAW defines discrimination against
(3) ensure that educational institutions implement
women as "any distinction, exclusion or restriction
a capacity building program on gender, peace and
made on the basis of sex which has the effect or
human rights education for their officials, faculty
purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition,
and non- teaching staff and personnel, promote
enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of
partnerships between and among players of the
their marital status, on a basis of equality of men
education sector;
and women, of human rights and fundamental
(4) promote partnerships between and among freedoms in the political, economic, social,
players of the education sector;
 cultural, civil, or any other field." -(CEDAW, Part I, Child Marriage
Article 1)
is a marriage or similar union, formal or informal, between
B. Pre-1981 Violence Against Women and other Gender an adult and a child under a certain age, typically age
eighteen. The child can be a girl or a boy, but the large
The Rape of Nanking 1937 majority of child marriages are between a girl and a man,
was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed and are rooted in gender inequality.
by Imperial Japanese troops against the residents of Corrective Rape
Nanjing (Nanking), then the capital of China, during the
Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre occurred over a also called curative or homophobic rape, is a hate crime in
period of six weeks starting on December 13, 1937, the day which one or more people are raped because of their
that the Japanese captured Nanjing. During this period, perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. The
soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered disarmed common intended consequence of the rape, as seen by the
combatants and Chinese civilians numbering an estimated perpetrator, is to turn the person heterosexual or to enforce
40,000 to over 300,000, and perpetrated widespread rape conformity with gender stereotypes
and looting.
Honour Killing
Marry your Rapist Law (Philippines)
or shame killing, is the murder of a member of a family, due
RA 8353 "Anti-Rape Law of 1997," Article 266-C.: to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought
shame or dishonor upon the family, or has violated the
Effect of Pardon. – "The subsequent valid marriage between principles of a community or a religion with an honor
the offended party shall extinguish the criminal action or culture. Typical reasons include divorcing or separating
the penalty imposed. In case it is the legal husband who is from their spouse, refusing to enter an arranged, child or
the offender, the subsequent forgiveness by the wife as the forced marriage, being in a relationship or having
offended party shall extinguish the criminal action or the associations with social groups outside the family that is
penalty: Provided, That the crime shall not be extinguished strongly disapproved by one's family, having premarital or
or the penalty shall not be abated if the marriage is void ab extramarital sex, becoming the victim of rape or sexual
initio.” assault, dressing in clothing, jewelry and accessories which
Breast-Ironing (Cameroon) are deemed inappropriate, engaging in non-heterosexual
relations
also known as breast flattening, is the pounding and
massaging of a pubescent girl's breasts, using hard or Foot-binding (China)
heated objects, to try to make them stop developing or Chinese custom of applying tight wrappings to the feet of
disappear. The practice is typically performed by a close young girls to modify their shape and size. The bound feet
female figure to the victim, traditionally fulfilled by a were an enhancement to a woman's beauty and made her
mother, grandmother, aunt, or female guardian who will movement more =dainty, and a woman with perfect lotus
say she is trying to protect the girl from sexual harassment feet was likely to make a more prestigious marriage. The
and rape, to prevent early pregnancy that would tarnish the desirability varies with the size of the feet.
family name, preventing the spread of sexually transmitted
infections such as HIV/AIDs, or to allow the girl to pursue Cybersex trafficking
education rather than be forced into early marriage.
Victims are transported by traffickers to 'cybersex dens',
Leblouh (Mauritania and other African countries) which are locations with webcams and internet-connected
devices with live streaming software. There, victims are
is the practice of force-feeding girls from as young as five to forced to perform sexual acts on themselves or other
nineteen, in countries where obesity was traditionally people, in sexual slavery, or raped by the traffickers or
regarded as desirable. assisting assaulters in live videos.
Female Genital Mutilation C. Status of Filipino Women during the American Era
also known as female genital cutting and female ▪ The coming of the Americans created
circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all opportunities for women to earn college degrees
of the external female genitalia. Procedures differ according and learn the essentials of business.
to the country or ethnic group. They include removal of the ▪ Women were employed in managerial positions as
clitoral hood and clitoral glans; removal of the inner labia; heads of business firms dealing in textiles and
and removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the native cloths, jewelry, embroideries, pawnshops,
vulva. In this last procedure, known as infibulation, a small rice and foodstuff, bakeries, real estate, and
hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid; the transportation.
vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for ▪ The influence of women in business has even
childbirth. extended to retail and other industries previously
dominated by men.
 ▪ Filipinas were given more responsibilities as Primary Characteristics Male
managers in different industries because of their
leadership skills and good work ethics. ▪ male reproductive system
▪ The prioritization of education was responsible in ▪ sperm cell
improving the influence of women in the fields of ▪ XY chromosome
trade and commerce. ▪ high level of testosterone Testosterone-
▪ With the increase in the female literacy rate, more responsible for male's muscle growth, libido, bone
women gained access to new types of work and density, growth of bodily hair
careers, like in law and science. Primary Characteristics Female
▪ Women were able to get the opportunity to break
away from traditional gender-related roles ▪ female reproductive system
▪ egg cell
D. Status of Filipino Women during the Spanish Era ▪ XX chromosome
▪ Arranged marriage was a custom among Pre- ▪ high level of estrogen and progesterone
Spanish Filipino Estrogen- responsible for female's bodily
▪ In some Tagalog regions, if the woman was growth: breast, ovulation, muscles, bone
especially distinguished, the husband usually took density Progesterone- responsible for increase
her name. in follicles of the uterine lining for conception

E. Status of Filipino Women during the Pre-Colonial Era Intersex

▪ The pre-colonial Filipino wife was treated as a ▪ also called as Hermaphroditism

companion, not as slave. ▪ a condition in which there is a discrepancy
▪ She enjoyed freedom in making decisions in the between the external and internal sexual and
family. genital organs
▪ What name to give a child was also her prerogative. Secondary characteristics characteristics that emerged
▪ She enjoyed a key role in the economic stability of after puberty
the family.
▪ It was seldom that a woman did not know how to MALE
manage the family landholdings.
▪ She had the task of agricultural production once the ▪ broadening of the shoulders
ground had been prepared by the man. ▪ hips are more slender
▪ She engaged herself in weaving and pottery- ▪ deeper chest cavity
making and usually managed the trading of ▪ height generally taller than women
products and wares. ▪ usually has greater proportion of body weight
▪ The practice of primogeniture with regard to muscles
inheritance regardless of sex allowed women to ▪ prominent Adam’s apple
succeed their fathers as rulers of tribes. ▪ heavier bone density
▪ Being a pact holder was recognized among women FEMALE
in the pre-Spanish society.
▪ Some were treated as Babaylans or deities of their ▪ Widening of the hips and pelvis- for birth giving
tribes ▪ Development of the breast
▪ Height generally shorter than men
LESSON 2: WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX ▪ Usually has greater proportion of body weight fat
Sex Reproductive Roles biological functions of the human
▪ the biological dimension of your gender and male and female in terms of reproduction
sexuality MALE
▪ may also be referred to as: biological sex or
physical sex ▪ producing and secreting male hormones
▪ biological/ physical sex is determined by the ▪ producing sperm (Spermatogenesis)
individual's genitalia or genitals ▪ transporting sperm
▪ genitals are organs responsible for reproduction ▪ to copulate Copulation- process of inserting the
▪ pertains to an individual's biological anatomy and penis in the vagina
physiology ▪ ejaculating sperm into the female reproductive
Anatomy- study of body’s structure tract
Physiology- study of body's function
▪ is determined by your genitals from the moment of FEMALE
your conception
▪ Production and secretion of female hormones
▪ Producing egg cell (Oogenesis)
▪ Maturation of the uterine follicle
 ▪ Release of an egg cell (ovulation)
▪ Menstruation
▪ Conception/pregnancy 3. DENTAL HYGIENE
▪ Child birth ➢ brushing of the teeth and gargling of
▪ Breast feeding mouth wash is important because the
mouth may be use for sexual intercourse
Fertilization arousal
➢ it is not advisable to conduct oral
➢ is the union of a human egg and sperm stimulation when lesions are present on
➢ it is when a sperm infuses with an egg cell the lips, gums, and other parts of the
➢ the result of this union is a fertilized egg or a zygote mouth. this is to avoid transfer of sexually
cell initiating pre-natal development transmitted infections in the mouth
➢ it is both the male and the female's reproductive
role to fertilize 4. WASHING OF THE GENITALS
Reproductive ➢ it is important to wash the genitals before
sexual intercourse to get rid of unwanted body
Health refers to a person's state of complete odors, moisture, and other bodily obstructions
physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the ➢ after sexual intercourse, genitals must be
absence of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to the thoroughly washed and dried to get rid of
reproductive system and its functions and processes in all excess moisture and unwanted bodily fluids
stages of life
5. WASHING OF SEX TOYS AND OTHER DEVICES
Reproductive USED FOR SEXUAL STIMULATION
Refers to a person's actions and behaviors towards ➢ thoroughly wash sex toys and other devices
achieving complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing that may be used for sexual stimulation to
relating to the reproductive system and its functions and avoid viruses and bacteria that may harm the
processes in all stages of life reproductive system
➢ store sex toys in clean and secured containers
Sexual hygiene to avoid exposure to unhealthy threats
➢ avoid using devices that have malfunctioned or
branch of hygiene concerned with sex and sexual those that may have broken parts to avoid
behavior as they relate to individual and community unwanted injuries during sexual intercourse
wellbeing ➢ use water-based lubricants to ease the
functions of sexual devices
Examples of physical reproductive responsibilities
➢ properly sterilize the sexual devices with
an individual's responsibility concerning his/her physical antibacterial soap when it was stored for
sexual attributes prolonged time

1. GOOD GROOMING 6. GETTING PHYSICAL CHECK-UPS

➢ washing the body, especially the ➢ consult physicians for bodily problems
reproductive organs to avoid unwanted concerning your sex and sexual functions
odors during sexual intercourse (ex: pain in the
➢ trimming of the pubic hair (it is advisable genitals during sexual intercourse)
to only trim the pubic hair and not entirely ➢ consult physicians for examining STI
shave to have protection from friction symptoms (sexually transmitted infections),
during sexual intercourse) HIV symptoms (human immunodeficiency
virus), urinary tract infections, an even cancer
2. URINARY HYGIENE in the reproductive organs
➢ washing or wiping of the genitals after
urinating for males, be sure not to leave 7. MEDICATIONS
any trace of urine on the penis and ➢ some side effects during medication may
scrotum to avoid excessive moisture or hamper sexual arousal or may even cause
unwanted odor for females, wash or wipe sexual dysfunction.
the labias down to the anus after urinating. ➢ it is important to inform your partner about
ensure that the external genitalia are free certain medications you are taking most
of urine traces and other bodily fluids to especially if it may involve sexual and/or
avoid high level of acidity that may cause reproductive functions
irritation of the genitals
 8. HORMONAL IMBALANCES 4. STIGMA ON CONSULTING WITH A SEXOLOGIST
➢ happens when there is too much or too little ➢ Sexology- is the interdisciplinary scientific
presence of a hormone in the body study of human sexuality, including sexual
➢ this affects sex drives, libido, and arousal behaviors, interests and function
necessary for sexual functions ➢ Sexologist- is a trained professional who
specializes in human sexuality
9. UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE ➢ The stigma that when a couple consults with a
➢ smoking, staying-up late, unhealthy diet, and sexologist means "they have a sexual problem"
substance abuse may result to sexual hinders them to properly achieve sexual
complications mental health
Examples of mental reproductive responsibilities 5. LACK OF SEXUAL SELF-AWARENESS
an individual's responsibility concerning his/her mental ➢ Sexual self-awareness- is the understanding of
sexual attributes one's self in terms of sexual desires, thoughts,
feelings, and beliefs.
1. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION ➢ Examining one's sexual self-awareness
➢ In males, the most common are: erectile includes these questions:
dysfunction-inability of the penis (phallus)to Why am I having sex?
stiffen during sexual intercourse What turns me on?
premature ejaculation- ejaculation happens How did I learn about sex?
too soon before partner's climax delayed
ejaculation- inability of the male reproductive 6. SEXUAL TRAUMAS
system to ejaculate sperm cells ➢ any sexual act that is imposed on another
➢ In females, the most common are: inability to person without their consent
achieve orgasm inadequate vaginal lubrication ➢ sexual traumas may lead to inability to achieve
pain in the genitals during intercourse sexual arousal, inability to function during
sexual intercourse, depressions, flashbacks,
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS and even PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)
➢ mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression,
and stress may affect an individual's mental Examples of social reproductive responsibilities
functions during sexual intercourse 1. SEXUAL STIGMAS
➢ a form of social stigma against people who are
3. SEX NEGATIVITY perceived to be non- heterosexual because of
➢ the belief that sex and sexuality are inherently their beliefs, identities or behaviors
harmful, immoral, and dangerous
➢ Examples of sex negativity: Types:
Treating sexually transmitted infections as
embarrassing or shameful Holding victims of ➢ enacted sexual stigma- involves an act of
sexual violence and exploitation responsible discrimination or violence towards members
for harm others have inflicted upon them. of a sexual minority group (ex: hate crimes
against homosexuals)
Assuming that the root of sexual promiscuity is ➢ felt sexual stigma- type of stigma is most likely
a lack of self-respect or self-esteem. to affect behavior because of the wide range of
Slut-shaming. individuals that may be influenced by it (ex:
Heterocentrism (bias in favor of opposite-sex belief that people who engage in BDSM
relationships) and heteronormativity practices lack sexual intimacy)
(belief that heterosexuality is the “normal” ➢ internalized sexual stigma- stigmatized
orientation) individual begins to believe the negative views
CIS centrism (bias in favor of cisgender people) held against them, and begin to conform to
and cisnormativity (belief that cis is common stereotypes (ex: a woman stopped
the normal gender identity). wearing chokers as a fashion accessory
because it is attributed to 19th century fashion
Sex education that only focuses on the risks of for prostitutes)
sex
2. SEXUAL COERCION
Sex education that doesn’t include talk of ➢ unwanted sexual activity that happens when
sexual pleasure you are pressured, tricked, threatened, or
forced in a non-physical way
Condemning sex acts that don’t appeal to us
personally.
 ➢ Examples: LESSON 5: The Different Types of Sexual Orientation
Wearing you down by asking for sex again
and again or making you feel bad, guilty, or Sexuality
obligated A person's sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions
Making you feel like it’s too late to say no and behaviors towards other people.
Telling you that not having sex will hurt
your relationship The way of a person to experience and express
Lying or threatening to spread rumors themselves sexually. involves biological, physical, erotic,
about you emotional, social, or even spiritual feelings and behaviors
Making promises to reward you for sex
Threatening your children or other family Sexual Identity
members is how a person thinks of himself in terms of who
Threatening your job, home, or school he is attracted to, romantically or sexually
career
Threatening to reveal your sexual Sexual Attraction
orientation publicly or to family or friends
attraction on the basis of sexual desire or the
3. LACK OF SEXUAL INTIMACY quality of arousing such interest. attraction can be to the
➢ When people fail to engage in sensual or sexual physical, intellectual, or other qualities or traits of a person
activities it can be influenced by individual genetic, psychological, or
cultural factors, or to other, more amorphous qualities.
4. LACK OF SEXUAL CONSENT
Sexual Orientation
➢ consent to engage in sexual activity
➢ there should be a clear agreement between is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual
sexual partners on what sexual activities they attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the
are comfortable to engage in; either even for opposite sex, the same sex, or to both sexes, or to none or
mere arousal or for sexual intercourse no sexual attraction at all. caused by a complex interplay of
activities genetic, hormonal, and environmental influence
➢ Affirmative consent ("yes means yes") is when
both parties agree to sexual conduct, either Sexual Fluidity
through clear, verbal communication or
is one or more changes in sexuality or sexual
nonverbal cues or gestures.
identity (sometimes known as sexual orientation identity).
5. SEXUAL DESIRE DISCREPANCY Sexual orientation stable and unchanging for the
➢ the difference between one's desired vast majority of people, but some research indicates that
frequency of sexual intercourse and the actual some people may experience change in their sexual
frequency of sexual intercourse within a orientation, this case is called sexual fluidity
relationship
➢ due to its adverse effects on an individual's Heterosexual
sexual satisfaction, it has been shown to
is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual
negatively affect a relationship overall
behavior between persons of the opposite sex or gender.
Safe sex
Hetero- comes from the Greek word ἕτερος
➢ Process of engaging in sexual activities with [héteros], meaning "other party" or another", used in
your partner which involves: good science as a prefix meaning "different"; and the Latin word
communication, mutual respect, time, support, for sex (that is, characteristic sex or sexual differentiation).
equality and fairness, honesty, and trust.
heterosexual was coined alongside the word
➢ Components:
homosexual by Karl Maria Kertbeny in 1869 manifestation
Understanding your choice to be sexually
of sexual passion for one of the opposite sex; Also known as:
active Being informed on sexuality, sexual
normal sexuality “straight” originated as a mid-20th
health, and the components of a healthy
century gay slang term for heterosexual
relationship
Having the ability to communicate with your Heteronormativity
partner, which includes receiving consent
every time you engage in sexual activity with denotes or relates to a world view that promotes
your partner heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual
Taking extra precautions to protect yourself orientation for people to have.
and your partner from STIs, HIV, and
unplanned pregnancy
Heterosexism Down-low
A form of bias or discrimination in favor of is an African American slang term that typically
opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It may include an refers to a subculture of black men who usually identify as
assumption that everyone is heterosexual and may involve heterosexual, but who have sex with men;
various kinds of discrimination against gays, lesbians,
bisexuals, asexuals, heteroflexible people, transgender or Lesbian
nonbinary individuals. is a homosexual woman “lesbian” is derived from
Heteroflexibility the name of the Greek island of Lesbos, home to the 6th-
century BCE poet Sappho. Sappho reflects the topics she
Someone who’s “mostly straight” — they usually wrote about: women's daily lives, their relationships, and
find themselves attracted to people of a different gender to rituals. She focused on the beauty of women and proclaimed
them, but occasionally find themselves attracted to people her love for girls.
who are the same gender. This attraction could be romantic
(that is, concerning the people you want to date) or sexual Lesbian, invert and homosexual were
(concerning the people you want to have sex with), or both. interchangeable with sapphist and sapphism Butch and
femme are terms used in the lesbian subculture to ascribe
Heterophobia or acknowledge a masculine (butch) or feminine (femme)
identity with its associated traits, behaviors, styles, self-
Sometimes used to describe reverse discrimination perception, and so on...
or negative attitudes towards heterosexual people and
opposite-sex relationships Butch
Homosexuality tends to denote a degree of masculinity displayed
by a female individual beyond what would be considered
Romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual typical of a tomboy. Other terms for Butch are: "hard butch,"
behavior between members of the same sex or gender. "gym queen," "tomboy femme, and "soft stud."
As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an Tomboy
enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual
attractions" to people of the same sex. is a girl who exhibits characteristics or behaviors
considered typical of a boy. Common characteristics include
It "also refers to a person's sense of identity based wearing masculine clothing and engaging in games and
on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in activities that are physical in nature and are considered in
a community of others who share those attractions." many cultures to be unfeminine or the domain of boys.
Closeted and in the closet are adjectives for lesbian, Lipstick Lesbian
gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT people who have not
disclosed their sexual orientation or gender identity and is slang for a lesbian who exhibits a greater amount
aspects thereof, including sexual identity and sexual of feminine gender attributes, such as wearing make-up
behavior. It can also be used to describe anyone who is (thus, lipstick), dresses or skirts, and having other
hiding part of their identity because of social pressure. characteristics associated with feminine women.
The most common terms for homosexual people Homophobia
are lesbian for females and gay for males, but gay also
commonly refers to both homosexual females and males. encompasses a range of negative attitudes and
feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified
Gay became the word favored by homosexual men or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender
to describe their sexual orientation. (LGBT).
Twink Bisexuality
is gay slang for a young man in his late teens to Romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual
early twenties whose traits may include: general physical behavior toward both males and females, or to more than
attractiveness; little to no body or facial hair; a slim to one sex
average build; and a youthful appearance that may belie an
older chronological age Mainly used in the context of human attraction to
denote romantic or sexual feelings toward both men and
Bear women
is often a larger or obese hairier gay man who A bisexual identity does not necessarily equate to
projects an image of rugged masculinity. equal sexual attraction to both sexes; commonly, people
who have a distinct but not exclusive sexual preference for
one sex over the other also identify themselves as bisexual
 Bisexual people can face exclusion from both Asexuality
homosexual and heterosexual society on coming out
Asexuality is the lack of sexual attraction to others,
Bisexuality was anti-feminist, bisexual women who or low or absent interest in or desire for sexual activity. It
pursue relationships with men were "deluded and may be considered a sexual orientation or the lack thereof.
desperate."
Asexuality is distinct from abstention from sexual
Bisexual Erasure or Bisexual Invisibility activity and from celibacy which are behavioral and
generally motivated by factors such as an individual's
The tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or re personal, social, or religious beliefs.
explain evidence of bisexuality in history, academia, the
news media, and other primary sources. In its most extreme Asexual person does not experience sexual
form, bisexual erasure can include the belief that bisexuality attraction – they are not drawn to people sexually and do
itself does not exist. not desire to act upon attraction to others in a sexual way.
Bisexual erasure may include the assertion all Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is
bisexual individuals are in a phase and will soon choose a believed to be "enduring". Some asexual people engage in
side, either heterosexual or homosexual. One reason for this sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire
is the belief that bisexual individuals are distinctively for sex, due to a variety of reasons, such as a desire to
indecisive. pleasure themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to
have children.
Biphobia
Asexuality has been compared and equated with
is aversion toward bisexuality and toward bisexual hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), in that both
people as a social group or as individuals. It can take the imply a general lack of sexual attraction to anyone; HSDD
form of denial that bisexuality is a genuine sexual has been used to medicalize asexuality, but asexuality is
orientation, or of negative stereotypes about people who generally not considered a disorder or a sexual dysfunction
are bisexual (such as the beliefs that they are promiscuous
or dishonest). People of any sexual orientation can LESSON 4: Introduction to Sexual Harassment:
experience or perpetuate biphobia. Understanding Sexual Behaviors
Pansexuality Sexual Behavior
Pansexuality is sexual, romantic or emotional actions that humans agree to interpret as an
attraction towards people regardless of their sex or gender explanation of their sexual motivations or intentions
identity.
Can be classified according to the aim of the
Pansexual people may refer to themselves as behavior generally “erotic behaviors” such that they involve
gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are not any of the primary or secondary erotic zones
determining factors in their romantic or sexual attraction to
others Erotic- “arousing sexual desire, intention or
excitements”
Pansexuality is also sometimes called
omnisexuality. The prefix pan- comes from the Ancient Erotic motivation may be self-directed (auto-
Greek word for "all, every", πᾶν; omni- comes from the Latin erotic) or can be directed on others
word for "all", omnis. pan-, is the sexual attraction to a Examples:
person of any sex or gender. Using these definitions,
pansexuality is defined differently by explicitly including Masturbation- auto-erotic stimulation of one’s
people who are intersex, transgender, or outside the gender own genitals
binary.
Fellatio- oral stimulation of the penis
pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, and ambisexual
also describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual Cunnilingus- oral stimulation of the vagina
attractions, and therefore people with those labels are also Copulation- insertion of the penis in the vagina
bisexual" and that "by replacing the prefix bi – (two, both)
with pan- (all), poly- (many), omni- (all), ambi- (both, and Non-copulatory sexual behavior- kissing,
implying ambiguity in this case), people who adopt these hugging, caressing
labels seek to clearly express the fact that gender does not
factor into their own sexuality", but "this does not mean, *Homoerotic behaviors- sexual behaviors
however, that people who identify as bisexual are fixated on oriented to the same sex
gender
*Heteroerotic behaviors- sexual behaviors
oriented to the opposite sex
Factors Contributing to Sexual Behavior We consider the brain to be the largest sex organ of
What exactly a society or community considers the body because the sex act typically begins in the brain
acceptable and what It considers as unacceptable activity
are primarily based on several divergent factors: and is manifested into a physiological response of the body

[Link]- traditional taboos from different cultures. Ex: se through arousal of the sex organs, and the desire to
between family members is prohibited, age of consent (age complete
a person can give knowing consent of sex) the act. It is also the mind that exerts the most control over
2. Societal- decisions established within a community as a males’ ability to “perform” and female’s ability to “enjoy the
norm and is thus acceptable. Ex: prohibitions against
prostitution, public nudity, pornography sex act.”
3. Religion- directs our moral understanding of what is Erotic Mold
acceptable or not. Example: prohibitions against premarital
sex, use of contraception, etc. Also known as the love map What an individual
considers arousing or sexually stimulating an example of
4. Sexual Identity- our own personal thoughts, experiences this may involve a particular physical attribute of an
and beliefs towards our sexuality and what we consider individual: a partner’s touch, type of sex act done, smell,
acceptable in our conduct. These were influenced by our taste, etc. Consensual partners use this erotic mold or love
belief system, personal experiences (from the past or map of their partner to arouse or otherwise signal them that
presently happening), and our individuality. they are interested in sex
Human Sex drive Sensorium
Also known as Libido Human sexuality is a sensory-based act, meaning it
is controlled and enjoyed through the senses. However,
Person’s overall sexual desire for sexual activity human’s response to sexual stimuli varies for everyone. For
Among the strongest physical and emotional bonds, we males, sight or the visual stimuli creates the greatest
experience as human beings. arousal For females, the sense of touch generally creates the
greatest arousal
This is influenced by:
Elements:
a. Biological- innate human ability to have sex
whenever they want (or are able) just for the Visual- physical appearance, what the partner was
sheer pleasure derived from the act. The wearing, what sexual act is presented
biological component makes up only about Olfactory- scent of a partner’s perfume, distinct body odor,
10% of the human sex drive. smell of human bodily fluids
b. Physiological- our physical desire to
experience the sex act as a release. It is the Tactile- sense of touch, observed to be an element of
physical urge to engage in sexual relations and intimacy. Pertains to the experience relative to the object
achieve sexual gratification; it is activated as being felt.
the body begins to responds to external stimuli
and becomes aroused. The pattern of arousal Primary erogenous zones- body parts that are very
and reaction to the stimuli depends on the sensitive to touch: mouth, anus, nipples, genitals
individual and what he or she considers to be Secondary erogenous zones- areas of the body that
sexually attractive. Interest and intensity vary support primary erogenous zoned stimulation: back, neck,
from person to person, so what Is stimulating cheeks, buttocks
or arousing to one may not be for another. The
physiological component makes up about 20% Auditory- since human social interaction involves verbal
of the human sex drive. communication, stimuli to the auditory sense may also
c. Psychosexual- is basically the emotional contribute to the erotic mold of a person. Examples: certain
component of the drive or what is in “the mind” words or phrase of a consensual sexual partner, words as
and constitutes the most variable and expression of affection, heard songs and spoken poems, etc.
individualistic aspect of the human sexual
experience. The psychosexual aspect combines Sexual Gratification
with the various other aspects of personal
When our sexual behavior successfully met our
experience to reflect unique behaviors or
sexual desire; or has successfully responded to the erotic
stimuli that are sexually arousing to
mold or sexual stimuli *If normal persons use these sensory
individuals. The psychosexual component is
acts for arousal or stimulation, then it is important to
emotional and mental, and it makes up about
remember that sexual offenders will also engage in some
70% of the human sex drive.
form of stimulation or arousal. This can explain why certain
offenders may engage in exhibitionism, make obscene may become a part of an offender’s “signature” that
phone calls, or demand their victims do certain things, or is repeated during each offense and can be used to
repeat certain words or phrases as they are being assaulted- link cases together.
anything that may help them to become and remain arouse
or stimulated. What exactly sexual offenders might consider 4. Compulsion
stimulating tends to be more centered around deviant The desire to repeat the sexual process in
sexual acts. a particular manner every time and has both a
Components of sexual behavior physiological and biological basis. The problems
occur when the particular compulsion to complete
1. Fantasies the sex act in a particular way becomes so
overwhelming that the normal emotions and
Defined as the power or process of creating caring for the partner are missing. Many offenders
especially unrealistic or improbable mental images describe an overwhelming “compulsion” or need to
in response to psychological need; A mental image satisfy themselves via sexual assault or murder.
or series of mental images (as a daydream)
Generally, personal sexual behaviors only become
Sexual Fantasies- can be achieved through mental a police or governmental problem when these
images of a particular act or through cooperation sexual behaviors and interests go beyond mutually
and participation of a consenting partner for consensual acts and involved coercion, force,
others, particularly sexual offenders and serial violence, or the exploitation of others.
killers, the mental fantasy or having a consenting
partner is simply not enough, they have an LESSON 3: Psychosocial Dimensions of Sexuality
overwhelming desire to fulfill their particular
fantasy in reality. Because of their particular Review of an individual's reproductive roles and
fantasy or sexual interests, a consensual partner is responsibilities:
not available or one cannot be found (or is not Reproductive Health
desired), offenders might seek out a non-
consenting individual(s) and use force or coercion refers to a person's state of complete physical,
to complete the act. Once coercion and non-consent mental, and social well- being and not merely the absence
are interjected into the act, the fantasy become a of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to the
criminal act. reproductive system and its functions and processes in all
stages of life
2. Symbolisms
The practice of injecting something with a symbolic Reproductive responsibilities
meaning or expressing one’s innermost feelings
through a visual or sensual representation, and refers to a person's actions and behaviors towards
may translate to fetishes and partialisms. achieving complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing
relating to the reproductive system and its functions and
Fetishes -when a normally neutral object is used processes in all stages of life
for sexual excitement. Examples of physical reproductive responsibilities
Partialisms is where someone has attached a ▪ good grooming
sexual interest or feelings onto certain parts of the ▪ urinary hygiene
body such as breasts, buttocks, or legs. ▪ dental hygiene
*Both fetishes and partialisms are normal and ▪ washing of the genitals
provided that they are practiced with consensual ▪ washing of sex toys and other devices for sexual
context and no other crime is committed. However, intercourse
problems arise when persons have achieved an ▪ getting physical check-ups
unhealthy attraction to a particular symbol that ▪ medications
becomes so important that it becomes a ▪ hormonal imbalance
requirement for sexual gratification ▪ unhealthy lifestyle

3. Ritualism Examples of mental reproductive responsibilities

Repetitive patterns of behaviors, words, or ▪ Sexual dysfunction

gestures of a couple that carries out their personal ▪ Psychological Problems
sexual message. These rituals are normal for ▪ Sex negativity
consenting partners. However, problems result for ▪ Stigma on consulting with a sexologist
certain persons who, in order to achieve arousal ▪ Lack of sexual self-awareness
and gratification, must perform their established ▪ Sexual traumas
ritual in the same manner, and possibly in the same
sequence of events. In a sexual crime, the ritual
Examples of social reproductive responsibilities Human relationship
▪ Sexual stigmas • a bond formed between two or more people,
▪ Sexual coercion manifested through communication and
▪ Lack of sexual intimacy interaction. These bonds may form and differ from
▪ Lack of sexual consent our interaction with our family, friends, romantic
▪ Sexual desire discrepancy partners, and with other people.
• *When two people recognize and become aware of
Psychosocial dimensions each other, they decide to keep in close distance
Psychological pertains to anything associated with mental with each other's lives, share their personal
process and behavior bubbles, and allow frequency of interaction
between them.
Psychological domains • Intimacy- is the process of knowing others and
allowing others to know us
▪ Affect- person's emotions and feelings
• Attraction- (n.) is a feeling of liking someone, and
▪ Behavior- person's actions, both observable
often of being sexually interested in them.
(overt) or not readily observable (covert)
• - (n.) is a feature which makes something
▪ Cognition- person's thought process such as
interesting or desirable. (Collins Dictionary)
memory, perception, and information-processing
▪ *A person's sexual behavior, as well as gender- Sexual attraction
related behaviors, originate from what we sense,
think, and feel. attraction on the basis of sexual desire or the
quality of arousing such interest. attraction can be to the
Self-Awareness physical, intellectual, or other qualities or traits of a person
it can be influenced by individual genetic, psychological, or
understanding of yourself- what you like, dislike, what your
cultural factors, or to other, more amorphous qualities.
aspirations are, motivations, strengths, and weaknesses. Do
you like your physical appearance? Do you know your Human Sexuality
physical, mental, and emotional capabilities as a person?
• a person's sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and
Sexual self-awareness behaviors towards other people?
▪ is the understanding of one's self in terms of sexual • the way of a person to experience and express
desires, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. themselves sexually? Involves biological, physical,
▪ Questions asking: "what am I physiologically" erotic, emotional, social, or even spiritual feelings
relates to our sexual self-awareness. It summarizes and behaviors
a person's concepts about his/her feelings, Sexual identity
thoughts, desires, and self-behavior about his self/
herself as a sexual human being your own concept how a person thinks of himself in terms of who he
of your sexual self is attracted to, romantically or sexually

Sexual self Sexual orientation

- is a part of your human identity that is about your sexual an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual
or erotic desires, behavior, feelings, and perceptions attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the
opposite sex, the same sex, or to both sexes, or to none or
Sexual attractiveness or sex appeal no sexual attraction at all.
▪ an individual's ability to attract the sexual or erotic
interests of other people, and is a factor in sexual
selection or mate choice
▪ Others-awareness- your perception towards other
people- what is the other person's likes or dislikes,
what motivates him/her, what are his/her
aspirations, what are his/her strengths and
weaknesses.
Social domains
pertains to anything associated with human relationships,
connection, and interaction