CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
This chapter presents the background of the study, theoretical framework,
conceptual framework, statements of the problem, hypothesis, scope and
limitations, significance of the study and definition of terms.
Background of the Study
Technology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use
of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment,
drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and
pure science.
According to Fisher, et al. (2014), technology is an important part of students’
lives. Incorporating technology into the classroom has proved to be beneficial yet
also has some drawbacks. Technology has helped student willingness and
engagement and allows for the enhancements of learning. “The need for
construction and engagement means that the best types of learning will be those
that involve choices that the student can make, and learning where there are
meaningful contexts where the student is engaged.
Modern technology has greatly improved people’s lives through different
fields such as medicines, work, industry and especially education. For the
students, we know the benefits of using technology such as making student more
1
interested and excited about the lesson. It also increased the student’s level of
interaction and it brought us new perspectives and knowledge in class. Also, the
teaching strategies based on educational technology can be described as ethical
practices that facilitate student’s learning and boost their capacity, productivity,
and performance. Instructors are no longer limited to write in a plain paper or
discuss the lesson in a white board, but they can rely on our modern
technologies that will enable them to make things easier.
Educators are constantly looking for the technological tools that are going to
enhance the learning of their students. However, technology has been viewed as
a great resource in classrooms that has heightened learning but has its negative
effects on student learning. With new information technology, education is fast
becoming free of time and space. But every learner still needs to be connected to
a scaffold of support for lifelong learning achievement. Students need parents,
friends, and supervisors who are also teachers and coaches. The primary
function of the school-to-work movement is to mobilize understanding and
support so that students will acquire the skills, habits, values, and
understandings essential to productivity in all the roles of life (Hakim et al. 2000,
p. 263).
Theoretical Framework
Over time, learning became easier and faster with the help of different tools
and methods. Blackboards have been used for at least a millennium, books and
pamphlets have held a prominent role in education. Now we have innovated
technologies that can be used for quicker and easier learning of every student.
2
Educational Technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating
learning and
Improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources. According to David L. (2017) there are
three (3) major educational theories, such as Behaviorism, Cognitivism and
Constructivism that widely implemented in education and greatly linked to the
development and utilization of the educational technology.
According to Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) one of the founders of
American new Behaviorism, further developed the behavior theory, rewards and
punishment can change one’s learning performance. Researchers and scholars
confirmed that Behaviorism has greatly promoted and effectively implemented in
programmatic instruction, and has strongly promoted and widely applied in
computing-assisted-instruction and the development of educational technology.
Cognitive theory is represented by Jane Piaget (1898-1980), Jerome
Seymour Bruner (1915) and David P. Ausubel (1918-2008). In education,
cognitive developmental theory is to develop students’ capabilities of creative
thinking, information analyzing, and problem-solving through computer-assisted
instruction. It concerns those mental processes that cannot be observed through
human beings' problem solving process and human beings' learning strategies. It
studies human brains' thinking process. Cognitivists believe that a human being
possesses intrinsic modes of receiving, processing and utilizing information at
different cognitive development stages; advocate the study of people's cognitive
3
development processes and models, and design different instructional programs
based on one's cognitive development needs at different developmental stages.
Constructivist theory is in favor of letting students to construct their point of
view of the world, philosophy of living, technical expertise, and knowledge
structures; emphasizes one's learning initiative, and social and 162 Theories and
Research in Educational Technology and Distance Learning Instruction through
Blackboard situational learning experiences. The core of this theory is discovery
learning. Students learn by doing. John Dewey (1859-1952), a well- known
educational psychologist, believed that practicing is a foundation of learning, and
without learning practice, students would get lost. He stressed that students
construct their knowledge in practice, and instructional design should respect
students' psychological development needs. Former Soviet psychologist
Vygotsky proposed a social constructivist theory that emphasizes one's social
and cultural backgrounds to determine one's behavior. He believed human's
growth is a product of culture. The influence of Constructivist theory on the
development and implementation of educational technology is mainly reflected in
the pioneering educational games, multimedia development and dynamic online
interactions.
4
Effects of Technology in the Level of
Performance of Grade 10 Students
Behaviorism Constructivist
Theory Theory
Cognitive
Theory
Figure 1: Theoretical Paradigm
5
Conceptual Framework
The researcher used the Input, Process and Output (IPO) wherein:
The input contains the demographic profile of the respondents, present the
name, age, and gender, the technology that affect the students’ academic
performance in terms of the following: computer, cellphone and internet, the level
of performance of the grade 10 students and significant affect the level of
performance of grade 10 students.
The process contain the data gathering procedure, the researcher need to do
and the process on how to get the finding that is based on the data gathered.
The output contains the Effects of Technology in the Level of Performance of
Grade 10 Students.
6
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. What are the
demographic
profile of the
respondents in
terms of;
A. Name
B. Age
C. Gender
2. How the
technology my Assessment,
affect the data gathering
students’ and analysis of
The effect of
academic the responses of
Technology in
performance in the respondents
the Level of
terms of the about The effect
Performance of
following; of technology in
Grade 10
the level of
A. Computer Students
performance of
B. Cellphone Grade 10
students
C. Internet
3. What is the
level of
performance of
the Grade 10
students?
4. How does
technology
significantly
affect the level of
performance of
grade 10
students?
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm
7
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to find out the effect of technology in the level of
performance of the Grade 10 students in Masarawag National High School.
Specifically, this study will be able to attain the answers to the following
questions:
1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Name
b. Gender
c. Age
2. How the technology my affect the students’ academic performance in
terms of the following;
a. Computer
b. Cellphone
c. Internet
3. What is the level of performance of the Grade 10 students?
4. How does technology significantly affect the level of performance of grade
10 students?
Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between using technology and the level
of performance of the grade 10 students in Masarawag National High School.
8
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study assessed the level of performance of grade 10 students in
Masarawag National High School during the year of 2022-2023. This study
focuses only to the Grade 10 students who are using technology, are the subject
of the investigation, same set of questionnaires will be given to the respondents.
It is limited to the objective of the study since the researcher only wanted to
determine the effects of using technology to the academic performance of the
grade 10 students. The attainment of this study is dependent to the answers of
the respondents.
Significance of the Study
This research will help the researchers to determine and to know how the
technology
Affects the student’s level of performance. It is hoped that the findings of this
research would be important to the following:
Student- This study will help the students to acknowledge on how they should
use the technological devices to attain learning and to help them to improve
themselves and participate actively, increase in productivity and increased
motivation.
Parents – This study will help their child to use technology for academic or
school purposes and they could guide them and keep themselves involved, this
way they could monitor their child in or out of school.
9
Teachers - This study will help them to do some new strategies and techniques
and it can also aid teachers in coming up with simple lessons plans or activities.
Future Researcher - This study will help the researchers to accomplish their
requirements in their course. This will also help them to understand the
importance of knowing the effects of the technology on the academic
performance of a student.
Definition of Terms
In this study, the following terms were written to clarify the meanings of the
words used and to provide a frame of reference and a clear interpretation of the
study.
Adequate - satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.
Cognitivist - a person who believes or works in cognitive grammar.
Ethical - relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with
these.
Inferential Statistics – makes inferences and predictions about a population
based on a sample of data taken from the population in question.
Technology – machinery and equipment developed from the application of
scientific knowledge.
Utilization - the action of making practical and effective use of something.
10
Valuable - a thing that is of great worth, especially a small item of personal
property.
Versatile able to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities.
11
Notes
David 2017)Uplifting Education in the Philippines through Technology.
Retrieved from
[Link]
Through Technol ogy Report.
Frederic Skinner (2002).How technology helps students study better.
Retrieved from [Link]
technology-helps-students-study-better
Hakim [Link].(2000).Learning with the help of technology. Retrieved from
[Link]
12
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literature and studies and synthesis of the
state of the art is found in this chapter.
Related Literature
Local
The Philippine Star created an article last 12 th of July 2014 about how
technology helps students study well. According to it more and more school use
technology such as computers and the internet in their classroom and several
improvements on students have seen and they are now getting better in
education. These improvements are the following: Independence and information
gathering. Critical thinking and reflection, Communication and collaboration,
More engaging learning experience and Preparation for jobs later on. By
connecting the internet, students learn how to do their own research and with the
large information that they access. Students are induced to learn to think
critically. Through exchange of ideas and messages, students are able to
collaborate with each other to test their understanding of lessons. Information
today is more engaging to the mind and the senses because of its multimedia
nature. Knowing all of these improvements and advantages. More and more
schools are allowing not just desktop computers and laptops, but also tablet
devices and smartphones in their classrooms.
13
According to John Paul Espinosa (2016) Technological advances had
greatly changed the education landscape in that teaching is no longer confined to
the traditional face-to-face delivery of lessons. Now, via internet we can also
learn not only in the classroom but outside the school. Through the convergence
of modern and traditional methods, students are now able to experience the best
of both worlds. They can learn from school and get additional information or
lessons through the web and internet. A survey conducted by Pearson
Foundation in the United States found that more than six in 10 college students
and high school seniors agree that they study more efficiently by using tablets.
According to a blog posted by Angel de Dios(2012) How technology affects
learning from the views of teachers. With iPads, Facebook, smartphones, video
games, music, and others, technology now occupies a significant amount of a
child's time in the United States (almost eight hours a day - National Center for
Education Statistics, USA). Students in the Philippines probably face the same
increasing amount of time spent on these activities provided by technology.
Thus, it is time to ask how current technology affects student learning. The
response from teachers is particularly important since their perspective comes
directly from the classroom.
Glenny E. Laping(2016) according to it, technology is a way of life. It is
everywhere in this computer age. Students use technology improperly and
unproductively so teachers should provide guidance for them. Also free
educational tools are easier and faster to use than the traditional tools. Teachers
could use this to build student’s collaborative, communication, problem-solving,
14
critical and creative thinking skills. Technology alone cannot develop in students
the skills necessary to succeed in today’ world. Teachers and parents should
teach and guide the young to use technology the right way productively.
Foreign
Lynne Schrum, past president of the International Society for Technology in
Education (ISTE), is an associate professor in the department of instructional
technology at the University of Georgia. Her research, teachings, and writings
focus on issues related to distance education, specifically online learning.
Schrum also investigates the uses of technology in K-12 environments and
identifies ways to support educators in the effort. Educators want students to
learn. She said that It is certainly not enough to tell educators that they need to
use the boxes and wires that have invaded their schools simply because they are
expensive or because students need to know how to use the latest widget. If it's
clear that technological tools will help them achieve that goal, educators will use
those tools. Technology lends itself to exploration. But before technology can be
used effectively, exploration must be valued as important to both teaching and
learning. In a technology-rich classroom, students might search the Web for
information, analyze river water, chart the results, and record what they've
learned on the computer. In such an environment, acquiring content changes
from a static process to one of defining goals the learners wish to pursue.
Students are active, rather than passive - producing knowledge and presenting
that knowledge in a variety of formats. In a technology-rich classroom, students
15
don't "learn" technology. Technology merely provides the tools to be used for
authentic learning. It is a means, not an end.
According to Benjamin Herold(2016) Technology is everywhere in
education: Public schools in the United States now provide at least one computer
for every five students. They spend more than $3 billion per year on digital
content. Led by the federal government, the country is in the midst of a massive
effort to make affordable high-speed Internet and free online teaching resources
available to even the most rural and remote schools. And in 2015-16, for the first
time, more state standardized tests for the elementary and middle grades will be
administered via technology than by paper and pencil. There were seven (7)
steps for adapting technology to the classroom by Sean Nank (2017) As the
recession of 2008 becomes a not too distant memory, some schools are finding
themselves better funded. With this comes the acquisition of technology for
schools and classrooms. The widespread introduction of technology can have
amazing impacts on curricula, pedagogy, and student learning. But some schools
have not experienced these results. The following are the seven aspects of
adapting technology that will help you avoid lackluster results. Buy technology for
teachers and students, Use the 10% rule (If you have $100,000 total to spend on
technology, then spend $90,000 and set aside $10,000 for professional
development and training to support teachers while implementing the
technology.), Give teachers time, Choose a platform and stick with it, Technology
for the sake of technology, Students are and are not digital natives, lastly is
Assess with technology in a meaningful way.
16
According to Kelsey Sheehy(2012) The proliferation of social media and
technology has changed the way educators teach, how students learn, and the
way teachers and students classroom, students don't "learn" technology.
Technology merely provides the tools to be used for authentic learning. It is a
means, not an end.
According to Benjamin Herold(2016) Technology is everywhere in
education: Public schools in the United States now provide at least one computer
for every five students. They spend more than $3 billion per year on digital
content. Led by the federal government, the country is in the midst of a massive
effort to make affordable high-speed Internet and free online teaching resources
available to even the most rural and remote schools. And in 2015-16, for the first
time, more state standardized tests for the elementary and middle grades will be
administered via technology than by paper and pencil. There were seven (7)
steps for adapting technology to the classroom by Sean Nank (2017) As the
recession of 2008 becomes a not too distant memory, some schools are finding
themselves better funded. With this comes the acquisition of technology for
schools and classrooms. The widespread introduction of technology can have
amazing impacts on curricula, pedagogy, and student learning. But some schools
have not experienced these results. The following are the seven aspects of
adapting technology that will help you avoid lackluster results. Buy technology for
teachers and students, Use the 10% rule (If you have $100,000 total to spend on
technology, then spend $90,000 and set aside $10,000 for professional
17
development and training to support teachers while implementing the
technology.), Give teachers time, Choose a platform and stick with it, Technology
for the sake of technology, Students are and are not digital natives, lastly is
Assess with technology in a meaningful way.
It’s hard to determine whether technology in the classroom is helpful or
harmful.
Samantha Cleaver (2014) wrote an article about it. With a world of information at
their fingertips nowadays, it seems like kids should be finding it easier than ever
to succeed in school. However, as more classrooms invest in the latest
technology, test scores remain the same, bringing its effectiveness into question.
“Incorporating technology into the classroom requires a double innovation,” says
Shelley Pasnik, director of the Center for Education and Technology. Educators
who receive new technology must first learn how to use the equipment and then
decide whether or not it supports the class objectives and curriculum. Despite the
challenges, incorporating technology into education still has proven benefits,
especially when it comes to personalized learning. From math games that adjust
the level of difficulty as players progress to electronic books that talk and respond
to the tap of a finger, products that personalize the learning experience for
students often benefit their understanding. An interactive game is more engaging
than a book, so technology often promotes more practice and review in areas
requiring memorization, such as spelling, math and geography. This frees up
time in the classroom so educators can focus on skills like problem solving,
character development and critical thinking.
18
Related Studies
Local
According to the study of Jimson Mariano (2017) The Philippine government
has been committed to bring the educational system into a modernized status,
particularly on basic education, in its effort to make each and every student at par
with other students of neighboring developed countries. Our country is now
capable to utilize and produce information and to transform it into knowledge and
vast array of goods and services. The Department of Education (DEPED) has
initiated in 1996 a computerization program with the goal of preparing Filipino
students for employment and competitive career by teaching them to master new
forms of technology. They also would like to harness and enhance the power of
technology towards developing the entire teaching-learning process, specifically
in its bid to make each and every public school student empowered in this highly
globalized and integrated world economy.
ICT plays a major role in creating a new and improved model of teaching
and learning where education happens anytime and anywhere. According to
Diwanie Perez (2016) to achieve this vision we should continue to use ICT to
revitalize our schools to make them to dynamic, collaborative and innovative
learning institutions where students can become more motivated. inquisitive and
creative learners. Also to link students with vast networked world of knowledge
and information and develop student's skills and capabilities to critically and
intelligently seek absorb, analyze, manage and present information. The
assessment of the current state of computerization of public schools will aim to
19
help DepEd better integrate ICT in its ambitious K (Kindergarten) to 12 Basic
Education Curriculum (BEC) reform program. Education Secretary Armin Luistro
said that ICT education will be an important aspect as they formulate an
effectively enhanced K to 12 BEC curriculums. "We have to set up our ICT thrust
as we gradually implement the K to 12 Basic Education Reform Program. As we
all know, ICT plays a very important role in administrative functions as well as in
the teaching and learning process," Luistro explained.
According to Melvin Matulac, Assistant Prof at University of Santo Tomas,
Today's education faces a lot of challenges. The swirling changes and
developments in teaching and learning all seem promising and yet are still at
their infant stages. There is resurgence for Constructivist approaches in the
classroom. Howard Gardner contradicts the IQ phenomena with his own findings
on Multiple Intelligence. The banking method of education is totally unacceptable
to some education circles and yet the new methods bring their own share of
confusion. The use of technology is at least one unavoidable reality and twenty
years after the introduction of the PC, as many roads have been paved for us to
follow, a lot of work still lay ahead. In the present stage, since technology is here
to stay, some educators took a second look at how technology is being used.
Instead of technology dictating what they should do, they started telling
technology what they wanted to do in teaching core subjects. The technology
experts of the school started shifting gears. From being the untouchable nerds in
the computer lab, they suddenly found themselves as the assistants of the
teachers finding ways to bring technology at the service of learning.
20
Education has changed a lot because of the development of information
Technology and knowledge information society. According to Reynato
Arimbuyutan (2007) Educational infra of the Philippines was meager before 4-5
years Also computing and Internet infra it will not support to education
environment. But Philippine education environment changed fast during 2000-
2006 years. Development of network environment is big effect of computer game
by Philippine effectively enhanced K to 12 BEC curriculums. "We have to set up
our ICT thrust as we gradually implement the K to 12 Basic Education Reform
Program. As we all know, ICT plays a very important role in administrative
functions as well as in the teaching and learning process," Luistro explained.
According to Melvin Matulac, Assistant Prof at University of Santo Tomas,
Today's education faces a lot of challenges. The swirling changes and
developments in teaching and learning all seem promising and yet are still at
their infant stages. There is resurgence for Constructivist approaches in the
classroom. Howard Gardner contradicts the IQ phenomena with his own findings
on Multiple Intelligence. The banking method of education is totally unacceptable
to some education circles and yet the new methods bring their own share of
confusion. The use of technology is at least one unavoidable reality and twenty
years after the introduction of the PC, as many roads have been paved for us to
follow, a lot of work still lay ahead. In the present stage, since technology is here
to stay, some educators took a second look at how technology is being used.
Instead of technology dictating what they should do, they started telling
21
technology what they wanted to do in teaching core subjects. The technology
experts of the school started shifting gears. From being the untouchable nerds in
the computer lab, they suddenly found themselves as the assistants of the
teachers finding ways to bring technology at the service of learning.
Education has changed a lot because of the development of information
Technology and knowledge information society. According to Reynato
Arimbuyutan (2007) Educational infra of the Philippines was meager before 4-5
years Also computing and Internet infra it will not support to education
environment. But Philippine education environment changed fast during 2000-
2006 years. Development of network environment is big effect of computer game
by Philippine
Foreign
Eric Milou, conducted a study that examined the algebra teachers if they are
using graphic calculators when they are teaching, their awareness over
technology, changes in curriculum or instructional practices. The ones who
became a part of the study were students and teachers. They were selected
solely because of its great variety of population. The study has surveys to be
completed by the ones who participated. Of the 243 surveys, 146 were returned.
For an average rate of 60%. It has been confirmed that with the use of graphing
calculator is still likely to disagree to many algebra teachers. But the majority of
the teachers says that the use of graphing calculator is a great tool for motivating
the students.
22
In the James Kulik Study (1994), the researcher used a technique called
meta-analysis to aggregate the findings from more than 500 individual studies of
computer-based instruction. Computer based instruction individualizes the
educational process to accommodate the needs, interests, and learning styles of
each student (Kulik, 1994, 4). The study found that students who used computer-
based instruction scored at the 64th percentile on test of achievement compared
to students in the control conditions without computers who scored at the
percentile. This study helps to show that student achievement can be affected
positively especially through assessment scores. Students also tend to like their
classes more and develop more positive attitudes towards learning which results
in positive academic achievement.
According to Taibah university (2017). Their study was conducted on 231
students who studying physiology during their 2nd year at one five health
colleges they are the (Medicine. Dental, Clinical Pharmacy Applied medical
sciences and nursing). Their research was an online survey to the students
regarding to the use of technology and the devices they use. The Pearson
correlation coefficient and descriptive statistics were implemented to study the
frequency of and relationship between technology and their learning
achievements in physiology courses. They study observed a significant
relationship between students use of technology, and the most used devices is
laptops (50%) phones (42%) followed by tablets (7%) and the desktop computers
(0.5%). The result of their online survey tells that technology usage might
produce comparatively more significant increase in academic achievements than
23
would non-usage of technology. There are many terms that are currently in
use so far as ICT in Education is concerned.
Many terms have come and gone and there are overlaps in some
instances which are not necessarily identical. Bybee, Poewll, and Trowbridge
(2008) categorize the uses of computer and associated technologies in science
education into three as follows: learning about computers, learning with
computers and learning through computers. Learning about computers which
deals with knowledge of computers may be thought of as a continuum which
ranges from skills in and awareness of computers at lower level to programming
at higher level (Tabassum, 2004). In this situation students develop technological
literacy which essentially involves acquiring computer-related terminology.
In Harold Wenglinsky's National Study of Technology's Impact on
Mathematics Achivement, Wenglinsky found out that who used higher order of
thinking software shown the gains in math scores of up to 15 weeks above grade
levels, Wenglinsky also controlled for socioeconomic status, class, size, and
teacher's characteristics. Thus, all relationships between technologies and
educational outcomes had represented the value added by technology for
comparable groups of students with comparable teachers in a comparable class
sizes. This study has consisted a national sample of about 6,227 fourth grade
students and 7,146 grade eight students on the National Assessment of
Educational Progress. Then another finding was found that higher order uses of
computers and professional development were related to student's academic
achievement in mathematics for both 4th and 8th grade students. The use of
24
computers mainly for 5 simulations and applications had resulted in higher math
achievement.
Synthesis of the State of the Art
Accordingly, the related literatures and studies just reviewed provided
guides and directions necessary for the researchers to meet the desired
objectives.
Technology has impacted almost every aspect of life today. Technology
has profoundly changed education in many ways,. For one, technology has
greatly expanded access to education. In medieval times, books were rare and
only an elite few had access to educational opportunities. Individuals had to
travel to centers of learning to get an education. Today, massive amounts of
information (books, audio, images, videos) are available at one’s fingertips
through the Internet. Opportunities for communication and collaboration have
also been expanded by technology. Traditionally, classrooms have been
relatively isolated, and collaboration has been limited to other students in the
same classroom or building. Today, technology enables forms of communication
and collaboration undreamt of in the past.
According to Zuckenburg (2016) “What defines a technological tool – one
historical
Definition – is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it
and makes it more powerful. So, for example, I wear contact lenses or glasses;
25
that is a technology that enhances my human ability of vision and makes it
better.”
The findings of the other studies reviewed by the researcher had presented
relevant study to our research which will rate our study high and make our study
more credible and reliable. It also has the identical or similar findings of the other
related studies.
26
Notes
Reyes, D.G. (2016 December). The Definition of Technology According to
Mark Zuckenberg. Retrieved from
[Link]
technology-according-mark-zuckerberg
Gorra V.C.(2006) Student’s perception on use of technology in the
classroom at higher education institutions in Philippines. Retrieved
[Link]://[Link]/cgi/[Link]?article-1878&context-buspapers
MST News(2013 May 12) E-Learning: The next paradigm shift in education.
Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]
Ireland J(2010) The effects of modern technology on the study habits of
students. Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]
Schrum L(2005 August 17) Technology as a tool to support instruction.
Retrieved [Link]://[Link]/a_tech/tech/[Link]
Macaset John(2017) Uplifting Education in the Philippines through
Technology. Retrieved from. [Link]
Education_in_the Philippines Through Technology Report The Philippine
Star(2014 July 12) How technology helps students study better. Retrieved from
27
[Link]
students-study-better
Espinosa JP.M. (2016 September 17) Learning with the help of technology.
Retrieved from
[Link]
Dios A.D(2012 November 3) How technology affects Learning: Views from
teachers. Retrievedf[Link]
q=cache:[Link]
[Link]
Perez D(2016 April 20) ICT education in the Philippines. Retrieved from
[Link]
Mariano J(2017) Thesis on the use of computer technology. Retrieved from
[Link] on the use of computer technology
in second ary schools?auto download
Wikipedia( 2017 April 17) Descriptive research. Retrieved from
[Link]
28
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology of this research such as the
method used; population, sample size and sampling technique; description of
respondents; research instrument; data gathering procedure and statistical
treatment of the data are also included in this chapter.
Research Method
To conduct this research, the researcher used qualitative research design in
case study. Gay, Mills, and Airasian (2006:399) explained that “qualitative
research is the collection, analysis, and interpretation of comprehensive narrative
and visual data in order to gain insight into a particular phenomenon of interest”.
Thus, in a qualitative research, the researcher collect, analyze, and interpret data
descriptively in order to capture the particular phenomenon of interest.
Population
The target population in this study involved all students from the grade 10 a
total population of 150 students.
Sampling Technique and Sample Size
The choice of sampling technique in a study on the effect of technology on
the level of performance of students depends on several factors, including the
research question, the population of interest, and available resources. The
population is large and diverse, researcher may use stratified sampling to ensure
29
that the sample is representative of the population across relevant subgroups.
This involves dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly selecting
individuals from each subgroup in proportion to their representation in the
population.
Researcher use statistical power analysis to determine an appropriate
sample size. This analysis takes into account factors such as the desired effect
size, the level of significance, and the variability in the population to estimate the
minimum sample size needed to detect a statistically significant effect with a
given level of confidence.
Description of the Respondents
The respondents of this study are the grade 10 students in Masarawag
National High School.
Research Instrument
The main tool that will be used in gathering the data for this research is the
researcher-made instrument. The instrumentation used in this research is a
survey. The researcher prepared a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire
consists of five 2 questions which includes several inquiries about reading
comprehension. It will be given to one hundred fifty (150) respondents. The
instrumentation used will give way and support in retrieving data for the research.
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Data Gathering Procedure
The first step to be use is to ask permission from the teacher of Grade 10 to
conduct the survey. The researcher will administer the questionnaire to the
respondents, conduct test and analyze the pertinent records to get the necessary
data, retrieve the questionnaire from the class, collate and classify the
questionnaire to examine and compare carefully to note points and verify the
order, necessary for the completeness of the study.
Statistical Treatment
Researcher organized and tabulated before she validated the data
gathered though the use of survey questionnaire. For this study, the researcher
used the Likert Scale in order to statistically analyze and critically understand the
meaningful interpretation of the gathered data.
In analyzing the data gathered, the researcher used a simple percentage
and frequency method using the following formula:
P= F/N x 100%
Where: P is the total percentage,
F is the total frequency; and
N is the total number of respondents.
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