SANITARY FIXTURES
SANITARY FITTINGS:-
• THE FITTINGS OR APPLIANCE USED FOR COLLECTION AND DISCHARGE OF SOIL OR WASTE
MATTER IS TERMED AS SANITARY FITTINGS.
SANITARY APPLIANCES:-
• SANITARY APPLIANCES ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS:
• WASTE APPLIANCES (WASH BASIN, SINK, DISHWASHER, WASHING MACHINE)
• SOIL APPLIANCES (WATER CLOSETS, BIDET, URINALS, CISTERNS, FLUSH VALVE)
DESIGN REQUIREMENT:-
• A SANITARY APPLIANCE SHOULD BE DESIGNED SO THAT ITS FOULING AREA IS REDUCED TO
THE MINIMUM AND SHOULD HAVE DURABLE, EASILY CLEANED AND NON-ABSORBENT
SURFACE FINISH.
• THEY ARE DESIGNED TO MAINTAIN A 50 MM MINIMUM WATER SEAL.
THE DESIGNER NEEDS TO KNOW THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:-
• TYPES OF BUILDINGS :
• RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
• PUBLIC BUILDING / COMMERCIAL / OFFICE BUILDING
• CONSUMER
WATER CLOSETS:-
• WATER CLOSETS ARE DESIGNED TO RECEIVE AND DISCHARGE HUMAN EXCRETA DIRECTLY
FROM THE PERSON USING IT.
• THE APPLIANCE IS CONNECTED TO THE SOIL PIPE BY MEANS OF A SUITABLE TRAP.
• IT IS USUALLY CONNECTED TO A FLUSHING CISTERN TO FLUSH THE CLOSET AND
DISCHARGE THE HUMAN EXCRETA TO THE SOIL PIPE.
THE WATER CLOSETS ARE OF FOLLOWING TWO TYPES:-
• INDIAN TYPE WATER CLOSET
• EUROPEAN TYPE WATER CLOSET.
COMPONENTS OF WATER CLOSET:-
• THE TOILETS HAVE THREE ESSENTIAL PARTS:
• THE BOWL
• TANK
• PIPELINES
INDIAN TYPE WATER CLOSET:-
• THIS IS FIXED IN SQUATTING OR SITTING POSITION.
• THE OVERALL LENGTH OF THIS VARIES FROM 450 TO 675MM.
• THE WIDTH NEAR THE ONE END IS 150MM AND IT IS INCREASED TO 225 TO 280MM NEAR
THE OTHER END.
• THE OVERALL HEIGHT IS INCLUDING THE TRAP IS ABOUT 400 TO 500MM.
• IT REQUIRES ATLEAST 10 LITRES OF WATER FOR FLUSHING. HENCE ITS FLUSHING RIM IS
CONNECTED TO A FLUSHING CISTERN FIXED ABOVE THE WATER CLOSET.
• TWO FOOT RESTS ARE FIXED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE CLOSET.
• THE INDIAN TYPE IS USUALLY MADE OF PORCELAIN.
EUROPEAN TYPE WATER CLOSET:-
• IT IS MADE OF PORCELAIN AND FIXED ABOVE FLOOR LEVEL.
• THE PAN HAS FLUSHING RIM, WHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE FLUSHING CISTERN.
• A COVER IS PROVIDED AT ITS TOP.
• OVERALL LENGTHS VARIES FROM 500 TO 600MM AND HEIGHT 350 TO 400MM.
• THE EXCRETA DIRECTLY FALLS IN THE TRAP, AND THEREFORE THERE ARE LESS CHANCES
OF EXCRETA BECOMING FOUL.
• THE CLOSET IS FITTED WITH EITHER A P-TRAP OR S-TRAP AND Q-TRAP. IT CAN ALSO BE
USED AT UPPER FLOORS.
URINAL:-
• THEY ARE DESIGNED TO ACCEPT AND DISPOSE OF LIQUID HUMAN WASTES ONLY.
• THE TYPES OF URINAL ARE CERAMIC SLAB , STALL TYPE AND BOWL TYPE.
• THE SLAB TYPE IS CHEAPER THAN THE STALL TYPE , BUT IT DOES NOT PROVIDE THE SAME
DEGREE OF PRIVACY.
• THE INSTALLATION OF CERAMIC BOWL-TYPE URINAL, WHICH HAVE LESS FOULING AREA
THEN THE SLAB AND STALL URINALS.
THEY ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES.
• BOWL TYPE: HAS A LIPPED BASIN WITH A FLUSHING RIM FIXED AT A CONVENIENT HEIGHT
ABOUT 0.6M.
• IT IS FLUSHED THROUGH HAND OPERATED SYMPHONIC TYPE FLUSHING CISTERN
• STALL OR SLAB TYPE – IT COMPRISES OF A FLAT WALL WITH SLAB WITH PARTITIONS ON
SIDES.
• IT HAS A FLOOR CHANNEL TO DRAIN OFF THE DISCHARGE THROUGH TRAPPED OUTLET.
• THE STALL TYPE URINAL RANGE MAY BE FLUSHED BY AUTOMATIC FLUSHING CISTERN
WITH A CAPACITY OF 10 TO15 LITRES.
FLUSHING CISTERNS:-
• IN ORDER TO FLUSH THE WATER CLOSETS AND URINALS THE ARRANGEMENT MADE IS
CALLED FLUSHING CISTERN.
• THESE ARE MADE OFCAST-IRON OR PORCELAIN WITH A CAPACITY OF 5 TO 15 LITRES. (9)
• IT CONSISTS OF A BELL CONNECTED TO FLUSHING CHAIN THROUGH A LEVER. WHEN THE
• CHAIN IS PULLED, THE BELL IS LIFTED UP AND THE WATER IN THE TANK
• RUSHES THROUGH THE FLUSHING PIPE BY SYPHONIC ACTION.
• THE FLOAT VALVE NOW ALLOWS THE WATER FROM THE INLET INTO THE CISTERN AND
• THUS THE CISTERN IS READY FOR NEXT FLUSHING.
• Components of cistern:-
• bell.
• Float.
• Inlet, overflow and flushing pipe.
• Casing.
WASH BASIN:-
• A WASH BASIN IS A BOWL-SHAPED PLUMBING FIXTURE USED FOR WASHING HANDS OR
OTHER PURPOSES.
• WASH BASINS GENERALLY HAVE TAPS (FAUCETS) THAT SUPPLY HOT AND COLD WATER AND
MAY INCLUDE A SPRAY FEATURE TO BE USED FOR FASTER RINSING.
• THE TOP OF THE BASIN MUST BE AT A HEIGHT OF 800- 900MM.
• EDGE TO EDGE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO BASINS MUST BE 200MM.
• MATERIALS: CERAMIC, ACRYLIC, STAINLESS STEEL
SINKS:-
• A SINK IS A BOWL-SHAPED PLUMBING FIXTURE USED FOR DISHWASHING OR OTHER
PURPOSES.
• SINKS GENERALLY HAVE TAPS (FAUCETS) THAT SUPPLY HOT AND COLD WATER.
• THE AVERAGE DEPTH OF SINK IS 200-250MM
• THE SINK MUST BE AT A LEVEL OF 725-825MM FROM THE GROUND
• MATERIALS: STAINLESS STEEL, FIRECLAY, NATURAL STONE, COPPER ETC.
• THE SINK HAS AN OUTLET USUALLY OF ABOUT 40 MM DIAMETER.
• DISCHARGE MIGHT BE THROUGH FLOOR TRAP OR BOTTLE TRAP.
TYPES OF SINK:-
• DOUBLE BOWL (TWINES SINK)/
• SINGLE BOWL
• SINGLE BOWL WITH DRAIN BOARD.
BATHTUBS:-
• A SANITARY APPLIANCE IN WHICH PROVIDED IN BATHROOM.
• BATH TUBS ARE AVAILABLE IN CAST IRON, PRESSED STEEL OR IN VARIOUS TYPES OF
PLASTICS AND ACRYLICS.
• BATH TUB SHOULD BE FIXED AS LOW AS POSSIBLE TO ASSIST GETTING IN AND OUT.
• PROVIDED WITH OUTLET PIPES, USUALLY OF 40 MM DIAMETER.
THE USUAL DIMENSIONS OF BOTH TUB ARE:
• LENGTH : 1.7 TO 1.85 M
• WIDTH : 0.70 TO 0.75 M
• DEPTH : 0.6 M
SHOWER:-
• A SHOWER IS A DEVICE FOR WASHING, TYPICALLY CONSISTING OF AN ENCLOSED AREA
AND AN OVERHEAD NOZZLE.
• TO USE A SHOWER A HUMAN STANDS IN THE ENCLOSED AREA WHILE THE NOZZLE SPRAYS
WATER DOWN
• SHOWERS ARE PRIMARILY USED FOR HYGIENE AND WASHING PURPOSES AND ARE OFTEN
INSTALLED IN BATHROOMS.
SYSTEM OF PLUMBING FOR
DRAINAGE OF BUILDING:-
SYSTEM OF PLUMBING FOR DRAINAGE OF BUILDING:-
• SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
• ONE PIPE SYSTEM
• ONE PIPE SYSTEM PARTIALLY VENTILATED
• TWO PIPE SYSTEM
SINGLE STACK SYSTEM:-
• FROM THE NAME IT IS CLEAR
THAT ONLY SINGLE VERTICAL
PIPE ACTS AS SOIL PIPE, WASTE
PIPE AND VENTILATION PIPE.
• THIS IS POORLY VENTILATED
SYSTEM
• IT IS SIMPLE SYSTEM AND EASY
TO CONSTRUCT.
• RISK OF WATER SEAL BREAKING
IN THE TRAP IS HIGH.
• WASTE OR AIR OF THE WASTE
PIPE MAY BE FORCED UP DUE TO
BACK PRESSURE.
• DEPEND UPON THE TRAPS
HENCE MIN WATER SEAL MUST
BE 75MM AND ABOVE.
ONE PIPE SYSTEM:-
• A SEPARATE VENT PIPE IS PROVIDED
IN THIS SYSTEM.
• THIS SYSTEM IS COSTLY AND
DIFFICULT TO CONSTRUCT.
• VENTILATION IS PROVIDED TO
SULLAGE PIPE AND SOIL PIPE TOO.
• ARRANGEMENT OF PIPE WORK IS
DIFFICULT.
ONE PIPE SYSTEM PARTIALLY
VENTILATED:-
• THIS IS MODIFIED FORM OF THE SINGLE STACK
SYSTEM AND ONE PIPE SYSTEM.
• IN THIS SYSTEM THE WASTE WATER IS
DISCHARGED INTO ONE COMMON SOIL AND
WASTE PIPE.
• HOWEVER , A RELIEF VENT PIPE IS ALSO
PROVIDED WHICH PROVIDES VENTILATION TO
THE TRAPS OF WATER CLOSETS ONLY.
• THE TRAPS ARE NOT DIRECTLY CONNECTED
TO THE VENT PIPE.
• THIS IS ECONOMICAL SYSTEM
• IT IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN WATER SEAL OF
75 MM OR MORE.
ONE PIPE SYSTEM:-
ONE PIPE SYSTEM PARTIALLY VENTILATED:-
TWO PIPE SYSTEM:-
• IN THIS SYSTEM, SEPARATE SOIL
PIPE AND WASTEPIPE IS
PROVIDED.
• THE DISCHARGE FROM W.C. IS
CONNECTED TO THE SOIL PIPE.
• WHILE THE DISCHARGE FROM
BATH, SINK, ETC. ARE
CONNECTED TO WASTE PIPE.
• ALL THE TRAPS ARE
COMPLETELY VENTILATED BY
PROVIDING SEPARATE
VENTILATING PIPES.
• THUS 4 PIPES REQUIRED.
• THIS SYSTEM PROVIDES VERY
EFFECTIVE AND TROUBLE FREE
DRAINAGE.
• BUT THIS IS COSTLY SYSTEM.
THANK YOU
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
WASTEWATER COMES IN THREE MAIN TYPES:-
• BLACK WATER: BLACK WATER IS FROM TOILETS FIXTURES AND KITCHEN SINKS AND
KNOWN TO BE HIGHLY CONTAMINATED WITH DISSOLVED CHEMICALS, PARTICULATE
MATTER AND IS VERY PATHOGENIC.
• GREY WATER: THIS IS WASTEWATER THAT ORIGINATES FROM NON-TOILET AND FOOD
FIXTURES SUCH AS BATHROOM SINKS, WASHING MACHINES, BATHTUBS, DISHWASHERS
AND SINKS AND SO ON.
• YELLOW WATER: THIS IS BASICALLY URINE COLLECTED WITH SPECIFIC CHANNELS AND
NOT CONTAMINATED WITH EITHER BLACK WATER OR GRAY WATER..
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:-
• SEWAGE TREATMENT REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF REMOVING CONTAMINANTS, MICRO-
ORGANISMS AND OTHER TYPES OF POLLUTANTS FROM WASTEWATER INFLUENT. THE MAIN
OBJECTIVE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT IS TO PRODUCE AN EFFLUENT (TREATED WASTE
WATER) AND A SOLID WASTE/SLUDGE SUITABLE FOR DISCHARGE INTO THE NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT.
PURPOSE SEWAGE TREATMENT:-
• TREATMENT OF SEWAGE OR WASTEWATER PROTECTS PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTS
POLLUTION, DISEASE AS WELL AS HAZARDS FROM SEWAGE CONTAMINANTS. HENCE,
SEWAGE TREATMENT IS REQUIRED.
• STP IS DESIGNED TO HOLD POLLUTED WATER IN SPECIALLY DESIGNED COMPARTMENTS.
THIS PLANT GOES THROUGH SERIES OF STAGES THAT INVOLVES EXTRACTING WASTE
FROM THE WASTE WATER INFLUENT.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT:-
• THIS IS THE FIRST STAGE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT PROCESS AND ITS MAIN
OBJECTIVE IS THE REMOVAL OF COARSE SOLIDS AND OTHER LARGE MATERIALS OFTEN
FOUND IN RAW WASTEWATER.
• PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OPERATIONS TYPICALLY INCLUDE LARGE FILTERING SCREENS,
GRIT REMOVAL AND, IN SOME CASES, BREAKING OF LARGE OBJECTS.
• EXCESS GRIT CAUSE SEVERE PUMP BLOCKAGES THEREBY AFFECTING A RANGE OF
SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT PUMPS.
• FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES ARE ALWAYS INCLUDED AT THE PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
STAGE.
PRIMARY TREATMENT:-
THESE METHODS ARE USED IN THE TREATMENT PROCESS
• BAR SCREENING
• GRIT REMOVAL PROCESS
• SEDIMENTAION
PRIMARY TREATMENT:-
• A PHYSICAL PROCESS
• THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS TREATMENT IS TO REDUCE ANY HEAVY SOLIDS (ORGANIC &
INORGANIC) THAT SETTLE TO THE BOTTOM BY SEDIMENTATION WHILE OIL, GREASE &
LIGHTER SOLIDS FLOAT TO THE SURFACE BY SKIMMING.
• THE SETTLED AND FLOATING MATERIALS ARE REMOVED AND THE REMAINING LIQUID MAY
BE DISCHARGED OR SUBJECTED TO THE NEXT STAGE I.E. SECONDARY TREATMENT.
• PRIMARY TREATMENT REMOVES ABOUT 60% OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS FROM WASTEWATER.
SECONDARY TREATMENT:-
• THE PRIME OBJECTIVE IS THE FURTHER TREATMENT OF THE EFFLUENT FROM PRIMARY
TREATMENT TO REMOVE DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED BIOLOGICAL MATTER.
• THE MAIN PRINCIPAL OF SECONDARY TREATMENT IS IT USES A PROCESS KNOWN AS
“ACTIVATED SLUDGE” (SLUDGE WITH HIGH LEVELS OF BACTERIA).
• THE BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS REMOVED DURING SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION, CALLED
SECONDARY OR BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE, ARE NORMALLY COMBINED WITH PRIMARY SLUDGE
FOR SLUDGE PROCESSING.
• SECONDARY TREATMENT MAY REQUIRE A SEPARATION PROCESS TO REMOVE THE MICRO-
ORGANISMS FROM THE TREATED WATER PRIOR TO DISCHARGE OR TERTIARY TREATMENT.
SECONDARY TREATMENT REMOVES MORE THAN 90% OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS.
• SECONDARY TREATMENT:-
THERE ARE SOME TREATMENTS USED
• ACTIVATED SLUDGE REMOVAL
• HIGH RATE TRICLING FILTERS
• ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTRACTORS
TERTIARY/ADVANCED TREATMENT: -
• TERTIARY TREATMENT GENERALLY FOLLOWS SECONDARY TREATMENT AND AIDS THE
REMOVAL OF THOSE WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS WHICH CANNOT BE REMOVED IN
SECONDARY TREATMENT.
• TERTIARY TREATMENT INCLUDES FILTERING, DISINFECTING AND PREPARING WASTEWATER
FOR RECYCLING.
• IT INCLUDES A DISINFECTION PROCESS USING UV LIGHT, CHLORINATION OR OZONE
TREATMENT TO REMOVE BACTERIA AND VIRUSES BEFORE ITS RELEASE INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT.
• TREATED WASTEWATER IS SOMETIMES DISINFECTED CHEMICALLY OR PHYSICALLY (FOR
EXAMPLE, BY LAGOONS AND MICROFILTRATION) PRIOR ITS DISCHARGE INTO THE
RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT (SEA, RIVER, LAKE, WET LANDS, GROUND, ETC.)
TERTIARY TREATMENT:-
THERE ARE FEW TREATMENT PROCESS
DONE IN THIS METHOD
• FILTERATION
• SLUDGE DRYING BED
• CHLORINATION
THANK YOU