CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
❑ Deformation
❑ Strain
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
OBJECTIVES:
After discussing this chapter, the student must be able to:
1. Define strain and deformation
2. Show how they can be determined for various
problems
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
STRAIN
A deformation occurs whenever a FORCE is applied to the body.
❑ The change in shape and size
❑ Maybe too obvious or too small to be unnoticeable
❑ Will not be uniform throughout the body, thus deformation may
vary along the length of a body or material
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
STRAIN
Nametag of Deformation.
• Normal Strain – describes the intensity of that
deformation by measuring the change in length
(elongates or contracts)
• Shear Strain – describes the intensity of the
deformation by measuring the change in angles or the
shape.
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
STRAIN
Nametag of Deformation.
• Normal Strain – describes the intensity of that
deformation by measuring the change in length
(elongates or contracts)
• Shear Strain – describes the intensity of the
deformation by measuring the change in angles or the
shape.
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
NORMAL STRAIN
• Denoted by small Greek Letter epsilon, Ɛ
• Defined as the deformation of the bar divided by the
original length.
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 =
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
NORMAL STRAIN
• If axial load P is applied, the length of the bar will
change from 𝐿0 (original Length) to L (Final Length).
• Deformation, denoted by small Greek letter delta 𝛿,
is the length of the material. Where,
𝛿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿0
• Thus, normal strain can be expressed as:
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿 𝐿−𝐿0
• 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = =
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿0 𝐿0
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
NORMAL STRAIN
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿 𝐿−𝐿0
• 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = =
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿0 𝐿0
Because the deformation is a unit of length and the
original length is also a unit of length, therefore normal
strain is dimensionless quantity.
However, it is sometimes stated in terms of a ratio of
length units.
Say, 480𝜇𝑚/𝑚 (micrometer per meter)
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
NORMAL STRAIN
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿 𝐿−𝐿0
• 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = =
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿0 𝐿0
Since strain is a very small quantity it is usually
expressed as 𝝁𝒎/𝑚 (micrometer per meter)
−6
Where 1 𝜇𝑚 = 10 , smaller than a millimeter.
Example: 𝛿 = 6.5𝑚𝑚, 𝐿𝑜 = 1.5𝑚
𝜀 = 0.00433𝑚/𝑚
𝜀 = 0.433% elongation
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
NORMAL STRAIN
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿 𝐿−𝐿0
• 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = =
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿0 𝐿0
Elongation is a positive normal strain.
Contraction is a negative normal strain.
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
SHEAR STRAIN
• Denoted by small Greek letter gamma, 𝛾.
• Defined as the change in angle that occurs between
two line segments that are originally perpendicular to
one another.
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
SHEAR STRAIN
• Always measured in terms of RADIANS, which is a
dimensionless unit for angles.
• Using the figure above, the shear strain can be solved
mathematically as:
𝜋
𝛾 = −𝜃
2
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
SHEAR STRAIN
𝜋
𝛾 = −𝜃
2
𝜋
• If the shear strain is positive meaning 𝜃 <
2
𝜋
• If the shear strain is negative meaning 𝜃 >
2
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
Example:
Determine the average
normal strains in the two
wires if the ring at A moves
to A′.
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
Example:
Due to a loading, the plate is
deformed into the dashed shape
shown. Determine (a) the
average normal strain along the
side AB, and (b) the average
shear strain in the plate at A
relative to the x and y axes.
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
Example:
When force P is applied to the
rigid arm ABC, point B
displaces vertically downward
through a distance of 0.2 mm.
Determine the normal strain
developed in wire CD.
ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
Example:
The triangular plate is
deformed into the shape shown
by the dashed line. Determine
the normal strain developed
along edge BC and the
average shear strain at corner
A with respect to the x and y
axes.
2 ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
Example:
The triangular plate is
deformed into the shape shown
by the dashed line. Determine
the normal strain developed
along edge BC and the
average shear strain at corner
A with respect to the x and y
axes.
2 ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS