NCM 103: Fundamentals of Nursing
MIDTERMS EXAMINATION: 3RD SEMESTER 2022 – 2023
Mrs. Romielyn L. Morcilla RN, MN Jeremy V. Makalintal _ NUR223
ASEPSIS AND INFECTION CONTROL (WEEK 4)
Nature of Infection o Secretions
o Excretions
Infection: the invasion of a susceptible o Skin
host by pathogens or microorganisms;
results in disease. Mode of transmission
Colonization: presence and growth of - Ways in which the infectious agent is
microorganisms within a host without spread from the reservoir to the
tissue invasion or damage. susceptible host, these can be;
Communicable disease: the o Physical contact
infectious process transmitted from one o Droplets
person to another. o Airborne
Symptomatic: clinical signs and
symptoms are present. Portal of entry
Asymptomatic: clinical signs and - Ways in which the infectious agent
symptoms are not present. enters the susceptible host, these can
be;
Chain if Infection o Mucous membrane
o Respiratory system
Infectious Agent or Pathogen o Digestive system
- Microorganisms capable of causing o Broken skin
disease or illness, these can be;
o Bacteria Susceptible host
o Fungi - Individuals may have traits that affect
o Parasites their susceptibility and severity of
o Prions disease, these can be;
o Immune deficiency
Reservoir or source for pathogen growth o Diabetes
- Place in which infectious agents live, o Burns
grow and reproduce, these can be; o Surgery
o People o Age
o Water
o Food Infectious process
Incubation period – bacteria invaded
Portal of Exit Prodromal Stage - symptoms
- Ways in which infectious agent leaves Illness Stage - sickness
the reservoir, these can be; Convalescence – healed/relieved
o Blood
NCM 103: Fundamentals of Nursing
MIDTERMS EXAMINATION: 3RD SEMESTER 2022 – 2023
Mrs. Romielyn L. Morcilla RN, MN Jeremy V. Makalintal _ NUR223
Defenses against Infection From microorganism
outside the individual
Normal Flora Endogenous
o These are microorganisms When the patient’s flora
o Maintain a sensitive balance with becomes altered and an
other microorganisms to prevent
overgrowth results
infection. Any factor that disrupts
this balance places a person at Nursing Knowledge Base
increased risk for acquiring a
disease. Factors Influencing infection, prevention
and control:
Body system defenses
o These include organs. Age
Inflammation Nutritional status
o Signs of local inflammation and
Stress
infection are identical
o Vascular and cellular responses Disease process
o Exudates (serous, sanguineous,
Treatments or conditions that
or purulent)
compromise the immune
o Tissue repair response
Health Care-Associated Infections Nursing Process: Asessment
Results from delivery of health services Assessment includes a thorough
in a health care facility investigation
Patients at greater risk for health care – Defense mechanisms,
associated infection (HAIs) susceptibility, and knowledge of
o Multiple illnesses how infections are transmitted
o Older adults Review of systems, travel history
o Poorly nourished Immunizations and vaccinations
o Compromised immune system Early Recognition of risk factors
Types of HAI infection See through the patient’s eyes
Iatrogenic Status of defense mechanisms
from a procedure Patient Susceptibility
Medical therapy
Clinical Appearance
Exogenous Signs and symptoms of infection
NCM 103: Fundamentals of Nursing
MIDTERMS EXAMINATION: 3RD SEMESTER 2022 – 2023
Mrs. Romielyn L. Morcilla RN, MN Jeremy V. Makalintal _ NUR223
Laboratory data o Remember to plan care and
include other disciplines as
Nursing Process: Nursing necessary.
Diagnosis
Implementation
Risk for infection
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Health promotion
body requirements o Preventing an infection from
Impaired oral mucous membrane developing or spreading
Risk for Impaired skin integrity Acute care
o Treating an infectious process
Social Isolation
includes eliminating the infectious
Impaired tissue integrity organisms and supporting the
Readiness for enhanced patient’s defenses
immunization status Asepsis
o Absence of pathogenic (disease-
Nursing Process: Planning producing) microorganisms
o Medical asepsis
Goals and outcomes o Standard precautions
o Hand hygiene
Common goals of care applicable to o Alcohol-based hand rub
patients with infection often Cleaning
include the following:
o The removal of all soil
o Preventing exposure to infectious
organisms o Use protective eyewear and
gloves
o Controlling or reducing the extent of
infection o Steps
o Maintaining resistance to infection Rinse contaminated object
or article with cold running
o Verbalizing understanding of water to remove organic
infection prevention and control material.
techniques (e.g. hand hygiene)
Wash the object with soap
and warm water.
Setting priorities
o Establish priorities for each Use a brush to remove dirt
diagnosis and for related goals of or material in grooves or
care. seams.
Teamwork and collaboration
NCM 103: Fundamentals of Nursing
MIDTERMS EXAMINATION: 3RD SEMESTER 2022 – 2023
Mrs. Romielyn L. Morcilla RN, MN Jeremy V. Makalintal _ NUR223
Rinse the object in warm Dirty linen
water.
Maintain skin integrity
Dry the object and prepare
it for disinfection or Perineal care after toileting
sterilization if indicated
Urinary catheters and drainage
Clean and dry cleaning sets
equipment
Wound cleaning
Role of the infection control
professional
Infection prevention and control Isolation and isolation
for hospital personnel precautions
Patient education
Isolation is the separation and
restriction of movement of ill persons
Disinfection and Sterilization with contagious diseases.
o Barrier precautions
o Disinfection: a process that eliminates
o Standard precautions
many or all microorganisms, with the
o Isolation precautions: airborne,
exception of bacterial spores, from
droplet, contact, and protective
inanimate objects
environment
Disinfection of surfaces
High-level disinfection, which is
required for some items such as Airborne Diseases
endoscopes 1. Tuberculosis
2. Rubeola virus (Measles
o Sterilization: the complete elimination 3. Varicella Virus (Chickenpox)
or destruction of all microorganisms, 4. SARS
including spores 5. Smallpox
6. Dissemination Varicella Zoster
Virus (VZV)
Infection Prevention and
Control – Patient safety Airborne Infection Isolation
o Patient Safety Precautions
Perform hand hygiene
Separate personal care items Wear N95
Keep door closed
Handling exudate Dietary may not enter
Wound cleaning
Cough etiquette
NCM 103: Fundamentals of Nursing
MIDTERMS EXAMINATION: 3RD SEMESTER 2022 – 2023
Mrs. Romielyn L. Morcilla RN, MN Jeremy V. Makalintal _ NUR223
Psychological Implication of Coveralls
Isolation Surgical cap
N95 mask
Psychological implications Scrub suit
Goggles/face shield
Double gloves
Isolation environment
Dedicated shoes
Shoe covers
Personal protective equipment
Medical Surgical
Specimen collection Asepsis Asepsis
Goal Reduce Completely
Bagging of trash or linen number of eliminate all
microorganism microorganisms
to prevent and spores
Patient transport
spread
Equipment Clean via Sterile
Levels of PPE (Personal sanitation, (disposable
Protective Equipment) antisepsis or sterile
o Level 1 disinfection equipment or
Surgical masks sterilized
reusable
o Level 2 - for areas with bathrooms equipement
where healthcare workers can bathe PPE Clean PPE Sterile PPE
after duty. They require the same Field Clean Sterile
amount of protection, as Level 3, but do Examples All client care Catheterization
not need face shields. activities, s, central line
medication, and chest tube
o Level 3 - for the triage and areas administration, insertion,
where patients under investigation tube feedings, surgical
(PUIs) are [Link] protection enemas, procedures
consists of: wound
Cap and goggles or face shield dressing
N-95 mask changes
Gloves
Gown or coveralls Medical Asepsis practices to
be implemented
1. Wash hands frequently
Level 4 - the COVID-19 wards and 2. Keep soiled linens/equipment
operating rooms require the most from touching the clothing
protection for personnel. This level of
PPE protection consists of the following:
NCM 103: Fundamentals of Nursing
MIDTERMS EXAMINATION: 3RD SEMESTER 2022 – 2023
Mrs. Romielyn L. Morcilla RN, MN Jeremy V. Makalintal _ NUR223
3. Instruct the client to cover mouth Surgical scrub
and nose when coughing and Applying sterile gloves
sneezing
4. Avoid raising dust, do not shake Surgical Asepsis Principles
linens
5. Clean least contaminated areas 1. A sterile object remains sterile only
first then move to more when touched by another sterile object
contaminated areas 2. Only sterile objects may be place on a
6. Practice segregation of wastes sterile field
7. Sterilized objects suspected of 3. A sterile object or field out of the range
containing pathogens of vision or an object held below a
8. Use practices of good persona person’s waist is contaminated.
hygiene to help prevent the 4. A sterile object or field becomes
spread of microorganisms contamination by prolonged exposure to
air.
Surgical Asepsis 5. When a sterile surface comes in contact
with a wet, contaminated surface, the
Sterile technique prevents sterile object or field becomes
contamination of an open wound, serves contaminated by capillary action
to isolate the operative area from the 6. Fluid flows in the direction of gravity
7. The edges of a sterile field or container
unsterile environment, and maintains a
are considered to be contaminated
sterile field for surgery
Includes procedures used to eliminate Evaluation
all microorganisms, including pathogens o See through the patient’s eyes:
and spores, from an object or area Have the patient’s expectations
Situations surgical asepsis is used have been met?
Patient preparation o Patient outcomes
Sterile field: an area free of
Measure the success of the infection
microorganisms and prepared to receive control techniques.
Performing sterile procedures Compare the patient’s actual
Donning and removing caps, masks, and response with expected outcomes.
eyewear If goals are not achieved, determine
Opening sterile packages what steps must be taken.
o Opening a sterile item on a flat o Exposure Issues
surface
o Opening a sterile item while
holding it
Preparing a sterile field
Pouring sterile solutions
NCM 103: Fundamentals of Nursing
MIDTERMS EXAMINATION: 3RD SEMESTER 2022 – 2023
Mrs. Romielyn L. Morcilla RN, MN Jeremy V. Makalintal _ NUR223